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Gangesh, Kumar Gunjan, and Kumar Jha Anand. "A Retrospective Assessment of Clinical Profile of P. Falciparum, P. Vivax and Mixed Infections of Malaria." International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Review and Research 16, no. 2 (2024): 384–88. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12740030.
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Aim: The objective of this study was to compare the clinical profile of P. falciparum, P. vivax and mixedinfections of malaria.Methods: This retrospective observational study included malaria patients who were admitted to Department ofGeneral Medicine, Jannayak Karpoori Thakur Medical College and Hospital Madhepura,, Bihar, India for 12months. Inpatient retrieved and scrutinized on the basis of the patient’s demographic profile, clinical findings,investigations, treatment, and complications during this 12- month period.Results: The subjects consisted of 60 P. vivax and 40 P. falciparum cases. The P. vivax cases consisted of 45males and 15 females while P. falciparum cases consisted of 18 males and 22 females. Fever was the most commonpresentation in all 100 patients both falciparum and vivax infected patients. This was followed by chills and rigorswere present in 80 patients, 45 of patients with falciparum and 35 of the patients infected with vivax. Nausea andvomiting were another common complaint was observed in 70 of total patients, more in falciparum 40 than vivax30. Other less common symptom were, easy fatiguability observed in 30 patients and cough was present in 20patients. All these manifestations were most commonly observed in falciparum than vivax. Altered sensoriumwas observed only in falciparum 12 patients. Patients who had mixed infection presented with almost allsymptoms like fever with chills and rigors, easy fatigability, vomiting, cough and altered sensorium. Bivariaterelationship between clinical features and complications of P. vivax and P. falciparum malaria showed nostatistical significant difference.Conclusion: We concluded that P. vivax Mono infection tends to have as similar course and complications ascompared to malaria due to P. falciparum mono infection.
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ARICAN ÇELİK, Aslı, Rıfat TAMALI, Gülruhsar YILMAZ, Pınar KARABACAK, and Mustafa Soner ÖZCAN. "A Rare Cause of Fever in ICU; Malaria." Acta Medica Nicomedia 5, no. 3 (2022): 235–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.53446/actamednicomedia.1103400.
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Sıtma, anofel cinsi sivrisineklerin insanları sokması sonucu bulaşan paraziter bir hastalıktır. Plasmodium falciparum (P Falciparum) en ölümcül tabloya yol açan türüdür, ülkemizde nadir görülür ve genellikle yurtdışı kaynaklıdır. Yoğun bakımda yüksek ateş pek çok klinik durumda karşımıza çıksa da nadir görülen bir durum olan P. Falciparuma bağlı sıtma aklımızda bulunmalıdır Bu olgu sunumunda, yurt dışı seyahat öyküsü bulunan P. Falciparum sıtma tanısı konulan hastanın yoğun bakım takip ve tedavi süreci sunulmuştur.
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Taguchi, Nao, Toshimitsu Hatabu, Haruyasu Yamaguchi, Mamoru Suzuki, Kumiko Sato, and Shigeyuki Kano. "Plasmodium falciparum: selenium-induced cytotoxicity to P. falciparum." Experimental Parasitology 106, no. 1-2 (2004): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exppara.2004.01.005.
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Dr., Deepak Kumar Gindora, Mayank Gupta Dr., Sunil Kumar Mahavar Dr., Jai Purohit Dr., and Raman Sharma Dr. "Biochemical characteristics of Malaria patients with their association with severity of disease." International Multispeciality Journal of Health 3, no. 7 (2017): 215–22. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.837945.
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<strong><em>Abstract—</em></strong><em> Malaria is one of the oldest and most widespread disease which affects more than 2400 million people, over 40% of world's population, in more than 100 countries in tropics from South America to Indian Peninsula.</em><em> This study was designed to assess the </em><em>platelet counts, haematocrit & liver enzymes (Alanine transaminase, Aspartate transaminase, Alkaline phosphatase) in patients of Plasmodium vivax & Plasmodium falciparum malaria and its association with the severity and prognosis of disease. I</em><em>n a hospital based observational descriptive study, 100 patients </em><em>with Plasmodium falciparum and/or vivax positive diagnosed by peripheral blood film examination and/or by MPQBC (Malaria Parasite Quantitative Buffy Coat) method </em><em>were included and submitted to a complete clinical & laboratory evaluation. Patients who were ≤ 14 years and who refused to give consent were excluded. They were divided into Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum positive group; evaluated, compared and statistical analysis done. </em><em>Out of total 100 cases of malaria positive, P. falciparum constituted 66% and P. vivax constituted 34%.</em> <em>The pathophysiological processes causing the haematological changes in malaria are complex and multiple<strong>. </strong>Thrombocytopenia presents with bleeding manifestations and it increases the severity of disease with poor prognosis.</em>
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Cserti, Christine M., and Walter H. Dzik. "The ABO blood group system and Plasmodium falciparum malaria." Blood 110, no. 7 (2007): 2250–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2007-03-077602.
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In the century since the discovery of the ABO blood groups, numerous associations between ABO groups and disease have been noted. However, the selection pressures defining the ABO distributions remain uncertain. We review published information on Plasmodium falciparum infection and ABO blood groups. DNA sequence information dates the emergence and development of the group O allele to a period of evolution before human migration out of Africa, concomitant with P falciparum's activity. The current geographic distribution of group O is also consistent with a selection pressure by P falciparum in favor of group O individuals in malaria-endemic regions. We critically review clinical reports of ABO and P falciparum infection, documenting a correlation between disease severity and ABO group. Finally, we review published data on the pathogenesis of P falciparum infection, and propose a biologic model to summarize the role of ABO blood groups in cytoadherence biology. Such ABO-related mechanisms also point to a new hypothesis to account for selection of the Le(a−b−) phenotype. Taken together, a broad range of available evidence suggests that the origin, distribution, and relative proportion of ABO blood groups in humans may have been directly influenced by selective genetic pressure from P falciparum infection.
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Zakeri, S., S. Mamaghani, A. A. Mehrizi, et al. "Molecular evidence of mixed P. vivax and P. falciparum infections in northern Islamic Republic of Iran." Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 10, no. 3 (2004): 336–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/2004.10.3.336.
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This study compared basic microscopy with molecular detection of Plasmodium species. According to thick-film microscopy, 100% of 142 malaria cases in Pars-Abad, Ardebil province, were infected with a single species, P vivax. However, nested polymerase chain reaction [PCR] detected mixed species infections of both P. vivax and P. falciparum in 7.0%. In Maz and eran province, 2/20 blood films were diagnosed with only P. falciparum and 18/20 with only P. vivax. However, nested PCR detected 17/20, 2/20 and 1/20 with P. vivax only, P. falciparum only and mixed species respectively. The unexpected presence of P. falciparum urges prompt investigation and immediate treatment of malaria cases in this region
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Goyal, Jagdish Prasad, and Aarti M. Makwana. "Comparison of Clinical Profile between P. vivax and P. falciparum Malaria in Children: A Tertiary Care Centre Perspective from India." Malaria Research and Treatment 2014 (April 9, 2014): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/132672.
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Background. Malaria is a one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in tropical countries. Plasmodium vivax (P. vivax) is usually thought to be causing benign malaria with low incidence of complications as compared to Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum). Methods. This retrospective observational study included malaria patients who were admitted to K.T. Children Hospital and P.D.U. Government Medical College, Rajkot, a tertiary care teaching hospital, Gujarat, western India, during the period January 2012 to December 2012. Inclusion criteria were patients in whom either P. falciparum or P. vivax was positive on rapid malaria antigen test and peripheral blood smear. Patients showing mixed infections were excluded from study. Results. A total of 79 subjects (mean age 5.4±3.6 years) were included in the study. It consisted of 47 P. vivax and 32 P. falciparum cases. The P. vivax cases consisted of 33 (70.2%) males and 11 (19.8%) females while P. falciparum cases consisted of 14 (43.8%) males and 18 (56.2%) females. One patient of each P. vivax and P. falciparum expired. There was no statistical significant difference found between complications such as anemia, thrombocytopenia, liver and renal dysfunction, ARDS, and cerebral malaria between P. vivax and P. falciparum. Conclusion. We conclude that P. vivax monoinfection tends to have as similar course and complications as compared to malaria due to P. falciparum monoinfection.
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Dr., Tehmina Hayat Dr. Arshia Maqbool Dr. Muhammad Adnan Akbar. "PREVALANCE OF MALARIA IN EASTERN AREAS OF BALUCHISTAN AT BORDERS OF OTHER PROVINCES." INDO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 05, no. 05 (2018): 4395–400. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1254447.
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Objective:<em> The objective of the study was to decide the occurrences of parasites causing malaria in far flung human populations of Balochistan. </em> Methodology:<em> A large group of 3340 subjects was examined for malarial parasites by testing the blood samples during the timeframe of 2 years i.e. July 2015 to June 2017.</em> Results:<em> The laboratory tests revealed that 1095 (32.78%) cases were diagnosed with malaria out of total suspected sample of 3340. Among 1095 infected cases, 579 were due to </em>Plasmodium falciparum<em> infection and 516 cases were infected with </em>Plasmodium vivax.<em> No other malarial parasites (</em>P malariae<em> and P </em>ovale)<em> were noticed in our case.</em> Conclusion:<em> The incidences of falciparum and ovale plasmodium were observed in Barkhan and Kohlu border areas of Balochistan. The existence of P. </em>falciparum and P. vivax is a great<em> health hazard because both the infections are closely associated with drastic complications such as cerebral malaria. No significant relation could be developed among the malarial parasites and subjects’ age groups. </em> Keywords:<em> Malarial parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax.</em>
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Dr, Fatima Altaf Dr. Namra Tufail Dr. Shifa Batool. "PREVALANCE OF MALARIA IN EASTERN AREAS OF BALUCHISTAN AT BORDERS OF OTHER PROVINCES." INDO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 05, no. 05 (2018): 4593–98. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1257636.
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Objective:<em> The objective of the study was to decide the occurrences of parasites causing malaria in far flung human populations of Balochistan. </em> Methodology:<em> A large group of 3340 subjects was examined for malarial parasites by testing the blood samples during the timeframe of 2 years i.e. July 2015 to June 2017.</em> Results:<em> The laboratory tests revealed that 1095 (32.78%) cases were diagnosed with malaria out of total suspected sample of 3340. Among 1095 infected cases, 579 were due to </em>Plasmodium falciparum<em> infection and 516 cases were infected with </em>Plasmodium vivax.<em> No other malarial parasites (</em>P malariae<em> and P </em>ovale)<em> were noticed in our case.</em> Conclusion:<em> The incidences of falciparum and ovale plasmodium were observed in Barkhan and Kohlu border areas of Balochistan. The existence of P. </em>falciparum and P. vivax is a great<em> health hazard because both the infections are closely associated with drastic complications such as cerebral malaria. No significant relation could be developed among the malarial parasites and subjects’ age groups. </em> Key Words:<em> Malarial parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax.</em>
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Payal, Jivani, Panchal Bijal, Parmar Sudha, Mehta Neeta, Savaliya Chirag, and Sorani Ashvin. "A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF EFFECT OF P. FALCIPARUM AND P. VIVAX MALARIA ON PLATELET COUNT." International Journal of Basic & Applied Physiology 3, no. 1 (2014): 243–47. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4486391.
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<strong>Background & objectives</strong>: Malaria is a big menace in India affecting almost 24 million peoples and causing 2.4 deaths per 1, 00,000 populations annually. Malaria affects almost all the organs of body but varieties of typical hematological alterations have been reported. Present study aims to evaluate impact of malaria on platelet count and species specific changes if any. <strong>Methods:</strong> This study was carried out in Deendayal Upadhyay Govt. Medical College and Hospital, Rajkot 100 known hospitalized cases of malaria. All the hematological parameters including platelet count were tested by SYSMAX KX21 auto analyzer and statistically analyzed among different species. <strong>Results</strong>: Out of 100 patients, 37 were P. falciparum and 63 were P. vivax cases. 91 cases had thrombocytopenia. 97.29% (36 out of 37) cases with P. falciparum and 87.30% (55 out of 63) cases with P. vivax had thrombocytopenia amongst them 29.73% (11 out of 37) of P. falciparum and 6.35% (4 out of 63) cases with P. vivax had severe low platelet count. The mean values of platelet count are lower than normal in both the infections and statistically significant difference (P value - 0.0071) is seen between P. falciparum and P. vivax. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> Thrombocytopenia is the leading hematological alterations seen in malaria with statistically significant difference in severity being more deteriorating in P. falciparum cases than P. vivax cases.
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Umar, Khairuddin Zainuddin, Yuri P.Utami, and Muhammad A.Y. Ardi. "Antimalarial Activity of Ethanol Extract of Sampare Leaves (Glochidion sp var. Biak) Against Plasmodium falciparum In Vitro." Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology 10, no. 1 (2023): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/ijpst.v10i1.29477.
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Malaria is one of the health problems in the world and in Indonesia. This disease is caused by theprotozoan parasite, the genus Plasmodium. Plasmodium falciparum is the most important parasiticdisease with high morbidity and mortality in the world and tropical countries such as Indonesia inparticular. This study aims to determine the activity of sampare leaf extract in inhibiting the growth ofthe FCR-3 strain of the P. falciparum parasite which causes malaria. Sampare leaves were extracted bymaceration method using 70% ethanol. Extract the results extraction were tested against P. falciparumby in vitro method. 32,67% Yield extract resulted from the extraction process. Phytochemical screeningshows the presence of alkaloid compounds, flavonoids, quinones, saponins, and tannins. The ethanolextract of sampare leaves had IC50 antimalarial activity of 0,125 μg/mL and was categorized very well.Keywords: Antimalarial, Glochidion sp var. Biak, IC50, Plasmodium falciparum.
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Platon, Lucien, Jun Cao, and Didier Ménard. "Compensating P. falciparum artemisinin resistance." Cell Host & Microbe 29, no. 12 (2021): 1732–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2021.11.007.
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Casalino, E., C. Choquet, and B. Doumenc. "Paludisme d’importation à P. falciparum." EMC - Médecine d 'urgence 7, no. 2 (2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1959-5182(12)56606-7.
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Ende, Jef, Rudi Paep, and Jan Clerinx. "Suboptimal Prophylaxis for P. falciparum." Journal of Travel Medicine 6, no. 4 (1999): 262–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1708-8305.1999.tb00531.x.
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Casalino, E., C. Choquet, and B. Doumenc. "Paludisme d’importation à P. falciparum." EMC - Urgence 25, no. 4 (2012): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1241-8234(12)62817-x.
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M., Rukmini Ramya, and Rajya Lakshmi M. "A prospective comparative study of clinical profile and severity of plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax in coastal Andhra Pradesh, India." International Journal of Advances in Medicine 5, no. 5 (2018): 1240. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20183901.
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Background: Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) causes vital organ dysfunction. The manifestation of severe form of falciparum malaria includes cerebral malaria, acidosis, severe anaemia, renal failure, hypotension, shock, disseminated intravascular coagulation and convulsion. Death rate used to be high. But vivax malaria is not presented in severe form and there is tendency of recurrence. Present study has been designed to compare clinical profile and severity of P. falciparum and Plasmodium vivax (P. vivax) malaria in coastal district of Andhra Pradesh.Methods: Present study is a prospective comparative randomized observational study conducted in the depart of general medicine Rangaraya Medical College, Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh from February 2016 to May 2018. The study population include 260 patients diagnosed to have P. falciparum and P. vivax malaria and being admitted in the general medicine dept. Govt medical college Kakinada randomly selected based on exclusion and inclusion criteria.Results: Out of 172 Falciparum malaria patients’ anaemia was present in 39.53% patient and out of 88 P. vivax patients 43.18% patients have anaemia. Thrombocytopenia was present in 19.76% patients of falciparum malaria and 79.54% of P. vivax. Increased leucocyte count was seen in 29.65% P. falciparum and 4.54% P. vivax patients. Leukopenia was seen in 9.3% P. falciparum and 1.136% P. vivax patient. PT and APTT was increased in 12.79% patients of P. falciparum malaria and 6.8% patients of P. vivax malaria. Liver enzyme was elevated in 27.9% of P. falciparum patients and 47.72% patients of P. vivax patients. Raised serum urea and creatinine, was seen in 18.60% patients of P. falciparum and 18.18% patients of P. vivax malaria. Electrolyte imbalance was also found in both groups.Conclusions: - In present study number of falciparum malaria cases were more than vivax with male predominance. Hepatomegaly was more common falciparum, but splenomegaly was more common in vivax malaria patients. Anaemia and thrombocytopenia were more common in P. vivax malaria patients. Elevated liver enzyme was more common in P. vivax patients but elevated serum urea and creatinine was almost same in both groups. Except hepatic dysfunction all other complication was more in falciparum then vivax infection. Death was only marginally high in falciparum then vivax malaria patients.
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Wångdahl, Andreas, Katja Wyss, Dashti Saduddin, et al. "Severity of Plasmodium falciparum and Non-falciparum Malaria in Travelers and Migrants: A Nationwide Observational Study Over 2 Decades in Sweden." Journal of Infectious Diseases 220, no. 8 (2019): 1335–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiz292.
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Abstract Background The aim was to assess factors affecting disease severity in imported P. falciparum and non-falciparum malaria. Methods We reviewed medical records from 2793/3260 (85.7%) of all episodes notified in Sweden between 1995 and 2015 and performed multivariable logistic regression. Results Severe malaria according to WHO 2015 criteria was found in P. falciparum (9.4%), P. vivax (7.7%), P. ovale (5.3%), P. malariae (3.3%), and mixed P. falciparum episodes (21.1%). Factors associated with severe P. falciparum malaria were age <5 years and >40 years, origin in nonendemic country, pregnancy, HIV, region of diagnosis, and health care delay. Moreover, oral treatment of P. falciparum episodes with parasitemia ≥2% without severe signs at presentation was associated with progress to severe malaria with selected criteria. In non-falciparum, age >60 years, health care delay and endemic origin were identified as risk factors for severe disease. Among patients originating in endemic countries, a higher risk for severe malaria, both P. falciparum and non-falciparum, was observed among newly arrived migrants. Conclusions Severe malaria was observed in P. falciparum and non-falciparum episodes. Current WHO criteria for severe malaria may need optimization to better guide the management of malaria of different species in travelers and migrants in nonendemic areas.
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Merrick, Catherine J. "Plasmodium falciparum." Emerging Topics in Life Sciences 1, no. 6 (2017): 517–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/etls20170099.
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Plasmodium falciparum is a protozoan parasite that causes the most severe form of human malaria. Five other Plasmodium species can also infect humans — P. vivax, P. malariae, P. ovale curtisi, P. ovale wallikeri and P. knowlesi — but P. falciparum is the most prevalent Plasmodium species in the African region, where 90% of all malaria occurs, and it is this species that causes the great majority of malaria deaths. These were reported by the WHO at 438 000 in 2015 from an estimated 214 million cases; importantly, however, figures for the global burden of malaria tend to have wide margins of error due to poor and inaccurate reporting. In this Perspective, features of P. falciparum that are unique among human malaria parasites are highlighted, and current issues surrounding the control and treatment of this major human pathogen are discussed.
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Sariyanto, Iwan. "Aktivitas SGOT Dan SGPT Pada Penderita Malaria Falciparum Dan Malaria Vivax Di Puskesmas Hanura Kecamatan Teluk Pandan Kabupaten Pesawaran." Jurnal Analis Kesehatan 7, no. 1 (2018): 666. http://dx.doi.org/10.26630/jak.v7i1.913.
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<p>Penyakit Malaria bersifat endemik di daerah tropis dan subtropis. <em>Plasmodium falciparum</em> dan <em>plasmodium vivax</em> merupakan penyebab malaria terbanyak di Indonesia. <em>Plasmodium falciparum</em> menginvasi sel darah merah hingga mencapai 50%. Pembesaran hati lebih sering ditemukan dari pada pembesaran limpa. Sedangkan pada <em>plasmodium vivax </em> menginveksi retikulosit, sehingga parasitemia biasanya terbatas sekitar 2-5%,<em> </em>dapat terjadi relaps, karena maturasi hipnozoit yang tertinggal dalam hati. <em>Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase</em> (SGOT) dan <em>Serum Glutamic pyruvic transferase</em> (SGPT) merupakan enzim yang dapat digunakan untuk menilai cedera hati. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas enzim SGOT dan SGPT pada penderita malaria falcipaum dan malaria vivax di puskesmas Hanura kecamatan Teluk Pandan Kabupaten pesawaran. Penelitian ini bersifat observasional analitik untuk membandingkan aktivitas enzim SGOT dan SGPT pada 50 penderita malaria falciparum dan 50 penderita malaria vivax yang diambil dengan cara <em>consecutive sampling</em>. Dianalisa menggunakan uji independen T-test. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan rata-rata aktivitas enzim SGOT pada penderita malaria falciparum lebih tinggi (36,70 U/L) dibandingkan dengan penderita malaria vivax (26.31 U/L), dan terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna dengan <em>p-value</em> = 0,000. Didapatkan rata-rata aktivitas enzim SGPT pada penderita malaria falciparum lebih tinggi (25,26 U/L) dibandingakan dengan penderita malaria vivax(17,77 U/L) dan terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna dengan <em>p-value</em> = 0,011.</p>
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Alam, Mohammad Tauqeer, Hema Bora, Praveen K. Bharti, et al. "Similar Trends of Pyrimethamine Resistance-Associated Mutations in Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 51, no. 3 (2006): 857–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.01200-06.
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ABSTRACT The antifolate drugs sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine are commonly used to treat Plasmodium falciparum malaria. However, they can also affect the Plasmodium vivax parasite if it coexists with P. falciparum, as both species have common drug targets. Resistance to the antifolate drugs arises due to point mutations in the target enzymes of the respective parasite. To assess the cross-species impact of antifolate drug treatment, we describe here the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) mutations among field isolates of P. vivax and P. falciparum. The overall DHFR mutation rate for P. vivax was lower than that for P. falciparum. However, both species of Plasmodium followed similar trends of DHFR mutations. Similar to P. falciparum, the DHFR mutation rate of P. vivax also varied from region to region. It was lower in P. vivax-dominant regions but higher in the P. falciparum-dominated areas and highest where antifolates are used as the first line of antimalarial treatment. In conclusion, the antifolate treatment of falciparum malaria is proportionately affecting the DHFR mutations of P. vivax, suggesting that the drug should be used with caution to minimize the development of cross-species resistance in the field.
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Aich, Tarkeswar. "P. falciparum Malaria induced Renal impairment." Journal of Medical Research 5, no. 6 (2019): 220–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/jmr.2019.5605.
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Introduction: The involvement of the kidney in falciparum malaria has been known for decades. In 1944, Spitz observed acute renal failure due to falciparum infection in soldiers during World War II. This observation was later supported by other workers who detected oliguria developing in patients with black water fever. The initial clinical pattern is that of reversible renal dysfunction or pre-renal azotemia, which rapidly progresses to acute tubular necrosis if treatment is not started early. Patients with malaria induced renal failure are hypercatabolic with blood urea and serum creatinine levels rising rapidly.Oliguric as well non-oliguric renal failure are observed and duration of oliguric renal failure ranges from a few days to several weeks depending on the severity of renal dysfunction. Acute renal failure in falciparum malaria is usually associated either with acute intravascular haemolysis or heavy parasitemia. Acute renal failure in falciparum malaria is also observed in patients with severe intravascular haemolysis resulting in haemoglobinuria. It may be induced by malarial fever or by anti-malarial drugs in a patient with or without G6-PD deficiency. Materials and Methods: This is a hospital based cross sectional study carried out in a total of 50 cases of acute renal failure who were selected from diagnosed patients of P. falciparum malaria. Cases were confirmed either by P. falciparum antigen test and/or peripheral blood smear test(both thick and thin smear).Malarial ARF (MARF) is diagnosed when serum creatinine level > 3 mg/dl, and/or urine output < 400 ml/24hrs despite adequate rehydration. Result: Out of 174 cases of falciparum malaria 50 patients (28.7%) had acute renal failure in falciparum malaria. 36 (72%) cases were males and 14 (28%) were females, indicating a much higher incidence in males. Approximately 78% of the cases in the present study were below the age of 40 years. The youngest was 15 years old and the oldest was 61 years old (Mean age – 32 ± 11.6 years). All were febrile (100%) and a majority had oliguria or anuria (72%); jaundice was detected in 30 (60%) patients on presentation. Hepatomegaly & Splenomegaly were found in 76% & 66% of the cases respectively. Out of the total 50 cases of malaria induced ARF, 14 cases (28%) had pre-renal ARF while in the majority, 72% the clinical course was that of ATN. The pathogenesis of ATN in the 36 cases was found to be heavy parasitaemia in 40% of the cases, IV hemolysis with haemoglobinuria in 3 (6%) of cases; and cholestatic jaundice in 26% of falciparum patients. Examination of the urinary sediments revealed that albumin was present in urine in 40 cases (80%). Majority of the patients had significant rise in blood urea level with a mean value of 177 mg. S. creatinine levels ranged between 3.2 - 13.6 mg with a mean value of 7.83 mg. The mean creatinine clearance rate was 11.71 ml/min. The overall mortality rate was 26%. Conclusion: AKI is common in Falciparum malaria. The pathogenesis of AKI is largely unknown but may be related to the erythrocyte sequestration and agglutination within the renal microcirculation interfering with flow and metabolism. Clinically and pathologically, this syndrome manifests as Pre-renal azotemia and acute tubular necrosis. Acute renal failure may occur simultaneously with other vital-organ dysfunction (in which case the mortality risk is high) or may progress as other disease manifestations resolve. Early dialysis or hemofiltration considerably enhances the likelihood of a patient’s survival, particularly in acute hypercatabolic renal failure. Severity of oliguria and presence of one or more associated complications like pulmonary oedema, acidosis, and altered sensorium have considerable influence on the outcome of the patients.
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Njila, HL, JE Idoko, A. Ombugadu, and H. Zakari. "Hemoglobin genotype variants and Plasmodium Falciparum malaria in children receiving postpartum care at Faith Alive Foundation Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria." Archives of Community Medicine and Public Health 8, no. 4 (2022): 147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17352/2455-5479.000191.
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More and more data are showing a link between hemoglobin genotypes and Plasmodium falciparum malaria. In order to establish the prevalence of hemoglobin genotype variants and their association with P. falciparum malaria in children receiving postpartum care at Faith Alive Foundation Jos, Plateau State, we study the distribution of these variants. From each sample, thick and thin blood films were created, and hemoglobin genotypes were determined using electrophoresis. Out of 172 samples examined, 131 (76.16%) were infected with P. falciparum malaria while 41 (23.84%) were not infected. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the distribution of P. falciparum malaria in relation to hemoglobin genotypes. P. falciparum malaria was highest in AA with 92 (70%) and SS was the least with 12 (9%). There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in th+++e prevalence of P. falciparum malaria in relation to age. P. falciparum malaria infection was highest in the age group ≥ 12 months than age group 0 - 11 months. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the prevalence of P. falciparum malaria in relation to sex. The result depicted that P. falciparum malaria infects more males than females. There was also no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the prevalence of P. falciparum malaria in relation to months. The month of September had the highest prevalence of P. falciparum malaria followed by October and August respectively. It is, therefore, recommended that public health education campaigns for mothers and healthcare givers be intensified to create awareness that will lead to the reduction of human-vector contact, especially in children.
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Mansouri, Reza, Mohammad Ali-Hassanzadeh, Reza Shafiei, et al. "The use of proteomics for the identification of promising vaccine and diagnostic biomarkers in Plasmodium falciparum." Parasitology 147, no. 12 (2020): 1255–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003118202000102x.
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AbstractPlasmodium falciparum is the main cause of severe malaria in humans that can lead to death. There is growing evidence of drug-resistance in P. falciparum treatment, and the design of effective vaccines remains an ongoing strategy to control the disease. On the other hand, the recognition of specific diagnostic markers for P. falciparum can accelerate the diagnosis of this parasite in the early stages of infection. Therefore, the identification of novel antigenic proteins especially by proteomic tools is urgent for vaccination and diagnosis of P. falciparum. The proteome diversity of the life cycle stages of P. falciparum, the altered proteome of P. falciparum-infected human sera and altered proteins in P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes could be proposed as appropriate proteins for the aforementioned aims. Accordingly, this review highlights and proposes different proteins identified using proteomic approaches as promising markers in the diagnosis and vaccination of P. falciparum. It seems that most of the candidates identified in this study were able to elicit immune responses in the P. falciparum-infected hosts and they also played major roles in the life cycle, pathogenicity and key pathways of this parasite.
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Christian, Dayena J., Rajesh H. Vekariya, Kinjal D. Patel, et al. "Molecular Docking and QSAR Study of Chalcone and Pyrimidine Derivatives as Potent Anti-Malarial Agents against <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i>." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 85 (December 24, 2020): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-75shdg.
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A data set of chalcone and pyrimidine derivatives with anti-malarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum was employed in investigating the quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR). Molecular docking study was performed for plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase (PfDHFR-TS). Genetic function approximation (GFA) technique was used to identify the descriptors that have influence on anti-malarial activity. The most influencing molecular descriptors identified include thermodynamics, structural and physical descriptors. Generated model was found to be good based on correlation coefficient, LOF, rm2 and rcv2 values. Nrotb, solubility, polarizibility may have negative influence on antimalarial activity or play an important role in growth inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum. The QSAR models so constructed provide fruitful insights for the future development of anti-malarial agents.
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Gomes, Luciano T., Mauro S. Tada, Tony H. Katsuragawa, et al. "Low sensitivity of malaria rapid diagnostic tests stored at room temperature in the Brazilian Amazon Region." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 7, no. 03 (2013): 243–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.2564.
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Introduction: In remote areas of the Amazon Region, diagnosis of malaria by microscopy is practically impossible. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of two rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) targeting different malaria antigens stored at room temperature in the Brazilian Amazon Region. Methodology: Performance of the OptiMal Pf/Pan test and ICT-Now Pf/Pan test was analyzed retrospectively in 1,627 and 1,602 blood samples, respectively. Tests were performed over a 15-month period. Kits were stored at room temperature in five community health centres located in the Brazilian Amazon Region. RDT results were compared with thick blood smear (TBS) results to determine sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the RDT. Results: The sensitivities of the OptiMal Pf/Pan test were 79.7% for Plasmodium falciparum malaria diagnosis and 85.7% for non-P. falciparum infections. The results showed a crude agreement of 88.5% for P. falciparum, and 88.3% for non-P. falciparum infections (Kappa index = 0.74 and 0.75, respectively). For the ICT-Now Pf/Pan test (CI 95%), the sensitivities were 87.9% for P. falciparum malaria diagnosis and 72.5% for non-P. falciparum infection. Crude agreement between the ICT-Now Pf/Pan test and TBS was 91.4% for P. falciparum and 79.7% for non-P. falciparum infection. The Kappa index was 0.81 and 0.59 for the final diagnosis of P. falciparum and non-P. falciparum, respectively. Higher levels of parasitaemia were associated with higher crude agreement between RDT and TBS. Conclusions: The sensitivities of RDTs stored at room temperature over a 15-month period and performed in field conditions were lower than those previously reported.
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Tan, Nie, Yuemeng Zhao, Yan Ding, et al. "Potential role of CI-679 against artemisinin-resistant <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i>." Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 23, no. 1 (2024): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v23i1.11.
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Purpose: To investigate the role of nitroquine (CI-679) against artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) C580Y strain.
 Methods: Antimalarial activity of CI-679 against blood stages in Plasmodium yoelii (P. yoelii) - infected BALB/c mice model was first identified. Thereafter, in vitro assays were performed to investigate the inhibitory activity against blood stages of artemisinin-sensitive P. falciparum 3D7 strain. Finally, the potential effect of CI-679 was also investigated on artemisinin-resistant P. falciparum, which was constructed by introducing C580Y mutation in K13 of the 3D7 using the CRISPR-CAS9 technology.
 Results: CI-679 significantly suppressed the growth of rodent malaria parasite, P. yoelii BY265, in a dose-dependent manner, and also inhibited the development of the parasites in mice (p < 0.05). Furthermore, CI-679 efficiently inhibited the growth of artemisinin-sensitive P. falciparum 3D7 in vitro, with more sensitivity against late phase of blood stages (p < 0.05). Also, CI-679 suppressed the development of artemisinin-resistant P. falciparum C580Y strain, and the inhibitory effect was comparable to that of artemisinin-sensitive 3D7 strain.
 Conclusion: CI-679 exhibits potent antimalarial activity against blood stages of P. yoelii BY265 in vivo, and both artemisinin-sensitive P. falciparum 3D7 and artemisinin-resistant P. falciparum C580Y in vitro. Further pharmacokinetic properties, tolerability and safety of the compound need to be investigated to support this claim.
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Kumari, Preeti Ranjana, Kumar Sujit, and Kumar Aravind. "Spectrum of Clinical Manifestations in Patients Diagnosed of Malaria and to Compare the Severity of P. Vivax and P. Falciparum Malaria." International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 14, no. 6 (2022): 423–27. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13625821.
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<strong>Aim: </strong>The aim of our study was to find out the spectrum of clinical manifestations, infecting species, age distribution and mortality in admitted patients of malaria in our hospital and to compare the clinical profile with severity of P.vivax and P. falciparum malaria. <strong>Material & Method: </strong>The study was carried out on 150 patients admitted during the period of seven months in the hospital. It was analytical cross-sectional study, which was done in the Vardhman Institute of Medical sciences, Pawapuri, Nalanda, Bihar, India. <strong>Results: </strong>In the present study, out of 150 patients more number of males (93 patients) were affected when compared to females (57 patients). Fever is the most common presentation in all 150 patients both falciparum and vivax infected patients. Pallor was the most common clinical sign, was observed in 82 patients of falciparum and 61 with vivax species. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>Malaria is a fairly common disease in our country. Early detection and treatment of severe malaria, which is mainly caused by the falciparum rather than the vivax, reduces mortality and morbidity.
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Nkansah, Charles, Simon Bannison Bani, Kofi Mensah, et al. "Serum anti-erythropoietin antibodies among pregnant women with Plasmodium falciparum malaria and anaemia: A case-control study in northern Ghana." PLOS ONE 18, no. 3 (2023): e0283427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283427.
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Background Anaemia in pregnancy is common in underdeveloped countries, and malaria remains the predominant cause of the condition in Ghana. Anti-erythropoietin (anti-EPO) antibody production may be implicated in the pathogenesis of Plasmodium falciparum malaria-related anaemia in pregnancy. This study ascertained the prevalence of anti-EPO antibody production and evaluated the antibodies’ relationship with Plasmodium falciparum malaria and malaria-related anaemia in pregnancy. Methods This hospital-based case-control study recruited a total of 85 pregnant women (55 with Plasmodium falciparum malaria and 30 controls without malaria). Venous blood was taken from participants for thick and thin blood films for malaria parasite microscopy. Complete blood count (CBC) analyses were done using an automated haematology analyzer. Sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to assess serum erythropoietin (EPO) levels and anti-EPO antibodies. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS version 22.0. Results Haemoglobin (p<0.001), RBC (p<0.001), HCT (p = 0.006) and platelet (p<0.001) were significantly lower among pregnant women infected with Plasmodium falciparum. Of the 85 participants, five (5.9%) had anti-EPO antibodies in their sera, and the prevalence of anti-EPO antibody production among the Plasmodium falciparum-infected pregnant women was 9.1%. Plasmodium falciparum-infected pregnant women with anti-EPO antibodies had lower Hb (p<0.001), RBC (p<0.001), and HCT (p<0.001), but higher EPO levels (p<0.001). Younger age (p = 0.013) and high parasite density (p = 0.004) were significantly associated with Plasmodium falciparum-related anti-EPO antibodies production in pregnancy. Also, younger age (p = 0.039) and anti-EPO antibody production (p = 0.012) related to the development of Plasmodium falciparum malaria anaemia in pregnancy. Conclusion The prevalence of anti-EPO antibodies among pregnant women with Plasmodium falciparum malaria was high. Plasmodium falciparum parasite density and younger age could stimulate the production of anti-EPO antibodies, and the antibodies may contribute to the development of malarial anaemia in pregnancy. Screening for anti-EPO antibodies should be considered in pregnant women with P. falciparum malaria.
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Muhammad TH, Inabo HI, Machido DA та Ameh JB. "Interferon alpha (IFN-ɑ) among Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) patients exposed to Plasmodium falciparum infection in selected Hospitals in Niger State, Nigeria". World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences 14, № 3 (2023): 026–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjbphs.2023.13.3.0094.
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Both Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) infection are associated with production of several cytokines such as type I Interferons which may be beneficial to the host during acute infection. The plasma level of type I interferons could vary among HIV patients co-infected with P. falciparum. This study therefore, aims to quantify the level of IFN-α, a type 1 interferon, among HIV patients exposed to P. falciparum infection in selected Hospitals in Niger State, Nigeria. This was a cross-sectional study. Blood samples were collected from 300 HIV patients for blood film microscopy using Giemsa staining technique and CD4 count using flow cytometer. Of these, 65 were selected for IFN-α analysis (22 controls and 43 HIV/P. falciparum patients) determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). (Chi-square test, P < 0.05). Higher levels of IFN-α were observed in patients with mild P. falciparum infection and in those with low CD4 below 200 cells/µL. Conclusively, mild P. falciparum infection in HIV patients is characterized by up-regulated IFN-α activity.
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Dashrath, Kumar Singh, Mudang Umbing, and Jha Vinayanand. "A Prospective Observational Study on Acute Kidney Injury in Patients of Falciparum and Vivax Malaria." International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 16, no. 12 (2024): 931–36. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14597884.
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<strong>Background:</strong> Although Plasmodium falciparum malaria is known to cause acute kidney injury (AKI), Plasmodium vivax malaria is now more often the cause of this outcome. Several recent studies have shown that P. vivax malaria also causes AKI. Examining the demographic profile, clinical traits, mortality indicators, need for dialysis, and overall outcome of patients with P. falciparum and P. vivax malaria is the aim of this study. <strong>Methods:</strong> In the Department of Medicine at Darbhanga Medical College and Hospital, Laheriasarai, Bihar, a prospective observational study comprising patients with malaria and indications of AKI was conducted from October 2023 to September 2024. The diagnosis of malaria was confirmed by Leishman’s stain-stained thick and thin peripheral smears and rapid malarial antigen testing. To investigate various parameters, an appropriate statistical analysis was carried out. <strong>Result:</strong> Out of 100 cases of P. falciparum and 110 cases of P. vivax malaria, there were 21 (21.0%) and 29 (26.36%) cases of AKI caused by P. falciparum and P. vivax malaria, respectively. In both groups, the majority of patients were under 30 years old. In both groups, females were more likely to be impacted. P. falciparum malaria frequently caused pallor, hypotension, oliguria, sepsis, and altered sensorium. Jaundice, vomiting, thrombocytopenia, hepatomegaly and splenomegaly were more common in P. vivax malaria, Oliguria, anaemia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC), cerebral malaria, hypotension, hyponatraemia, hyperbilirubinaemia were commonly associated independent risk factors for mortality in both P. falciparum and P. vivax malaria. P. falciparum and P. vivax malaria patients received antimalarial artesunate combination therapy. 6 (28.57%) cases of P. falciparum and 8 (27.58%) cases of P. vivax underwent haemodialysis. 2 (9.52%) patients of P. falciparum malaria and 4 (13.79%) patients of P. vivax malaria AKI died. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> AKI was common in P. falciparum and P. vivax-caused malaria. Malaria considerably raises morbidity and mortality in most of India. Better outcomes may arise from early detection and treatment.
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Mude, Abdirasak S. A., and Abd Elhadi M. Agena. "Assessing the distribution of ABO blood groups and how they are linked to Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Yashiid District, Somalia." Egyptian Journal of Haematology 49, no. 3 (2024): 272–76. https://doi.org/10.4103/ejh.ejh_84_23.
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Background Evaluation of the ABO blood group distribution and its connection with Plasmodium falciparum infection is crucial for transfusion therapy and malaria prevention. The goal of this study was to assess the distribution of ABO blood groups, and how they are linked to Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Yashiid District, Southern Somalia. Method From January to September 2022, a hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted. For data collection, a structured questionnaire was used. After each participant had given their informed consent to take part in the study, a blood sample was taken from them. Monoclonal antibodies were used for blood grouping. Plasmodium falciparum was investigated on thin and thick blood films. SPSS version 25.0 was used to analyze the data. Results This study included 925 febrile patients of different age groups. In this study, 45.9% of the people who took part had the O blood group phenotype. This was followed by B (27%), A (21.6%), and AB (5.4%). The overall prevalence of P. falciparum infection in this study was 63.7%. The highest rates of P. falciparum positivity (34%) are seen in patients aged 21–40 years and those 61 years and older. About 66% of P. falciparum cases were found in men. Those who resided in cities (81.3%), had no school education (50.8%), were married (50.9%), and had jobs (77.2%) had the greatest prevalence of P. falciparum positivity. Those patients who did not consume meat or fruits/vegetables made up 66% and 79.6%, respectively. Moreover, 83% of those who did not use mosquito nets had P. falciparum parasites. P. falciparum was detected in 55.2% of those with chronic illness and in 29.7% of those with an intestinal parasite. Also, this study found that the overall ABO group distribution in P. falciparum cases was ‘O’ 45.9%, ‘B’ 27%, ‘A’ 21.6%, and ‘AB’ 5.4%. Conclusion According to the current study, people with blood groups O, B, and A are more susceptible to P. falciparum infection than people with blood group AB. There were no deaths among the P. falciparum malaria patients during the research period. A more complete examination is required to confirm the ABO blood group’s role in P. falciparum malaria in Southern Somalia with certainty.
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Dao, Francois, Laurent Dembele, Backoroba Diarra, et al. "The Prevalence of Human Plasmodium Species during Peak Transmission Seasons from 2016 to 2021 in the Rural Commune of Ntjiba, Mali." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 8, no. 9 (2023): 438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed8090438.
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Up-to-date knowledge of key epidemiological aspects of each Plasmodium species is necessary for making informed decisions on targeted interventions and control strategies to eliminate each of them. This study aims to describe the epidemiology of plasmodial species in Mali, where malaria is hyperendemic and seasonal. Data reports collected during high-transmission season over six consecutive years were analyzed to summarize malaria epidemiology. Malaria species and density were from blood smear microscopy. Data from 6870 symptomatic and 1740 asymptomatic participants were analyzed. The median age of participants was 12 years, and the sex ratio (male/female) was 0.81. Malaria prevalence from all Plasmodium species was 65.20% (95% CI: 60.10–69.89%) and 22.41% (CI: 16.60–28.79%) for passive and active screening, respectively. P. falciparum was the most prevalent species encountered in active and passive screening (59.33%, 19.31%). This prevalence was followed by P. malariae (1.50%, 1.15%) and P. ovale (0.32%, 0.06%). Regarding frequency, P. falciparum was more frequent in symptomatic individuals (96.77% vs. 93.24%, p = 0.014). In contrast, P. malariae was more frequent in asymptomatic individuals (5.64% vs. 2.45%, p < 0.001). P. ovale remained the least frequent species (less than 1%), and no P. vivax was detected. The most frequent coinfections were P. falciparum and P. malariae (0.56%). Children aged 5–9 presented the highest frequency of P. falciparum infections (41.91%). Non-falciparum species were primarily detected in adolescents (10–14 years) with frequencies above 50%. Only P. falciparum infections had parasitemias greater than 100,000 parasites per µL of blood. P. falciparum gametocytes were found with variable prevalence across age groups. Our data highlight that P. falciparum represented the first burden, but other non-falciparum species were also important. Increasing attention to P. malariae and P. ovale is essential if malaria elimination is to be achieved.
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&NA;. "Antiretrovirals affect host-P. falciparum interactions." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 1407 (2003): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-200314070-00044.
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&NA;. "Weekly tafenoquine prevents P. falciparum malaria." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 1385 (2003): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-200313850-00017.
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Eridani, Sandro. "HbS Protection from P. falciparum Infection." British Journal of Medicine and Medical Research 3, no. 4 (2013): 790–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/bjmmr/2013/2427.
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Martínez Rodríguez, José Enrique, Juan Pablo Horcajada Gallego, Joaquín Gascón Brustenga, and Manuel Corachán Cuyas. "Paludismo por P. falciparum y exanguinotransfusión." Medicina Clínica 114, no. 1 (2000): 37–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0025-7753(00)71180-8.
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M, J. M. "Paludisme : 2 molécules éradiquent P. falciparum." Revue Francophone des Laboratoires 2013, no. 452 (2013): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1773-035x(13)72013-6.
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Newton, Paul N., Georg Michelson, Ronatrai Ruangveerayuth, and Nicholas J. White. "Retinal haemorrhage in P falciparum malaria." Lancet 360, no. 9332 (2002): 515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(02)09739-8.
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Simon, F., D. Jeannel, I. Nicoulet, E. Rusch, J. P. Coulaud, and M. Gentilini. "Les acces graves a P. falciparum." Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses 18, no. 8-9 (1988): 360–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0399-077x(88)80179-3.
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Casalino, E., C. Choquet, and B. Doumenc. "Malaria di importazione da P. falciparum." EMC - Urgenze 17, no. 1 (2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1286-9341(12)63934-9.
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Roberts, DJ, AG Craig, AR Berendt, et al. "Clonal Antigenic Variation in P. Falciparum." Clinical Science 85, s29 (1993): 30P—31P. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs085030pc.
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Branco, Ana, and José Melo-Cristino. "Extreme parasitemia in P falciparum malaria." Blood 132, no. 8 (2018): 868. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-07-861880.
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Alves-Rosa, María Fernanda, Nicole M. Tayler, Doriana Dorta, Lorena M. Coronado, and Carmenza Spadafora. "P. falciparum Invasion and Erythrocyte Aging." Cells 13, no. 4 (2024): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells13040334.
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Plasmodium parasites need to find red blood cells (RBCs) that, on the one hand, expose receptors for the pathogen ligands and, on the other hand, maintain the right geometry to facilitate merozoite attachment and entry into the red blood cell. Both characteristics change with the maturation of erythrocytes. Some Plasmodia prefer younger vs. older erythrocytes. How does the life evolution of the RBC affect the invasion of the parasite? What happens when the RBC ages? In this review, we present what is known up until now.
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Bhowmick, Ipsita Pal, Tulika Nirmolia, Apoorva Pandey, et al. "Dry Post Wintertime Mass Surveillance Unearths a Huge Burden of P. vivax, and Mixed Infection with P. vivax P. falciparum, a Threat to Malaria Elimination, in Dhalai, Tripura, India." Pathogens 10, no. 10 (2021): 1259. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10101259.
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With India aiming to achieve malaria elimination by 2030, several strategies have been put in place. With that aim, mass surveillance is now being conducted in some malaria-endemic pockets. As dry season mass surveillance has been shown to have its importance in targeting the reservoir, a study was undertaken to assess the parasite load by a sensitive molecular method during one of the mass surveys conducted in the dry winter period. It was executed in two malaria-endemic villages of Dhalai District, Tripura, in northeast India, also reported as P. falciparum predominated area. The present study found an enormous burden of Rapid Diagnostic Test negative malaria cases with P. vivax along with P. vivax and P. falciparum mixed infections during the mass surveillance from febrile and afebrile cases in dry winter months (February 2021–March 2021). Of the total 150 samples tested, 72 (48%) were positive and 78 (52%) negative for malaria by PCR. Out of the 72 positives, 6 (8.33%) were P. falciparum, 40 (55.55%) P. vivax, and 26 (36.11%) mixed infections. Out of 78 malaria negative samples, 6 (7.7%) were with symptoms, while among the total malaria positive, 72 cases 7 (9.8%) were with symptoms, and 65 (90.2%) were asymptomatic. Out of 114 samples tested by both microscopy and PCR, 42 samples turned out to be submicroscopic with 4 P. falciparum, 23 P. vivax, and 15 mixed infections. Although all P. vivax submicroscopic infections were asymptomatic, three P. falciparum cases were found to be febrile. Evidence of malaria transmission was also found in the vectors in the winter month. The study ascertained the use of molecular diagnostic techniques in detecting the actual burden of malaria, especially of P. vivax, in mass surveys. As Jhum cultivators in Tripura are at high risk, screening for the malarial reservoirs in pre-Jhum months can help with malaria control and elimination.
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Mosso, Justhina Ensly, and Chrismerry Song. "Distribusi prevalensi infeksi Plasmodium serta gambaran kepadatan parasit dan jumlah limfosit absolut pada penderita malaria di RSUD Kabupaten Manokwari periode Januari – Maret 2019." Tarumanagara Medical Journal 2, no. 2 (2020): 320–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/tmj.v3i1.9735.
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Malaria menjadi perhatian global karena tingginya angka mortalitas dan morbiditas, terutama pada kelompok berisiko tinggi di daerah endemis, termasuk di Manokwari, Papua Barat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan prevalensi infeksi Plasmodium serta kepadatan parasit dan jumlah limfosit pada penderita malaria di RSUD Manokwari. Penelitian deskriptif cross sectional ini terdiri dari data 100 sampel yang diperoleh dari rekam medis pasien periode Januari-Maret 2019. Dari 100 sampel penelitian didapatkan bahwa 52 (52%) pasien terinfeksi P. falciparum dan 42 (42%) pasien lainnya terinfeksi P. vivax. Pada 100 sampel, infeksi malaria paling banyak terjadi pada kelompok umur 26-45 tahun (44,23% P. falciparum, 37,5% P. vivax), dengan proporsi yang relatif sama antara laki-laki (52%) dan perempuan (48%). Rerata kepadatan parasit pada malaria falciparum adalah 1895 / µL darah dan pada malaria vivax 772/µL darah. Rerata jumlah limfosit pada infeksi P. falciparum adalah 2175/µL darah, sedangkan pada infeksi P. vivax adalah 2834/µL darah. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa infeksi malaria di daerah ini terutama disebabkan oleh P. falciparum yang ditunjukkan dengan prevalensi infeksi P. falciparum yang lebih tinggi, disertai dengan kepadatan parasit yang lebih tinggi, serta rata-rata jumlah limfosit yang lebih tinggi pada infeksi P. falciparum dibandingkan dengan orang yang terinfeksi P. vivax.
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Mulyana, Fathoni Ega, Stephanus Satria Wira Waskitha, Deni Pranowo, Melati Khairuddean, and Tutik Dwi Wahyumingsih. "Synthesis of chalcone derivatives with methoxybenzene and pyridine moieties as potential antimalarial agents." Pharmacia 70, no. (4) (2023): 1305–13. https://doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.70.e107406.
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Malaria remains an endemic disease in tropical regions, urgently needed the search for effective antimalarial agents due to resistance against existing drugs. This study investigated the potential antimalarial activity of pyridine-based chalcone derivatives against <i>P. falciparum</i> 3D7 and FCR3 strains. The chalcones were synthesized through a one-pot method using various pyridine carbaldehyde, resulting in yields ranging from 53.74 to 86.37%, and all products were characterized using FTIR, GC-MS, and NMR spectroscopies. Among the six chalcones tested, chalcone A [1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-3-(pyridin-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-one] displayed the highest antimalarial activity with IC<sub>50</sub> values of 0.48 and 0.31 μg/mL against <i>P. falciparum</i> 3D7 and FCR3 strains, respectively, and a resistance index of 0.65. Molecular docking studies highlighted the interaction of the carbonyl group of all chalcones with Asn108 amino acid residue in the P<i>f</i>DHFR-TS active site via hydrogen bonding, demonstrating their potential as the antimalarial agent. Notably, the positioning of methoxy and pyridine substituents significantly influenced the antimalarial activity of the chalcones.
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Nyamngee, A., H. A. Edogun, M. K. Sulaiman, R. T. Ikpe, and A. A. Njan. "Genetic Diversity of Plasmodium falciparum Based on Merozoite Surface Proteins 1 and 2 Genes." African Journal of Biomedical Research 25, no. 2 (2022): 163–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ajbr.v25i2.7.
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Genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum is an important feature that makes the parasite a successful pathogen and is a risk factor for generating mutant variants involved in pathogenicity, drug resistance and immune evasion. A study was designed to determine the diversity of P. falciparum isolates based on merozoite surface protein 1 and 2, determine the predominant circulating allelic families and multiplicity of infection in Nigeria. The diagnosis was based on finding the characteristic asexual stage of the parasite in Giemsa-stained blood smears under a compound microscope. The Deoxyribonucleic acid was extracted from P. falciparum positive blood using Chelex extraction method followed by PCR-genotyping, targeting the merozoite surface proteins. Nested polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphisms were used to detect Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transport, P. falciparum multidrug resistance 1, P. falciparum dihydrofolate reductase and P. falciparum dihydropteroate synthase. Data were analysed using the Statistical Packages for Social Sciences Version 21.0 at a significance level of P<0.05. Overall, multiplicity of infection with MSP 1 and MSP 2 markers was 1.32 and 1.24 respectively.P. falciparum isolates demonstrated diverse nature in respect of MSP 1 (block 2) and MSP 2 (block 3). All the families of MSP 1 and MSP2 were detected. It was concluded that the genetic diversity of P. falciparum was comparatively high. Therefore, strategies that reduce multiple-strain infections should be implemented in order to improve antimalarial drug efficacy and reduce the rate of spread of drug resistance.
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Shashi, Kiran Shankarappa, B. Udaykumar, S. Kulkarni Spurti, and B. Ganashree. "Comparative Study of Clinicoetiological Profile of Cerebral Malaria in Hospitalized Children Due to P. Falciparum and P. Vivax." International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 16, no. 11 (2024): 650–54. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14246542.
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<strong>Background & Methods:</strong> The aim of the study is to comparative study of clinicoetiological profile of cerebral malaria in hospitalized children due to p. falciparum and p. vivax. All those children who were previously neurologically normal, of age 6 months – 18 years and presented with a history of fever with generalised convulsion and loss of conscious for more than 30 min, underwent a peripheral blood smear examination and rapid diagnostic test for malarial parasite. <strong>Results:</strong> Out of 41 children infected with P. Vivax, intermittent fever was present in 41 (100%), chills and rigors 24(58.5%), headache4(9.7%), vomiting18(43.9%), loses tools 2(4.8%), GTCS-1episode 15(36.5%), GTCS>1episode26(63.4%), respiratory distress in 24(58.5%), pallor in 18 (43.9%), icterus in 4 (9.7%), edema in 3 (7.3%), hypotension in 3 (7.3%), hypoglycaemia in 2(4.8%), hepatomegaly in 34 (82.9%) and splenomegaly in 28 (68.2%), rashes 2(4.8%), abnormal bleeding 3 (7.3%)and black water fever was present in none of the patients. For 29 children with P. Falciparum, the same symptoms had different percentages as follows: intermittent fever was present in 29 (100%), chills and rigors 16(55.1%), headache 2(6.8%), vomiting 7(24%), loose stools1(3.4%), GTCS-1episode 21(72.4%), GTCS>1episode 8(27.5%), respiratory distress in 14 (48.2%), pallor in 14 (48.2%), icterus in 1 (3.4%), edema in 4 (13.7%), hypotension in 2 (6.8%), hypoglycaemia in 2(6.8%), hepatomegaly in 23 (79.3%) and splenomegaly i(72.4%), rashes 3(10.3%), abnormal bleeding 3(10.3%), black water fever 1(3.4%). <strong>Conclusion:</strong> The features which were present in more percentage of the cases infected with P. Vivax were chills and rigors, headache, vomiting, loses tools, GTCS>1episode (p <0.05) was a significant finding, respiratory distress, hypotension, icterus, hepatomegaly. However, in P. Falciparum the symptoms like GTCS-1episode (p<0.001)is highly significant association, hypoglycaemia, pallor, edema and splenomegaly, rashes, abnormal bleeding and black water fever were more commonly reported. Among these, chills and rigors, loose stools, hypoglycaemia, hypotension, pallor, hepatomegaly and splenomegaly were more or less found in equal number of the patients.
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Sun, He, Bo-Chao Liu, Long-Fei He, Chao-Jiang Xiao, Bei Jiang, and Lei Shen. "Dobinin K Displays Antiplasmodial Activity through Disruption of Plasmodium falciparum Mitochondria and Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species." Molecules 29, no. 19 (2024): 4759. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29194759.
Full textAbstract:
Dobinin K is a novel eudesmane sesquiterpenoids compound isolated from the root of Dobinea delavayi and displays potential antiplasmodial activity in vivo. Here, we evaluate the antiplasmodial activity of dobinin K in vitro and study its acting mechanism. The antiplasmodial activity of dobinin K in vitro was evaluated by concentration-, time-dependent, and stage-specific parasite inhibition assay. The potential target of dobinin K on Plasmodium falciparum was predicted by transcriptome analysis. Apoptosis of P. falciparum was detected by Giemsa, Hoechst 33258, and TUNEL staining assay. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, oxygen consumption, and mitochondrial membrane potential of P. falciparum were assessed by DCFH-DA, R01, and JC-1 fluorescent dye, respectively. The effect of dobinin K on the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) was investigated by enzyme activity analysis and the binding abilities of dobinin K with different enzymes were learned by molecular docking. Dobinin K inhibited the growth of P. falciparum in a concentration-, time-dependent, and stage-specific manner. The predicted mechanism of dobinin K was related to the redox system of P. falciparum. Dobinin K increased intracellular ROS levels of P. falciparum and induced their apoptosis. After dobinin K treatment, P. falciparum mitochondria lost their function, which was presented as decreased oxygen consumption and depolarization of the membrane potential. Among five dehydrogenases in P. falciparum ETC, dobinin K displayed the best inhibitory power on NDH2 activity. Our findings indicate that the antiplasmodial effect of dobinin K in vitro is mediated by the enhancement of the ROS level in P. falciparum and the disruption of its mitochondrial function.
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Amari, Mutiara Rahmah, Hesti Lina Wiraswati, Nisa Fauziah, and Ilma Fauziah Ma’ruf. "Antimalarial Effect of Doxorubicin on Plasmodium Falciparum: An in Vitro Study in FCR-3 Strain." Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal 15, no. 1 (2022): 313–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/2369.
Full textAbstract:
Plasmodium falciparum is the most common species of Plasmodium that causes malaria in Southeast Asia. Artemisinin, a drug with the mechanism of action by inducing oxidative stress in infected red blood cells (RBC) is currently used as the main therapy for malaria, after resistance to chloroquine has been found. However, evidence of artemisinin resistance was discovered in several regions in Southeast Asia. Therefore, a research is required to prove the existence of other drugs that have anti-malaria effects. A drug candidate, doxorubicin also can induce the formation of oxidative stress inside the cells. This study aims to determine the activity of doxorubicin to inhibit the development of P. falciparum in vitro. Red blood cell (RBC) infected with P. falciparum were treated with various concentrations of doxorubicin. Giemsa technique was applied to detect P. falciparum inside RBC. After 48 hours of incubation, the culture was observed to measure the number and the confluence of RBC and P. falciparum in the medium. This study revealed that doxorubicin reduced the number of RBC infected with P. falciparum lysis. The effective dose of doxorubicin-inhibit RBC cell lysis is 0.4 μM, which only reduces 81% RBC cell lysis compared to the control group that reduces 95% RBC cell lysis. At this concentration also found a decrease in the number of P. falciparum cells in the medium. The results proved that doxorubicin has an inhibitory effect on the development of P. falciparum and can decrease the lysis of RBC due to P. falciparum infection. This findings provide an insight that doxorubicin is a potential candidate for antimalarial drugs.