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1
Hussey, Roger. "The Familiarity Threat and Auditor Independence." Corporate Governance: An International Review 7, no. 2 (April 1999): 190–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8683.00146.
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Calvo, Manuel G., and Michael W. Eysenck. "Affective significance enhances covert attention: Roles of anxiety and word familiarity." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 61, no. 11 (November 2008): 1669–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470210701743700.
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To investigate the processing of emotional words by covert attention, threat-related, positive, and neutral word primes were presented parafoveally (2.2° away from fixation) for 150 ms, under gaze-contingent foveal masking, to prevent eye fixations. The primes were followed by a probe word in a lexical-decision task. In Experiment 1, results showed a parafoveal threat–anxiety superiority: Parafoveal prime threat words facilitated responses to probe threat words for high-anxiety individuals, in comparison with neutral and positive words, and relative to low-anxiety individuals. This reveals an advantage in threat processing by covert attention, without differences in overt attention. However, anxiety was also associated with greater familiarity with threat words, and the parafoveal priming effects were significantly reduced when familiarity was covaried out. To further examine the role of word knowledge, in Experiment 2, vocabulary and word familiarity were equated for low- and high-anxiety groups. In these conditions, the parafoveal threat–anxiety advantage disappeared. This suggests that the enhanced covert-attention effect depends on familiarity with words.
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Wich, Serge, and Elisabeth Sterck. "Familiarity and threat of opponents determine variation in Thomas langur (Presbytis thomasi) male behaviour during between-group encounters." Behaviour 144, no. 12 (2007): 1583–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853907782512065.
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AbstractDuring between-group encounters in primates, males often defend mates, food or infants against other males. Males, however, show variation in contests between opponents. In other taxa, such variation has been attributed to variation in familiarity with or threat of opponents. Here we present the results of analyses of between-group encounter intensity variation in Thomas langurs while controlling for threat when evaluating familiarity and vice versa. Encounter intensity was measured by the proportion of encounters with chases and the number of loud calls per minute during the encounter given by the focal male. The results indicate that both familiarity and threat influence encounter intensity. Less familiar opponents had more intense encounters and opponents that differed in the threat level to each other also had more intense encounters. Thus, Thomas langur males seem to incorporate information on both the level of threat and familiarity of other males to make a decision on how to react during a between-group encounter.
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Müller, Corsin A., and Marta B. Manser. "‘Nasty neighbours’ rather than ‘dear enemies’ in a social carnivore." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274, no. 1612 (January 16, 2007): 959–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.0222.
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Territorial animals typically respond less aggressively to neighbours than to strangers. This ‘dear enemy effect’ has been explained by differing familiarity or by different threat levels posed by neighbours and strangers. In most species, both the familiarity and the threat-level hypotheses predict a stronger response to strangers than to neighbours. In contrast, the threat-level hypothesis predicts a stronger response to neighbours than to strangers in species with intense competition between neighbours and with residents outnumbering strangers, as commonly found in social mammals such as the banded mongoose ( Mungos mungo ). The familiarity hypothesis predicts reduced aggression towards neighbours also in these species. We exposed free-living banded mongoose groups to translocated scent marks of neighbouring groups and strangers. Groups vocalized more and inspected more samples in response to olfactory cues of the neighbours than to the strangers. Our results support the threat-level hypothesis and contradict the familiarity hypothesis. We suggest that increased aggression towards neighbours is more common in social species with intense competition between neighbours, as opposed to reduced aggression towards neighbours typical for most solitary species.
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Granroth-Wilding, Hanna M. V., and Anne E. Magurran. "Asymmetry in pay-off predicts how familiar individuals respond to one another." Biology Letters 9, no. 3 (June 23, 2013): 20130025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2013.0025.
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Familiarity influences individual decision-making in many vertebrate species. Here, we propose that familiarity modulates behaviour to different extents depending on the social context of the interaction. Specifically, the more that one player stands to gain relative to the other, the less important familiarity will be in influencing their responses to one another. We test this prediction using pairs of male guppies ( Poecilia reticulata ) in three competitive scenarios of increasing asymmetry in outcome to the two players: schooling under potential threat (similar outcomes), competing for a defensible food source (some asymmetry) and competing for a receptive female (strongly asymmetrical outcomes). Males show a graded response as asymmetry increases, with familiarity producing marked behavioural differences under potential threat, minor changes when competing for food, but none at all in competition for mating opportunities. This suggests that mutualistic benefits can arise as a by-product of selfish behaviour, supporting the role of pseudo-reciprocity in the evolution of cooperation.
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Crawford, Brian A., Caleb R. Hickman, and Thomas M. Luhring. "Testing the Threat-Sensitive Hypothesis with Predator Familiarity and Dietary Specificity." Ethology 118, no. 1 (November 14, 2011): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.2011.01983.x.
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Mazerolle, Marie, Isabelle Régner, François Rigalleau, and Pascal Huguet. "Stereotype Threat Alters the Subjective Experience of Memory." Experimental Psychology 62, no. 6 (November 2015): 395–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000303.
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Abstract. There is now evidence that negative age-related stereotypes about memory reduce older adults’ memory performance, and inflate age differences in this domain. Here, we examine whether stereotype threat may also influence the basic feeling that one is more or less able to remember. Using the Remember/Know paradigm, we demonstrated that stereotype threat conducted older adults to a greater feeling of familiarity with events, while failing to retrieve any contextual detail. This finding indicates that stereotype threat alters older adults’ subjective experience of memory, and strengthens our understanding of the mechanisms underlying stereotype threat effects.
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Beattie, Molly C., and Paul A. Moore. "Predator recognition of chemical cues in crayfish: diet and experience influence the ability to detect predation threats." Behaviour 155, no. 6 (2018): 505–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003501.
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AbstractAquatic prey often alter their morphology, physiology, and/or behaviour when presented with predatory chemical cues which are heavily influenced by the diet of the predator. We tested the roles that diet and prey familiarity with predators play in the ability of prey to recognize predator threats. Odours from two fish, bass and cichlid fed a vegetarian, protein, heterospecific, and a conspecific diet, were collected and presented to virile crayfish in a choice arena. Our results show that crayfish altered their behaviour in the presence of odours containing conspecific, as opposed to heterospecific diets, but only from familiar predators. A reduced anti-predator response was measured with odours from an unfamiliar predator fed conspecific crayfish. Therefore, crayfish may be able to determine different threat levels based on the different dietary cues from a potential predator, but only when the prey have familiarity with the predators.
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Bamber, E. Michael, and Venkataraman M. Iyer. "Auditors' Identification with Their Clients and Its Effect on Auditors' Objectivity." AUDITING: A Journal of Practice & Theory 26, no. 2 (November 1, 2007): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/aud.2007.26.2.1.
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This study empirically models auditors' relationships with their clients. The Independence Standards Board (ISB 2000) identified auditors' familiarity with the client as one of five threats to auditor independence. Yet familiarity with the client is necessary for auditors to understand the client well enough to plan and perform an effective and efficient audit. We introduce a theory-based measure of the extent to which auditors identify with a client, which we then use to directly measure auditors' attachment to the client and the threat of this attachment to auditors' objectivity. The responses of 252 practicing auditors support our theoretical predictions. Specifically, we find that auditors do identify with their clients and that auditors who identify more with a client are more likely to acquiesce to the client-preferred position. On the other hand, more experienced auditors and auditors who exhibit higher levels of professional identification are less likely to acquiesce to the client's position.
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Husak, Jerry F. "Signal use by collared lizards, Crotaphytus collaris : the effects of familiarity and threat." Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 55, no. 6 (April 1, 2004): 602–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00265-003-0748-3.
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Das, Aparna, H. A. M. Nazmul Ahasan, Baharul Minnat, and Chayan Kumar Singha. "Melioidosis A Serious Emerging Threat in Bangladesh." Journal of Medicine 14, no. 2 (July 24, 2014): 164–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jom.v14i2.19669.
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Melioidosis, a pyogenic infection that presents acutely or as a chronic infection, is caused by the soilassociated bacterium Burkholderiapseudomallei. Infection is acquired by inoculation or inhalation and is more common in patients with underlying chronic disease. It is endemic in the tropical belt. Although Bangladesh is not considered as a country where melioidosis is endemic, an increasing number of cases have been reported recently. Definitive diagnosis requires the isolation of B. pseudomalleiin culture from clinical specimens. However, the laboratory diagnosis of melioidosis in Bangladesh and other under-resourced countries is limited by a lack of familiarity with the bacterium and a lack of facilities to accurately confirm the identity of the isolate. It is highly likely that melioidosis is underdiagnosed in this country. There is a need to increase awareness of this infection among clinicians and clinical microbiologists and improve laboratory facilities for the selective isolation and accurate identification of B. pseudomallei. Melioidosis has a notoriously protracted course; cure is difficult without a prolonged course of appropriate antibiotics.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jom.v14i2.19669 J Medicine 2013, 14(2): 164-173
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Beckes, Lane, James A. Coan, and Karen Hasselmo. "Familiarity promotes the blurring of self and other in the neural representation of threat." Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 8, no. 6 (May 3, 2012): 670–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/scan/nss046.
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Matsumoto, Kazunori, Yuki Okamoto, Yuka Tsurumi, and Masanori Kohda. "Context-dependent agonistic response to neighbours along territory boundaries in a cichlid fish." Behaviour 157, no. 6 (June 11, 2020): 559–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-bja10013.
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Abstract In many territorial animals, the level of aggression exhibited toward conspecifics depends on the magnitude of the threat they pose and/or their familiarity. We conducted aquarium experiments to investigate whether the territorial cichlid fish Julidochromis transcriptus has a context-dependent agonistic response to neighbouring conspecifics. The attacking rate of territory-holding males decreased against neighbour males in an adjacent aquarium over time but increased when stranger males replaced the neighbours in the same aquarium, indicating that males displayed the ‘dear enemy effect’ toward familiar neighbours. Females were not aggressive and the dear enemy effect was not apparent among them. Interestingly, territory-holding males also increased their attacking rate against neighbour males shifted to the opposite aquarium. Territory-holding males will modify their agonistic response to conspecific males according to the relative threat of their opponents in the context of the ‘correct-incorrect boundary paradigm’.
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Hauschild, MPH, Veronique D., and Annetta Watson, PhD. "Exposure levels for chemical threat compounds: Information to facilitate chemical incident response." Journal of Emergency Management 11, no. 5 (September 1, 2013): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jem.2013.0151.
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Although not widely known, a robust set of peer-reviewed public health and occupational exposure levels presently exist for key chemical warfare agents (CWAs) and certain acutely toxic industrial chemicals (TICs) identified as terrorist attack threats. Familiarity with these CWA and TIC exposure levels and their historic applications has facilitated emergency management decision-making by public and environmental health decision-makers. Specifically, multiple air, soil, and water exposure levels for CWAs and TICs summarized here have been extensively peer-reviewed and published; many have been recognized and are in use by federal and state health agencies as criteria for hazard zone prediction and assessment, occupational safety, and “how clean is clean enough” decisions. The key, however, is to know which criteria are most appropriate for specific decisions.While public safety is critical, high levels of concern often associated with perceived or actual proximity to extremely toxic chemical agents could result in overly cautious decisions that generate excessive delays, expenditure of scarce resources, and technological difficulties. Rapid selection of the most appropriate chemical exposure criteria is recommended to avoid such problems and expedite all phases of chemical incident response and recovery.
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Nwankwọ E., Izuu. "Incongruous liaisons: Routes of humour, insult and political (in)correctness in Nigerian stand-up jokes." European Journal of Humour Research 7, no. 2 (July 28, 2019): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.7592/ejhr2019.7.2.nwankwo.
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Nigerian humourists have always told risible jokes within myriad pre-colonial satirical acts and now, stand-up comedy. Scholars rarely study the menacing backlash against ostensible “inappropriate jokes” which largely ignores the fact that humour is derived mostly from offence. This paper sets out to study this threat by interrogating how four comics—I Go Dye, Basket Mouth, Klint da Drunk and AY—deploy self-censorship in averting offence. The specificities of stand-up arts, the peculiarity of its demands on artists’ joking capabilities, and the dependence of courting audiences’ participation and familiarity are foregrounded in describing the stringency of eliciting mirth through insult.
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Malchev, Bojan, and Zorica Bozhinovska-Lazarevska. "New challenges of the IFAC International Code of Ethics. The case of the Republic of North Macedonia." Zeszyty Teoretyczne Rachunkowości 45, no. 2 (July 2, 2021): 145–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.9567.
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Purpose: The main purpose of the paper is to provide empirical evidence on certified auditors’ perceptions in the Republic of North Macedonia (RNM) about the new IFAC International Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants. Methodology/approach: A survey was conducted by distributing a questionnaire to the certified auditors in RNM, and the answers were then analyzed. Findings: The results indicate that the observance of the Code of Ethics affects the quality of audit engagements in domestic practice. The majority of practitioners believe that the fundamental principles are sufficiently clearly elaborated and can provide an appropriate basis for ethical conduct. The principle of objectivity is most exposed to threats, while the most common threat is familiarity. Safeguards created by the profession, the law, and regulations are more effective in addressing threats. Finally, practitioners agree that the innovations brought by the new Code of Ethics represent a significant benefit to the auditors’ mission to preserve and strengthen their independence. Research implications/limitations: The research provides empirical evidence of ethical behavior in domestic audit practice, but no similar research has been done before to make a comparative analysis. Originality/value: This research is the first of this type in RNM and fills the research gap in the field of ethical behavior in the domestic audit practice.
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Newell, Michael. "Comparing American perceptions of post-Civil War Ku Klux Klan and transnational violence." Security Dialogue 51, no. 4 (January 21, 2020): 287–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967010619895223.
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Recently, public debates have questioned whether or not the American government responds differently to terrorism by white, right-wing, Americans. This article examines a historical period in which similar dynamics were on display in state responses to the Reconstruction-era Ku Klux Klan (KKK), Irish-American Fenians, and anarchists from 1860 to 1920. This history suggests that political officials responded to these groups more on the basis of ideas than their actual levels of violence, including discourses of Americanism shaped by ideology, nativism, and racism. Successful claims to ‘Americanism’ lent the KKK a sense of familiarity that led it to be seen as less of a threat to ontological security, even as it posed a significant threat of physical violence. In contrast, the ideologically subversive and foreign anarchists were responded to more severely, despite being responsible for far fewer deaths and injuries than the KKK. This history suggests that American counter-terrorism has been influenced by factors of racial and national belonging in the past, and provides significant context for the consideration of current debates about responses to right-wing groups.
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Traczyk, Jakub, Paweł Matusz, and Agata Sobków. "Attention-driven bias for threat-related stimuli in implicit memory. Preliminary results from the Posner cueing paradigm." Polish Psychological Bulletin 41, no. 4 (January 1, 2010): 163–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10059-010-0021-3.
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Attention-driven bias for threat-related stimuli in implicit memory. Preliminary results from the Posner cueing paradigm An implicit memory advantage for angry faces was investigated in this experiment by means of an additional cueing task. Participants were to assess the orientation of a triangle's peak, which side of presentation was cued informatively by angry and neutral face stimuli, after which they immediately completed an unexpected "old-new" task on a set of the previously presented faces and new, distractor-faces. Surprisingly, the RTs were similarly long on the invalid trials for angry and neutral facial cues in the Posner task. However, performance on the "old-new" task was better for angry than neutral faces. A strong correlation between RTs in angry-invalid trials and confidence ratings for these angry faces was observed only in highly reactive participants. These results suggest that presentation of threatening material can induce enhanced incidental encoding which can result in stronger familiarity for such material, and this effect is driven by attentional bias in highly reactive individuals.
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James, Alison. "The Surrealism of the Habitual: From Poetic Language to the Prose of Life." Paragraph 34, no. 3 (November 2011): 406–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/para.2011.0033.
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This article argues that the later philosophy of Wittgenstein has significant affinities with surrealist approaches to the ordinary. It links the question of ordinary language first to the dilemmas of poetic speech after Mallarmé, then to a current of thought on everyday life that emerges in France in the wake of surrealism (Lefebvre, Blanchot, Certeau). Finally, a reading of prose texts by Breton and Aragon brings together these two lines of argument, demonstrating that surrealism appeals to ordinary language and everyday life as a remedy against the threat of scepticism. Surrealist manipulations of language are less a departure from the real than an attempt both to restore and to renew the human relation with the world. Obscured by its very familiarity, the everyday comes into view as what Cavell calls the ‘surrealism of the habitual’.
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Mitchell, Scott, and Sheryl N. Hamilton. "Playing at apocalypse: Reading Plague Inc. in pandemic culture." Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies 24, no. 6 (January 17, 2017): 587–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354856516687235.
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Plague Inc. is an enduringly popular mobile video game in which players create diseases and attempt to eradicate humanity; it has been downloaded more than 60 million times and been met with largely positive critical reception, with many reviews praising the game as a ‘realistic outbreak simulator’. This article explores Plague Inc. as both an artifact, and productive, of ‘pandemic culture’, a social imaginary that describes how the threat of pandemic increasingly shapes our day-to-day life. Ludic and narrative elements of the game were identified and selected for analysis, along with paratexts surrounding the game. Three aspects of Plague Inc. were used to structure the analysis: its politics of global scale, its viral realism, and its visual culture of contagion. The article examines how the ways in which Plague Inc. articulates ideas about pandemic may not only explain the game’s immense success but also provide insights into public perceptions and popular discourses about disease threats. The article argues that the game is an incomplete text that depends on preexisting familiarity with other disease media. It concludes that the popularity and longevity of Plague Inc., as well as its broader social relevance, can be explained by placing it within the context of public anxieties about vulnerability to infectious diseases.
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Aharony, Noa, Dan Bouhnik, and Nurit Reich. "Readiness for information security of teachers as a function of their personality traits and their assessment of threats." Aslib Journal of Information Management 72, no. 5 (July 7, 2020): 787–812. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ajim-12-2019-0371.
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PurposeThis study examines the impact of personality traits on the degree of challenge experienced by individuals with respect to the threat on their information, the evaluation of their self-efficacy to secure the information and hence, their readiness to secure information.Design/methodology/approachThe study's population consisted of 157 teachers from various educational institutions across Israel. We used five questionnaires to gather data.FindingsFindings reveal a link between participants' personality traits, situation evaluation indicators and their readiness to secure information. Further, the greater subjects' information security awareness and familiarity with information security concepts, the better their application of the tools for securing information will be.Originality/valueThe importance of this research lies primarily in that it highlights the importance of individual differences while dealing with information security awareness. The findings constitute a theoretical and empirical basis for building tools toward guiding teachers to protect their information, as well as for devising educational and pedagogic programs for making a cultural change.
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Sariev, A. K., and E. V. Fedina. "Dynamics of Сhange of the Seasonally Thawing Layer in the Conditions of Industrial Development of the Yenisei North." Ecology and Industry of Russia 22, no. 11 (November 2, 2018): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2018-11-46-50.
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The conducted researches show that depth of thawing of the seasonally thawing layer (STS) in the conditions of industrial development is influenced by a number of factors: existence of a vegetable cover, moisture content of a surface of the soil, familiarity of the territory. For preservation of natural borders of depth of thawing of STS and prevention of development of a water erosion on tundra lands of the Yenisei North with approach of positive temperatures it is necessary to observe a number of measures: the maximum aspiration to maintaining physical properties of the soil and the modes of a korneobitayemy layer of the tundra; minimizing operation of the caterpillar equipment, use of the special equipment with the facilitated weight (trekola); the ban on drives of the equipment on rekultivirovanny sites; accounting of the steepness of slopes at earthwork and construction of industrial facilities; precautionary measures in case of threat of emergence of prerequisites of a water erosion, timely holding remediation actions, etc.
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Ortlieb, Stefan, Ivan Stojilovic, Danaja Rutar, Uwe Fischer, and Claus-Christian Carbon. "On kitsch and kic: Comparing kitsch concepts from Bavaria, Serbia and Slovenia." Psihologija 50, no. 3 (2017): 357–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/psi1703357o.
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The German word kitsch has been internationally successful. Today, it is commonly used in many modern languages including Serbian and Slovenian (kic)-but does it mean the same? In a pilot study, thirty-six volunteers from Bavaria, Serbia and Slovenia rated two hundred images of kitsch objects in terms of liking, familiarity, determinacy, arousal, perceived threat, and kitschiness. Additionally, art expertise, ambiguity tolerance, and value orientations were assessed. Multilevel regression analysis with crossed random effects was used to explore crosscultural differences: Regardless of cultural background, liking of kitsch objects was positively linked to emotionally arousing items with non-threatening content. Self-transcendence was positively linked to liking, while ambiguity of the parental image was concordantly associated with kitschiness. For participants from Serbia and Slovenia, threatening content was correlated with kitschiness, while participants from Bavaria rated determinate items as kitschier. Results are discussed with regard to literature on kitsch and implications for future research.
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Wilt, Judith. "Three Women Writers and the “Jesuit Sublime”: Or, Jesuits in Love." Religion and the Arts 13, no. 1 (2009): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852908x357399.
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AbstractThe return of the repressed “Catholic” has been lurking at the edge of English literary consciousness since early modern times, especially in the shorthand form of the plotting Jesuit. In its combined familiarity and mystery, grandeur and meanness, legitimacy and treason, “the Jesuit” even constitutes a figure for the Sublime. Novels by Thackeray, Kingsley, and Shorthouse locate the Jesuit in the political history of the nation, as the seducer of young noblemen. But this essay studies lesser-known novels by Elizabeth Inchbald, Frances Trollope, and Mary Arnold Ward in which the plotting Jesuit, himself an object of allure in his un-Anglican “reserve” and his pre-Reformation Englishness, is suborned by his own humanity into the forbidden sublimities of love. As political threat and psychological object of desire, the Jesuit-in-love also represents Anglicanism's flirtation with Catholicism and with Queerness, his defeat/conversion sealing its commitment to its heterosexual priesthood and its post-Catholic modernity.
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Weingart, Kristin. "Wie Samaria so auch Jerusalem." Vetus Testamentum 69, no. 3 (July 8, 2019): 460–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685330-12341369.
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AbstractBy naming Micah and citing Mi 3:12 the book of Jeremiah (Jer 26:18) provides an explicit example of the reception of older prophetic texts and traditions in later compositions. In addition, Jer 26:18f. also offer a historical setting for Micah’s activity—the time of Hezekiah and most probably the events of 701 BCE. The paper argues that the literary history of the book of Micah substantiates the assumption of an early Micah composition originating from the late 8th century BCE and discusses the extent, structure, and pragmatics of the composition which comprises Mi *1:5-3:12. Focussing on the situation of the eminent Assyrian threat, Micah uses the the fate of Samaria as a rhetorical device in order to persuade his Judean addressees of his message. In doing so, Micah not only displays a familiarity with North Israelite prophetic traditions, the composition also adopts compositional elements and rhetorical strategies found in Hosea and Amos.
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Alsop, Steve. "Understanding understanding: a model for the public learning of radioactivity." Public Understanding of Science 8, no. 4 (October 1999): 267–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0963-6625/8/4/301.
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While much of the work in the public understanding of science has focused on the public's appreciation of science and their familiarity with key scientific concepts, understanding the processes involved in learning science has largely been ignored. This article documents a study of how particular members of the public learn about radiation and radioactivity, and proposes a model to describe their learning—the Informal Conceptual Change Model [ICCM]. ICCM is a multidimensional framework that incorporates three theoretical dimensions—the cognitive, conative, and affective. The paper documents each of these dimensions, and then illustrates the model by drawing upon data collected in a case study. The emphasis of the analysis is on understanding how the members of the public living in an area with high levels of background radiation learn about the science of this potential health threat. The summarizing comments examine the need for a greater awareness of the complexities of informal learning.
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Lien, On. "Attitudes of the Vietnamese Community towards Mental Illness." Australasian Psychiatry 1, no. 3 (August 1993): 110–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10398569309081340.
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There are approximately 155,000 Vietnamese born people in Australia, with 46,000 in Victoria. The majority came to Australia as refugees. Many were subjected to the reality or threat of war, persecution, imprisonment, discrimination, economic deprivation, violence, the loss of family or other major stressors. These stressors have included the hazards of the escape, lengthy stays in refugee camps and, on arrival in Australia, lack of familiarity with English and with the culture. The Vietnamese Community in Australia was expected to have a high prevalence of mental illness, especially when newly arrived from refugee camps. In a study published in 1986 as “The Price of Freedom” [1] 32% of the young Vietnamese adult group was found to suffer from psychiatric disorder. At follow-up two years later, the prevalence of psychiatric disorder, without any major intervention, had dropped to 5–6%, a prevalence lower than that in the Australian-born community. In addition, the Vietnamese community's use of mental health services (inpatient and community-based) is lower than that of any other ethnic group.
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Smith, Frank L. "Quantum technology hype and national security." Security Dialogue 51, no. 5 (April 27, 2020): 499–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967010620904922.
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Technology hype is an important concept in business, marketing, and science and technology studies, but it is rarely related to security studies. What is technology hype? How does it relate to national security? And to what effect? This article examines rational and performative perspectives on technology hype as either a kind of exaggeration or expectant discourse. Adopting the latter view, I compare and contrast hype cycles with threat inflation and securitization theory. I then sketch my own theoretical propositions about technology hype as being common in national security, with variable degrees of acceptance, familiar content, and significant consequences. A case study on quantum technologies provides proof of concept. I find ample evidence of hype over quantum computers, communications, and sensors; audience acceptance in the national security community varies with familiarity; and consequential decisions appear to follow. While cyclical expectations suggest the need for caution when citing quantum technologies in support of quantum approaches to international relations, a middle-range theory about technology hype provides useful insight into security practice.
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Perić, Marija, and Sanja Škifić. "English Words and Phrases in Croatian: A Small-Scale Study of Language Awareness and Attitudes." ELOPE: English Language Overseas Perspectives and Enquiries 12, no. 2 (December 29, 2015): 79–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/elope.12.2.79-98.
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The focus of this paper is on language attitudes towards English words and phrases in the Croatian language. In order to prevent loanwords, linguistic purism has arisen as a theory about what languages should be like. The tradition of linguistic purism in Croatia has been shaped by various socio-historical factors. English may be viewed as a language of opportunity, or as a threat to the survival of other, usually minority and endangered, languages. In order to provide an insight into the use of English words and phrases in the Croatian context, a questionnaire about language attitudes and awareness was conducted on 534 participants. The aim of the questionnaire was to determine participants’ language attitudes and familiarity with English words and phrases. The results show that although people in Croatia generally like English, many of them are not familiar with English words, especially older participants and those with little or no knowledge of the English language. Moreover, the results indicate that the younger generation is more inclined towards English than the older generation; however, they are not as familiar with Croatian equivalents as they claim.
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Sen, Sambudha. "Bleak House, Vanity Fair, and the Making of an Urban Aesthetic." Nineteenth-Century Literature 54, no. 4 (March 1, 2000): 480–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2903014.
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This essay focuses on the relationship between certain popular visual forms, such as the city sketch and the panorama, and the making of an urban novelistic aesthetic, of which Charles Dickens's Bleak House (1852-53) is the most developed embodiment. In order to delineate the specific features of this urban aesthetic I turn to the very different ways in which William Makepeace Thackeray in Pendennis (1848-50) and, especially, Vanity Fair (1847-48) articulates the city and those who inhabit it-despite Thackeray's familiarity with the representational modes that developed in the relatively "lower" forms of visual culture. Through this process of differentiation I show how this urban aesthetic involves distinct ways of negotiating such problems as the tension between the dispersive and the centralizing impulses of the city, as well as the threat that the teeming, socially unpredictable life of the city posed to the traditional domain of the novel, the middle- or upper-class home. Finally, by setting off Dickens's mode of figuring character against Thackeray's more self-consciously literary methods, I highlight the ways in which the urban aesthetic that underlies Bleak House affected Dickens's methods.
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Jiang, PhD, RN, Li-Ping, Lan Yao, PhD, Eleanor F. Bond, PhD, RN, FAAN, Yu-Ling Wang, MSN, RN, and Li-quan Huang, MSN, RN. "Risk perceptions and preparedness of typhoon disaster on coastal inhabitants in China." American Journal of Disaster Medicine 6, no. 2 (March 1, 2011): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/ajdm.2011.0051.
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China is highly vulnerable to natural disasters. Southeastern China situated on the Pacific Ocean experiences severe and devastating typhoons and hydrogeological disasters every year. Although respondents are highly aware of the typhoon outbreaks, they do not have necessary precautionary actions.This retrospective study evaluates the inhabitants’ sociodemographic characteristics with risk perceptions and preparedness. Subjects (434 adults) were recruited from two rural areas in coastal south-eastern China, both with high typhoon exposure. One area (landfall area [LA]) was more severely affected than the other (surrounding area [SA]) by the 2006 typhoon “Saomai.” Subjects were interviewed using a structured questionnaire with items addressing sociodemographic characteristics and exposure to public education related to emergency preparedness, risk perception, and coping strategies. Overall, most residents (92 percent) were aware that they lived in a high-risk area. About 54.6 percent respondents chose media as the first approach to obtain preparedness education, and 32.4 percent of respondents thought that personal experience is an important tool to defend themselves from typhoon. In LA, residents perceived themselves to be at higher risk than those who lived in the SA. More than 66.5 percent of respondents were terrified by typhoon, and 62.2 percent of respondents were afraid of its recurrence. Respondents emphasized that their life style (61.4 percent), property losses (54.5 percent), and threat to life (52.4 percent) were influenced by typhoon attack. Coping behavior most likely to be adopted was “anticipatory food, water storage and residents in LA is significantly higher than SA (p 0.01). Risk perception with Spider Map analysis depicted that the item of disaster information is similar in both familiarity or dread associated with the risk axes (p 0.05). However, in rescue and recovery of typhoon items, the score of familiarity with risk and dread with the risk axes is below 2.5. Regression analyses indicated that poor coping behavior was positively associated with age, risk perception, residential location, and knowledge of preparedness. The results indicated that risk perceptions and precaution activity were strongly related with inhabitants’ sociodemographic characteristics and vulnerability of disaster-affected zone.
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Campbell, Dana L. M., Peta S. Taylor, Carlos E. Hernandez, Mairi Stewart, Sue Belson, and Caroline Lee. "An attention bias test to assess anxiety states in laying hens." PeerJ 7 (July 10, 2019): e7303. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7303.
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Fear is a response to a known threat, anxiety is a response to a perceived threat. Both of these affective states can be detrimental to animal welfare in modern housing environments. In comparison to the well-validated tests for assessing fear in laying hens, tests for measuring anxiety are less developed. Perception of a threat can result in an attention bias that may indicate anxious affective states in individual hens following playback of an alarm call. In Experiment 1, an attention bias test was applied to hens that differed in their range access to show that hens that never ranged were more vigilant (stretching of the neck and looking around:P< 0.001) and slower to feed following the second alarm call playback (P= 0.01) compared with hens that ranged daily. All hens showed a reduction in comb temperature following the first alarm call (P< 0.001). In Experiment 2, an open field test was used to determine an effective dose of 2 mg/kg for the anxiogenic drugmeta-Chlorophenylpiperazine (m-CPP) in adult laying hens. Hens dosed with 2 mg/kg showed reduced locomotion compared with a saline solution (P< 0.05). In Experiment 3, 2 mg/kgm-CPP or saline was administered to adult hens previously habituated to the open field arena to pharmacologically validate an attention bias test as a measure of anxiety. Hens dosed withm-CPP were slower to feed (P= 0.02) and faster to vocalize following a second alarm call playback (P= 0.03) but these hens did not exhibit the same vigilance behavior as documented in Experiment 1. Them-CPP hens also spent more time stepping and vocalizing (bothP< 0.001) than the saline hens. An attention bias test could be used to assess anxiety. However, behavioral responses of hens may vary depending on their age or test environment familiarity, thus further refinement of the test is required. In these tests, 2 mg/kg ofm-CPP resulted in motionless behavior when the environment was novel, but more movement and vocalizing when the environment was familiar. The extreme behavioral phenotypes exhibited by individually-tested birds may both be indicators of negative states.
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Huda, Anam Miftakhul. "Model Strategi Pengembangan Sosial Radio Komunitas dalam Mitigasi Bencana Di Kawasan Gunung Kelud." ARISTO 7, no. 2 (July 1, 2019): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.24269/ars.v7i2.1749.
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This study reviewed about the importance of the existence of community radio in disaster-prone areas to maintain the existence of this radio, this community radio conducts social development, specifically in the field of disaster mitigation and information for surrounding communities. The existence of community radio is important as a means of various informations and to strengthen brotherhood in the community. Jangkar Kelud community radio is mass media engaged in broadcasts in the kelud area, namely in Blitar Regency, Malang Regency and Kediri Regency, this radio was formed by a group of people in the Kelud area, the problem is the death threat of the existence of radio station. It is useless when disaster no longer occurs, but the benefits of community radio are not when a disaster occurs but radio as a disaster mitigation media are very important continuously to convey awareness to the community. This type of research is descriptive qualitative, by adopting observations, interviews and documentation. The results of this study are, the strategy of building familiarity between residents and the Jangkar Kelud Community, Strategy to Build External Support, Disaster Learning Strategies from an Early Age because it is assets to instill the caring sosil value in the Kelud Mountain area from early childhood.
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Sari, Ayu Merlita. "Tuturan Penyerta Pada Tindak Tutur Meminta Dalam Bahasa Korea." JLA (Jurnal Lingua Applicata) 1, no. 2 (March 31, 2018): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jla.35179.
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This research aims to explain the nature of request speech acts in Korean culture and the factors underlying the use of request speech acts. The research data in this study came from non verbal data showed on short message service Kakao Talk. The data were then analyzed using qualitative methods and presented descriptively. By using Pragmatic theory and theory of request strategy by Byeon, it can be concluded that the supportive moves or modified utterances are found to appear before or after the head of the request. There are usages of, 1) opening, 2) preparatory statements, 3) apology, 4) gratitude, 5) rewards, and 6) burden minimizer. The supportive moves indicates the speaker's attempt to soften the speech acts as well as to prevent the request from being rejected. In addition, in the use of supportive moves, Korean speakers also pay attention to the listeners, age, familiarity, speech situation, and social status. This is because the request speech act is a potential threat to the listeners’ face, so that Korean speakers are especially thoughtful in their face-to-face conversation with other people. This behavior is in accordance with the culture of the Korean people who are concerned with the relationship between individuals, which is manifested through the use of supportive moves.
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Hayat, Khezar, Meagen Rosenthal, Ali Hassan Gillani, Panpan Zhai, Muhammad Majid Aziz, Wenjing Ji, Jie Chang, Hao Hu, and Yu Fang. "Perspective of Pakistani Physicians towards Hospital Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs: A Multisite Exploratory Qualitative Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 9 (May 5, 2019): 1565. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16091565.
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Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global threat and the antimicrobial stewardship program (ASP) is a globally used tool to combat AMR. There is little information on the views among Pakistani physicians regarding AMR and the benefits of hospital antimicrobial stewardship implementation. This study was designed to explore the physicians’ views about ASP. Methods: Qualitative face-to-face and telephonic interviews were conducted by using purposive sampling method with 22 physicians working in seven tertiary care public hospitals of Punjab, Pakistan. All interviews were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. Qualitative software was used, and a thematic analysis was conducted. Results: Three broad themes were identified: (1) the growing concern of antimicrobial resistance in Pakistan, (2) the role(s) of healthcare professionals in antibiotic prescribing, and (3) managing antibiotic resistance in hospitals. Inadequate resources, poor healthcare facilities, and insufficiently trained medical staff were the major hurdles in ASP implementation in Pakistan. Conclusions: Our study found a poor familiarity of hospital ASP among physicians working in public sector tertiary care teaching hospitals, and a number of distinct themes emerged during this study that could be helpful in establishing the concept of hospital ASP in Pakistan. Overall, physicians showed a positive attitude towards the enforcement of ASP in all healthcare settings, including teaching hospitals.
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Zeitoun, Valérie, Geraldine Michel, and Nathalie Fleck. "When brands use CEOs and employees as spokespersons." Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal 23, no. 2 (January 8, 2020): 241–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/qmr-01-2019-0011.
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Purpose This paper aims to clarify the persuasion mechanism of chief executive officers (CEOs) and employees as endorsers of brand advertising and helps discern consumer attitudes toward internal endorsement. Design/methodology/approach The exploratory character of the present research required a qualitative approach combining focus groups and face-to-face interviews considered as both meaningful and complementary. Findings The findings suggest that while the celebrity endorsement ensures familiarity and likability, internal endorsement supports credibility and congruity with an important role of storytelling. Moreover, employee endorsements induce an internalization process based on the real-self, while the endorser CEO induces admiration grounded in the ideal self. More fundamentally, the study reveals how the internal endorsement modifies the meaning transfer model and involves a process of meaning translation, which affects the corporate brand image rather than the product brand image. Originality/value The present paper reveals that CEOs and employees can be strong levers for gilding the corporate brand image compared to the celebrities who enhance the product brand image. Moreover, the authors show that the CEO is a character who can be admired without the threat of upward comparison at the opposite of celebrities. Finally, this research highlights the specific role of employees bringing authenticity because of their anchorage in real life.
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Aysar, Yaseen T., and Perry A. Lucy. "Technologization of Discourse: Technologization of American Foreign Policy Discourse in the Middle East in President Donald Trump’s Selected Speeches." International Journal of English Linguistics 9, no. 4 (July 3, 2019): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v9n4p265.
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Discourse of the powerful is normally characterised as hegemonic since it lacks, whether consciously or unconsciously, familiarity of historical events and intrinsic knowledge of culture. President Trump’s disregard for or over-simplification of the complexities of Middle Eastern cultures in particular, their history, politics, and political geography, his belligerent and rapacious entrepreneurial rhetoric, his authoritarian stance on many global issues combined with the superficial allure of his ‘common man’ persona, and his hegemonising of many of the world’s nations make him the antithesis of the conventional politician. The process of technologization of Donald Trump’s discourse that has been influencing the discursive practices surrounding Middle East politics and American foreign policy has given rise to a type of discourse that is unprecedented in modern time American presidencies, a discourse rooted in threat, disregard, and humiliation. Trump’s disrespect to heads of states entails disrespect of their people, history, and culture, and this is prevalent in almost all his speeches. This paper focuses primarily on Trump’s rhetorical styles in his 28th September 2018 address to the UN, the May 14th 2018 address on the U.S. Embassy move from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem, and finally the April 13th 2018 address on the Syrian airstrikes.
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Całus, Ewa. "Bariery w dostępie do informacji gospodarczej dla konsumenta-seniora." Studenckie Prace Prawnicze, Administratywistyczne i Ekonomiczne 26 (December 18, 2018): 11–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/1733-5779.26.1.
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Barriers in access to commercial information for elder consumersSeniors constitute a more and more numerous consumer group. A wide and varied market offer can improve seniors’ lives; however, on the other hand, the lack of proper information about the goods and services interesting for them poses a threat. Generally, seniors are not always self-aware consumers who are familiar with their rights and who can make use of them. Therefore, it is of vital importance to tackle issues connected with senior consumers’ limitations regarding the area of the usage of commercial information and dishonest practices applied by entrepreneurs in contract relationships with this group. The substantive article aims to outline the basic problems which are concerned with seniors’ access to economic information, starting with natural limitations resulting from age, such as limited motor capability, orientation in the provisions which are supposed to protect the weaker party of the transaction, familiarity with the complaint procedure, and ending with various issues connected with contracts concluded in atypical circumstances — outside the business premises and remotely. Moreover, the subjects which will be tackled are information ‘overload’ and co-existing informational ‘noise’, as well as digital divide, as components which additionally deteriorate the elderly consumer’s situation in relations with a professional. Simultaneously the propositions of solutions will be presented that are to level the occurrence of these negative phenomena.
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Jeske, Debora, and Paul van Schaik. "Familiarity with Internet threats: Beyond awareness." Computers & Security 66 (May 2017): 129–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2017.01.010.
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Kandemir, H. Kubra. "Auditing versus consultancy: a critique of the EU law reforms on the new form of auditing." Journal of Governance and Regulation 5, no. 3 (2016): 90–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/jgr_v5_i3_p8.
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Auditors used to serve the interest of the shareholders only. However, there have been significant changes in terms of auditors’ role and their function. Auditors are now expected to verify financial statements, but at the same time give an assurance regarding the financial sustainability of the entity. Regarding the latter role, audit firms provide consulting services, including risk assessment and management services. However, the law does not assign the latter role to external auditors. This situation results in an expectations gap in relation to both the role of the auditors and the scope of the external auditing. In addition, the growing economic importance of consulting and the long years of auditor tenure is likely to impair auditor independence. This paper submits that the new form of auditing is not problematic but creates issues. First, the expectations between the users of the financial reports and auditors are wider. Second, auditors’ independence is damaged due to the long years of auditor tenure and dependence of non-audit fees generated from consultancy services that not related to audit. The recent law reforms issued by the European Commission has brought some important provisions in terms of filling the expectations gap, reinforcing auditor independence and reducing the familiarity threat. EU’s relatively strict rules on provision of non-audit services and audit firm rotation are expected to have an important impact in the audit market. A critical analysis of the new EU law is submitted with some policy recommendations.
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DUNN, GEOFFREY D. "Cyprian and Women in a Time of Persecution." Journal of Ecclesiastical History 57, no. 2 (March 30, 2006): 205–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046905006226.
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Cyprian believed that the maintenance of ecclesial disciplina was the prime responsibility of a bishop's pastoral ministry, particularly in a time of persecution when people's loyalty was under threat. Throughout his episcopate Cyprian ministered to women as well as men who experienced persecution. Not only was he attempting to secure socio-political support through patronage for his position as bishop but he was applying the prescriptions of the Gospels. He praised women who remained faithful as role models for others, instructed and encouraged them in their perseverance and aided them in their need. Women who lapsed were dealt with according to ecclesial disciplina no differently than were the men who lapsed. While lay women and men had their own share in pastoral ministry, the issue of what to do with lapsed Christians raised the question of the extent to which a bishop's responsibilities were primary. In some letters not by Cyprian we sense not only a greater degree of familiarity with lay people but less of a concern with the importance of disciplina. In response to a recent paper in this JOURNAL by Allen Brent, it is argued here that a close reading of these non-Cyprianic letters in the corpus reveals that the male and female confessors who wanted the lapsed to be reconciled did not consider themselves to be presbyters who could reconcile but thought of themselves as confessors with the right to tell the bishop of those whom he was to reconcile.
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Basedow, Martin, William B. Runciman, Wendy Lipworth, and Adrian Esterman. "Australian general practitioner attitudes to clinical practice guidelines and some implications for translating osteoarthritis care into practice." Australian Journal of Primary Health 22, no. 5 (2016): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py15079.
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Clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) have been shown to improve processes of care and health outcomes, but there is often a discrepancy between recommendations for care and clinical practice. This study sought to explore general practitioner (GP) attitudes towards CPGs, in general and specifically for osteoarthritis (OA), with the implications for translating OA care into practice. A self-administered questionnaire was conducted in January 2013 with a sample of 228 GPs in New South Wales and South Australia. Seventy-nine GPs returned questionnaires (response rate 35%). Nearly all GPs considered that CPGs support decision-making in practice (94%) and medical education (92%). Very few respondents regarded CPGs as a threat to clinical autonomy, and most recognised that individual patient circumstances must be taken into account. Shorter CPG formats were preferred over longer and more comprehensive formats, with preferences being evenly divided among respondents for short, 2–3-page summaries, flowcharts or algorithms and single page checklists. GPs considered accessibility to CPGs to be important, and electronic formats were popular. Familiarity and use of The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners OA Guideline was poor, with most respondents either not aware of it (30%; 95% confidence interval (CI) 27 – 41%), had never used it (19%; 95% CI 12 – 29%) or rarely used it (34%; 95% CI 25–45%). If CPGs are to assist with the translation of evidence into practice, they must be easily accessible and in a format that encourages use.
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Vilendrer, Stacie, Birju Patel, Whitney Chadwick, Michael Hwa, Steven Asch, Natalie Pageler, Rajiv Ramdeo, Erika A. Saliba-Gustafsson, Philip Strong, and Christopher Sharp. "Rapid Deployment of Inpatient Telemedicine In Response to COVID-19 Across Three Health Systems." Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 27, no. 7 (June 4, 2020): 1102–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocaa077.
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Abstract Objective To reduce pathogen exposure, conserve personal protective equipment, and facilitate health care personnel work participation in the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic, three affiliated institutions rapidly and independently deployed inpatient telemedicine programs during March 2020. We describe key features and early learnings of these programs in the hospital setting. Methods Relevant clinical and operational leadership from an academic medical center, pediatric teaching hospital, and safety net county health system met to share learnings shortly after deploying inpatient telemedicine. A summative analysis of their learnings was re-circulated for approval. Results All three institutions faced pressure to urgently standup new telemedicine systems while still maintaining secure information exchange. Differences across patient demographics and technological capabilities led to variation in solution design, though key technical considerations were similar. Rapid deployment in each system relied on readily available consumer-grade technology, given the existing familiarity to patients and clinicians and minimal infrastructure investment. Preliminary data from the academic medical center over one month suggested positive adoption with 631 inpatient video calls lasting an average (standard deviation) of 16.5 minutes (19.6) based on inclusion criteria. Discussion The threat of an imminent surge of COVID-19 patients drove three institutions to rapidly develop inpatient telemedicine solutions. Concurrently, federal and state regulators temporarily relaxed restrictions that would have previously limited these efforts. Strategic direction from executive leadership, leveraging off-the-shelf hardware, vendor engagement, and clinical workflow integration facilitated rapid deployment. Conclusion The rapid deployment of inpatient telemedicine is feasible across diverse settings as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Desai, Samir P., William C. Bell, Curtis Harris, Frederick M. Burkle, and Cham E. Dallas. "Human Consequences of Multiple Nuclear Detonations in New Delhi (India): Interdisciplinary Requirements in Triage Management." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4 (February 11, 2021): 1740. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041740.
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The human casualties from simulated nuclear detonation scenarios in New Delhi, India are analyzed, with a focus on the distribution of casualties in urban environments and the theoretical application of a nuclear-specific triage system with significant innovation in interdisciplinary disaster management applicable generally to urban nuclear detonation medical response. Model estimates of nuclear war casualties employed ESRI’s ArcGIS 9.3, blast and prompt radiation were calculated using the Defense Nuclear Agency’s WE program, and fallout radiation was calculated using the Defense Threat Reduction Agency’s (DTRA’s) Hazard Prediction and Assessment Capability (HPAC) V404SP4, as well as custom GIS and database software applications. ESRI ArcGISTM programs were used to calculate affected populations from the Oak Ridge National Laboratory’s LandScanTM 2007 Global Population Dataset for areas affected by thermal, blast and radiation data. Trauma, thermal burn, and radiation casualties were thus estimated on a geographic basis for New Delhi, India for single and multiple (six) 25 kt detonations and a single 1 mt (1000 kt) detonation. Major issues related to the emergency management of a nuclear incident are discussed with specific recommendations for improvement. The consequences for health management of thermal burn and radiation patients is the worst, as burn patients require enormous resources to treat, and there will be little to no familiarity with the treatment of radiation victims. Of particular importance is the interdisciplinary cooperation necessary for such a large-scale emergency response event, which would be exemplified by efforts such as the application of a Nuclear Global Health Workforce.
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Tolsdorf, Jan, Florian Dehling, Delphine Reinhardt, and Luigi Lo Iacono. "Exploring mental models of the right to informational self-determination of office workers in Germany." Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies 2021, no. 3 (April 27, 2021): 5–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/popets-2021-0035.
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Abstract Applied privacy research has so far focused mainly on consumer relations in private life. Privacy in the context of employment relationships is less well studied, although it is subject to the same legal privacy framework in Europe. The European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) has strengthened employees’ right to privacy by obliging that employers provide transparency and intervention mechanisms. For such mechanisms to be effective, employees must have a sound understanding of their functions and value. We explored possible boundaries by conducting a semi-structured interview study with 27 office workers in Germany and elicited mental models of the right to informational self-determination, which is the European proxy for the right to privacy. We provide insights into (1) perceptions of different categories of data, (2) familiarity with the legal framework regarding expectations for privacy controls, and (3) awareness of data processing, data flow, safeguards, and threat models. We found that legal terms often used in privacy policies used to describe categories of data are misleading. We further identified three groups of mental models that differ in their privacy control requirements and willingness to accept restrictions on their privacy rights. We also found ignorance about actual data flow, processing, and safeguard implementation. Participants’ mindsets were shaped by their faith in organizational and technical measures to protect privacy. Employers and developers may benefit from our contributions by understanding the types of privacy controls desired by office workers and the challenges to be considered when conceptualizing and designing usable privacy protections in the workplace.
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Ekong, Pius S., Essam M. Abdelfattah, Emmanuel Okello, Deniece R. Williams, Terry W. Lehenbauer, Betsy M. Karle, Joan D. Rowe, and Sharif S. Aly. "2018 Survey of factors associated with antimicrobial drug use and stewardship practices in adult cows on conventional California dairies: immediate post-Senate Bill 27 impact." PeerJ 9 (July 13, 2021): e11596. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11596.
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Background Antimicrobial drugs (AMD) are critical for the treatment, control, and prevention of diseases in humans and food-animals. Good AMD stewardship practices and judicious use of AMD are beneficial to the preservation of animal and human health from antimicrobial resistance threat. This study reports on changes in AMD use and stewardship practices on California (CA) dairies, following the implementation of CA Senate Bill 27 (SB 27; codified as Food and Agricultural Code, FAC 14400–14408; here onward referred to as SB 27), by modeling the associations between management practices on CA conventional dairies and seven outcome variables relating to AMD use and stewardship practices following SB 27. Methods A survey questionnaire was mailed to 1,282 grade A licensed dairies in CA in spring of 2018. Responses from 132 conventional dairies from 16 counties were included for analyses. Multivariate logistic regression models were specified to explore the associations between survey factors and six outcome variables: producers’ familiarity with the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA), Silver Spring, WA, USA medically important antimicrobial drugs (MIAD) term; change in over-the-counter (OTC) AMD use; initiation or increased use of alternatives to AMD; changes to prevent disease outbreaks; changes in AMD costs; and better animal health post SB 27. We employed machine learning classification models to determine which of the survey factors were the most important predictors of good-excellent AMD stewardship practices of CA conventional dairy producers. Results Having a valid veterinary-client-patient-relationship, involving a veterinarian in training employees on treatment protocols and decisions on AMDs used to treat sick cows, tracking milk and/or meat withdrawal intervals for treated cows, and participating in dairy quality assurance programs were positively associated with producers’ familiarity with MIADs. Use or increased use of alternatives to AMDs since 2018 was associated with decreased use of AMDs that were previously available OTC prior to SB 27. Important variables associated with good-excellent AMD stewardship knowledge by CA conventional dairy producers included having written or computerized animal health protocols, keeping a drug inventory log, awareness that use of MIADs required a prescription following implementation of SB 27, involving a veterinarian in AMD treatment duration determination, and using selective dry cow treatment. Conclusions Our study identified management factors associated with reported AMD use and antimicrobial stewardship practices on conventional dairies in CA within a year from implementation of SB 27. Producers will benefit from extension outreach efforts that incorporate the findings of this survey by further highlighting the significance of these management practices and encouraging those that are associated with judicious AMD use and stewardship practices on CA conventional dairies.
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Löfqvist, Erika, Åsa Oskarsson, Helge Brändström, Alpo Vuorio, and Michael Haney. "Evacuation Preparedness in the Event of Fire in Intensive Care Units in Sweden: More is Needed." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 32, no. 3 (March 10, 2017): 317–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x17000152.
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AbstractIntroductionHospitals, including intensive care units (ICUs), can be subject to threat from fire and require urgent evacuation.HypothesisThe hypothesis was that the current preparedness for ICU evacuation for fire in the national public hospital system in a wealthy country was very good, using Sweden as model.MethodsAn already validated questionnaire for this purpose was adapted to national/local circumstances and translated into Swedish. It aimed to elicit information concerning fire response planning, personnel education, training, and exercises. Questionnaire results (yes/no answers) were collected and answers collated to assess grouped responses. Frequencies of responses were determined.ResultsWhile a written hospital plan for fire response and evacuation was noted by all responders, personnel familiarity with the plan was less frequent. Deficiencies were reported concerning all categories: lack of written fire response plan for ICU, lack of personnel education in this, and lack of practical exercises to practice urgent evacuation in the event of fire.ConclusionsThese findings were interpreted as an indication of risk for worse consequences for patients in the event of fire and ICU evacuation among the hospitals in the country that was assessed, despite clear regulations and requirements for these. The exact reasons for this lack of compliance with existing laws was not clear, though there are many possible explanations. To remedy this, more attention is needed concerning recognizing risk related to lack of preparedness. Where there exists a goal of high-quality work in the ICU, this should include general leadership and medical staff preparedness in the event of urgent ICU evacuation.LöfqvistE, OskarssonA, BrändströmH, VuorioA, HaneyM. Evacuation preparedness in the event of fire in intensive care units in Sweden: more is needed. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2017;32(3):317–320.
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Huri, M., S. Sahin, S. Akel, M. Slepecky, and A. Kotianova. "Turkish version of body attitude test: Its reliability and validity." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S559—S560. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.808.
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IntroductionBreast cancer (BC) may cause problems on body perception and awareness which can be perceived as a threat on body attitude among women with breast cancer.ObjectivesThe Body Attitude Test (BAT) assesses subjective attitude toward women's own body.AimThe aim of the present study was to develop the Turkish version of the BAT and examine its reliability and validity.MethodsThe study group (SD) consisted of 72 women diagnosed with BC while 100 healthy women (HW). The women evaluated by BAT, Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI) and Self Esteem Inventory (SEI) in 7–10 days intervals. Internal consistency was determined with Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Factor analysis was conducted on BAT ratings given by control group.ResultsThe mean age was 43.7 ± 8.76 of women with BC while 46.4 ± 10.84 in HW. Mean duration of cancer was 2.4 ± 0.7 years. Factor analysis showed BAT was composed of two factors as body dissatisfaction and lack of familiarity with one's body. The BAT demonstrates satisfactory level of internal reliability (α = 0.932). BAT was related with EDI subscales: drive for thinness (r = 0.741, P < 0.001), ineffectiveness (r = 0.736, P < 0.001) and body dissatisfaction (P = 0.718, P < 0.001) and SEI subscale: familial self-esteem (r = -0.629, P < 0.001).ConclusionThe results support the validity and reliability of BAT which is able to differentiate the clinical and non-clinical form of subjective attitude toward women's own body. Turkish version of BAT could be used as an appropriate measure for assessing subjective attitude towards own body in women with and without breast cancer in Turkey.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Noh, Jiyoung, Hyun Soo Chung, Hye Mi Jin, Jayoung Hur, Min Ji Kim, Chan Mi Kang, and Ga Hyun Lee. "Development and Effect of a Pandemic Disaster Training Program for Healthcare Providers from Designated Hospitals for Infectious Patient." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 34, s1 (May 2019): s118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x19002516.
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Introduction:South Korea experienced Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) outbreak in 2015. To mitigate the threat posed by MERS, the Ministry of Health and Center for Disease Control designated hospitals to be responsible for managing any suspected or confirmed infectious patient. These hospitals receive mandatory training in managing infectious patients, but many of the trainings lack practical skills practice and pandemic preparedness exercise.Aim:To develop and evaluate a training course designed to train healthcare providers from designated hospitals to enhance their competencies in managing emerging infectious diseases and potential outbreaks.Methods:A two-day course was developed by the Center for Disaster Relief, Training, and Research in collaboration with the Korea Health Promotion Institute using Kern’s 6-step approach. The course consisted of didactic lectures, technical skills training, tabletop simulation, and scenario-based simulation. Table-top simulation exercises consisted of cases involving a single infectious patient detected in the outpatient clinic and outbreak in the emergency department. Scenario-based simulation exercises involved managing a critically ill infectious patient in an isolated ward. A post-survey questionnaire was used to evaluate the course and assess the perception changes of the participants. All pre-to-post differences within subjects were analyzed with paired t-tests.Results:A total of 121 healthcare providers participated in three separate courses. The competencies for pandemic preparedness knowledge, skills, and attitude improved from pre- to post-course. The differences were all statistically significant (p<0.05). Overall course satisfaction in average for expectation, time, delivery method, and contents were 9.5, 9.2, 9.4, and 9.2, respectively.Discussion:There needs to be tests and exercises to recognize gaps of systems in place for pandemic preparedness. Simulation exercises are ideal tools for this purpose. Although this was only a two-day intensive course, this increased familiarity with workflows, tested the coordination of workflows between different disciplines and allowed the identification of gaps.
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Kobeisy, Ahmed Nezar. "Portrait of the Islamic Scholar." American Journal of Islam and Society 16, no. 3 (October 1, 1999): 65–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v16i3.2103.
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With the. growth in the number of departments, institutions, publicationsand scholarships dating to Islam and Muslims, concerns areincreasing over bias and misrepresentation of the Islamic faith and itssubscribers. Muslims tend to attribute this to two factors: Americaninstitutions rely mostly on non-Muslims to provide crucial informationpertaining to Islam; and most institutions are secular, so it is againsttheir policies and regulations to advocate that any religion holds theabsolute truth.Although these factors pose a real threat to the spread of correctIslamic knowledge, they by no means stand alone. While it is naturalfor Muslims to object to the idea of non-Muslims teaching Islambecause they lack familiarity with it, one is emmusly led to believethat the resolution of the. problem is in Muslims taking the task of teachingtheii religion into theii own bands. Two myths must be dispelled:first, that all Muslims a~ qualified to teach their religion; and second,proficiency in Islamic knowledge sufficiently qualifies a Muslim forthe challenging role of accurately transferring this knowledge to thosewhose perception is so different from hidher own.This article shows the diversity of the fields of study in which Islamand Muslims may be involved. either directly or indirectly. It thenexamines the. criteria set forth by many educational institutions fordetermining the qualifications for teaching in these fields. Becausehigher degrees awarded in pehent departments in American institutionsare not sufficiently educating theii recipients in Islamic knowledge,the majority of non-Muslim candidates are unqualified to tacklethe issues that involve Islam and Muslims. In an ever-changing world,the qualifications required to teach about Islam and Muslims must notbe merely based on Islamic knowledge. but must also encompass a proficiencyin global affairs. This immediately disqualifies the typicalMuslim scholar. A presenter of Islam must be capable of responding to the challenges of the time, place, and people, without violating the policiesand secular nature of the institution and without distorting or alteringthe religion.Since a real lasting solution is not presently in sight, some Islamiccommunities, in an attempt to put an end to bias and misrepresentation,have come up with quick fixes. This article describes how Muslimcommunities in Youngstown, Ohio, and Syracuse, New York, havebecome involved in educating their non-Muslim neighbors by responsiblycooperating with various local academic institutions. The authorhopes that this study will prove helpful to other communities ofMuslims and non-Muslims in their attempt to reach out to each other.