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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Fakhr al-Din al-Razi

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Academic literature on the topic 'Fakhr al-Din al-Razi'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 14 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Fakhr al-Din al-Razi"

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Ilyas, Ilham Ilyas. "ANALISIS ATAS PENAFSIRAN FAKHR AL-DIN AL-RAZI TENTANG AL-HURUF AL-MUQATTA’AH." Jurnal At-Tibyan: Jurnal Ilmu Alqur'an dan Tafsir 4, no. 2 (December 16, 2019): 227–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.32505/tibyan.v4i2.1127.

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This article discusses about al-huruf al-muqatta’ah in the book Mafatih al-Gaib by Fakhr al-Din al-Razi. Which contains discussion, the first discussion: how is Fakhr al-Din al-Razi’s interpretation about al-huruf al-muqatta’ah ? the second discussion: what is Fakhr al-Din al-Razi’s comment on the interpretation of scholars about al-huruf al-muqatta’ah ? this research is a qualitative tafsir study based on the study of the kitab. The propose of the study is that the data is taken from the kitab related to the research title. The approach used is tafsir science approach, language and philosophy. Researchers make al-huruf al-muqatta’ah as an object of research by using several books related to it to find out the interpretation of scholars (especially Fakhr al-Din al-Razi) about al-huruf al-muqatta’ah. The reason why the researcher choose this title its because there are differences in opinions of scholars into two opinions. First opinion: these letters are the secret of Allah, second opinion: the purpose of al-huruf al-muqatta’ah can be known and there are many words of scholars about itu, even though there was no direct axplanation from the Prophet Muhammad about the meaning of al-huruf al-muqatta’ah. Therefore researchers think it is necessary to conduct research. The result of this study founds that Fakhr al-Din al-Razi strengthened the opinion that al-huruf al-muqatta’ah is the name of surah and to attract the attention of non muslims to read the Qur’an after they advised one another to turn away from the Qur’an.

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Ilyas, Ilham Ilyas. "ANALISIS ATAS PENAFSIRAN FAKHR AL-DIN AL-RAZI TENTANG AL-HURUF AL-MUQATTA’AH." Jurnal At-Tibyan: Jurnal Ilmu Alqur'an dan Tafsir 4, no. 2 (December 16, 2019): 227–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.32505/at-tibyan.v4i2.1127.

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This article discusses about al-huruf al-muqatta’ah in the book Mafatih al-Gaib by Fakhr al-Din al-Razi. Which contains discussion, the first discussion: how is Fakhr al-Din al-Razi’s interpretation about al-huruf al-muqatta’ah ? the second discussion: what is Fakhr al-Din al-Razi’s comment on the interpretation of scholars about al-huruf al-muqatta’ah ? this research is a qualitative tafsir study based on the study of the kitab. The propose of the study is that the data is taken from the kitab related to the research title. The approach used is tafsir science approach, language and philosophy. Researchers make al-huruf al-muqatta’ah as an object of research by using several books related to it to find out the interpretation of scholars (especially Fakhr al-Din al-Razi) about al-huruf al-muqatta’ah. The reason why the researcher choose this title its because there are differences in opinions of scholars into two opinions. First opinion: these letters are the secret of Allah, second opinion: the purpose of al-huruf al-muqatta’ah can be known and there are many words of scholars about itu, even though there was no direct axplanation from the Prophet Muhammad about the meaning of al-huruf al-muqatta’ah. Therefore researchers think it is necessary to conduct research. The result of this study founds that Fakhr al-Din al-Razi strengthened the opinion that al-huruf al-muqatta’ah is the name of surah and to attract the attention of non muslims to read the Qur’an after they advised one another to turn away from the Qur’an.

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3

Abrahamov, Binyamin. "FAKHR AL-DIN AL-RAZI ON GOD'S KNOWLEDGE OF THE PARTICULARS." Oriens 33, no. 1 (1992): 133–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1877837292x00051.

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Kalin, I. "The Teleological Ethics of Fakhr al-Din al-Razi * BY AYMAN SHIHADEH." Journal of Islamic Studies 18, no. 2 (February 9, 2007): 248–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jis/etm006.

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Ardiyantama, Maulidi. "Ayat-ayat Kauniyyah Dalam Tafsir Imam Tantowi Dan Ar-Razi." Al-Dzikra: Jurnal Studi Ilmu al-Qur'an dan al-Hadits 11, no. 2 (July 31, 2019): 187–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.24042/al-dzikra.v11i2.4411.

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AbstrakTulisan ini mengkaji dan meneliti penafsiran Tantawi Jauhari dan Fakhr al-Din al-Razi pada ayat-ayat yang berkaitan dengan fenomena laut dalam tafsîrnya. Fenomena yang sangat menarik ini mulai banyak temuan-temuan baru masa kini tentang lautan yang masih banyak menyimpan misteri. Dalam penelitian ini terdapat dua kajian fokus, yaitu mengenai penafsiran Tantawi Jauhari dan Fakhr al-Din al-Razi tentang fenomena laut, dengan menfokuskan pada QS. al-Rahman 19-20, QS. al-Furqan:53, QS. al-Thur: 6 serta mengkolerasikan dengan konteks masa kini. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif-komparatif dengan kajian pustaka (library research) yang mengacu pada data primer Tafsîr al-Jawahir dan Tafsîr Mafatihul Ghaib. Berdasarkan ayat-ayat yang dikaji, menyatakan bahwa fenomena laut dalam penafsiran kedua tokoh sesuai dengan konteks masa kini diantaranya ialah ditemukannya perbedaan jenis flora dan fauna dan dari adanya bara api di dasar laut dapat dimanfaatkan untuk pembangkit listrik masa depan dengan memanfaatkan perbedaan temperatur laut tersebut.Kata Kunci: Kauniyyah, Laut, Tafsîr al-Jawahir, Tafsîr Mafatihul Ghaib.

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Daşdemir, Yusuf. "The Problem of Existential Import in Metathetic Propositions: Qutb al-Din al-Tahtani contra Fakhr al-Din al-Razi." Nazariyat İslam Felsefe ve Bilim Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi (Journal for the History of Islamic Philosophy and Sciences) 5, no. 2 (November 15, 2019): 81–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.12658/nazariyat.5.2.m0075en.

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Üçer, İbrahim Halil. "Fakhr al-Din al-Razi in the Age of the Transformation of Islamic Thought." Nazariyat İslam Felsefe ve Bilim Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi (Journal for the History of Islamic Philosophy and Sciences) 1, no. 1 (October 15, 2014): 169–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.15808/nazariyat.1.1.d0002.

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Firdaus, Firdaus. "Studi Kritis Tafsir Mafatih Al-Ghaib." Jurnal Al-Mubarak: Jurnal Kajian Al-Qur'an dan Tafsir 3, no. 1 (April 22, 2020): 52–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.47435/al-mubarak.v3i1.214.

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Tulisan ini membahas tentang Mafatih al-Ghaib yang ditulis oleh seorang ulama terkenal, Imam Fakhr ad-Din ar-Razi. Secara gamblang tulisan ini menjelaskan seluk beluk pemikiran tafsirnya, yakni dimulai dari sumber tafsir, corak tafsir, demikian dengan metode tafsirnya, dilengkapi dengan pandangan-pandangan Ar-Razi terhadap ulum al-Qur’an. Hal ini penting dalam kajian tafsir khususnya pada tafsir dengan sumber bi al-ra’yi, mengingat betapa komprehensifnya ulasan yang disampaikan oleh ar-Razi dalam tafsir ini. Menjadi hal yang tidak bisa ditolerir jika produk tafsir dari masa ke masa tidak dikenal oleh para pegiat tafsir masa kini. Hal demikian tentu didasari oleh urgennya kedudukan tafsir yang terbilang klasik menjadi acuan pagi mufasir modern dalam menjelajahi setiap makna yang diinterpretasikan dari ayat-ayat-Nya. Demikianlah bahwa lahirnya studi tafsir mafatih al-Ghaib ini juga untuk mengisi ruang tersebut.

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Faydei, Akbar. "A comparative study of logical thought of Fakhr al-Razi and Athir al-Din al-Abhari." Journal of Law and Psychology 6, no. 1 (October 30, 2015): 197–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.7813/jle.2015/6-1/35.

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Tzvi Langermann, Y. "Criticism of Authority in the Writings of Moses Maimonides and Fakhr Al-Din Al-Razi." Early Science and Medicine 7, no. 3 (2002): 255–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338202x00144.

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AbstractCriticism of authority was a prominent feature of medieval philosophical writing. In this study the critiques of two contemporaneous scholars, Moses Maimonides and Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī, are compared. Maimonides criticized Hellenistic authorities, mainly Aristotle. However, the starting point for his critique was Aristotle's admission of the limitations of his own inquiries. Maimonides admired Aristotle's questioning of his own conclusions; indeed, his own thought was characterized by constant self-doubt. Al-Rāzī criticized an earlier Muslim scholar, Ibn Sīnā (Avicenna), an intellectual giant whose imprint was strongly felt in philosophy and medicine. Al Rāzī used his commentaries on a number of Ibn Sīnā's books as a stage for criticizing the master and for arguing for his own, alternative viewpoints.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Fakhr al-Din al-Razi"

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Shihadeh, Ayman. "Fakhr al-Din al-Razi on ethics and virtue." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.249942.

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Eftekhari, Banafsheh. "Edition and Translation of the Arabic Manuscript Collection Belonged to Fakhr al-din al-Razi on Kalam Atomism." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE3012/document.

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Fakhr al-Din al-Razi is a significant philosopher who is famous for his critics on Avicenna. He also made effective dialogues between two rival doctrines (namely Kalam and Peripateticism) in the Islamic world in Middle Ages. He defended Kalam Atomism in last decades of his life. This thesis is working on his two treatises as manuscripts and translating it into English. One of the treatises is about proving atom and another one is rejecting Hylomorphism. These two treatises are attached together as a manuscript book titled as Proving Atomism
Au Moyen Âge, dans le monde islamique, il y avait deux groupes d'érudits qui avaient deux indications différentes sur l'existence. Le premier groupe était des philosophes, ḥukamā, qui ont approuvé falsafah ou ḥikmah. Cette doctrine avait des bases aristotéliciennes. Un autre groupe était des théologiens, mutikalimūn qui était pour la plupart atomistes. Les théologiens constituaient le kalām qui se traduisait parfois par théologie islamique.Fakhr-e-Razi ou Fakhr al-Din al-Razi était un philosophe et théologien important au 12ème siècle qui a fait des dialogues et des débats entre ces deux doctrines. Il a écrit des critiques sur les livres d'Avicenne et a défendu la doctrine de l'atomisme de Kalam. Bien qu'il ait défendu l'atomisme de Kalam dans beaucoup de livres, il a écrit un traité indépendant sur ce sujet. Cette thèse est l'édition et la traduction d'un livre manuscrit qui comprend deux traités indépendants, dont l'un, prouve atomisme et un autre réfute Hylémorphisme.Cette thèse inclut des commentaires sur l'atomisme et l'hylémorphisme (l'introduction du livre). L'atomisme comme vue générale et l'atomisme de Kalam en particulier sont étudiés. L'histoire de l'atomisme est brièvement passée en revue en tant que racines de l'atomisme de Kalam. Puis la vue de Razi sur l'atomisme est étudiée selon ce livre présent et ses autres livres. Le contraste entre la vision de Razi et la doctrine d'Avicenne comme son rival sont également analysés

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Attar, Muhammad. "Fahr al-Din al-Razi on the human soul: a study of the psychology section of al-Mabahit al-masriqiyya fi'ilm al-ilhahiyyat wa-l-tabi'iyyat." Thesis, McGill University, 2014. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=121281.

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This thesis is a study of the psychological theory of Faḫr al-Dīn al-Rāzī (d.606/1210) as advanced in the psychology section of his early philosophical work, al-Mabāḥiṯ al-mašriqiyya fī ʿilm al-ilāhiyyāt wa-l-ṭabīʿiyyāt (Mabāḥiṯ II.2.2.5). In this section of the Mabāḥiṯ, Rāzī evaluates central aspects of Avicennian psychological doctrines, especially those that are presented in the Psychology of the Šifāʾ. Though Rāzī adopts the traditional, Avicennian arrangement of this text, he uses it as a template through which he assesses the strengths and weaknesses of Ibn Sīnā's arguments, and advances his own alternative theories. We argue that Rāzī, in critically evaluating Ibn Sīnā's psychological doctrines, was motivated by a consistent philosophical approach, one that concerns less the content of these doctrines as the epistemology by which Ibn Sīnā advances them. In Chapter 2 of this thesis, we closely examine how Rāzī evaluates the Avicennian doctrines of the human soul's immateriality, the univocity of its essence, its temporal generation, and the nature of its unity vis-à-vis the diverse functions it performs. At the heart of his discussion are the issues of the human soul's quiddity and the theory of faculty differentiation. In his treatment of these two issues, Rāzī develops a critique of the epistemic claims of abstraction (taǧrīd), which is the basis of Ibn Sīnā's theories regarding the nature of human souls and the faculties that they possess. In Chapter 3, we attempt to reconstruct from Rāzī's critical evaluation of these issues his own psychological theory, which consists of the soul's immateriality, its essential differentiation among individuals, and its direct agency over the corporeal organs. We argue that these doctrines are central elements of what can be referred to as Rāzī's simplified psychological theory. Furthermore, in asserting these doctrines, he develops a method of investigating the nature of the human soul that does not presume to have access to its ontological structure. By understanding the philosophical basis by which Rāzī critically evaluated Avicennian psychological doctrines and asserted his own alternative theories, we are be able to gain a deeper understanding of his role and influence in the Avicennian tradition and contextualize his investigation of psychological issues in later works.
Cette thèse est une étude de la théorie psychologique de Faḫr al-Dīn al-Rāzī (d.606/1210), telle présentée dans la section 'Psychologie' de l'un de ses premiers écrits, al-Mabāḥiṯ al-mašriqiyya fī ʿilm al-ilāhiyyāt wa-l-ṭabīʿiyyāt (Mabāḥiṯ II.2.2.5). Dans cette section du Mabāḥiṯ, Rāzī évalue les aspects centraux des doctrines psychologiques avicenniennes, particulièrement ceux présentés dans le traité de psychologie du Šifāʾ. Si Rāzī adopte la disposition traditionnelle, avicennienne de ce texte, il s'en sert comme modèle afin d'apprécier les forces et les faiblesses des arguments d'Ibn Sīnā et d'y faire valoir ses propres théories. Nous soutenons que cette évaluation critique des doctrines psychologiques d'Ibn Sīnā est motivée par une approche cohérente qui concerne moins le contenu de ces doctrines que l'épistémologie par laquelle Ibn Sīnā les invoque. Dans la deuxième partie de notre thèse, nous examinons de près la manière dont Rāzī critique plusieurs doctrines avicenniennes; notamment, celles de l'immatérialité de l'âme humaine, de l'univocité de son essence, de sa génération temporelle, et de la nature de son unité vis-à-vis les diverses fonctions qu'elle exerce. Les questions de la quiddité de l'âme humaine et la théorie de la faculté de différenciation se trouvent au cœur de ces doctrines. Dans le traitement de ces deux dernières questions, Rāzī élabore une critique des revendications épistémologiques de l'abstraction (taǧrīd) qui constituent la fondation des théories d'Ibn Sīnā sur la nature et les facultés de l'âme humaine. Dans la troisième partie, nous cherchons à reconstruire la théorie psychologique de Rāzī à partir de sa critique des doctrines de l'immatérialité de l'âme, de la différenciation essentielle parmi les individus et de son contrôle immédiat sur les organes corporels. Nous avançons que ces doctrines constituent des éléments centraux de ce que nous appelons la 'théorie psychologique simplifiée de Rāzī.' En affirmant ces propres doctrines, Rāzī développe une méthode visant à étudier l'âme humaine qui ne saurait prétendre accéder à sa structure ontologique. La compréhension des fondements philosophiques sur lesquels Rāzī se base en évaluant les doctrines psychologiques avicenniennes et pour créer ses propres doctrines nous permet de mieux connaître le rôle et l'influence de ce grand philosophe dans la tradition avicennienne, et également de contextualiser ses réflexions sur la psychologie dans ses ouvrages ultérieurs.

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Wassouf, Hassan. "Existenz bei Fahr ad-Dīn ar-Rāzī." Doctoral thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-000D-F137-7.

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Books on the topic "Fakhr al-Din al-Razi"

1

Shihadeh, Ayman. The teleological ethics of Fakir al-Din al-Razi. Leiden: Brill, 2005.

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2

Muhassib, Muhyi al-Din. Ilm al-dalalah inda al-Arab: Fakhr al-Din al-Razi namudhajan. Dar al-Huda lil-Nashr wa-al-Tawzi, 2001.

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3

Theology and Tafsir in the Major Works of Fakhr Al-Din Al-Razi. International Institute of Islamic thought & civil, 1996.

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Mawsuat mustalahat al-Imam Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (Silsilat Mawsuat mustalahat alam al-fikr al-Arabi wa-al-Islami). Maktabat Lubnan Nashirun, 2000.

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Noble, Michael-Sebastian. Hidden Secret of Fakhr Al-Din Al-Razi: Magic and the Soul in the Twelfth Century Islamic Thought. de Gruyter GmbH, Walter, 2020.

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Noble, Michael-Sebastian. Hidden Secret of Fakhr Al-Din Al-Razi: Magic and the Soul in the Twelfth Century Islamic Thought. de Gruyter GmbH, Walter, 2020.

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Noble, Michael-Sebastian. Hidden Secret of Fakhr Al-Din Al-Razi: Magic and the Soul in the Twelfth Century Islamic Thought. de Gruyter GmbH, Walter, 2020.

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Iskenderoglu, Muammer. Fakhr Al-Din Al-Razi and Thomas Aquinas on the Question of the Eternity of the World (Islamic Philosophy, Theology, and Science). Brill Academic Publishers, 2002.

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Shihadeh, Ayman. The Teleological Ethics of Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (Islamic Philosophy, Theology and Science. Texts and Studies, 64) (Islamic Philosophy, Theology, and Science). Brill Academic Publishers, 2006.

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El-Rouayheb, Khaled. Theology and Logic. Edited by Sabine Schmidtke. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696703.013.009.

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In the ninth and tenth centuries, Arabic ‘logicians’ (manṭiqiyyūn) and Islamic ‘theologians’ (mutakallimūn) constituted distinct and rival groups. The former advocated the use of Aristotelian and Stoic formal modes of inference, whereas the later had a very different and broadly analogical model of argumentation and disputation. In the course of the eleventh and twelfth centuries, a number of prominent Islamic theologians such as al-Ghazali (d. 1111) and Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (d. 1210) began to adopt Greek-derived formal logic and to concede that the older analogical forms of argumentation were inappropriate to the discipline of theology. Despite an opposition to this process by such figures as Ibn Taymiyyah (d. 1328), this blending of logic and Islamic theology became predominant by the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Henceforth, opposition to logic tended to be confined to Islamic religious circles that were also fiercely opposed to the discipline of theology (kalam).

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Book chapters on the topic "Fakhr al-Din al-Razi"

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Habashi, Fathi. "Fakhr al-Din al-Razi: Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibn Umar ibn al-Husayn al-Taymi al-Bakri al-Tabaristani Fakhr al-Din al-Razi." In Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers, 692–93. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9917-7_9265.

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Takahashi, Hidemi. "Fakhr al-Din al-Razi, Qazwini and Bar Shakko." In The Harp (Volume 19), edited by Geevarghese Panicker, Rev Jacob Thekeparampil, and Abraham Kalakudi, 365–80. Piscataway, NJ, USA: Gorgias Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.31826/9781463233075-020.

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Griffel, Frank. "WAS FAKHR AL-DIN AL-RAZI AN AVERROIST AFTER ALL? ON THE DOUBLE-TRUTH THEORY IN MEDIEVAL LATIN AND ISLAMIC THOUGHT." In Studying the Near and Middle East at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, 1935–2018, edited by Sabine Schmidtke, 205–16. Piscataway, NJ, USA: Gorgias Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31826/9781463240035-028.

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Griffel, Frank. "Books and Their Genre." In The Formation of Post-Classical Philosophy in Islam, 417–78. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190886325.003.0006.

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Beginning with an analysis of al-Ghazali’s Doctrines of the Philosophers (Maqasid al-falasifa), this chapter reconstructs the development of books in the genre of hikma during the sixth/twelfth century. The chapter suggests that works such as Fakhr al-Din al-Razi’s Eastern Investigations (al-Mabahith al-mashriqiyya) and his highly influential Compendium on Philosophy and Logic (al-Mulakhkhas fi l-hikma wa-l-mantiq) have their origins in the genre of reports of philosophical teachings written by Muslim theologians. The prime example of this genre is al-Ghazali’s Maqasid. The chapter analyzes how this latter book was viewed and used during the sixth/twelfth century and how it triggered forgeries. It shows how books that wish to report the teachings of falsafa became more and more engaged in developing these teachings, a development that ends in the two comprehensive summae of philosophy written by Fakhr al-Din al-Razi.

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Griffel, Frank. "Conclusions." In The Formation of Post-Classical Philosophy in Islam, 551–72. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190886325.003.0009.

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Fakhr al-Din al-Razi’s philosophical books argue for a God who acts out of pure necessity and whose creative activity goes on forever, creating a pre-eternal world. His books of kalam, however, argue for a freely choosing creator who creates a world that began at one point in time. The Conclusions explain this contradiction by suggesting that for al-Razi the rational evidence for both understandings of God was equally strong and one could not trump the other. While he never wrote a text where the arguments for both sides are compared, he wrote different kinds of books that argue forcefully for the one position or the other. Unlike al-Ghazali, al-Razi acknowledged that a pre-eternal world is possible and that Avicenna had strong arguments in favor of it. Triggered by 12th century developments on the method of philosophy and the genre of philosophical texts, al-Razi developed a new type of philosophical summa of which his Eastern Investigations (al-Mabahith al-mashriqiyya) and his Compendium on Philosophy and Logic (al-Mulakhkhas fi l-hikma wa-l-mantiq) are the prime examples.

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Griffel, Frank. "Books and Their Teachings." In The Formation of Post-Classical Philosophy in Islam, 307–416. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190886325.003.0005.

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Starting with an analysis of the failure of an earlier Western engagement with post-classical philosophy in Islam during the twentieth century, the chapter highlights some startling features of this genre. It shows that different works of Fakhr al-Din al-Razi include, if compared to one another, gross contradictions. Works that he refers to as “philosophical books” are drastically different in their teachings from his books on kalam and other religious sciences. The chapter identifies these “philosophical books” and reconstructs their teachings on two particular subjects: epistemology and the understanding of God. Fakhr al-Din’s position that knowledge is a “relation” between the knower and the object of knowledge is part of a development that goes back to al-Ghazali and was pushed forward by Abu l-Barakat al-Baghdadi. Similarly his view that in God there is a distinction between existence and essence goes back to al-Ghazali’s critique of falsafa, but it also counters it and promotes an Avicennan understanding of God.

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Griffel, Frank. "Epilogue." In The Formation of Post-Classical Philosophy in Islam, 543–50. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190886325.003.0008.

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The short epilogue asks whether the observations this study makes about Fakhr al-Din al-Razi early career before he reached the age of 40, when he wrote philosophical books, are also true for his late œuvre? It suggests that during his late life, al-Razi was overwhelmed by an argument similar to Pascal’s wager: If the rational evidence in favor of a philosophical God is equal in strength to the rational evidence for the God of kalam, prudence dictates to choses the latter. This, because if kalam is right and God is a free-choosing and omniscient agent, then He will punish all those who deny these attributes. The God of philosophy, however, will not punish believers in those attributes. A decision in favor of the God of kalam will, in whatever circumstance, not trigger punishment in the afterlife. In his late work al-Razi decided in favor of the God of kalam, not because he thought such a decision is more convincing, but because it is more prudent.

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Griffel, Frank. "Books and Their Method." In The Formation of Post-Classical Philosophy in Islam, 479–542. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190886325.003.0007.

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This chapter deals with the method of philosophical books during the sixth/twelfth century. It begins with an analysis of Abu l-Barakat al-Baghdadi’s method of i’tibar (careful consideration) and highlights its departure from al-Farabi’s and Avicenna’s (Ibn Sina’s) demonstrative method as the ideal of philosophical inquiry. The chapter looks at how Fakhr al-Din al-Razi describes his own method in his philosophical books and it analyzes the method of “probing and dividing” (sabr wa-taqsim) used therein. Finally, the chapter zooms in on the methodical differences between Fakhr al-Din’s philosophical books and his books of kalam and focuses on the principle of sufficient reason. This philosophical principle requires that every event must have a rational explanation of its cause(s). The principle is universally valid in al-Razi’s philosophical books, yet in his books on kalam only insofar as God’s will is excluded from this requirement. This difference has far-reaching effects on the teachings put forward in these two genres of books.

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