Academic literature on the topic 'Fallas Regulatorias'

In this chapter production technology of peach, plum and apricot in India is elaborated in detail in relation to introduction, origin and distribution of crop, importance and uses, morphological features of tress, other related species involved, climate and soil requirement, varieties, propagation and raising of rootstocks, planting and planting densities, cropping systems, manure and fertilisers application, cultural practices, weed management, orchard floor management, after care training and pruning, pollination and pollinizers, flowering and crop regulation, use of growth regulators, fruiting in the crop, fruit thinning and drop, maturity and harvesting, post-harvest management, handling and storage, insects, pests and diseases, special production problems like low productivity, unfruitfulness and self-incompatibility, premature leaf fall, replant problem, alternate bearing and remedies and physiological disorders of the crop.

In recent years policy analysts have come to recognize cross-national comparison as a technique for illuminating noteworthy or desirable elements of decisions in particular national contexts (Heidenheimer, Heclo, and Adams 1975). This approach has proved especially fruitful in studies of science-based regulation. Comparisons between countries have helped identify institutional, political, and cultural factors that condition decision makers' use of scientific knowledge. This research has demonstrated, for example, that the analysis of evidence, especially in fields characterized by high uncertainty, can be influenced by the participation of differing classes of professionals in the administrative process, the composition and powers of scientific advisory committees, and the legal and political processes by which regulators are held accountable to the public (Brickman, Jasanoff, and Ilgen 1985; Gillespie, Eva, and Johnston 1979; McCrea and Markle 1984; Jasanoff 1986, 1987). As a result, it is by no means uncommon to find decision makers interpreting the same scientific information in different ways in different countries. Cultural variation appears to influence not only the way decision makers select among competing interpretations of data but also their methods of regulatory analysis and their techniques for coping with scientific uncertainty. For instance, in assessing both environmental and economic impacts, U.S. regulators place a higher value on formal analytical methods, whose validity can be publicly tested and verified, than do regulators in most European countries (Jasanoff 1983; Vogel 1986). One result of such methodological divergence is that evidence considered sufficient to trigger action in one country may fail to do so in another. These findings should not be surprising to anyone familiar with the problems of policy-relevant science. When knowledge is uncertain or ambiguous, as is often the case in science bearing on policy, facts alone are inadequate to compel a choice. Any selection inevitably blends scientific with policy considerations, and policymakers accordingly are forced to look beyond science to legitimate their preferred reading of the evidence. In this quest, cross-national divergences can be expected to appear as policymakers fall back on established, possibly nation-specific, repertoires of institutional and procedural approaches to securing political legitimacy.

As we hope the foregoing chapters have underscored, it is high time that practitioners of the compliance, regulatory, and investigative arts recognize not only that other countries have credible anti-bribery/anti-corruption regimes—including ones with extraterritorial application—but also that new anti-bribery laws are being passed frequently. And from our perspective, even more importantly, is that the long-lagging enforcement of these laws is increasingly on the minds of prosecutors, regulators, judges, and politicians. As these key stakeholders and decision-makers gain a fuller appreciation of the wider fight against corruption, we believe they will feel emboldened to act positively to root out conduct that undermines democracy and the rule of law. We also believe these same stakeholders will be motivated to take steps that ensure that they do not fall behind their geopolitical “peers.” As a consequence of today’s increasingly polycentric fight against bribery and other forms of corruption, those advising companies will be expected to understand, and more importantly ward off against, this development’s direct impacts on companies and individuals engaged in cross-border commerce, regardless of where in the world they are based or do business....

The Privacy Journal (2003), a print newsletter and Web site devoted to privacy matters, defines the present-day use of the word privacy as “the right of individuals to control the collection and use of personal information about themselves.” Similar definitions are provided by law specialists (Gavison, 1980; Warren & Brandies, 1890). The networked society changes the way in which privacy rights are defined, used and interpreted, because: a. The IT-enabled channels of communication change the rules of personal and commercial interaction; b. The participation in the networked society implies a diminishing of individual privacy rights. The fundamental principle of the networked society is information sharing and processing (Kling & Allen, 1996). Advances in computing technology—that represents the infrastructure of the networked society—make possible to collect, store, analyze, and retrieve personal information created in the process of participation. The manifestation and the protection of individual privacy rights represent the field of conflict between various disciplines and social events. The heterogeneous nature of this phenomenon is mirrored in this paper, which aims to present the complex nature of privacy rights in the context of the networked society. The study proposes a negotiating model of online privacy rights, and analyses the necessary conditions for the implementation of this model on the Internet. The new economy is redefined on the basis of information entrepreneurism (Kling & Allen, 1996; Zwick & Dholakia, 1999). This cultural paradigm emphasizes the use of data-intensive analysis techniques for designing and implementing effective marketing and management strategies. This has as a direct consequence the use of an information superpanopticon–a concept derived from Foucault’s panopticon, a system of perfect surveillance and control. Online privacy is a major concern for Internet users (Ackerman, Cranor, & Reagle, 1999). For the individual Internet user, the privacy threats fall into two main categories: a. Web tracking devices that collect information about the online behavior of the user (e.g., cookies); b. The misuse of the personal information provided by the online user in exchange of specific benefits: increased personalization, Web group membership, etc. The databases, intelligent agents and tracking devices are surrounding the Internet users with a Web of surveillance, which is often hidden and unknown to the users. The surveillance is initiated by the simple act of presence on the Internet. Specialized software applications, such as cookies are tracking the online behavior of Internet users, feeding the data into databases, which create and permanently update a profile of online consumers. These profiles are then used for segmenting the market and targeting the most profitable consumers. A company can use cookies for various valid reasons: security, personalization, marketing, customer service, etc., however, there is an important distinction between cookies, which are active only within a specific Web site, and the ones that can track the user’s activity across unrelated Web sites. Recently, some aggregator networks have deployed hidden ‘pixel beacon’ technology that allows ad-serving companies to connect unrelated sites and overcome the site-specific nature of traditional cookies (Mabley, 2000). Additionally, some companies are now connecting this aggregated data with offline demographic and credit card data. Eventually, these resulting databases can be used or sold as powerful marketing tools. Exercising control of information, after it was voluntarily released, presents another critical problem. The misuse of personal information covers many possible aspects, which can be defined as any use which is not explicitly defined in the company’s privacy disclaimer, or which is not approved by the informed customer. For example, in 2000, Toysurus.com was subject to intense debate and controversy, when it was discovered that shoppers’ personal information was transferred through an unmarked Internet channel to a data processing firm, for analysis and aggregation. This operation was not disclosed in the company’s privacy disclaimer, and therefore, online customers were not aware of it. Regulators and legislators have addressed the controversial privacy issue quite differently across the world (Nakra, 2001). The USA, the largest world’s financial and Internet market, has not yet adopted a national, standard-setting privacy law (Jarvis, 2001). U.S. privacy statutes have primarily focused so far on protecting consumers’ financial data, health information, and children’s personal information (Desai, Richards, & Desai, 2003; Frye, 2001). In comparison with the American official opinion that online privacy protection is a matter of voluntary self-regulation by market-driven companies, the Europeans consider that it is more effective to enforce specific legislation regarding this issue. The current European approach is based on three basic tenets: 1. Individuals have the right to access any data relating to them and have it kept accurate and up-to-date; 2. Data cannot be retained for longer than the purpose for which it was obtained, nor used or disclosed “in a matter incompatible with that purpose”, and must be kept only for “lawful purposes”; 3. Those who control data have “a special duty of care” in relation to the individuals whose data they keep. Data commissioners oversee these rights in each European country and require most “data controllers”—people who handle data—to register with them to track what information is being collected and where. They are charged also with investigating all complaints from citizens. These principles have been incorporated in the European Data Directive, which came into effect in 1998, and more recently, in the European Directive on Privacy and Electronic Communications, adopted in 2002. Despite these legislative efforts, it is not yet clear how effective are the measures implemented by EU States. The direct involvement of governmental institutions can be considered as a form of censorship that can undermine the freedom and the flexibility of the Internet domain.

The capabilities of two marine evacuation systems have been investigated using model experiments in a large test facility at the Institute for Ocean Technology. Tests were done with the widely used conventional davit launched twin-falls lifeboat and a similar system with the addition of a flexible boom. The performance of both systems was evaluated as a function of weather conditions, ranging from calm conditions to storms. In addition, the effects of the configuration of the evacuation station were examined. This included the orientation of the boat at launch and its clearance from the vessel

Exhaust emissions from heavy-duty diesel engines have been legislated since the 1960’s and continue until 2010. Smoke emissions continue to be controlled but exhaust odor regulations were never promulgated. Gaseous emissions (oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons) were not regulated until 1973 and particulate matter first regulated in 1988. Emission regulations have been through several periods of cooperation between regulators and manufacturers but there have also been periods of conflict and lawsuits. The most recent issues are with the October 2002 requirements of the Consent De

The media and sections of the public have shown recently an acute interest in Pipeline operational performance incident statistics. Published data for North America shows that 99.999% of crude oil and petroleum products shipped by pipelines reach their destination safely. Some pipeline operators claim even better performance, 99.9996 % being one example. However, should failing to deliver 4 barrels of product for every million shipped be a legitimate cause for concern? If not how about the more general case of 1 per one hundred thousand? Is pipeline performance being singled out unreasonably w

Abstract Alternative fuels are of interest to automakers and regulators due to their potential to reduce net greenhouse gas emissions from transportation sources. Alternative fuels also have fuel properties which may enable advanced combustion modes with higher engine thermal efficiencies. There has been previous work to identify the relationship between various fuel properties and engine performance, but most of this work has been experiments or simulations where the change in properties was obtained through changing the fuel composition, making isolating the effects of individual fuel proper

In-Line Inspection has become the first choice for integrity assessment for most pipeline operators. The data generated from modern ILI tools allows operators a comprehensive assessment of the condition of their pipelines so they can plan out integrity actions based on the condition of the line. In-line inspection vendors continue to upgrade their tools and provide new services to pipeline operators to enhance integrity management programs. The data provided by these tools is relied upon by operators, regulators, and the public to be correct and complete and in most instances it is, but when n

Light-end fuels have recently garnered interest as potential fuel for advanced compression ignition engines. This next generation of engines, which aim to combine the high efficiency of diesel engines with the relative simplicity of gasoline engines, may allow engine manufacturers to continue improving efficiency and reducing emissions without a large increase in engine and aftertreatment system complexity. In this work, a 1-D heavy-duty engine model was validated with measured data and then used to generate boundary conditions for the detailed chemical kinetic simulation corresponding to vari

Thermal-hydraulic system computer codes are extensively used worldwide for analysis of nuclear facilities by utilities, regulatory bodies, nuclear power plant designers and vendors, nuclear fuel companies, research organizations, consulting companies, and technical support organizations. The computer code user represents a source of uncertainty that can influence the results of system code calculations. This influence is commonly known as the ‘user effect’ and stems from the limitations embedded in the codes as well as from the limited capability of the analysts to use the codes. Code user tra

For fusion tokamak reactors the diagnostics and RF heating systems require the use of components with parts made of non-metallic materials. These can form part of the vacuum boundary of the tokamak which is the primary safety boundary and have a function of containing tritium fuel or activated gases and particulate debris. The engineering practices for such components and non-metallic materials are in an early state of preparation and require development to enable systems to be used in a safety and licensing context. Such developments will have to reflect the brittle nature of the materials, a

As in-line inspection tools improve, dents that would have been below the detection and reporting levels of previous inspections are now being detected and reported to pipeline operators. Consequently, operators are being faced with large numbers of dents in ILI reports that require further consideration and are left with the problem of how to prioritize these dents for further investigation and repair. Although code guidance is clear on the relative severity of dents associated with other features or those based on a depth or strain criteria, this may still leave a significant number of dents