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Journal articles on the topic 'Fallowing'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 August 2024

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1

Lin, Yaoben, Yuanbo Wang, Xingjun Lv, Shuangyan Yue, Hongmei Liu, Guangyu Li, and Jinghui Zhao. "How to Improve the Benefits of Short-Term Fallow on Soil Physicochemical and Microbial Properties: A Case Study from the Yellow River Delta." Land 12, no. 7 (July 16, 2023): 1426. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12071426.

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Fallowing is regarded as an effective method for the self-recovery management of farmland and is generally used in cultivated land management. Studies have shown that long-term fallow has many ecological and environmental benefits. However, the long-term fallowing of farmland has also caused a decline in the grain production of farmland for a period of time. Short-term fallow can reduce the risk of food insecurity, but there are few studies on short-term fallow, especially on the comparation of different fallowing management methods and their relationship with soil microbial ecology. Our study has focused on seven treatments. Firstly, the traditional farming method was set as the control group. Native vegetation and crop-pasture vegetation were set as the fallowing vegetation. There were three irrigation–fertilization levels for each vegetation. The effects of the sampling times showed that the impact of fallow management on the soil properties became gradually stronger with time. The interactions between the sampling times and treatments showed a significant impact on organic carbon and total nitrogen. There was a significant impact of fallow management on the inorganic carbon accumulation and ammonia nitrogen consumption. Microbial biomass carbon was significantly increased by fallowing. Fallowing with irrigation could enhance the soil microbial nitrogen transformation. Some genera associated with assisting diseases were significantly increased by the native vegetation fallow and grass fallow with farmyard manure. The fallow with native vegetation showed more advantageous ecological benefits than the crop-pasture vegetation fallow. Although the crop-pasture vegetation followed the principle of ecological intensification, it failed to show better ecological benefits in the short fallow period. In irrigation management, the benefits of native vegetation and crop-pasture vegetation are similar. However, considering the lower cost of crop-pasture vegetation, crop-pasture vegetation fallow with irrigation could be a better choice. If it is difficult to implement conservation measures during the fallowing process, native vegetation fallowing without management may be the only fallowing choice.

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2

Li, Guangyu, Walter Timo de Vries, Cifang Wu, and Hongyu Zheng. "Improvement of subsoil physicochemical and microbial properties by short-term fallow practices." PeerJ 7 (August 19, 2019): e7501. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7501.

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Fallow management can improve the soil nutrients in the topsoil and upper subsoil. However, little is known about the effects of short-term (one year) fallowing with different treatments, such as vegetation and fertilization, on subsoil (20–40 cm) properties. We conducted field trials to explore the changes in subsoil properties in response to such treatments in the Yellow River Delta region in China. Different vegetation and fertilization treatments were applied, and we measured the carbon and nitrogen contents, microbial biomass and microbial community structure in the subsoil. Fallowing without manure resulted in the storage of more total nitrogen (16.38%) than fallowing with manure, and meadow vegetation improved the ammonium nitrogen content (45.71%) relative to spontaneous vegetation. Spontaneous vegetation with manure improved the microbial biomass nitrogen (P < 0.05). Although the impact of short-term fallowing on microbial community structure was low, an effect of management was observed for some genera. Blastopirellula, Lysobacter, and Acidobacteria Gp6 showed significant differences among fallow treatments by the end of the year (P < 0.05). Blastopirellula abundance was related to the microbial biomass nitrogen and nitrogen mineralization rate in the subsoil. Manure retained a high abundance of Lysobacter, which may strengthen soil-borne disease resistance. The response of Acidobacteria Gp6 showed that meadow vegetation without manure may not benefit future crops. Although the treatments did not significantly improve microbial community structure in the one-year period, annual fallowing improved certain subsoil properties and increased the number of functional genera, which may enhance crop productivity in the future.

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3

NIXON, D. J., and L. P. SIMMONDS. "THE IMPACT OF FALLOWING AND GREEN MANURING ON SOIL CONDITIONS AND THE GROWTH OF SUGARCANE." Experimental Agriculture 40, no. 1 (December 2, 2003): 127–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479703001467.

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There are currently concerns within some sugar industries that long-term monoculture has led to soil degradation and consequent yield decline. An investigation was conducted in Swaziland to assess the effects of fallowing and green manuring practices, over a seven-month period, on sugarcane yields and the physical properties of a poorly draining clay soil. In the subsequent first sugarcane crop after planting, yields were improved from 129 t ha−1 under continuous sugarcane to 141–144 t ha−1 after fallowing and green manuring, but there were no significant responses in the first and second ratoon crops. Also, in the first crop after planting, root length index increased from 3.5 km m−2 under continuous sugarcane to 5.2–6.8 km m−2 after fallowing, and improved rooting was still evident in the first ratoon crop where there had been soil drying during the fallow period. Soil bulk density, total porosity and water-holding capacity were not affected by the fallowing practices. However, air-filled porosity increased from 11 % under continuous sugarcane to 16% after fallowing, and steady state ponded infiltration rates were increased from 0.61 mm h−1 to 1.34 mm h−1, but these improvements were no longer evident after a year back under sugarcane. Levels of soil organic matter were reduced in all cases, probably as a result of the tillage operations involved. In the plant crop, root length was well correlated with air-filled porosity, indicating the importance of improving belowground air supply for crop production on poorly draining clay soils.

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4

Nie, Z. N., I. Valentine, A. D. Mackay, D. J. Barker, and J. Hodgson. "Long-term effects of pastoral fallowing on the distribution and performance of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) in a hill country pasture." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 6 (January 1, 1996): 75–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.6.1995.3381.

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Previous work found that white clover (Trifolium repens L.) yield initially decreased, but subsequently increased following a pastoral fallow. The objective of this research was to quantify the response in herbage production and stolon characteristics of white clover up to 4 years after fallowing. Four treatments were used: fallowed 1990/91 (F4), fallowed 1991/92 (F3), fallowed 1993/94 (F1) and non-fallowed (F0). The fallowing period was between September and May. White clover dry matter yield (between 15/12/94 and 18/5/95) was significantly greater for the treatment F4 than F0 (P

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5

Otto, John S. "Forest Fallowing in the Southern Appalachian Mountains." Culture & Agriculture 8, no. 33 (September 1987): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/cuag.1987.8.33.1.

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6

Otto, John S. "Forest Fallowing in the Southern Appalachian Mountains." Culture Agriculture -, no. 33 (September 1987): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/cag.1987.-.33.1.

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7

Jana, S., and K. M. Thai. "Patterns of changes of dormant genotypes in Avena fatua populations under different agricultural conditions." Canadian Journal of Botany 65, no. 8 (August 1, 1987): 1741–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b87-238.

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Experimental evidence is provided to support earlier suggestions that summer-fallowing of cropland enhances the relative abundance of dormant wild oats at the expense of nondormant ones. Two heterogeneous populations of wild oats, Avena fatua L., were synthesized, each composed of a different set of true-breeding dormant and nondormant lines in equal initial frequencies. Subsequent generations of these mixed-stand populations were grown without conscious selection under two cultivation conditions: (i) propagation in every growing season (continuous cropping) and (ii) a 2-year rotation consisting of a year of propagation followed by a year of summer-fallowing. These experimental populations responded differently to the two cultivation practices. The relative frequency of dormant lines increased substantially in both populations propagated under the summer-fallow regime, compared with the continuous-cropping regime. Implications of this finding for weed control are discussed.

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8

Mohamed Abdalla, Musaab, Mohammed Elkhatim, and Elhadi Abdelrahim. "The Incidence of Knee Stiffness Fallowing Femur Shaft Fracture." Acta Scientific Orthopaedics 4, no. 9 (August 21, 2021): 53–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31080/asor.2021.04.0359.

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9

Payne, W. A., C. W. Wendt, and R. J. Lascano. "Bare Fallowing on Sandy Fields of Niger, West Africa." Soil Science Society of America Journal 54, no. 4 (July 1990): 1079–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1990.03615995005400040025x.

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10

Takasaki, Yoshito. "Deforestation, Forest Fallowing, and Soil Conservation in Shifting Cultivation." Theoretical Economics Letters 03, no. 05 (2013): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/tel.2013.35a1005.

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11

Carswell, Grace. "Farmers and fallowing: agricultural change in Kigezi District, Uganda." Geographical Journal 168, no. 2 (June 2002): 130–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1475-4959.00043.

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12

DembyLaetitia Muriel Kouadio, Serge Pacôme Seri, and Phillipe Gnonhouri Louise Turquin. "Evaluation of the Fertilizing and Nematicidal Effects of Lixiviate from Banana Rachis and Purpureocillium lilacinum for a Reduction of Fallow Frequency in Dessert Banana Monoculture." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 10, no. 11 (November 10, 2021): 430–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2021.1011.048.

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The practice of fallowing for one year represents a viable alternative to chemical control of Radopholus similis and Pratylenchus coffeae in dessert banana monoculture. Although necessary, fallowing has an economic disadvantage for farmers. The objective of this work is to evaluate the nematicidal and fertilizing effects of lixiviate from banana rachis and Purpureocillium lilacinum in order to reduce the frequency of fallowing. In this study, we performed a chemical analysis of the lixiviate and then compared the two types (plantain lixiviate and dessert lixiviate) at 25% concentration, Bioact (Purpureocillium lilacinum) at 106 spores/ml) and two mixed treatments (plantain lixiviate + Bioact and dessert lixiviate + Bioact) to an untreated control and a reference nematicide, fluopyram at 10% (Verango) during three cycles of cultivation of the dessert banana seedling Grande naine. At the end of each crop cycle, the evolution of the nematode population and the yield of banana plants were evaluated. Chemical analysis revealed a high potassium content in both products and a more remarkable amount of nitrogen in the plantain lixiviate. The results showed that Bioact did not show antagonistic effect against nematodes and impact on production. On the other hand, despite less nematicidal activity, the lixiviate significantly increased the yield compared to the chemical nematicide treatment. Therefore, only in the plots treated with lixiviate, it was possible to carry out several successive crop cycles. This result was more marked with the plantain lixiviate. The results presented in this work are encouraging for the development of biological control methods of banana nematodes by lixiviate.

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13

Levanova, L. N. "Theoretic-Methodology Aspects of the Corporate Governance." Izvestiya of Saratov University. Economics. Management. Law 12, no. 1 (2012): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1994-2540-2012-12-1-54-60.

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The paper is about different view points of conception «corporate governance». There are several definition of the «corporate governance» category, of the different scientists. The author analyses it’s and propose fallowing methodology aspects of the corporate governance: strategic, lows, social, institutes, integral, value aspects and economics aspect.

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14

Lu, Wang, Yang, He, and Su. "Exploring a Moderate Fallow Scale of Cultivated Land in China from the Perspective of Food Security." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 22 (November 6, 2019): 4329. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16224329.

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Food security remains a primary concern because of the large population and scarce land resources in China, and it is a core task to determine the appropriate proportion and scale of fallowing for fallow systems. The aim of this study was to systematically estimate the grain production potential (GPP) of existing and unexcavated cultivated land due to land use change from 1990 to 2017 and calculate the theoretical fallowing scale by using a population carrying capacity model. The reserved GPP from cultivated land to be excavated was 7470 × 104 t in China, and the GPP stored by the change in grain yield per unit, multiple crop index (MCI) decline, and agricultural structure adjustment were 921 × 104 t, 4321 × 104 t, and 7760 × 104 t, respectively, and the lost GPP caused by construction land expansion was 5287 × 104 t. The population carrying capacity of cultivated land in China was estimated to be 1.469 to 1.515 billion in 2017 on the basis of the national average living standard. The proportion of the population that could be fed more was between 6.28% and 9.54% depending on the number of people included, which provided an opportunity to implement the fallowing system in China. Meanwhile the proportions of the theoretical fallow scale were 6.28% and 9.54%, and the fallow scale ranged from 850 × 104 hm2 to 1296 × 104 hm2 under the premise of fully tapping the potential of cultivated land. In addition, taking the decline in MCI as an example, the grain yield reduction was equivalent to the grain yield of 829 × 104 hm2 of newly reclaimed cultivated land over the past 30 years, which saved 621.48 billion yuan. The costs and benefits when formulating relevant policies of land utilization should be considered, and exploiting the productive capacity of cultivated land that exists is better than reclaiming new cultivated land.

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15

Marley, JM, and JW Littler. "Winter cereal production on the Darling Downs dash an 11 year study of fallowing practices." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 29, no. 6 (1989): 807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9890807.

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A long term field experiment to compare 4 methods of fallowing for annual winter cereal production on a Darling Downs Vertisol was started in 1968 on the Hermitage Research Station near Warwick, Queensland. Fallowing systems being investigated are (i) tined tillage with stubble burnt (TcSb); (ii) tined tillage with stubble retained (TcSr); (iii) zero tillage with stubble burnt (TzSb); and (iv) zero tillage with stubble retained (TzSr); each at 3 rates of nitrogen (N) fertiliser application. This paper reports the effect of these treatments on fallow water accumulation, fallow N mineralisation, crop growth and yield, for the period 1968-79. Average values for available soil water in the 0-150 cm zone at sowing were 195 mm for TcSb, 212 mm for TcSr, 225 mm for TzSb and 252 mm for TzSr, and for storage efficiency (percentage of fallow rainfall stored) were 18, 20, 25 and 27% respectively. The relatively greater water storage efficiency of Tz treatments occurred mainly in fallow seasons when initial storage was low. Nitrogen mineralisation during fallows averaged 61 kg/ha and was depressed in some years by Sr. Carryover of available N in excess of crop requirements was shown at the higher rate of N fertilisation. Grain yields averaged over 12 crops were similar for the 4 fallowing systems. The lack of grain yield response to the improved water storage under TzSr was probably caused by yellow spot disease (Pyrenophora tritici-repentis) and root lesion nematode (Pratylenchus thornei), which were most prevalent under this treatment in wheat crops. Poor early growth of barley under TzSr limited its water use and grain yield potential, however, the cause of the poor early growth of barley is not known. A reduction in grain yield of 232 kg/ha associated with Sr was overcome with the addition of 23 kg N/ha as urea.

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16

Musyadik, Musyadik, Fathnur Fathnur, Wahyu Adi Nugroho, Rusdi Rusdi, Imran Imran, Wahid Wahid, Asmin Asmin, Laode Sabaruddin, La Baco Sudia, and Muhammad Nur. "SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF WATER BALANCE DISTRIBUTION FOR SIMULATION OF TIMING AND PATTERNS OF RICE AND CROP PLANTING IN THE REGION OF TYPE D RAINFALL IN THE SOUTH KONAWE REGENCY." Agric 35, no. 2 (December 30, 2023): 287–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.24246/agric.2023.v35.i2.p287-300.

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Water availability plays a crucial role in the environmental hydrological cycle, where the concept states that the amount of water in a specific area on the Earth’s surface is influenced by the input and output of water over a certain period. Water imbalance can lead to excess (surplus) and deficit (water shortage), impacting various sectors, including the agricultural sector, particularly in food crop cultivation, causing seasonal shifts and changes in planting patterns. These impacts can be minimized through adequate land and environmental management, achieved by calculating the water balance conditions in a given region. This research aims to (1) analyze the spatial distribution of land water balance in a type D rainfall region and (2) determine the timing and crop planting patterns based on the water balance of rice and secondary crops in the type D rainfall region. The study employs survey methods and analysis using the Thornthwaite water balance calculation. The results indicate water surplus in the Palangga and Baito subdistricts with an 8-month surplus period, reaching 192.40 mm month-1 in June and a minimum of 2.04 mm month-1, covering various sampling points and administrative areas such as Kiaea, Watudemba, Watumerembe, Wawonggura, Eewa, Onembute, Anggondara, Mekar Sari, Wawouru, Aosole, Sanggi-sanggi, Palangga, Tolihe, Sambahule, Matabubu, Mekarjaya, Wonua Raya, Ahuangguluri, Amasara, Wawouru, Mekarsari, Anggondara, Aosole, Eewa, and Onembute. Water deficit in the Palangga and Baito subdistricts occurs for four months, peaking at 58.59 mm month-1 in June at point 6 and reaching a minimum of 4.68 mm month-1 in February at point 2. The Palangga and Baito subdistricts exhibit a cropping pattern of corn + mung bean - irrigated rice - fallowing/vegetables; soybean/irrigated rice - fallowing/vegetables; corn + peanuts - irrigated rice - fallowing/grass for animal feed.

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17

Eslamifar, Gholamreza, Hamid Balali, and Alexander Fernald. "Fallowing Strategy and Its Impact on Surface Water and Groundwater Withdrawal, and Agricultural Economics: A System Dynamics Approach in Southern New Mexico." Water 16, no. 1 (January 4, 2024): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w16010181.

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Enhancing the comprehension of alterations in land use holds paramount importance for water management in semi-arid regions due to its effects on hydrology and agricultural economics. Allowing agricultural land to lie fallow has emerged as a technique to decrease water use. This research employs the methodology of system dynamics modeling to evaluate the hydrologic and agricultural economic ramifications of employing the fallowing strategy, which aims to preserve water resources in interconnected socio-hydrologic systems. This strategy is explored across three different crops, focusing on the Mesilla–Rincon Valley (MRV) in southern New Mexico. The study’s timeline spans from 2022 to 2050 with historical background from 1969 and encompasses various dimensions, including water availability, land utilization, and agricultural economics. Three types of crops were selected for the fallowing strategy, including cotton, alfalfa/hay, and chile. For each crop, 2500 acres of it would be designated for fallowing separately in two subsequent years, allowing the land to be cultivated in the third year and recurring such pattern. Simulation findings across scenarios (GFDL, UKMO, and NCAR) indicate that water withdrawals for all crops decreased significantly, ranging from approximately 2.69% to 4.37%. Similarly, agriculture income experienced reductions, varying from around 1.53% to 2.26%. Also, surface water and groundwater withdrawals are represented as percentages. The data illustrate significant reductions in water withdrawals across all scenarios. For instance, in the GFDL scenario, surface water withdrawal decreased by approximately 1.85% for cotton, 2.56% for alfalfa/hay, and 1.58% for chile. Similarly, groundwater withdrawals saw substantial reductions, such as 14.93% for cotton, 20.44% for alfalfa/hay, and 12.62% for chile. These numbers emphasize the urgent need for sustainable water management practices to address the challenges posed by reduced water availability.

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18

Ruppenthal, M., D. E. Leihner, T. H. Hilger, and J. A. Castillo F. "Rainfall Erosivity and Erodibility of Inceptisols in the Southwest Colombian Andes." Experimental Agriculture 32, no. 1 (January 1996): 91–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700025904.

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SUMMARYThe rainfall erosivity (R) and soil erodibility (K) factors of the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) were determined on two sites in the Colombian Cauca Department over a five year period when rainfall was mostly lower than average. The results showed that the high erosion potential of the soils can be attributed more to high rain erosivity than soil erodibility. The R factor explained between 59 and 81% of the variation in soil loss recorded on continuously clean-tilled fallow plots. The erodibility of Inceptisols in the study region is classified as low. Values for soil erodibility (K) ranged from 0.012 to 0.015 (measured in SI units) in the fifth year of permanent bare fallowing. K factors were higher in the rainy than in the dry season. Soils, previously under grass vegetation, were very resistant to erosion in the first two years of bare fallowing. In the third year erodibility increased sharply and continued to increase steadily until the sixth year. K factors predicted by the USLE nomograph underestimated the empirically-determined erodibility of these highly aggregated clay soils.

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19

Kim, Jung Kyu, In Beom Jung, Ji Woong Son, Eugene Choi, Moon Jun Na, Won Young Lee, and Young Jun Cho. "Major Hemothorax Induced Hypovolemic Shock Fallowing Administration of Intrapleural Urokinase." Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases 57, no. 5 (2004): 465. http://dx.doi.org/10.4046/trd.2004.57.5.465.

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20

Otto, John Solomon. "Forest Fallowing among the Appalachian Mountain Folk: An Ethnohistorical Study." Anthropologica 30, no. 1 (1988): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25605245.

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21

Zhulay, Irina, Katrin Reiss, and Henning Reiss. "Effects of aquaculture fallowing on the recovery of macrofauna communities." Marine Pollution Bulletin 97, no. 1-2 (August 2015): 381–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.05.064.

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22

McGhie, Tony K., Christine M. Crawford, Iona M. Mitchell, and Dominic O'Brien. "The degradation of fish-cage waste in sediments during fallowing." Aquaculture 187, no. 3-4 (July 2000): 351–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0044-8486(00)00317-3.

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23

O'Connell, Mark G., Garry J. O'Leary, and Maurice Incerti. "Potential groundwater recharge from fallowing in north-west Victoria, Australia." Agricultural Water Management 29, no. 1 (December 1995): 37–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-3774(95)01185-4.

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24

Abbas, Aqleem, Jie Duan, Assane Hamidou Abdoulaye, Yanping Fu, Yang Lin, Jiatao Xie, Jiasen Cheng, and Daohong Jiang. "Deciphering Bacterial Community of the Fallow and Paddy Soil Focusing on Possible Biocontrol Agents." Agronomy 12, no. 2 (February 9, 2022): 431. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12020431.

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In pursuing higher rice production, we have often jeopardized soil at an alarming rate. It is hypothesized that intensive farming practices degrade soil health and increase the abundance of rice diseases while fallowing increases the abundance of biocontrol agents. In this study, the bacterial community was monitored in the paddy and fallow soil. Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria were abundant in the fallow soil, whereas Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi, and Gemmatimonadetes were more abundant in the paddy soil. Among the potential biocontrol agents, Bacillus, Thiobacillus, Rhizobium, Massilia, Rhizobacter, Streptomyces, Micromonospora, and Pseudonocardia were more abundant in the fallow soil, while Pseudomonas and Burkholderia were more abundant in the paddy soil. The possible rice pathogens, i.e., Xanthomonas and Erwinia, were more abundant in the paddy soil. The alpha diversity was higher in paddy soil than in fallow soil. Additionally, the principal coordinate analysis based on UniFrac distances revealed distinct clusters of the soils. Moreover, the functional analysis suggested that the fallow soil was abundant in genes associated with the biosynthesis of siderophores and secondary metabolites. In contrast, the paddy soil was abundant in genes related to plant-pathogen interactions. In conclusion, these results highlight the significance of fallowing to improve soil health.

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S, Arjun, and Anila Kumary K. S. "Comparative Study on the Bacterial Community of Cultivated and Uncultivated Rice Field Soils." Current Agriculture Research Journal 12, no. 1 (April 20, 2024): 378–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/carj.12.1.30.

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A study was conducted to determine the changes in bacterial micro flora of soil in relation fallowing (abandonment) in rice fields. Soil samples from two paddy fields at Kumarakom region, southwest part of Kuttanad, Kerala, one field with paddy cultivation and the other fallowed, was subjected to the study. A total of 15 bacterial species, 8 from the cultivated field only, 6 from the fallowed field only and 1 common to both fields were isolated and identified in the study. The bacterial community in the soil of uncultivated field are entirely shifted from field where rice has been cultivated continuously. The persistent occurrence encountered in the cultivated field isolates were Bacillus megaterium, Pseudomonas aeroginosa and Klebsiella oxytoca while that in the abandoned field were of E coli followed by higher incidence of (80%) Enterobacter aerogenes and Citrobacter freundii. Under rice cultivation, soil pH, EC and bacterial density were generally higher than that in uncultivated soils while organic carbon in the soil was consistently lower than that in uncultivated soils. The study reveals the importance of bacteria in maintaining the health of a habitat and confirm that soil quality deteriorates over long-term fallowing.

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26

Jabłoński, Wojciech, and Maria Widera. "Ecological and economical aspects of phytocenosis formation at the fallowing areas." Acta Agrobotanica 49, no. 1-2 (2013): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.1996.001.

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In the third year after sowing the great elimination of dangerous weeds, as <em>Agropyron repens</em> and <em>Cirsium arvense</em>, was confirmed on plots where the mixtures with grass and clover had been sown; in the control object (O - without sowing), <em>Agropyron repens</em> and other weeds has spread to 100%. The best and the most cheap has been the mixture of 30% <em>Trifolium pratense</em>, 60% <em>Phleum pratense</em> and addition of <em>Achillea millefolium</em> plants.

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27

Franklin, Bradley, Kurt Schwabe, and Lucia Levers. "Perennial Crop Dynamics May Affect Long-Run Groundwater Levels." Land 10, no. 9 (September 15, 2021): 971. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10090971.

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During California’s severe drought from 2011 to 2017, a significant shift in irrigated area from annual to perennial crops occurred. Due to the time requirements associated with bringing perennial crops to maturity, more perennial acreage likely increases the opportunity costs of fallowing, a common drought mitigation strategy. Increases in the costs of fallowing may put additional pressure on another common “go-to” drought mitigation strategy—groundwater pumping. Yet, overdrafted groundwater systems worldwide are increasingly becoming the norm. In response to depleting aquifers, as evidenced in California, sustainable groundwater management policies are being implemented. There has been little modeling of the potential effect of increased perennial crop production on groundwater use and the implications for public policy. A dynamic, integrated deterministic model of agricultural production in Kern County, CA, is developed here with both groundwater and perennial area by vintage treated as stock variables. Model scenarios investigate the impacts of surface water reductions and perennial prices on land and groundwater use. The results generally indicate that perennial production may lead to slower aquifer draw-down compared with deterministic models lacking perennial crop dynamics, highlighting the importance of accounting for the dynamic nature of perennial crops in understanding the co-evolution of agricultural and groundwater systems under climate change.

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28

Aguado-Giménez, Felipe, Mateo Ballester-Moltó, and Benjamín García-García. "Influence of Production Strategy on Gross Waste Output and Temporal Pattern of Gilthead Seabream (Sparus Aurata) Farming: Implications for Environmental Management." Water 14, no. 5 (March 2, 2022): 788. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14050788.

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This study compares the farm management model used in the Mediterranean gilthead seabream (GHSB; Sparus aurata) industry (S1)—stepped entry of juveniles throughout the year with several production cycles and fish ages overlapping in a single farm—with that used in the salmon industry (S2)—the whole is farm filled with fish that are the same age at once with a fallowing period between rearing cycles—in terms of waste production by coupling digestibility coefficients with growth, feeding, and eating behavior models into a mass balance model. We considered the total C, N, and P content in the different waste fractions (particulate and dissolved wastes). The model, which simulated real farming conditions, showed relevant quantitative and qualitative differences between both strategies, with stocked biomass and water temperature as the main drivers, the amount of feed wasted by chewing as the most relevant fraction differentiating both strategies, and the fallowing period as the main distinguishing management feature. We discuss the influence of both farming strategies on some key performance and environmental aspects, such as benthic recovery, the breakdown of the life cycle of pathogens, and adaptability to climate change. Our results suggest that changing the GHSB industry’s production model is necessary for its sustainability.

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H S, Gangadhara. "An Investigation on Wear, Hardness and Impact Behaviour of Hybrid Composites." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 10 (October 31, 2021): 538–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.38430.

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Abstract: According to the environmental aspects, the combinations of natural and synthetic fibers has been used for making eco-friendly products. The present investigation has been made develop and characterize a new class of composites with a polymer called epoxy-resin as the matrix and Hemp and synthetic fibers (Carbon, E-glass, Kevlar) are the reinforcing material. These materials are fabricated using hand layup technique to frame a fallowing hybrid composite, 1) Hemp/Carbon/Epoxy 2) Hemp/E-glass/Epoxy 3) Hemp/Kevlar/epoxy composites of 3mm thickness to find the various mechanical properties (wear, hardness and impact strength) of produced samples as per ASTM Standards. For defining relative significance of measured norms pairwise comparison was done. Wear, Hardness and Impact properties are carried out. The effect of fiber loading and length on mechanical properties like wear, hardness and impact strength of composites is studied. In these fallowing conditions shows a better property. The result on this study indicated that Hemp/Kevlar/Epoxy composite shows better impact mechanical properties compare to another two hybrid composites. Hemp/E-Glass/Epoxy composite shows better wear and hardness properties compare to another two hybrid composites. Hemp/Carbon/Epoxy composite shows intermediate properties compare to Hemp/E-Glass/Epoxy and Hemp/Kevlar/Epoxy composite. Keywords: Hemp, Carbon, Glass, Kevlar, Epoxy, Wear, Hardness, Impact test

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Goslee, Sarah, Matt Sanderson, and Jeffery Gonet. "No Persistent Changes in Pasture Vegetation or Seed Bank Composition after Fallowing." Agronomy Journal 101, no. 5 (September 2009): 1168–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj2008.0243.

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Alsulami, H. "P1619: PLATELET TRANSFUSION THRESHOLDS FOR PEDIATRIC PATIENTS; ARE WE FALLOWING THE GUIDELINE?" HemaSphere 6 (June 2022): 1500–1501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.hs9.0000849332.08131.fc.

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Tatic, Vujadin, Saso Rafajlovski, Vladimir Kanjuh, Radoslav Gajanin, Dusan Suscevic, Bela Balint, and Slobodan Obradovic. "Histochemical and immunohistochemical analyses of the myocardial scar fallowing acute myocardial infarction." Vojnosanitetski pregled 69, no. 7 (2012): 581–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp110110008t.

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Background/Aim. The heart has traditionally been considered as a static organ without capacity of regeneration after trauma. Currently, the more and more often asked question is whether the heart has any intrinsic capacities to regenerate myocytes after myocardial infarction. The aim of this study was to present the existence of the preserved muscle fibers in the myocardial scar following myocardial infarction as well as the presence of numerous cells of various size and form that differently reacted to the used immunohistochemical antibodies. Methods. Histological, histochemical and immunohistochemical analyses of myocardial sections taken from 177 patients who had died of acute myocardial infarction and had the myocardial scar following myocardial infarction, were carried out. More sections taken both from the site of acute infarction and scar were examined by the following methods: hematoxylin-eosin (HE), periodic acid schiff (PAS), PAS-diastasis, Masson trichrom, Malory, van Gieson, vimentin, desmin, myosin, myoglobin, alpha actin, smoth muscle actin (SMA), p53, leukocyte common antigen (LCA), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), Ki-67, actin HHF35, CD34, CD31, CD45, CD45Ro, CD8, CD20. Results. In all sections taken from the scar region, larger or smaller islets of the preserved muscle fibers with the signs of hypertrophy were found. In the scar, a large number of cells of various size and form: spindle, oval, elongated with abundant cytoplasm, small with one nucleus and cells with scanty cytoplasm, were found. The present cells differently reacted to histochemical and immunohistochemical methods. Large oval cells showed negative reaction to lymphocytic and leukocytic markers, and positive to alpha actin, actin HHF35, Ki-67, myosin, myoglobin and desmin. Elongated cells were also positive to those markers. Small mononuclear cells showed positive reaction to lymphocytic markers. Endothelial and smooth muscle cells in the blood vessel walls were positive to CD34 and CD31, and smooth muscle cells to SMA. Oval and elongated cells were positive to PCNA and Ki-67. The preserved muscle fibers in the scar were positive to myosin, myoglobin and desmin as well as elongated and oval cells. Other cells were negative to these markers. Conclusion. Our findings speak that myocardial regeneration is maybe possible and develops in human ischemic heart damages and that the myocardium is not a static organ without capacity of cell regeneration.

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Ichihara, Shu, Yasuyuki Sato, and Tokiko Endo. "Recurrence of breast cancer fallowing local excision alone for ductal carcinomain situ." Breast Cancer 8, no. 3 (August 2001): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02967520.

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Grisley, W., and D. Mwesigwa. "Socioeconomic determinants of long-term cropland fallowing: smallholders in north-western Uganda." International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology 2, no. 2 (June 1995): 136–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13504509509469895.

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Brown, Barbara G., Richard W. Katz, and Allan H. Murphy. "On the Economic Value of Seasonal-Precipitation Forecasts: The Fallowing/Planting Problem." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 67, no. 7 (July 1986): 833–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1986)067<0833:otevos>2.0.co;2.

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Arnold, Christopher, Richard Eisner, Michael Durkin, and Dianne Whitaker. "Occupant behavior in a six-storey office building fallowing severe earthquake damage." Disasters 6, no. 3 (September 20, 2010): 207–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7717.1982.tb00537.x.

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Price, Derek, Rolando Ibarra, Javier Sánchez, and Sophie St-Hilaire. "A retrospective assessment of the effect of fallowing on piscirickettsiosis in Chile." Aquaculture 473 (April 2017): 400–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2017.02.034.

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Lawry, S., D. Stienbarger, and M. A. Jabbar. "Land Tenure and the Potential for the Adoption of Alley Farming in West Africa." Outlook on Agriculture 23, no. 3 (September 1994): 183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072709402300305.

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Alley farming was developed as a means of maintaining soil fertility in fields under permanent cultivation in Africa, as population pressure makes the traditional practice of slash-and-burn combined with fallowing unsustainable. It is an agroforestry system under which food crops are grown in alleys formed by hedgerows of leguminous trees and shrubs. Studies have shown that it works, but farmers are only taking it up very slowly. Recent work suggests that land tenure might be a factor in the spread of alley cropping.

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Blackshaw, R. E., and D. A. Derksen. "Response of cultivated mustard species to DPX-A7881." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 72, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 203–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps92-020.

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Greenhouse and field studies were conducted to determine the tolerance of cultivated mustards, Brassica juncea and B. hirta to the herbicide DPX-A7881 [methyl 2-(4-ethoxy-6-menthylamino-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl) (amino) (carbonyl) (amino) (sulfonyl) benzoate]applied at various rates and stages of growth. Cultivated mustards are tolerant to DPX-A7881 at rates required to control wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) thus fallowing the previously impossible selective control of this weed in cultivated mustards.Key words: Crop tolerance, growth stage, seed yield, DPX-A7881, Ethametsulfuron

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Yang, Qingyuan, Renhao Yang, Yahui Wang, and Kaifang Shi. "Does Fallowing Cultivated Land Threaten Food Security? Empirical Evidence from Chinese Pilot Provinces." Sustainability 11, no. 10 (May 18, 2019): 2836. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11102836.

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Facing worsening problems, including the decreasing amount, quality, and deterioration of land ecosystems, cultivated land needs protective measures. China has been conducting an experimental fallow policy to deter these problems in five pilot provinces since 2016. However, inadequate and inconclusive studies of the impacts of fallow policy on food security have motivated the authors to fill this knowledge gap and to provide evidence for policy-making. Using the modified cultivated land pressure model, this study explores the cultivated land pressure at three scales (nation, province, and prefecture) to determine the capacity of feeding people using cultivated land, and examines the impact of fallowing cultivated land. There are three main findings. First, the cultivated land pressure in China continually decreased during the period of 2000–2016, and would remain in a decreasing trend during 2017–2020 even if the measures implemented doubled the fallowing scale every year. Second, the spatial patterns of the cultivated land pressure between the provincial and prefectural scale show a similar overview, with some nuanced disparities. Finally, the five pilot provinces show various amplitudes of variation in cultivated land pressure, ranging from 0.017% to 9.027% under three fallow scale scenarios. Thus, the results of this research support the argument that fallow policy will not threaten food security at a national and provincial scale, based on the current fallow scale and enlargement pace. The deeper understanding of the impact of fallow policy provides a scientific reference for policymaking and calls for further studies focusing on a more comprehensive measurement of cultivated land pressure and optimization fallow scale.

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Chen, Hsiao Wei, and Yen Lan Liu. "Discussions on Eco-Economic Decision-Making in Farmland Management." Advanced Materials Research 807-809 (September 2013): 741–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.807-809.741.

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This paper examines the possibility of green fertilizer fallowing supporting eco (logical)-economicdecision-making in farmland management. Using scenario analysis and linear programming as research methods, this paper examines farmland allocations and fertilizer use in Taiwan under different economics perspectives and fallow subsidy rates. It is concluded that in agriculture development, reconciliation between the pursuit of profit and environmental sustainability is possible. However, it is not suggested that this reconciliation be achieved via high-level fallow subsidies. Rather, it is critical that the ecological economics view of decision-making be employed in farmland management.

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42

Amendt-Lyon, Nancy. "A Womb of One’s Own." British Gestalt Journal 3, no. 2 (December 1, 1994): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.53667/pflo3229.

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"Abstract: The fallowing is a completely revised version of an article which appeared in POLITICUM, Bioethik 200, 61, March 1994, in German. In this essay I wilI attempt to describe the implications of the current practice of reproductive medicine as a supposed cure for the treatment of unwanted childlessness. Emphasis is placed upon a field-theoretical approach to infertility, upon the political responsfiiIity of Gestalt therapists, and, based on case studies, upon the notion of unwanted childlessness as a fixed gestalt. Key words: reproductive medicine, unwanted childlessness, genetic engineering political responsibility, psychotherapy relationship."

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Schoenly, Kenneth G., Joel E. Cohen, Kong Luen Heong, James A. Litsinger, Alberto T. Barrion, and Gertrudo S. Arida. "Fallowing did not disrupt invertebrate fauna in Philippine low-pesticide irrigated rice fields." Journal of Applied Ecology 47, no. 3 (April 28, 2010): 593–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2010.01799.x.

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44

Cooke, JW. "Effect of fallowing practices on runoff and soil erosion in south-eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 25, no. 3 (1985): 628. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9850628.

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The effect on runoff and soil loss of four methods of preparation of fallow was investigated at each of three sites in north-central Victoria. There was a chemical fallow treatment (uncultivated) and three scarified treatments (smooth, medium and rough cultivation). When the results from the three sites were combined, there was 10.7 mm runoff from the uncultivated treatment, 5.1 mm from the smooth, 0.8 mm from the medium and 0.3 mm from the rough scarified treatments. Soil loss from the uncultivated treatment was 103 g/m2 compared with 87 g/m2 from the smooth, 22 g/m2 from the medium and 13 g/m2 from the rough treatment. The concentration of sediment in the runoff was negatively correlated (R2 = -0.56 to -0.98) with runoff. It ranged from 1.21% (w/w) for the uncultivated to 5.06% (w/w) for the rough scarified treatment. The results show that a regimen of minimum scarification to produce a rough surface, and then use of herbicides to control weeds, reduces soil loss compared with either an uncultivated or a smoothly cultivated soil surface.

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Grisley, W., and David Mwesigwa. "Socio-Economic Determinant of Seasonal Cropland Fallowing Decisions: Smallholders in South-western Uganda." Journal of Environmental Management 42, no. 1 (September 1994): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jema.1994.1062.

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46

Kozak, Małgorzata, and Rafał Pudełko. "Impact Assessment of the Long-Term Fallowed Land on Agricultural Soils and the Possibility of Their Return to Agriculture." Agriculture 11, no. 2 (February 11, 2021): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11020148.

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Agricultural land abandonment is a process observed in most European countries. In Poland and other countries of Central and Eastern Europe, it was initiated with the political transformation of the 1990s. Currently, in Poland, it concerns over 2 million ha of arable land. Such a large acreage constitutes a resource of land that can be directly restored to agricultural production or perform environmental functions. A new concept for management of fallow/abandoned areas is to start producing biomass for the bioeconomy purposes. Production of perennial crops, especially on poorer soils, requires an appropriate assessment of soil conditions. Therefore, it has become crucial to answer the question: What is the real impact of the fallowing process on soil, and is it possible to return it to production at all? For this purpose, on the selected fallowed land that met the marginality criteria defined under the project, physicochemical tests of soil properties were carried out, and subsequently, the results were compared with those of the neighboring agricultural land and with the soil valuation of the fallow land, which was conducted during its past agricultural use. The work was mainly aimed at analyzing the impact of long-term fallowing on soil pH, carbon sequestration and nutrient content, e.g., phosphorus and potassium. The result of the work is a positive assessment of the possibility of restoring fallowed land for agricultural production, including the production of biomass for non-agricultural purposes. Among the studied types of fallow plots, the fields where goldenrod (Solidago L.—invasive species) appeared were indicated as the areas most affected by soil degradation.

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Klemick, Heather. "Constraints or Cooperation? Determinants of Secondary Forest Cover Under Shifting Cultivation." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 40, no. 3 (December 2011): 471–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1068280500002902.

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This study examines the drivers of land use in a shifting cultivation system with forest fallow. Forest fallow provides on-farm soil quality benefits, local hydrological regulation, and global public goods. An optimal control model demonstrates that farmers have an incentive to fallow less than is socially optimal, though market failures limiting crop production can have a countervailing effect by encouraging fallow. An econometric model estimated using data from the Brazilian Amazon suggests that fallowing does not result from internalization of local fallow services but instead is associated with poor market access and labor and liquidity constraints.

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48

Başaran, M., O. Uzun, S. Kaplan, F. Görmez, and G. Erpul. "Tillage-induced wind erosion in semi-arid fallow lands of Central Anatolia, Turkey." Soil and Water Research 12, No. 3 (June 28, 2017): 144–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/73/2016-swr.

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Wind erosion and resultant dust emissions create significant risks for land degradation and ecosystem health in arid and semi-arid regions. In these regions, fallowing constitutes a major component of conventional agriculture. The present study was conducted to determine wind erosion quantities and agricultural activity-induced mass transport from fallow lands and to assess the correlations of mass transport with climate and soil characteristics. Experiments were conducted over the fallow lands of two adjacent agricultural enterprises (Altinova and Gözlü, Turkey). Sediment flux was measured with passive traps in wet and dry seasons (Q<sub>t</sub>WET and Q<sub>t</sub>DRY). Mass transport in wet and dry seasons was respectively measured as 11.38 and 11.40 kg/ha in Altinova and as 31.61 and 19.71 kg/ha in Gözlü. Both the differences between mass transport of the enterprises and the differences between Q<sub>t</sub>WET and Q<sub>t</sub>DRY of each enterprise were found to be significant (P < 0.05). Pearson’s correlation analysis for the correlations of mass transport with soil characteristics revealed significant correlations with electrical conductivity and soil lime content (r = 0.721 and –0.635) (P < 0.05). Total mass transport from the fallow lands of both enterprises throughout a 7-month period of measurement was estimated at 600 t. Based on current findings it was concluded that fallowing should be abandoned and sustainable soil and land management practices from conventional agriculture like minimum tillage or crop rotations should be introduced.

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Holford, ICR. "Yields and nitrogen uptake of grain sorghum in various rotations, including lucerne, annual legume and long fallow." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 40, no. 2 (1989): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9890255.

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Long-term yields, nitrogen uptake and responsiveness of grain sorghum following three lucerne rotations, an annual legume rotation, long fallowing, and continuous wheat growing were measured on a black earth and red clay in northern New South Wales. The three lucerne rotations compared two methods of lucerne establishment (with or without a cover crop) and two methods of grazing management (short or extended grazing).There were large beneficial effects of lucerne leys on the first grain sorghum crop, whether they were measured as grain yield, nitrogen content of the foliage and grain, or nitrogen uptake. The effect was much smaller in the second year but it increased in the third and fourth years, in direct relation to the rainfall during the sorghum flowering period. The effect was larger on the black earth than on the red clay, reflecting the much higher lucerne yields on the former soil. Evidence indicated that the nitrogen contribution from lucerne after the first year was no greater than the nitrogen accumulated by long fallowing, and this was attributed to very low rainfall and lucerne yields during the four year ley period.The annual legume rotation suffered from drought and insect damage in most years, and following sorghum yields tended to be lower than those achieved by long fallowing.Differences in the effects of establishment method and grazing management on total lucerne yields were reflected in the differences in subsequent grain sorghum yields. Largest differences were on the black earth where extended grazing lowered the total yields of lucerne and subsequent grain sorghum. Sowing lucerne under wheat had little effect on total yields of lucerne or sorghum.

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Cooke, JW, GW Ford, RG Dumsday, and ST Willatt. "Effect of fallowing practices on the growth and yield of wheat in south-eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 25, no. 3 (1985): 614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9850614.

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The effects on crop establishment, crop development and the yield of wheat of two methods of fallow preparation, at each of three lengths of fallow were investigated over 5 years on red duplex and associated soils in north-central Victoria. The two methods of preparation were: scarifying, which involved the repeated use of a tined tillage implement; and herbicide application, which involved the repeated use of non-residual herbicides to control weeds during the fallow phase. The three lengths of fallow were winter, spring and autumn, which were approximately 10, 8 and 2 months respectively. Grain yield on the scarifier treatments was 0.26 t/ha greater (P<0.10) than on the herbicide treatments. Grain yield on winter fallow was 0.46 and 0.56 t/ha greater (Pt0.01) than on spring and autumn fallows, respectively. Crop yield was positively correlated (R2= 0.49) with soil nitrate determined at the time the crop was sown, but was independent of available soil water content determined at that time. Winter fallowing conserved 15 and 29 mm more water than did spring and autumn fallowing respectively, and mineralized 26 and 28 kg/ha more nitrogen than did spring and autumn fallows respectively. Crop establishment (No. of plants/m of row) on the herbicide treatment was 89% (P< 0.05) of that on the scarifier treatment, but this was not the reason for the reduced grain yield on the herbicide treatment. The lower yields were caused by depressed crop vigour (number of spikes/m of row) which in turn was largely a consequence of the inefficient uptake of nitrogen. The yield benefits of scarifying appear to reflect the importance of the initial two or three cultivations.

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