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1
Kannisto, Toni. "Transcendental Paralogisms as Formal Fallacies - Kant’s Refutation of Pure Rational Psychology." Kant-Studien 109, no. 2 (June 7, 2018): 195–227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/kant-2018-2002.
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Abstract: According to Kant, the arguments of rational psychology are formal fallacies that he calls transcendental paralogisms. It remains heavily debated whether there actually is any formal error in the inferences Kant presents: according to Grier and Allison, they are deductively invalid syllogisms, whereas Bennett, Ameriks, and Van Cleve deny that they are formal fallacies. I advance an interpretation that reconciles these extremes: transcendental paralogisms are sound in general logic but constitute formal fallacies in transcendental logic. By formalising the paralogistic inference, I will pinpoint the error as an illegitimate existential presupposition. Since - unlike transcendental logic - general logic abstracts from all objects, this error can only be detected in transcendental logic.
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Sowa, John F. "Fads and Fallacies about Logic." IEEE Intelligent Systems 22, no. 2 (March 2007): 84–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mis.2007.29.
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Athanassopoulos, Evangelos, and Michael Gr Voskoglou. "Quantifying Aristotle’s Fallacies." Mathematics 8, no. 9 (August 21, 2020): 1399. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math8091399.
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Fallacies are logically false statements which are often considered to be true. In the “Sophistical Refutations”, the last of his six works on Logic, Aristotle identified the first thirteen of today’s many known fallacies and divided them into linguistic and non-linguistic ones. A serious problem with fallacies is that, due to their bivalent texture, they can under certain conditions disorient the nonexpert. It is, therefore, very useful to quantify each fallacy by determining the “gravity” of its consequences. This is the target of the present work, where for historical and practical reasons—the fallacies are too many to deal with all of them—our attention is restricted to Aristotle’s fallacies only. However, the tools (Probability, Statistics and Fuzzy Logic) and the methods that we use for quantifying Aristotle’s fallacies could be also used for quantifying any other fallacy, which gives the required generality to our study.
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Hitchcock, David. "Fallacies and formal logic in Aristotle." History and Philosophy of Logic 21, no. 3 (September 2000): 207–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0144534001022004.
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Johnson, Ralph. "The Coherence of Hamblin’s Fallacies." Informal Logic 31, no. 4 (November 29, 2011): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.22329/il.v31i4.3345.
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Hamblin’s Fallacies remains one of the crucial documents in the development of informal logic and argumentation theory. His critique of traditional approaches to the fallacies (what he dubbed ‘The Standard Treatment’) helped to revitalize the study of fallacies. Recently I had occasion to reread Fallacies and came to the conclusion that some of my earlier criticisms (1989, 1990) had missed the real force of what was going on there, that I and others have perhaps not fully appreciated what Hamblin is up to. In this paper, I plan to revisit Fallacies and make manifest its coherence.
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Rosen, Frederick. "The Philosophy of Error and Liberty of Thought: J.S. Mill on Logical Fallacies." Informal Logic 26, no. 2 (February 28, 2008): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.22329/il.v26i2.440.
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Most recent discussions of John Stuart Mill’s System of Logic (1843) neglect the fifth book concerned with logical fallacies. Mill not only follows the revival of interest in the traditional Aristotelian doctrine of fallacies in Richard Whately and Augustus De Morgan, but he also develops new categories and an original analysis which enhance the study of fallacies within the context of what he calls ‘the philosophy of error’. After an exploration of this approach, the essay relates the philosophy of error to the discussion of truth and error in chapter two of On Liberty (1859) concerned with freedom of thought and discussion. Drawing on Socratic and Baconian perspectives, Mill defends both the traditional study of logic against Jevons, Boole, De Morgan, and others, as well as the study of fallacies as the key to maintaining truth and its dissemination in numerous fields, such as science, morality, politics, and religion. In Mill’s view the study of fallacies also liberates ordinary people to explore the truth and falsity of ideas and, as such, to participate in society and politics and develop themselves as progressive beings.
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Khdairi, Iman M. "The Logic Game, Fallacy in Selected Poems by John Donne." Cihan University-Erbil Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 5, no. 1 (May 10, 2021): 32–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.24086/cuejhss.v5n1y2021.pp32-34.
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The aim of this paper is to analyze three seduction poems by John Donne regarding his use of fallacy as a technique for seduction. These poems are “The Flea”, “Confined Love” and “To His Mistress Going to Bed”. Donne tries to manipulate reasoning in the arguments with the women in those poems cleverly through false beliefs i.e., fallacies, to convince them of the legitimacy and sanctity of sexual intercourse, whether it is premarital or adultery. He deploys strong fallacious arguments with the women, who are presented as cautious or dismissive, in all three poems to achieve his aim of convincing those women to voluntarily agree to his sexual desire.
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Gee, John. "Egyptologists’ Fallacies: Fallacies Arising from Limited Evidence." Journal of Egyptian History 3, no. 1 (2010): 137–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187416610x487269.
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AbstractIt has been noted that Egyptologists tend to neglect methodology and consequently we are sometimes guilty of logical fallacies in our work. A subset of those fallacies that we tend toward are those fallacies in logic that result from our evidence being limited or inadequate. Those logical fallacies examined here are the fallacy of negative proof, the elimination of evidence, the fallacy of the lonely fact, and canonized guesswork. The fallacy of negative proof arises when we assume that absence of evidence is evidence of absence. When evidence contrary to our theories based on the fallacy of negative proof appears there is a tendency to explain it away or dismiss it. The fallacy of the lonely fact results when we generalize from a single case. There is also a tendency in the discipline to treat the guesses of others as facts even when correcting evidence appears.
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Mahmood, Khawla Shukur, and Sundus Muhsin Ali. "A Pragmatic Analysis of Fallacies in English Religious Argumentative Discourse." Al-Adab Journal 3, no. 141 (June 15, 2022): 15–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31973/aj.v3i141.3730.
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Fallacies are common errors in an argument and they undermine the logic of that argument. They obstruct the process of argumentation since they do not contribute to the resolution in difference in opinion. The current study investigates fallacies in four religious argumentative debates between Muslims and atheists. It adopts Toulmin et al (1984) as a model for analysis. Results show that both debating parties, Muslims and atheists commit fallacies but the latter exceeds the former quantitatively and qualitatively. The most common fallacies in Muslims’ arguments are straw man argument, poisoning the well and attacking the person whereas the straw man argument, argument from ignorance, hasty generalization and appeal to compassion are the most committed ones by atheists.
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Novaes, Catarina Dutilh. "Theory of Supposition vs. Theory of Fallacies in Ockham." Vivarium 45, no. 2 (2007): 343–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853407x217812.
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AbstractI propose to examine the issue of whether the ancient tradition in logic continued to be developed in the later medieval period from the vantage point of the relations between two specific groups of theories, namely the medieval theories of supposition and the (originally) ancient theories of fallacies. More specifically, I examine whether supposition theories absorbed and replaced theories of fallacies, or whether the latter continued to exist, with respect to one particular author, William of Ockham. I compare different parts of Ockham's Summa Logicae, namely III-4 (on fallacies), and the final chapters of part I and first chapters of part II (on supposition). I conclude that there is overlap of conceptual apparatus and of goals (concerning propositions that must be distinguished) in Ockham's theories of supposition and of fallacies, but that the respective conceptual apparatuses also present substantial dissimilarities. Hence, theories of supposition are better seen as an addition to the general logical framework that medieval authors had inherited from ancient times, rather than the replacement of an ancient tradition by a medieval one. Indeed, supposition theories and fallacy theories had different tasks to fulfil, and in this sense both had their place in fourteenth century logic.
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Chekuri, Martin D. "The Salesperson with a Speech Impediment: An Objective Research and Analysis on the Importance of Clarity, Structure and Logic of Arguments." European Journal of Marketing and Economics 2, no. 1 (April 30, 2019): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejme-2019.v2i1-60.
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There is no sales document as crucial to winning business deals as the business proposal document. We noticed that business proposals try their best to be persuasive, and yet, they do not have the impact they hope to create. In order to understand why we conducted detailed research and found out that customers simply refuse to read some proposals. There are three reasons for this: Logic, Clarity, and Aesthetics. Our research showed that the lack of logic or the presence of logical fallacies account was the reason most often quoted by customers (63% of the times) for not wanting to read the business proposal, followed by clarity, at 29% and aesthetics at 9%. To write this research paper, we’ve focused primarily on understanding logical fallacies, categorizing them and identifying which of them are the most identifiable and which of them are most frequent. We also recommend a systematic way to avoid logical fallacies in proposals.
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Chekuri, Martin D. "The Salesperson with a Speech Impediment: An Objective Research and Analysis on the Importance of Clarity, Structure and Logic of Arguments." European Journal of Marketing and Economics 2, no. 1 (April 30, 2019): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejme.v2i1.p21-31.
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There is no sales document as crucial to winning business deals as the business proposal document. We noticed that business proposals try their best to be persuasive, and yet, they do not have the impact they hope to create. In order to understand why we conducted detailed research and found out that customers simply refuse to read some proposals. There are three reasons for this: Logic, Clarity, and Aesthetics. Our research showed that the lack of logic or the presence of logical fallacies account was the reason most often quoted by customers (63% of the times) for not wanting to read the business proposal, followed by clarity, at 29% and aesthetics at 9%. To write this research paper, we’ve focused primarily on understanding logical fallacies, categorizing them and identifying which of them are the most identifiable and which of them are most frequent. We also recommend a systematic way to avoid logical fallacies in proposals.
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Cohen, Elliot D. "The Spirituality of Logic-Based Therapy." Religions 15, no. 1 (January 11, 2024): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel15010092.
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Logic-Based Therapy and Consultation (LBTC) identifies sets of irrational thinking or “cardinal fallacies” that promote self-defeating emotions, such as depression, anxiety, guilt, and anger. To overcome these fallacies, LBTC enlists philosophical ideas to attain virtue. The latter “guiding virtues” are ideals, never fully achievable, which are thus aspirational in character. Philosophical ideas are considered “uplifting” when they phenomenologically connect the client to such virtues. From this phenomenological perspective, this connection is experienced by the client as a “leading up” or transcendence with a sense of liberation from the suffering generated by the cardinal fallacy. Herein, lies an intensely spiritual experience. For clients who are religious and utilize religious philosophies to aspire to virtue, this experience is deeply religious. For those who embrace non-religious philosophies (those that are not God-centered), this liberating experience is nonetheless spiritual. It is typically described by clients as a sense of freedom or lightness; a deep peace of mind or serenity associated with the guiding virtue of all guiding virtues: metaphysical security. This article provides an analysis of the nature and conditions under which this deeply spiritual experience is attainable during the course of LBTC practice.
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Chaudhary, Paridhi. "Fallacies in the Age of Social Media." International Journal of Philosophical Practice 8, no. 1 (2022): 155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/ijpp20228111.
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Social media is known to be one of the finest achievements of the 21st century. However, it is no surprise that there are two sides to every coin. While there are a lot of advantages of social media in our day-to-day life it is difficult to ignore its negative consequences. As the interactions between people have increased so have the standards and expectations of people and undoubtedly, so has the mental distress that people constantly face. Multiple researches conducted on the negative impacts of social media indicate towards the downside of social media, especially it's negative footprint on people's identities, social life, mental health and emotional well-being. Although there are various modalities that have been used to identify and solve the problems that people experience with social media, there are other modalities of counseling that have the potential to be effective and helpful but have not been explored in this regard. One such modality is Logic-Based Therapy. Logic-Based Therapy and Consultation is a philosophy-based practice that aims to help identify the different emotional and behavioral ways in which people upset themselves by their own faulty thinking. LBT identifies a number of fallacies or incorrect reasonings that people use very frequently in their lives and also suggests ways in which individuals can learn to cope with these fallacies. A lot of the fallacies identified by LBT can be seen in practice through social media. This paper aims at providing an insight into the reality of social media and online presence while highlighting the most common fallacies that people commit in emotional and behavioral reasoning as identified by LBT. The paper will also explore how and why people often commit these fallacies and suggest some antidotes to combat these fallacies.
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von Sydow, Momme. "The Bayesian logic of frequency-based conjunction fallacies." Journal of Mathematical Psychology 55, no. 2 (April 2011): 119–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmp.2010.12.001.
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Dufour, Michel. "Old and New Fallacies in Port-Royal Logic." Argumentation 33, no. 2 (February 6, 2019): 241–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10503-018-9470-1.
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Tennant, Neil. "Natural deduction and sequent calculus for intuitionistic relevant logic." Journal of Symbolic Logic 52, no. 3 (September 1987): 665–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022481200029674.
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Relevance logic began in an attempt to avoid the so-called fallacies of relevance. These fallacies can be in implicational form or in deductive form. For example, Lewis's first paradox can beset a system in implicational form, in that the system contains as a theorem the formula (A & ∼A) → B; or it can beset it in deductive form, in that the system allows one to deduce B from the premisses A, ∼A.Relevance logic in the tradition of Anderson and Belnap has been almost exclusively concerned with characterizing a relevant conditional. Thus it has attacked the problem of relevance in its implicational form. Accordingly for a relevant conditional → one would not have as a theorem the formula (A & ∼A) → B. Other theorems even of minimal logic would also be lacking. Perhaps most important among these is the formula (A → (B → A)). It is also a well-known feature of their system R that it lacks the intuitionistically valid formula ((A ∨ B) & ∼A) → B (disjunctive syllogism).But it is not the case that any relevance logic worth the title even has to concern itself with the conditional, and hence with the problem in its implicational form. The problem arises even for a system without the conditional primitive. It would still be an exercise in relevance logic, broadly construed, to formulate a deductive system free of the fallacies of relevance in deductive form even if this were done in a language whose only connectives were, say, &, ∨ and ∼. Solving the problem of relevance in this more basic deductive form is arguably a precondition for solving it for the conditional, if we suppose (as is reasonable) that the relevant conditional is to be governed by anything like the rule of conditional proof.
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Covel, Robert C. "The Three Rs of Teaching Logic: Revelation, Relevance, and Reinforcement." English Journal 99, no. 6 (July 1, 2010): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.58680/ej201011522.
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Covel offers a primer on logic and describes how students react when they realize what a useful resource it can be in their real lives. His article includes useful definitions of critical concepts and logical fallacies.
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Guajardo, Ivan. "Envy in Logic Based Therapy." International Journal of Philosophical Practice 8, no. 1 (2022): 138–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/ijpp20228110.
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Contemporary research offers a more compelling account on the complex emotion of envy than the traditional view of envy as simply something bad. This essay explains how Logic-Based Therapy can use this account to coach individuals struggling with negative species of envy. Given that jealousy and envy are often equated, the essay differentiates the two; explains the conditions that make the four species of envy possible; identifies cardinal fallacies associated with negative species of envy; proposes counteractive virtues, and describes ways to help people struggling with negative species of envy acquire these virtues.
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Lemanek, Kamil. "An Unlikely Source of (Absurd and Effective) Case Studies for Introductory Informal Logic." Informal Logic 40, no. 3 (August 29, 2020): 475–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.22329/il.v40i30.6294.
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This short work presents a popular fringe theory as a source of case studies for use in teaching informal logic in an introductory course. It puts forward ancient astronaut theory as the candidate source, together with a characterization of why it fits the bill. The televised material associated with that theory is well suited to being used as case studies given that they are easy to follow, contain a surprising number of arguments and fallacies, and keep students reliably engaged. The paper includes an overview of the forms of argumentation and fallacies that these cases may be used to teach, along with a sketch of how to best implement them in the classroom.
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Magnani, Lorenzo. "The Urgent Need of a Naturalized Logic." Philosophies 3, no. 4 (December 11, 2018): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/philosophies3040044.
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The naturalization of logic aims at a revision of mainstream logic. In this article, I contend it is an urgent task to be completed. This new project will permit a new collaboration between logic and cognitive science. This can be accomplished doing for logic what many decades ago Quine and other philosophers undertook in the case of epistemology. First of all, this article analyzes how the naturalization can be achieved thanks to some insights provided by the recent John Woods’ book Errors of Reasoning: Naturalizing the Logic of Inference; important concepts that regard a naturalized logic are synthetically analyzed: errors (and the problem of fallacies), paradigm creep, third-way reasoning, consequence-having and consequence drawing, agent based reasoning. The article also takes advantage of my own studies, which are aimed both at exculpating the negative fallacious character of abduction (it is the fallacy of the affirming the consequent) and at illustrating the EC-model (Eco-Cognitive model) of it, I have recently proposed. Aiming at encouraging the project of naturalization of logic, the article specifically recommends the increase of logical research on abduction, and emphasizes how current philosophical and logical research on human inferences is indebted towards Charles Sanders Peirce, a philosopher whose importance and modernity are too often underestimated. The final part of the article will introduce an analysis of the importance of the so-called optimization of situatedness, a concept that is necessary to understand that maximization of “abducibility”, which characterizes modern science.
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Sultan, Alan. "Some Interesting and Thought-Provoking Geometric Fallacies." Mathematics Teacher 101, no. 2 (September 2007): 114–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mt.101.2.0114.
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Some interesting geometric fallacies that were used in a problem-solving course for preservice high school mathematics teachers. Errors in logic and false assumptions lead to misleading conclusions. The authors demonstrate that incorrect sketches lead us to wrong conclusions. The use of Geometers Sketchpad is one strategy that will benefits students.
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Roberts, Rodney C. "Dissent and Fallay in Dickerson v. United States." Texas Wesleyan Law Review 8, no. 1 (October 2001): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/twlr.v8.i1.1.
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In his dissent from the majority in Dickerson, Justice Scalia (joined by Justice Thomas) argues that the Court "acts in plain violation of the Constitution when it denies effect to this Act of Congress." This Essay aims to show that an important part of the reasoning in his dissent is fallacious, and insofar as the dissent is influenced by this reasoning, it is without value. Because dissenting opinions generally, and those of the Supreme Court especially, can become valuable in subsequent legal opinions and analyses, and because logic has a clear and important role to play in legal reasoning, it is important to recognize when fallacies occur in dissenting Supreme Court opinions and to understand the precise nature of any such fallacy.
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Stoyanova, Minka. "Gaming Systems." A Peer-Reviewed Journal About 4, no. 1 (September 24, 2019): 54–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/aprja.v4i1.116105.
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The ubiquitous adoption of mobile computing devices has implicated all of us in a techno-social system of interaction dominated by the codified and computational logic of the game. This paper will examines the modes by which these computational structures, in the guise of games, have come to dominate our understanding of, and interaction with, the non-game world. It will then identify how the application of this logic creates cognitive and phenomenological ruptures, which can be leveraged by creative individuals to reveal logical fallacies within the applied structures. Throughout, it will identify and analyze creative practices that exemplify responses to these logical fallacies in order to identify ways in which a new class of creative individuals is emerging to tackle the dangerous slippage between gamespace (the space of play, games) and gameic (gamic) space (ordinary/real life to which ludic properties have been applied).
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Newhart, Laura. "Logic-Based Therapy and Consultation for Mentally Strong Women." International Journal of Philosophical Practice 6, no. 1 (2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/ijpp2020611.
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This paper explores the intersections between Elliot D. Cohen’s Logic-Based Therapy and Amy Morin’s "13 Things Mentally Strong Women Don’t Do" (HarperCollins 2019) with a focus on the ways that they shed light on and mutually support each other. With its six-step method (including the identification of Cardinal Fallacies, the refutation of those fallacies, the reinforcement of their corresponding Guiding Virtues, the use of Uplifting Philosophies, and the implementation of plans of action), Logic-Based Therapy and Consultation provides a systematic rational framework for understanding how our interpretation of facts and our opinions/value judgments about those facts interact in order to form habits, i.e., patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behavior, that can lead to a fulfilling or a not-so-fulfilling life. For its part, "13 Things that Mentally Strong Women Don’t Do" 1) helps us understand how these habits specifically affect women, 2) provides uplifting philosophies from a woman’s perspective, and 3) contributes to plans of actions by suggesting practical exercises for implementing these plans, all in order to help us develop those good habits or virtuous patterns of thought, feelings, and behavior that allow us to live our best lives.
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Shrader-Frechette, K. "Ideological toxicology: invalid logic, science, ethics about low-dose pollution." Human & Experimental Toxicology 27, no. 8 (August 2008): 647–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327108098491.
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As illustrated by the case of ethanol, claim H is that, for some biological endpoints, low-dose toxins and carcinogens exhibit hormesis, a beneficial or adaprive response characterized by biphasic dose reponses and resulting from compensatory biological processes following an initial disruption in homeostasis. From this uncontroversial claim H, however, the paper argues that some toxicologists invalidly infer HG (that H is generalizable across biological model, endpoint measured, and chemical class) and HD (that a strong case can be made for the use of hormesis H as a default assumption in the risk-assessment/regulation process), Evaluating HG and HD, this paper argues for 5 claims. While (1) H is true, (2) HG falls victim to several logical fallacies and therefore is logically, scientifically, and ethically invalid. (3) Because it relies on logical fallacies, confuses necessary and sufficient conditions, and violates at least 5 sets of ethical norms, HD is logically, scientifically, and ethically invalid. (4) Five remedies could help address HG-HD flaws and failure to adequately assess low-dose exposures. (5) Three objections to these criticisms of HG and HD are easily answered.
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Firdaus, Qusthan A. H. "ON WIRMAN’S ALLEGATION OF FALLACIES OF HARUN NASUTION THEOLOGICAL LOGIC." JOURNAL OF INDONESIAN ISLAM 17, no. 2 (December 25, 2023): 352. http://dx.doi.org/10.15642/jiis.2023.17.2.352-375.
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Andulhussein, Mustafa Hameed, and Shurooq Abboodi Ali. "A Rhetorical Analysis of Fallacy in a Selected English Drama Movie." JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE STUDIES 6, no. 1 (December 20, 2022): 293–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/jls.6.1.17.
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Fallacies are incorrect reasoning that make an argument seem less logically credible and easier to be identified as unsound. They are widespread; individuals commit them while engaging in various activities, including at work, at home, while creating advertisements, and in the media. This study aims to investigate the rhetorical strategies accompanied with producing the fallacious arguments selected from the American Film “12 Angry Men (1957)”. The study adopts Damer’s (2009) model for the identification of fallacy. As for rhetorical analysis, the study adopts Aristotle’s triangle of rhetoric and McGuigan’s (2007) taxonomy of rhetorical devices. The results uncover that the most violated criteria are relevance, acceptability and sufficiency. Besides, the arguers try their best to achieve persuasion by employing their own personalities, by depending on logic or manipulation of other’s emotion. The most frequently used rhetorical device is rhetorical question.
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Souder, Lawrence, and Furrah Qureshi. "Ad hominem arguments in the service of boundary work among climate scientists." Journal of Science Communication 11, no. 01 (February 15, 2012): A01. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/2.11010201.
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Most accounts of an ideal scientific discourse proscribe ad hominem appeals as one way to distinguish it from public discourse. Because of their frequent use of ad hominem attacks, the Climategate email messages provoked strong criticisms of climate scientists and climate science. This study asks whether the distinction between public and scientific discourse holds in this case and thus whether the exclusion of ad hominem arguments from scientific discourse is valid. The method of analysis comes from the field of informal logic in which argument fallacies like the ad hominem are classified and assessed. The approach in this study focuses on a functional analysis of ad hominem—their uses rather than their classification. The analysis suggests three distinct functional uses of ad hominem remarks among the Climategate emails: (1) indirect, (2) tactical, and (3) meta-. Consistent with previous research on ad hominem arguments in both public and scientific discourse, these results reinforce the common opinion of their fallacious character. Only the remarks of the last type, the meta- ad hominem, seemed to be non-fallacious in that they might help to preempt the very use of ad hominem attacks in scientific discourse.
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Chaukar, Himani. "Constructing Indian Philosophical Antidotes for the Cardinal Fallacies." International Journal of Philosophical Practice 7, no. 1 (2021): 41–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/ijpp2021714.
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Philosophy in general is defined as the theory or attitude that acts as a guiding principle for an enriched life. Since time immemorial, many notable scholars have guided humanity towards leading a nourished and fulfilling life through their philosophical preaching and writings and were used by as benchmarks many in their day-to-day life. With the passage of time, Philosophy has taken strides and has evolved majorly to touch the human race irrespective of their caste, race, color, creed, region, etc. and is presently a major contributor for a better world. An extension of this subject is the Logic Based Therapy (LBT) which is slowly but surely is gaining grounds in today's world and is being used as a proficient tool to enhance the value of an individual's life by tackling his erroneous thoughts, also called fallacies in philosophical terms and to bring him on track towards a better existence. Hence, Logic-Based-Therapy (LBT) is fundamentally a philosophical therapy as it makes use of the philosophical wisdom from antiquity, transforming them into antidotes and ultimately using these potent antidotes to treat the cardinal fallacies. Till date, LBT has been the domain of Western philosophical antidotes but Indian philosophy also has an immense plethora of insights to offer in this area. The Sanskrit word for Philosophy is 'Darshan' which means 'Vision'. Indian Philosophy is considered as the vision of the wise and learned people and it becomes even more relevant as it embeds the potential to make our lives qualitatively better. Hence, the ultimate aim of Indian Philosophy is to be a guide for humanity and lead them towards the path of leading a 'good and meaningful life' whilst overcoming our fallacies and issues in our daily lives mainly through the preaching and writings of some great Indian philosophers. The current paper is an attempt at constructing such useful Indian Philosophical antidotes from the ideas of some of the most prominent contemporary Indian Philosophers like Rabindranath Tagore, Swami Vivekananda, Mahatma Gandhi, Lokamanya Tilak, Gopal Agarkar and J. Krishnamurti. The main focus being the key aspects of these philosopher's ideas that are relevant in addressing the cardinal fallacies and strengthening/promoting the corresponding transcendental virtues.
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Oaksford, Mike, and Nick Chater. "New Paradigms in the Psychology of Reasoning." Annual Review of Psychology 71, no. 1 (January 4, 2020): 305–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010419-051132.
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The psychology of verbal reasoning initially compared performance with classical logic. In the last 25 years, a new paradigm has arisen, which focuses on knowledge-rich reasoning for communication and persuasion and is typically modeled using Bayesian probability theory rather than logic. This paradigm provides a new perspective on argumentation, explaining the rational persuasiveness of arguments that are logical fallacies. It also helps explain how and why people stray from logic when given deductive reasoning tasks. What appear to be erroneous responses, when compared against logic, often turn out to be rationally justified when seen in the richer rational framework of the new paradigm. Moreover, the same approach extends naturally to inductive reasoning tasks, in which people extrapolate beyond the data they are given and logic does not readily apply. We outline links between social and individual reasoning and set recent developments in the psychology of reasoning in the wider context of Bayesian cognitive science.
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Gogovska, Valentina. "Logical Fallacies for Fostering Students’ Creativity." International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science VIII, IIIS (2024): 1607–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.47772/ijriss.2024.803113s.
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Development of thinking and in particular the development of mental qualities – width, depth, independence, logic, mobility, concreteness, criticism, speed, creativity, target orientation and generalization is one of the most important and consistent goals and objectives of mathematical teaching. Simultaneously, the degree to which this aim is fulfilled determines the level and effectiveness of the teaching process for the overall development of the student’s personality. An important psychological and pedagogical condition for the development of quality of thinking is students’ reflexive understanding of thinking as a process and their own mental capabilities. Mathematical creativity is not bound by established rules or methods but encourages individuals to challenge and transcend them. It embraces a spirit of playfulness, encouraging experimentation, and the formulation of “what if” questions. It embraces the notion of “productive failure,” where mistakes and setbacks are seen as opportunities for learning and generating new ideas. This work attempts to promote creativity using logical fallacies. Logical fallacies can be used during everyday mathematics classes, especially during classes for exercises through a few examples. Well-chosen examples can improve and empower the process of doing mathematics and can stimulate the process of creative thinking and motivate students’ individual development in their current learning and understanding and lead to the formation of intellectual reflection.
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Byerly, T. Ryan. "Teaching for Intellectual Virtue in Logic and Critical Thinking Classes." Teaching Philosophy 42, no. 1 (2019): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/teachphil201911599.
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Introductory-level undergraduate classes in Logic or Critical Thinking are a staple in the portfolio of many Philosophy programs. A standard approach to these classes is to include teaching and learning activities focused on formal deductive and inductive logic, sometimes accompanied by teaching and learning activities focused on informal fallacies or argument construction. In this article, I discuss a proposal to include an additional element within these classes—namely, teaching and learning activities focused on intellectual virtues. After clarifying the proposal, I identify three reasons in favor of implementing it and I discuss how to implement it, focusing on questions about pedagogical strategies and pedagogical resources.
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Beshai, J. A. "Toward a Phenomenology of Trance Logic in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder." Psychological Reports 94, no. 2 (April 2004): 649–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.94.2.649-654.
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Some induction procedures result in trance logic as an essential feature of hypnosis. Trance logic is a voluntary state of acceptance of suggestions without the critical evaluation that would destroy the validity of the meaningfulness of the suggestion. Induction procedures in real and simulated conditions induce a conflict between two contradictory messages in experimental hypnosis. In military induction the conflict is much more subtle involving society's need for security and its need for ethics. Such conflicts are often construed by the subject as trance logic. Trance logic provides an opportunity for therapists using the phenomenology of “presence” to deal with the objectified concepts of “avoidance,” “numbing” implicit in this kind of dysfunctional thinking in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. An individual phenomenology of induction procedures and suggestions, which trigger trance logic, may lead to a resolution of logical fallacies and recurring painful memories. It invites a reconciliation of conflicting messages implicit in phobias and avoidance traumas. Such a phenomenological analysis of trance logic may well be a novel approach to restructure the meaning of trauma.
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Jentleson, Bruce W. "American commitments in the Third World: theory vs. practice." International Organization 41, no. 4 (1987): 667–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818300027648.
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Amidst their other differences, the defeats suffered by the United States in Vietnam, Iran, and Lebanon have a common explanation. In all three cases American strategy was based on “global commitments theory.” Interests were to be defended and global credibility strengthened by the making, maintaining, reinforcing, and sustaining of American commitments to Third World allies. However, the core assumptions on which the logic of global commitments theory rests are plagued with inherent fallacies. These fallacies can be identified analytically as patterns of dysfunction along four dimensions of foreign policy: decision-making, diplomacy, military strategy, and domestic politics. They also can be shown empirically to have recurred across the Vietnam, Iran, and Lebanon cases. The central theoretical conclusion questions the fundamental validity of global commitments theory as it applies to the exercise of power and influence in the Third World. Important prescriptive implications for future American foreign policy are also discussed.
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von Sydow, Momme. "Towards a pattern-based logic of probability judgements and logical inclusion “fallacies”." Thinking & Reasoning 22, no. 3 (February 5, 2016): 297–335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13546783.2016.1140678.
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Srimayasandy, Syahyuni. "Logical Fallacy Argumentation on Testimonials on Homeshopping Television Show." MEDIASI 2, no. 2 (August 23, 2021): 150–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.46961/mediasi.v2i2.368.
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The decision to purchase a product is inseparable from the buyer's trust in a product. Testimonials are a tool for marketers to eliminate consumer barriers about the product to be purchased. Testimonials on home shopping television products tend to be controllable. The selection of sources, the use of scripts, and the editing process can be a form of media control over the information received by the public. This study focus on analyzing testimonials from the logical side of the testimony content. The method used to analyze this logical fallacy is qualitative content analysis. The text is separated using Toulmin's model into three parts, namely claim, ground, and warrant. This research uses a logical fallacy as a tool to evaluate the logic of the testimony in terms of content. The results of this study found that there was a logical fallacy in the testimony content. The fallacies include generalization fallacy, fallacy fallacies, fallacy of composition, appeal to wealth fallacy, appeal to pity, dan appeal to force.
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Ja’faruddin, Wen-Haw Chen, and Khaerati. "Knot Semantic Logic and Deep Structure of Statements." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2123, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2123/1/012031.
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Abstract This article aims to analyze the deep structure of sentences by applying the knot semantic logic principle in the surface structure of the sentences. This article will help to judge some controversial statements that have legal and social effects. The knot semantic logic theory is a novel approach to explaining a literature’s symmetry structure. Chiasm, parallelism, and concentricity are all examples of symmetry structure. This new theory introduces a new method for detecting symmetry in words, sentences, verses, essays, chapters, and entire books. This analysis will use Knot semantic logic point of view. The methodology used in the analysis has two main procedures: (1) classification of the structure and (2) analyzing some examples from some official/formal statements and controversial statements using Paltridge’s classification of thematic progression and knot semantic logic. The result of this research is that the valid argument has surface and Deep Structure. Some fallacies statements such as presumption, generalization, distortion, and deletion have a deep structure that forms ring composition (Type I of knots semantic logic) and parallelizations (Type III of knots semantic logic). This research results generate a new idea about perspective truth, Original perspective domain, and Response perspective domain
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Adhi, Yoga Tri. "SESAT PIKIR DALAM TUTURAN WARGANET DI FACEBOOK (LOGICAL FALLACIES IN INTERNET CITIZEN SPEECH ON FACEBOOK)." JURNAL BAHASA, SASTRA DAN PEMBELAJARANNYA 12, no. 2 (October 11, 2022): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jbsp.v12i2.10942.
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Logical Fallacies in Internet Citizen Speech on Facebook. This study aims to understand the form of logical fallacies in the speech of internet citizens on Facebook. This research is a qualitative research. This type of qualitative approach is based on the logical context of the language on Facebook. The data of this research are internet citizens utterances which are identified as logical fallacies. The data collection technique used is documentation technique. The data analysis technique is done by reducing the data, display the data, and drawing conclusions. The technique of checking the validity of the data is carried out by means of persistence/regularity of observation of the form of logical thought that is displayed. The results of the research obtained are that there are ten types of logical fallacies that occur in five news topics that are selected with a certain logical form, namely: red herring, the strawman fallacy,ad hominem, false dilemma, hasty generalization, prejudicial language, appeal to faith, argument from ignorance, slippery slope, and weak analogy.Key words: logical fallacies, language, logic, social media, philosophySesat Pikir dalam Tuturan Warganet di Facebook. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memahami wujud sesat pikir dalam tuturan warganet di Facebook. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif. Jenis pendekatan kualitatif ini didasarkan pada konteks logika berbahasa di Facebook. Data penelitian ini adalah tuturan warganet yang teridentifikasi sebagai sesat pikir. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah teknik dokumentasi. Teknik analisis data dilakukan dengan cara reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan simpulan. Teknik pemeriksaan keabsahan data dilakukan dengan cara ketekunan/keajegan pengamatan terhadap wujud sesat pikir yang ditampilkan. Hasil penelitian yang diperoleh menunjukkan adanya sepuluh jenis sesat pikir yang terjadi pada lima topik berita yang dipilih dengan bentuk logika tertentu, yaitu: red herring, strawman fallacy, ad hominem, false dilemma, hasty generalization, prejudicial language, appeal to faith, argument from ignorance, slippery slope, dan weak analogy.Kata-kata Kunci: sesat pikir, logika, bahasa, media sosial, filsafat
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Cassidy, Lisa. "Nine Ideas for Including a Civic Engagement Theme in an Informal Logic Course." American Association of Philosophy Teachers Studies in Pedagogy 4 (2018): 100–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/aaptstudies201922236.
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A class in informal logic can be an opportunity to do more than just cover the basic material of the subject (such as fallacies, induction, and deduction). Critical Thinking can also foster civic engagement as experiential learning—in the course’s readings, assignments, in-class activities and discussions, and tests. I favor an inclusive understanding of civic engagement: the course theme is engaging (from the French, pledging with) with the concerns of the civis (Latin for the citizenry). The argument made throughout here is that the civic engagement theme is a way of doing experiential learning in informal logic. I offer nine ideas for instructors here, which could be adopted wholesale or piecemeal, including how to do CSI (that’s Civic Scene Investigation).
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Schumann, Andrew. "Towards the Definition of Logical Competence." Cogency 13, no. 2 (January 26, 2022): 7–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.32995/cogency.v13i2.373.
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According to logical psychologism that was popular in the nineteenth century, logic was regarded as a natural ability of human psychology. Consequently, logical competence as a realization of logic knowledge was treated as one of the innate features of human thinking. Nevertheless, within cognitive science, it was experimentally proved that our thinking is not free from cognitive biases, and to the same extent, our reasoning is not free from logical fallacies. Hence, we are forced to consciously clear the thinking of possible distortions to follow logical norms and to realize logical competence thereby. In the paper, it is shown that some cognitive biases are observed even at the level of cellular reactions to the environment and then at the level of animal behavior. Therefore not logic, but cognitive biases are a natural (biological) mechanism of human thinking. So, the problem of defining logical competence arises. In this paper, there are some arguments that logical competence has once appeared as an especial social practice and it has then been developed for a long time before the first treatises on logic.
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Walicki, Michal, and Sjur Dyrkolbotn. "Paraconsistent resolution." Australasian Journal of Logic 19, no. 3 (September 6, 2022): 96–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/ajl.v19i3.6471.
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Digraphs provide an alternative syntax for propositional logic, with digraph kernels corresponding to classical models. Semikernels generalize kernels and we identify a subset of well-behaved semikernels that provides nontrivial models for inconsistent theories, specializing to the classical semantics for the consistent ones. Direct (instead of refutational) reasoning with classical resolution is sound and complete for this semantics, when augmented with a specific weakening which, in particular, excludes Ex Falso. Dropping all forms of weakening yields reasoning which also avoids typical fallacies of relevance.
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Patteson, James D. "Rational Buddhism." International Journal of Philosophical Practice 3, no. 3 (2015): 41–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/ijpp2015337.
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This article shows how Buddhist philosophies are consistent with the rational counseling approach of Logic-Based Therapy (LBT), as presented in Elliot D. Cohen’s book, The New Rational Therapy: Thinking Your Way To Serenity, Success, and Profound Happiness. It presents many Buddhist insights as pathways to the “transcendent” or guiding virtues of LBT, and, accordingly, as philosophical antidotes to its eleven “cardinal fallacies.” It therefore helpfully adds to the repertoire of philosophies that can be used by LBT counselors in helping counselees address their problems of living.
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NEGRI, Yamina, and Farid ZIDANI. "MODAL LOGIC BETWEEN TRADITIONNAL (ARISTOTLE, IBN SINA) AND CONTEMPORARY APPROACH." RIMAK International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 03, no. 08 (November 1, 2021): 26–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/2717-8293.8-3.3.
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Aristotle founded the science of logic in order to control language source of fallacies and sophistry. He built his syllogistic on two basic principles: non-contradiction and the excluded middle. He distinguished between different types of statements: declarative and non-declarative, only the first type was used in syllogism’s theory, because it is a tool of demonstrative science. He divided them, declarative statement, into two categories: Assertorics, and modals (necessary, possible, contingent, impossible) which he encountered difficulties in his logical analysis, because it is out of frame two valued according to the two principles, such as propositions that occur in the future whose cannot be determined now. This kind of statement was also treated by the Muslims logicians, especially Ibn Sīnā who expanded the modal concept to other field like Temporal modalities (always, sometimes, never), but he could not get out the Aristotelian context. The concept expended in contemporary logic system to include other sort of modality like: epistemological, deontic, tense … This resulted the emergence of contemporary logical systems, (epistemic logic, deontic logic, tense logic), whose approach differs from the traditional one. The propose of the article is to show the difference between the approaches Keywords: Logic; Modality; Epistemological; Deontic, Temporal; Truth; False.
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Johnny J. Dahdah A., Gilberto J. Hernández G., María J. García G., and José G.Hernández R. "The Myth of the Importance of Consistency in Analytical Hierarchical Processes." International Journal of Knowledge-Based Organizations 11, no. 1 (January 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijkbo.2021010101.
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In this work, rather than relating different areas of knowledge, the authors make use of logic, which is intrinsic to mathematical models. They discuss one of the fallacies that hides behind the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). In particular, the analysis of the consistency index, sometimes referred as the Saaty consistency or simply the consistency, will be discussed. The AHP is based on three fundamental axioms: reciprocity, homogeneity, and synthesis. However, it gives a great relevance to consistency, which is managed like a fourth axiom. On each of these four axioms, some comments will be made. However, this work will focus mainly on discussing the importance of the consistency index, to which, undoubtedly, a large number of essays and many hours of work have been devoted. In trying to answer the question, the calculation of consistency is really important. The aim of the paper is to raise a discussion of one of the fallacies that hides behind the analytic hierarchy process and present a simple and direct way to handle Saaty consistency.
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Irawan, Nico, and Tri Febrianti Valentina. "The Language of Argumentation: A Book Review." Journal of Language and Education 7, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 256–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/jle.2021.12538.
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The Language of Argumentation by Ronny Boogaart, Henrike Jansen, & Maarten van Leeuwen (Eds). Switzerland: Springer Nature Switzerland AG. 2021 aims to provide important theoretical insights to the international community of argumentation theorists by informing them of recent developments in the field. Some aspects of argumentative texts may emerge as a result of the argumentation process. This book covers different types of argumentative procedures and enthymematic argumentation, argumentation structures, argumentation schemes, and fallacies. Specifically, contributions are solicited from authors trained in informal or formal logic, modern or classical rhetoric, and discourse analysis or speech communication.
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Murè, Dafne. "Suppositum between Logic and MetaphysicsSimon of Faversham and his Contemporaries(1270-1290)." Vivarium 51, no. 1-4 (2013): 205–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685349-12341247.
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Abstract This article is the result of research on the occurrences of the terms suppositio, supponere and their linguistic derivations in the literature on fallacies (comments on the Sophistical Refutations) of the second half of the thirteenth century. The authors analysed are Albert the Great, Giles of Rome, Simon of Faversham, the so-called Incerti Auctores (Anonymous C and SF), the Anonymous of Prague (P) and John Duns Scotus. The central elements that emerge are the role played by the notion of suppositum and by the linguistic context (adiuncta, determinatio) to determine the denotation of an expression, and the importance of the metaphysical problem of the unity and identity of suppositum in both the theory of predication and the theory of inference. Both subjects, obviously, are closely connected.
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Raybagkar, Mihika. "Uplifting Philosophies from the Gita." International Journal of Philosophical Practice 9, no. 1 (2023): 89–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/ijpp2023917.
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Bhagwad Gita, also known as the Gita, is an important ancient Indian text, written around the 3rd Century BCE. The Gita appears in the 18th Chapter of the epic, Mahabharata, written by Sage Vyasa. It is set on a war front. The Bhagwad Gita is presented as a dialogue between Arjuna, one of the warriors, and Krishna, his charioteer who was also a king. Arjuna is shown to be confused and conflicted about fighting in the war against his unjust cousins and teachers. Krishna, on the other hand, attempts, through various means, to counsel him about his duty by explaining the workings of mankind and the world. He points out the flawsin Arjuna’s reasoning and helps him clear his clouded judgement. In doing so, Krishna gave away secrets to living a meaningful life. Although the Gita is addressed towards Arjuna, his message applies to each one of us as humans who are at times conflicted, unsure and resentful. It contains eternal wisdom on the best ways to live our lives while also taking into consideration differences in personality and preference. Logic-based therapy is a modality of philosophical counselling developed by Dr. Cohen that suggests that human beings have certain faulty ways or illogical ways of thinking and interpreting life circumstances that manifest in the form of irritation and other day-to-day issues like procrastination, anger, management issues, low self-esteem etc. To solve such issues, which he calls Cardinal Fallacies, it is necessary to think rationally and transgress those illogical thought patterns. Hence, in Logic Based Therapy timeless philosophical ideologies are offered as antidotes by which people can adopt new ways of thinking and solve such everyday problems. This paper attempts to show how different cardinal fallacies can be tackled by using the eternal wisdom presented in the Bhagwad Gita, in the form of uplifting philosophies.
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Harding, Carol. "COGNITION AND COMMUNICATION: JUDGMENTAL BIASES, RESEARCH METHODS, AND THE LOGIC OF CONVERSATION.Norbert Schwarz. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 1996. Pp. vii + 112. $22.50 paper." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 20, no. 3 (September 1998): 452–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263198353073.
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Professor Schwarz is the most recent contributor to the John M. MacEachran Memorial Lecture Series. In this timely essay, Schwarz takes a position critical of traditional psychological research asserting that: “Our [psychologists'] focus on individual thought processes has fostered a neglect of the social context in which individuals do their thinking and this neglect has contributed to the less than flattering portrait that psychology has painted of human judgment” (p. 1). He posits that “fallacies of human judgment” reported in studies of cognition and communication are actually fallacies of the research—specifically, the researchers' failure to take into account the human mind's capacity to make sense of things, particularly through communication embedded in social context. His point is an important one. When involved in conversation (even in the research laboratory), humans may suspend their abstract knowledge of the logic of language and attend to irrelevant and misleading information—especially if they assume that the speaker's intentions are to convey information and to make sense. Schwarz reports that “ordinary kinds of talk” build on Gricean conversational implicatures, inferences that “go beyond the semantic meaning of what is being said by determining the pragmatic meaning of the utterance” (p. 11). Researchers underestimate the power of these inferences and, by presenting decontextualized, at times absurd, information, they fail to accurately measure their subjects' “human judgment,” but instead observe their subjects' diligent, and often expert, attempts to make sense of the message.
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Habibah, Siti Maizul. "PENGUATAN KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR LOGIS PADA GURU-GURU PPKn DI MGMP MAGETAN." Jurnal ABDI: Media Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat 7, no. 1 (July 14, 2021): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/ja.v7n1.p50-59.
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Logical thinking is a way of thinking that leads a person to be able to make correct statements and decisions based on logic and rationale. This skill is indispensable in communicating and writing scientific papers. Based on preliminary observations made, this is one of the obstacles experienced by PPKn teachers in Magetan in scientific writing. Therefore, through this logical thinking exercise, efforts were made to strengthen the logical thinking skills of teachers who are members of the MGMP PPKn Magetan. In accordance with that, the purpose of this service activity is to increase teacher understanding of the rules of logical thinking and increase the ability of teachers to think logically in the context of scientific writing. The activity which was attended by 25 PPKn teachers was carried out at SMA Negeri 1 Magetan, with stages: revealing fallacy in thinking through exercises, discussions about logical thinking fallacies, strengthening logical thinking rules, and logic-based writing exercises. This service activity has been successful in improving the basics of the teacher's ability to think logically. The teacher better understands that in writing, careful thinking logic is needed, the ability to compose simple logical writing also increases, but to be able to write scientifically that can be published, further training and assistance is needed.