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Sotomayor-Peterson, Marcela, and Ana A. Lucero-Liu. "Correlates of mental health and well-being for Mexican female partners of migrants." International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care 13, no. 4 (December 11, 2017): 361–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmhsc-01-2016-0001.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to assess the associations between familism, frequency of physical contact, and marital satisfaction with mental health and well-being in a sample of 58 female marital partners of migrants who stayed in Mexico when their spouses migrated to the USA. Design/methodology/approach In total, 58 women were recruited through word of mouth in Sonora, Mexico. All women had their partner (the father of her children) living in the USA. Survey was administered face-to-face in participants’ homes. Findings Hierarchical regression analysis found that higher marital satisfaction and frequency of physical contact predicts mental health and well-being. However, familism was not associated with mental health and well-being for female partners of migrants. Originality/value This work is unique in that the current sample of female partners of migrants originate from the Sonora border region and has greater physical contact with their partner than most studies on transnational families assume. Approximately 40 percent of participants residing in the Sonora border state meet with their partners at least once a month. Additionally, this work provides an intimate face to the understanding of the very specific processes distinctive of inhabitants of border regions that are part of international migration. In order to promote health equity, health providers (e.g. counselors) need evidence-based information to tailor services to the specific needs of underserved Mexican transnationals.
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Ickes, Melinda J., and Manoj Sharma. "Community, Family and School-based Interventions for HIV/AIDS Prevention in African American Adolescents." Californian Journal of Health Promotion 5, no. 1 (March 1, 2007): 39–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.32398/cjhp.v5i1.1801.
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A variety of environmental health issues occur within homes along the US/Mexico border region. Individuals living in this region are often not aware that specific issues, including pesticide safety, occur in their homes and may not understand the potential adverse effects of pesticide use on their families’ health. The Environmental Health/Home Safety Education Project created by the Southern Area Health Education Center at New Mexico State University, utilizes promotoras (community health workers) to educate clients on pesticide safety issues. Data from 367 pre/post tests and home assessments were collected from 2002-2005. The data were analyzed to detect changes in clients’ knowledge or behavior as they related to protecting themselves and their families against unsafe pesticide use and storage. Statistically significant changes occurred with both knowledge and behavior in regards to safe pesticide use. Through this culturally appropriate intervention, the promotoras provide practical information allowing clients to make their homes safer.
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Martínez-Camilo, Rubén, Nayely Martínez-Meléndez, Manuel Martínez-Meléndez, Miguel Ángel Pérez-Farrera, and Derio Antonio Jiménez-López. "Why continue with floristic checklists in Mexico? The case of the Tacaná-Boquerón Priority Terrestrial Region, in the Mexican State of Chiapas." Botanical Sciences 97, no. 4 (December 19, 2019): 741–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17129/botsci.2174.
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Background: Some regions of Mexico have been relatively well explored floristically and estimates of the vascular plant richness they contain have been obtained. However, there are still regions that require effort to obtain the most appropriate lists of flora possible that consider both systemization of the information and that benefit from recent botanical explorations.Questions: What is the species richness of vascular plants in the Tacaná-Boquerón Priority Terrestrial Region? What proportion of the species are endemic or included in risk categories?Study sites and dates: Tacaná-Boquerón Priority Terrestrial Region, Chiapas State, Mexico. This region is on the Guatemala border and covers an area of 57,400 ha. Between 1920 and 2015.Methods: A database of 14,487 vascular plant records was integrated. Two sources of information were compared: systematization of databases, and recent botanic expeditions.Results: We found 2,485 native species belonging to 185 families. Both data sources were complementary in order to obtain a more complete floristic checklist (systematization of database: 1,774 spp., recent botanic expeditions: 1,514 spp.). As novelties, we found three new species and seven new reports for Mexico. Approximately 14 % of the species documented are included in risk categories or are endemic to the study site.Conclusions: Our checklist is one of the largest in the region (Mexico and Central America) in terms of species count. Our study shows the importance of conducting botanical explorations to complement the information on vascular plant richness in relatively well-explored areas of Mexico.
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Sizemore, Mary Hoyte. "Accessibility of Health Care for Elderly Mexicans Living in Ciudad Juarez, Mexico." International Quarterly of Community Health Education 13, no. 3 (October 1992): 265–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/nmn3-ryue-791j-t8d5.
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The issue of access to health care for the elderly and the quality of that care is of growing importance not only in the United States but also in less developed nations such as Mexico. An area of special interest is the U.S.-Mexico border region, where an increasing number of people are relocating to seek jobs they believe will open up as the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) loosens trade barriers. Workers flocking to the border often bring their families, including elderly relatives. This study examines a sample of lower-middle and mid-middle class Mexicans aged sixty to eighty-nine who reside in the border city of Ciudad Juárez, focusing on the principal ailments which affect these individuals and available treatment. A concluding section makes brief comparative remarks on access to health care for the elderly in Mexico and in the United States.
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Musalo, Karen, and Eunice Lee. "Seeking a Rational Approach to a Regional Refugee Crisis: Lessons from the Summer 2014 “Surge” of Central American Women and Children at the US-Mexico Border." Journal on Migration and Human Security 5, no. 1 (March 2017): 137–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/233150241700500108.
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Executive Summary2 In the early summer months of 2014, an increasing number of Central American children alone and with their parents began arriving at the US-Mexico border in search of safety and protection. The children and families by and large came from the Northern Triangle countries of El Salvador, Honduras, and Guatemala — three of the most dangerous countries in the world — to seek asylum and other humanitarian relief. Rampant violence and persecution within homes and communities, uncontrolled and unchecked by state authorities, compelled them to flee north for their lives. On the scale of refugee crises worldwide, the numbers were not huge. For example, 24,481 and 38,833 unaccompanied children, respectively, were apprehended by US Border Patrol (USBP) in FY 2012 and FY 2013, while 68,631 children were apprehended in FY 2014 alone (USBP 2016a). In addition, apprehensions of “family units,” or parents (primarily mothers) with children, also increased, from 15,056 families in FY 2013 to 68,684 in FY 2014 (USBP 2016b).3 While these numbers may seem large and did represent a significant increase over prior years, they are nonetheless dwarfed by refugee inflows elsewhere; for example, Turkey was host to 1.15 million Syrian refugees by year end 2014 (UNHCR 2015a), and to 2.5 million by year end 2015 (UNHCR 2016) — reflecting an influx of almost 1.5 million refugees in the course of a single year. Nevertheless, small though they are in comparison, the numbers of Central American women and children seeking asylum at our southern border, concentrated in the summer months of 2014, did reflect a jump from prior years. These increases drew heightened media attention, and both news outlets and official US government statements termed the flow a “surge” and a “crisis” (e.g., Basu 2014; Foley 2014; Negroponte 2014). The sense of crisis was heightened by the lack of preparedness by the federal government, in particular, to process and provide proper custody arrangements for unaccompanied children as required by federal law. Images of children crowded shoulder to shoulder in US Customs and Border Protection holding cells generated a sense of urgency across the political spectrum (e.g., Fraser-Chanpong 2014; Tobias 2014). Responses to this “surge,” and explanations for it, varied widely in policy, media, and government circles. Two competing narratives emerged, rooted in two very disparate views of the “crisis.” One argues that “push” factors in the home countries of El Salvador, Honduras, and Guatemala drove children and families to flee as bona fide asylum seekers; the other asserted that “pull” factors drew these individuals to the United States. For those adopting the “push” factor outlook, the crisis is a humanitarian one, reflecting human rights violations and deprivations in the region, and the protection needs of refugees (UNHCR 2015b; UNHCR 2014; Musalo et al. 2015). While acknowledging that reasons for migration may be mixed, this view recognizes the seriousness of regional refugee protection needs. For those focusing on “pull” factors, the crisis has its roots in border enforcement policies that were perceived as lax by potential migrants, and that thereby acted as an inducement to migration (Harding 2014; Navarette, Jr. 2014). Each narrative, in turn, suggests a very different response to the influx of women and children at US borders. If “push” factors predominately drive migration, then protective policies in accordance with international and domestic legal obligations toward refugees must predominately inform US reaction. Even apart from the legal and moral rightness of this approach, any long-term goal of lowering the number of Central American migrants at the US-Mexico border, practically speaking, would have to address the root causes of violence in their home countries. On the other hand, if “pull” factors are granted greater causal weight, it would seem that stringent enforcement policies that make coming to the US less attractive and profitable would be a more effective deterrent. In that latter case, tactics imposing human costs on migrants, such as detention, speedy return, or other harsh or cursory treatment — while perhaps not morally justified —would at least make logical sense. Immediately upon the summer influx of 2014, the Obama administration unequivocally adopted the “pull” factor narrative and enacted a spate of hostile deterrence-based policies as a result. In July 2014, President Obama asked Congress to appropriate $3.7 billion in emergency funds to address the influx of Central American women and children crossing the border (Cohen 2014). The majority of funding focused on heightened enforcement at the border — including funding for 6,300 new beds to detain families (LIRS and WRC 2014, 5). The budget also included, in yet another demonstration of a “pull”-factor-based deterrence approach, money for State Department officials to counter the supposed “misinformation” spreading in Central America regarding the possibility of obtaining legal status in the United States. The US government also funded and encouraged the governments of Mexico, Guatemala, and Honduras to turn around Central American asylum seekers before they ever could reach US border (Frelick, Kysel, and Podkul 2016). Each of these policies, among other harsh practices, continues to the present day. But, by and large they have not had a deterrent effect. Although the numbers of unaccompanied children and mothers with children dropped in early 2015, the numbers began climbing again in late 2015 and remained high through 2016, exceeding in August and September 2015 the unaccompanied child and “family unit” apprehension figures for those same months in 2014 (USBP 2016a; USBP 2016b). Moreover, that temporary drop in early 2015 likely reflects US interdiction policies rather than any “deterrent” effect of harsh policies at or within US own borders, as the drop in numbers of Central American women and children arriving at the US border in the early months of 2015 corresponded largely with a spike in deportations by Mexico (WOLA 2015). In all events, in 2015, UNCHR found that the number of individuals from the Northern Triangle requesting asylum in Mexico, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and Panama had increased 13-fold since 2008 (UNCHR 2015b). Thus, the Obama administration's harsh policies did not, in fact, deter Central American women and children from attempting to flee their countries. This, we argue, is because the “push” factor narrative is the correct one. The crisis we face is accordingly humanitarian in nature and regional in scope — and the migrant “surge” is undoubtedly a refugee flow. By refusing to acknowledge and address the reality of the violence and persecution in El Salvador, Honduras, and Guatemala, the US government has failed to lessen the refugee crisis in its own region. Nor do its actions comport with its domestic and international legal obligations towards refugees. This article proceeds in four parts. In the first section, we examine and critique the administration's “pull”-factor-based policies during and after the 2014 summer surge, in particular through the expansion of family detention, accelerated procedures, raids, and interdiction. In section two, we look to the true “push” factors behind the migration surge — namely, societal violence, violence in the home, and poverty and exclusion in El Salvador, Honduras, and Guatemala. Our analysis here includes an overview of the United States' responsibility for creating present conditions in these countries via decades of misguided foreign policy interventions. Our penultimate section explores the ways in which our current deterrence-based policies echo missteps of our past, particularly through constructive refoulement and the denial of protection to legitimate refugees. Finally, we conclude by offering recommendations to the US government for a more effective approach to the influx of Central American women and children at our border, one that addresses the real reasons for their flight and that furthers a sustainable solution consistent with US and international legal obligations and moral principles. Our overarching recommendation is that the US government immediately recognize the humanitarian crisis occurring in the Northern Triangle countries and the legitimate need of individuals from these countries for refugee protection. Flowing from that core recommendation are additional suggested measures, including the immediate cessation of hostile, deterrence-based policies such as raids, family detention, and interdiction; adherence to proper interpretations of asylum and refugee law; increased funding for long-term solutions to violence and poverty in these countries, and curtailment of funding for enforcement; and temporary measures to ensure that no refugees are returned to persecution in these countries.
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Marin, Marguerite, and Raul A. Fernandez. "The Mexican-American Border Region: Issues and Trends." Western Historical Quarterly 23, no. 2 (May 1992): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/970453.
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Valdez, Avelardo, and Raul A. Fernandez. "The Mexican-American Border Region: Issues and Trends." International Migration Review 25, no. 3 (1991): 631. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2546769.
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Lowenthal, Abraham F., and Raul A. Fernandez. "The Mexican-American Border Region: Issues and Trends." Foreign Affairs 69, no. 3 (1990): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20044440.
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Valdez, Avelardo. "Book Review: The Mexican-American Border Region: Issues and Trends." International Migration Review 25, no. 3 (September 1991): 631–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839102500314.
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Ramisetty-Mikler, Suhasini, and LeAnn Boyce. "Communicating the risk of contracting Zika virus to low income underserved pregnant Latinas: A clinic-based study." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (November 20, 2020): e0241675. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241675.
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Objective Frequent travel between the Southern border states in the USA, Mexico, and Latin American countries increases the risk of the Zika virus (ZIKV) spread. Patient education on virus transmission is fundamental in decreasing the number of imported cases, particularly among pregnant women. Methods The study used cross-sectional methodology to investigate information sources and knowledge concerning the ZIKV virus among 300 under-served pregnant Latinas recruited from prenatal care clinics in the North Texas region. Bivariate and multiple logistic regression models were used to investigate associations between the primary outcomes and patient characteristics. Results Physicians, nurses, and families are the major sources for pregnancy information, while media/internet (65%) and physician/nurse (33%) are the main sources for ZIKV information. Less than one-half of the mothers reported that their physician/nurse did not discuss safe sexual practices or inquired about their sexual practices. A considerable proportion of women from the community clinic were neither warned nor queried about travel to ZIKV risk countries. There is an overall understanding of Zika virus transmission, symptoms, complications, and recommended guidelines. Younger age and single mother status are risk factors for lack of ZIKV knowledge. Foreign-born mothers are 2.5–3.0 times more likely to have knowledge on disease transmission, symptoms, and microcephaly condition. While, younger mothers (18–24) are less likely to have knowledge of ZIKV infection symptoms (fever, rash and pink eye) and transmission of infection via unprotected sexual (vaginal, anal, or oral) behavior, compared to older mothers. Conclusions Interventions are needed to heighten the knowledge of ZIKV, particularly among women of reproductive age and their male partners in the community health care setting. Our study underscores the need for health care providers to be trained in delivering messages to enhance risk perception during health emergencies to vulnerable and underserved families (lower economic background, language ability, and culture). During health emergencies, clinics must disseminate crucial information via multi modalities to ensure messages reach the targeted patients.
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Castaño, Raquel, María Eugenia Perez, and Claudia Quintanilla. "Cross‐border shopping: family narratives." Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal 13, no. 1 (January 19, 2010): 45–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13522751011013972.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to provide a framework on the experience of cross‐border shopping. This experience is constructed on narratives, rituals, and intergenerational transfers that move beyond the simple description of experienced events to provide explanatory frameworks of family identity construction.Design/methodology/approachNine in‐depth interviews are conducted with three generations of North Mexican women from three families who shop frequently across the border.FindingsThe findings highlight different processes associated with the experience of cross‐border shopping. First, each family works throughout the years to construct its own identity using the tales of their shared experiences. Second, an intergenerational transfer of knowledge going from grandmothers to mothers to granddaughters in each family occurs as result of the experiences lived together. Third, common knowledge is developed both by Mexican consumers and North American retailers that translates into particular commercial practices. Finally, all our contributors are immersed in a national culture, the North Mexican, sharing and transmitting values like thriftiness, malinchismo, and the relevance of family ties. These values affect their shopping patterns, generating important consequences for both the Mexican and North American economies.Originality/valueThe authors' intent is to contribute to the understanding of the process of family identity construction through consumption. This consumption occurs in a particular context; cross‐border shopping. The experience is singular in the sense that families spend considerable amount of time together while traveling and establishing their shopping routines. This work depicts the shopping rituals passed down from generation‐to‐generation and the derived construction of meaning within the family.
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Dávila, Alberto, and Marie T. Mora. "English Skills, Earnings, and the Occupational Sorting of Mexican Americans along the U.S.-Mexico Border." International Migration Review 34, no. 1 (March 2000): 133–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791830003400106.
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While English proficiency enhances labor market outcomes, its role in minority-language regions remains largely unexplored. Employing the U.S.-Mexico border as a minority-language region, we analyze whether English skills differently affect the earnings and occupational sorting of Mexican Americans along the border relative to their non-border peers. We find comparable English deficiency earnings penalties for Mexican immigrants, suggesting that this group responds to English-specific regional wage gaps. U.S.-born men, however, have a larger earnings penalty along the border, possibly reflecting natives’ relative immobility owing to strong geographic preferences. Occupational sorting exercises give credence to this interpretation for native Mexican American females.
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Silva, Angela J., and Aurelia Lorena Murga. "Racializing American Authenticity: Mexican Americans’ Perceptions of the Foreign Other." Humanity & Society 45, no. 2 (February 22, 2021): 202–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0160597621993408.
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Anti-Mexican sentiment in the United States has long plagued the lives of people of Mexican descent. Since their incorporation, Mexican Americans have experienced processes of racialization as second-class citizens while a continuous anti-immigrant climate continues to impact them. This has influenced their use of a white racial frame resulting in their distancing of themselves from perceived foreign-ness. Drawing on 15 in-depth interviews with self-identified Mexican Americans along the U.S.-Mexico border, we find that divisions between the two nations have become embedded in the lived experiences of those residing in the borderland region. The themes raised by our respondents illustrate how Mexican Americans use notions of illegality, belonging to a nation, and the dangerous other to differentiate themselves from foreign-born Mexicans and the ways they address immigration. We argue that Mexican Americans living in a transnational border space navigate their everyday lives as racialized beings, resulting in their search for ways to situate themselves apart from the foreign other. We argue that the larger implications for understanding how Mexican Americans use the white racial frame is significant since their embedded ideas and beliefs are founded upon racist nativist differences that are used to create and support policies that target racialized others.
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Resendiz, Ramon, Rosalva Resendiz, and Irene J. Klaver. "Colonialism and Imperialism: Indigenous Resistance on the us/Mexico Border." Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 16, no. 1-3 (April 7, 2017): 15–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691497-12341418.
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The Rio Grande River became a boundary after the Mexican-American War (1846-1848), dividing families and communities living along its banks. In 2005 theusCongress began enacting legislation for the purposes of building a physical fence along theus-Mexico border. As such, this digital media project foregrounds the story of Dr. Tamez, a tribal elder and retired colonel, and her Lipan Apache Band in their fight for social justice, a fight that went to federal court, and spurred an inquiry and report by the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, and the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights.
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Zuñiga, Julie Ann, Silvia Muñoz, Mary Zuñiga Johnson, and Alexandra A. García. "Mexican American Men’s Experience of Living With Tuberculosis on the U.S.–Mexico Border." American Journal of Men's Health 10, no. 1 (October 30, 2014): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988314555359.
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The Texas–Mexico border incidence rate of tuberculosis (TB) is 10 times the rate of TB in the United States. Additionally, this area is plagued by antibiotic-resistant TB at a rate that is 70% higher among those living along the border than among nonborder residents. Both the high rate of TB and the emergence of drug-resistant TB increases the importance of controlling TB along the U.S.–Mexico border. Men have higher rates of TB than women, which can be attributed to biological differences and increased environmental exposure. The purpose of this article is to describe the experience of TB for Mexican American men living on the Texas–Mexico border. This a qualitative descriptive study, using participants from a larger study. A purposeful sample was recruited through two south Texas TB clinics. Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed, and translated into English. Data analysis consisted of line-by-line coding, labeling, organizing, and discovering common codes to describe participants’ experience of TB and TB treatment. The participants include 13 Mexican American men. Ages ranged from 22 to 76 years. Only one participant was employed during treatment. Years of education ranged from no school to an associate’s degree. Five themes were discovered: misinformation, delayed diagnosis, stigma, depression, and loss of community. Participants without social support were further isolated and felt a greater burden of treatment. Two participants contemplated suicide and two others told their families to leave them because they were a burden and infectious. The burden of treatment on the patient is great, especially for Hispanic men.
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Ybarra, Megan. "“We are not ignorant”: Transnational migrants’ experiences of racialized securitization." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 37, no. 2 (December 18, 2018): 197–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263775818819006.
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This paper examines the dynamics of racialized securitization for transnational migrants across multiple borders—from Central America toward Mexico and the United States. Rather than a singular process where US policies, funding, and attitudes toward border security direct Mexican immigration enforcement, I argue that Mexican state collaboration redirects US xenophobia away from Mexican migrants and toward Central American migrants. Migrants’ testimonies point to the ways that US and Mexican discourses are mobilized in different—but complementary—ways that shape them as racialized subjects with differential life chances. This is clearest through a crude mapping of people onto nationalities for deportation based on hair, language, and tattoos. Beyond legal violence, deported migrants describe their vulnerability as constructed within tacit networks of collaboration between actors in the US and Mexico, both licit and illicit, in an effort to extort migrants and their families. While race is a key signifier in border securitization, the differences between these racial states have material consequences in the differential state violence in immigration enforcement.
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Morrissey, Katherine G. "Traces and Representations of the U.S.-Mexico Frontera." Pacific Historical Review 87, no. 1 (2018): 150–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2018.87.1.150.
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The following was the author’s presidential address at the annual meeting of the Pacific Coast Branch, American Historical Association, in Northridge, California, on August 4, 2017. The twentieth-century visual history of the U.S.-Mexico borderlands, la frontera, offers a rich set of representations of the shared border environments. Photographs, distributed in the United States and in Mexico, allow us to trace emerging ideas about the border region and the politicized borderline. This essay explores two border visualization projects—one centered on the Mexican Revolution and the visual vocabulary of the Mexican nation and the other on the repeat photography of plant ecologists—that illustrate the simultaneous instability and power of borders.
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Yáñez-Arancibia, Alejandro, and John W. Day. "Water scarcity and sustainability in the arid area of North America: Insights gained from a cross border perspective." Regions and Cohesion 7, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 6–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/reco.2017.070103.
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The arid border region that encompasses the American Southwest and the Mexican northwest is an area where the nexus of water scarcity and climate change in the face of growing human demands for water, emerging energy scarcity, and economic change comes into sharp focus.
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Robertson, Raymond. "Wage Shocks and North American Labor-Market Integration." American Economic Review 90, no. 4 (September 1, 2000): 742–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.90.4.742.
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This study uses household-level data from the United States and Mexico to examine labor-market integration. I consider how the effects of shocks and rates of convergence to an equilibrium differential are affected by borders, geography, and demographics. I find that even though a large wage differential exists between them, the labor markets of the United States and Mexico are closely integrated. Mexico's border region is more integrated with the United States than is the Mexican interior. Evidence of integration precedes the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and may be largely the result of migration. (JEL F15, F20, J61)
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Salinas, Jennifer, Joseph B. McCormick, Anne Rentfro, Craig Hanis, Md Monir Hossain, and Susan P. Fisher-Hoch. "The Missing Men: High Risk of Disease in Men of Mexican Origin." American Journal of Men's Health 5, no. 4 (October 7, 2010): 332–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988310379390.
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The present study sought to determine gender- and age-specific prevalences of chronic diseases in an urban Mexican American border community. The Cameron County Hispanic Cohort (CCHC; n = 2,000) was selected using a multistaged cluster design. Sociodemographics, anthropometric measures, and blood samples were collected on each participant. More women were obese (55.1%) than men (44.8%). Men had significantly higher rates of diabetes (20.4% for men vs. 15.8% for women, p < .05) and undiagnosed diabetes (6.2% for men vs. 2.4% for women, p < .01); the prevalence of diabetes rose steeply between the ages of 40 and 49 years. Men were significantly more likely to have serum cholesterol levels of 200 mg/dL and elevated low-density lipoprotein levels (22.6% vs. 26.1%, p < .01). Mexican American males in the U.S./Mexico border region have a high prevalence of obesity in younger men and higher overall rates of diabetes, including undiagnosed diabetes, and significantly higher serum cholesterol levels than women.
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WOLF, S., B. KEITT, A. AGUIRRE-MUÑOZ, B. TERSHY, E. PALACIOS, and D. CROLL. "Transboundary seabird conservation in an important North American marine ecoregion." Environmental Conservation 33, no. 4 (November 1, 2006): 294–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892906003353.
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Many seabird species of conservation concern have large geographic ranges that span political borders, forcing conservation planners to facilitate their protection in multiple countries. Seabird conservation planning within the seabird-diverse California Current System (CCS) marine ecoregion presents an important opportunity for transboundary collaborations to better protect seabirds across the USA/México border. While seabird populations in the USA are relatively well-studied and well-protected, the status of seabird populations in the Mexican region of the CCS is not well known and seabird colonies have been virtually unprotected. This study synthesizes and supplements information on breeding seabird diversity and distribution, identifies and ranks threats to seabirds and evaluates conservation capacity in the Mexican CCS to provide a framework for transboundary seabird conservation throughout the CCS ecoregion. Island-breeding seabirds in México support 43–57% of CCS breeding individuals, 59% of CCS breeding taxa and a high level of endemism. Connectivity between populations in México and the USA is high. At least 17 of the 22 extant Mexican CCS breeding seabirds are USA/México transboundary breeders or foragers, 13 of which are federally listed in the USA or México. Introduced predators and human disturbance have caused multiple seabird population extirpations in the Mexican CCS because breeding colonies lack legal protection or enforcement. However, conservation capacity in this region has increased rapidly in recent years through the establishment of new protected areas, growth of local conservation non-governmental organizations, and increase in local community support, all of which will allow for more effective use of conservation funds. Transboundary conservation coordination would better protect CCS seabirds by facilitating restoration of seabird colonies in the Mexican CCS and enabling an ecoregion-wide prioritization of seabird conservation targets to direct funding bodies to the most cost-effective investments.
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Ashur, Suleiman A., M. Hadi Baaj, K. David Pijawka, and Derar S. Serhan. "Environmental Impact Assessment of Transporting Hazardous Waste Generated by Maquiladora Industry in U.S.-Mexico Border Region." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1602, no. 1 (January 1997): 84–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1602-13.
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Hazardous waste shipments from U.S.-owned industries in the northern part of Mexico near the border with the United States are a growing problem. Today, the Mexican Environmental Agency requires all U.S. industries to return the waste produced by their plants to the United States. Currently, there is no database on the amount of hazardous waste transported from these firms, the pattern of shipments (from what origins to what destinations), and the nature of the risks to the population and environment along the shipment routes. In addition, there is a growing need to develop a risk assessment model and framework to focus on the transport of hazardous waste in the United States–Mexico border region, given the anticipated changes resulting from implementation of the North American Free Trade Agreement. Results of the data collection and analysis task and the risk assessment model formulation task are presented. The methodology is demonstrated in a case-study area of the United States–Mexico border region, namely, the Arizona-Sonora border area, and should be a valuable tool for evaluating various transport risk management scenarios of importance to the border area.
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Dematthews, David E., and Elena Izquierdo. "Authentic and Social Justice Leadership: A Case Study of an Exemplary Principal along the U.S.-Mexico Border." Journal of School Leadership 27, no. 3 (May 2017): 333–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/105268461702700302.
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Few researchers have sought to merge authentic and social justice leadership or investigate how each can be applied together to address the current school reform and social justice challenges associated with high-stakes accountability. This article presents a qualitative case study of authentic and social justice leadership practices of one exemplary principal working along the U.S.–Mexico border and how she nurtured, inspired, and motivated teachers and families to create innovative and inclusive programs to meet the needs of all students, especially Mexican American English language learners (ELLs). Two micro-cases are presented to examine the principal's role in founding a gifted and talented dual language program for ELLs and a merger with a low-performing school. Additional findings describe how the principal developed strategic relationships and motivated families to advocate for social justice. In doing so, this article highlights areas where authentic and social justice leadership support effective practices and mitigate obstacles to adopting equity-oriented reforms. Implications are discussed which include new directions for future research and principal preparation programs.
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Armbruster-Sandoval, Ralph. "Globalization and Transnational Labor Organizing." Social Science History 27, no. 4 (2003): 551–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200012682.
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The proliferation of garment industry sweatshops over the past 20 years has generated numerous cross-border (transnational) organizing campaigns involving U.S., Mexican, and Central American labor unions and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). This article examines one such campaign that took place at the Honduran maquiladora factory known as Kimi. The Kimi workers (along with their transnational allies) struggled for six years before they were legally recognized as a union, and they negotiated one of the few collective bargaining agreements in the entire Central American region. The factory eventually shut down, however. Based on Margaret Keck and Kathryn Sikkink's “boomerang effect” model, this case study analyzes why these positive and negative outcomes occurred. It concludes with some observations about “the enemy” and offers short-, medium-, and long-term suggestions for the broader antisweatshop movement.
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Espinosa de los Monteros, Karla, Linda C. Gallo, John P. Elder, and Gregory A. Talavera. "Individual and Area-Based Indicators of Acculturation and the Metabolic Syndrome Among Low-Income Mexican American Women Living in a Border Region." American Journal of Public Health 98, no. 11 (November 2008): 1979–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2008.141903.
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Savla, Jyoti, Karen A. Roberto, and Rosemary Blieszner. "CAREGIVING CULTURES: RACE, REGION, AND RELATIONS." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S186—S187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.667.
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Abstract Although families have always cared for their aging members, changes in contemporary society have added to the stress and challenges of providing daily care and support for relatives experiencing physical and/or cognitive decline. Personal characteristics, geographic location, and family structures and relationships influence beliefs about family care; thus, recognizing differences within and across families is crucial for developing culturally informed caregiving programs and practices. This symposium focuses on four diverse groups of caregivers. Recognition of caregiving cultures and the barriers caregivers encounter is the central theme of all four papers. Using daily diary interviews and GIS data, Savla and colleagues discuss the unique cultural and geographical challenges caregivers in rural Appalachian Virginia face when caring for a family member with dementia. J. Angel employs quantitative and qualitative data from two nationally representative datasets to discuss the effects of immigration on family structures and caregiving for Mexican-American older adults with dementia. Miyawaki and her colleagues provide a profile of caregivers of older Vietnamese refugees, the resources they use and support structures they rely on. Finally, Roberto and Savla expand the definition of family caregivers to include extended and fictive kin who are providing dementia care and provide an in-depth view of the circumstances that influence the responsibilities they assumed, the type of care they provide, and the coping strategies they use. Dr. Rosemary Blieszner will discuss the presenters’ collective findings considering their unique caregiving practices and beliefs as well as the common grounds between the different races, regions and relationships.
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Kudeyarova, Nadezhda Yu. "Migration transformation in Mexico. Challenges and new opportunities for the A. M. Lopez Obrador government." Latinskaia Amerika, no. 7 (2021): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0044748x0014988-5.
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The regional migration system that includes the U.S., Mexico and the Central American countries is currently in a turbulence. Mexico has become a territory where migrant caravans move, where refugees waiting for a decision on the U.S. asylum are concentrated. The Mexican-American border has become a line attracting hundreds of thousands of migrants hoping for good luck. The constant change of the U.S. migration policy principles increases an uncertainty and chaos level at the border. The role of Mexico in the regional migration system has changed radically in the second decade of the XXI century. Now it acts not only as a labor donor, but also as a key migration transit country and the first safe country to provide asylum and international protection. The transformation that took place affected the change in the status of Mexico in relations with the states of the region. The article examines the key changes in the Mexico migration model - the growth of the immigrants and refugees number, the transit migration management, the initiatives aimed at forming socio-economic development tools in the Northern Triangle countries – Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador.
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Cacari Stone, Lisa, Magdalena Avila, and Bonnie Duran. "El Nacimiento del Pueblo Mestizo: Critical Discourse on Historical Trauma, Community Resilience and Healing." Health Education & Behavior 48, no. 3 (June 2021): 265–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10901981211010099.
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Purpose. Historical trauma has been widely applied to American Indian/Alaska Native and other Indigenous populations and includes dimensions of language, sociocultural, and land losses and associated physical and mental disorders, as well as economic hardships. Insufficient evidence remains on the experiences of historical trauma due to waves of colonization for mixed-race Mexican people with indigenous ancestry (el pueblo mestizo). Research Question. Drawing from our critical lenses and epistemic advantages as indigenous feminist scholars, we ask, “How can historical trauma be understood through present-day discourse of two mestizo communities? What are public health practice and policy implications for healing historical trauma among mestizo populations?” Methodology and Approach. We analyzed the discourse from two community projects: focus groups and ethnographic field notes from a study in the U.S.–Mexico border region (2012–2014) and field notes and digital stories from a service-learning course in northern New Mexico (2016–2018). Findings. Our analysis describes the social and historical experiences of Mexicans, Mexican Americans, Chicanas/os, and Nuevo Mexicano peoples in the southwestern border region of the United States. We found four salient themes as manifestations of “soul-wound”: (1) violence/fear, (2) discrimination/shame, (3) loss, and (4) deep sorrow. Themes mitigating the trauma were community resiliency rooted in “querencia” (deep connection to land/home/people) and “conscientizacion” (critical consciousness). Conclusion. Historical trauma experienced by mestizo Latinx communities is rooted in local cultural and intergenerational narratives that link traumatic events in the historic past to contemporary local experiences. Future public health interventions should draw on culturally centered strength-based resilience approaches for healing trauma and advancing health equity.
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Graham-Jones, Jean. "Latin American(ist) Theatre History: Bridging the Divides." Theatre Survey 47, no. 2 (September 12, 2006): 209–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0040557406000172.
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In October 2004, I edited Theatre Journal's special issue on Latin American theatre. In addition to five essays on subjects ranging from sixteenth-century Amerindian performance to a twenty-first-century Mexican adaptation of an Irish play, that issue included a forum on the state of Latin American theatre and performance studies in the United States today. Even though the thirteen respondents resided, independently or as affiliates, in different disciplinary homes (theatre, performance, languages, and literature) and took multiple points of departure, a common thread ran throughout their comments: the need for the U.S. academy to study and teach the diversity that is known as Latin America.1 Tamara Underiner succinctly notes that “Latin America has never answered easily as an object of inquiry for theatre studies.”2 Indeed, studying Latin American theatre and performance poses very specific challenges: the region encompasses some twenty countries whose national borders obscure larger geographical, cultural, religious, political, and socioeconomic networks; a multiplicity of languages—European, dialectal, and indigenous to the hemisphere—are still spoken, written, and performed; and numerous intersecting histories extend back far beyond the five hundred years since the Europeans arrived and precipitated what today we euphemistically refer to as “contact.” Latin America does not terminate at the U.S.–Mexican border; thus although I'm cognizant of the attendant complications when including the U.S. latino/a communities in a discussion of Latin American theatre, the cultural network is such that I consider any arbitrary separation counter to the purposes of this reflection. Otherwise, how can we take into account the larger networks navigated by such U.S.-based playwrights as Guillermo Reyes (born in Chile but raised in the United States and the author of plays about Chilean history as well as specifically U.S. identities) or Ariel Dorfman (born in Argentina, raised in New York City and Santiago, Chile, now a professor at Duke, and author of English-language plays whose subject matter is frequently authoritarian Latin America)?
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Peters, William L. "ORIGINS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN EPHEMEROPTERA FAUNA, ESPECIALLY THE LEPTOPHLEBIIDAE." Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 120, S144 (1988): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/entm120144013-1.
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AbstractThe complex origins of the North American Ephemeroptera fauna extended from the Lower Permian to the Recent. This paper discusses origins of North American genera of the cosmopolitan family Leptophlebiidae with a few examples from other mayfly families. The two extant subfamilies, Leptophlebiinae and Atalophlebiinae, probably evolved at least by the mid-Cretaceous, or about 100 million years before present. The primitive Leptophlebiinae are distributed throughout most of the Northern Hemisphere and the ancestors of the Leptophlebia–Paraleptophlebia complex within this subfamily dispersed widely by the North Atlantic route as early as the mid-Cretaceous and later probably by northern trans-Pacific dispersals through Beringia. The ancestors of Habrophlebia dispersed through the North Atlantic route at an early time, but the vicariant distribution of Habrophlebiodes in several areas of the Oriental Region and eastern North America correlates with the Arcto-Tertiary forest that covered most of the Northern Hemisphere including Beringia from the Early Tertiary into the Pleistocene. Within the nearly cosmopolitan Atalophlebiinae, Traverella is austral in origin and probably dispersed north through the Mexican Transition Zone during the mid-Tertiary as an ancient dispersal and then dispersed to its northern and eastern limits following the last Pleistocene deglaciation by way of the Missouri River tributaries. Thraulodes and Farrodes are both austral in origin and probably dispersed north through the Mexican Transition Zone during the Early Pleistocene as a relatively recent dispersal. The origins of Choroterpes sensu stricto and Neochoroterpes in North America are unknown. The mayfly fauna of the West Indies is Neotropical in origins, and no affinities between the West Indies and North America through Florida have ever been confirmed.
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Kamalyan, L., M. Hussain, A. Morlett-Paredes, A. Umlauf, D. Franklin, P. Suarez, M. Rivera-Mindt, L. Artiola i Fortuny, M. Cherner, and M. Heaton RMarquine. "Comparison of Rates of Impairment Between Three Sets of Normative Data for Spanish-speakers of Mexican Origin in a Healthy Cohort." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 34, no. 6 (July 25, 2019): 859. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acz035.27.
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Abstract Objective With over 37 million Spanish-speakers, the US is the second country in the world with the largest number of Spanish-speakers. Identification of neurological dysfunction via neuropsychological testing for this language group requires knowledgeable application of available tests and normative data. Accordingly, we investigated whether rates of neurocognitive impairment (NCI) varied based on the Spanish language normative method used. Method Participants included 254 healthy native Spanish-speakers (Age: M = 37.3, SD = 10.4; Education: M = 10.7, SD = 4.3; 59% Female; 78.7% of known Mexican origin/descent) living in the US-Mexico border region. Participants completed the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised (HVLT-R), Trail Making Test (TMT) A&B, and Animal Naming in Spanish. Raw test scores were converted to demographically-adjusted T-scores based on normative adjustments developed for this population (Neuropsychological Norms for the US-Mexico Border Region in Spanish [NP-NUMBRS]) and norms developed based on samples in Mexico (Latin American Norms from Mexico [LAN-M] and NEUROPSI). Rates of NCI (T < 40) based on the different normative methods were compared via McNemar’s tests. Results Rates of NCI for NP-NUMBRS and NEUROPSI fell between the expected 15-17%. Compared to NP-NUMBRS, significantly lower rates were found when applying LAN-M for HVLT-R Total (4%) and Delayed Recall (8%), TMT-A (1%), and Animal Naming (10%; all ps < .0002). No significant differences were found for TMT-B (p > .05). Conclusions Present findings revealed that while the NP-NUMBRS and NEUROPSI norms yielded similar NCI rates, and LAN-M norms underestimated NCI on three tests. This highlights the importance of carefully considering available normative adjustments for Spanish-speakers when applying them to specific populations.
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Chung, Charles C., Lawrence Shimmin, Sivamani Natarajan, Craig L. Hanis, Eric Boerwinkle, and James E. Hixson. "Glucocorticoid Receptor Gene Variant in the 3′ Untranslated Region Is Associated with Multiple Measures of Blood Pressure." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 94, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 268–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2008-1089.
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Abstract Context: The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is a key hormone in the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis that regulates many pathways including blood pressure homeostasis. Thus, GR gene variation may influence interindividual differences in blood pressure in human populations. Objective: We resequenced individual GR alleles for comprehensive discovery of GR variants and their chromosomal phase in three major American ethnic groups. We examined the influence of GR variants on blood pressure in large numbers of families using family-based association methods. Design and Participants: For association studies, we genotyped GR variants in family members from the Genetic Epidemiology Network of Arteriopathy (GENOA) study that were measured for multiple blood pressure traits. The GENOA families consisted of African-Americans, Mexican-Americans, and European-Americans. Main Measurements: The blood pressure measurements for association studies included systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, and pulse pressure. Results: Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) identified by resequencing were tested for associations with blood pressure measures in GENOA families. Analysis of individual SNPs identified significant associations of rs6198 A/G in exon 9β with multiple blood pressure measures in European-Americans. Analysis of GR haplotypes found significant associations of a haplotype that is distinguished by rs6198 A/G. Conclusions: Significant associations of blood pressure with rs6198 A/G likely reflect allelic effects on GR signaling. This SNP disrupts a 3′ untranslated region sequence element in exon 9β that destabilizes mRNA, resulting in increased production of the inactive GRβ isoform. Excess heterodimerization with the active GRα isoform may reduce GR signaling with subsequent physiological effects on blood pressure regulation.
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Pucci, Sandra, and Marjorie Orellana. "Latinos in the Midwest: An Introduction." Practicing Anthropology 24, no. 3 (July 1, 2002): 2–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.24.3.p757282143155710.
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In this issue, we focus on Latinos living in the "heartlands" of the United States. We share our experiences in various communities in the Midwest, particularly in and around the Chicago and Milwaukee area. The work we report on encompasses research in school and non-school settings, with children, families, young people, and older adults, and with immigrants from different towns and countries of origin. We unify these experiences by adopting the pan-national term "Latinos," at the same time we recognize that this is not necessarily the appropriate "emic" term for particular groups of Spanish-speaking immigrants. In fact, it is only in crossing the border into the United States that a person of Mexican or Central or South American origin becomes "Latino" (or "Hispanic"); thus many immigrants may not identify with the term. This is one way in which "contexts matter"—they shape the particular kinds of identities that are available for individuals or groups to try on. As readers will see in the various papers in this issue, the populations and contexts that shape the "Latino experience" in the Midwest are indeed extremely diverse.
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Reininger, Belinda, MinJae Lee, Rose Jennings, Alexandra Evans, and Michelle Vidoni. "Healthy eating patterns associated with acculturation, sex and BMI among Mexican Americans." Public Health Nutrition 20, no. 7 (December 22, 2016): 1267–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980016003311.
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AbstractObjectiveExamine relationships of healthy and unhealthy dietary patterns with BMI, sex, age and acculturation among Mexican Americans.DesignCross-sectional. Participants completed culturally tailored Healthy and Unhealthy Eating Indices. Multivariable mixed-effect Poisson regression models compared food pattern index scores and dietary intake of specific foods by BMI, sex, age and acculturation defined by language preference and generational status.SettingParticipants recruited from the Cameron County Hispanic Cohort study, Texas–Mexico border region, between 2008 and 2011.SubjectsMexican-American males and females aged 18–97 years (n 1250).ResultsParticipants were primarily female (55·3 %), overweight or obese (85·7 %), preferred Spanish language (68·0 %) and first-generation status (60·3 %). Among first-generation participants, bilingual participants were less likely to have a healthy eating pattern than preferred Spanish-speaking participants (rate ratio (RR)=0·79, P=0·0218). This association was also found in males (RR=0·81, P=0·0098). Preferred English-speaking females were less likely to consume healthy foods than preferred Spanish-speaking females (RR=0·84, P=0·0293). Among second-generation participants, preferred English-speaking participants were more likely to report a higher unhealthy eating pattern than preferred Spanish-speaking participants (RR=1·23, P=0·0114). Higher unhealthy eating patterns were also found in females who preferred English v. females who preferred Spanish (RR=1·23, P=0·0107) or were bilingual (RR=1·26, P=0·0159). Younger, male participants were more likely to have a higher unhealthy eating pattern. BMI and diabetes status were not significantly associated with healthy or unhealthy eating patterns.ConclusionsAcculturation, age, sex and education are associated with healthy and unhealthy dietary patterns. Nutrition interventions for Mexican Americans should tailor approaches by these characteristics.
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VALDEZ-MORENO, MARTHA ELENA, JOSÉ POOL-CANUL, and SALVADOR CONTRERAS-BALDERAS. "A checklist of the freshwater ichthyofauna from El Petén and Alta Verapaz, Guatemala, with notes for its conservation and management." Zootaxa 1072, no. 1 (October 28, 2005): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1072.1.4.
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Guatemala is characterized by high diversity of its freshwater fishes. Among the most important regions of biodiversity are the Departments of El Petén and Alta Verapaz, located in the northern part of the country south of the Mexican border. Several authors consider the ichthyofauna of this country to be relatively well studied, but the majority of available information is dispersed and sporadic. We present an updated systematic list, comprising all species collected by us, and which includes an exhaustive check of literature records. A total of 55 collecting localities are included in this study. The total species number is 88, distributed in 47 genera, 24 families, and 14 orders. The two departments together include 35.2% of the total estimated number of fish species for the entire country. The Cichlidae and Poeciliidae are the most speciose families. Of the total of 88 species, 11 are primary fishes, 54 are secondary, and 23 peripheral, according to Myers (1938) classification. One endemic species is known from El Petén and 12 from Alta Verapaz. Three species are considered to be exotics: Ctenopharyngodon idella, Carassius auratus, and Oreochromis aureus. Several of our collections confirm the presence of species not reported for more than 30 years (e.g., Bramocharax species), but others require more study (i.e. Heterandria species). Only 18 species from Guatemala are recognized as threatened or endangered by different organizations, but included are some of the more common and widespread species, such as Astyanax aeneus. Several endemics are excluded from such listings, possibly due to lack of knowledge. The actual condition of the Guatemalan populations for the majority of the fish species, including the endemics, is not known.Guatemala presenta una gran diversidad de peces dulceacuícolas y entre las regiones más
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Yassai-Gonzalez, D., M. J. Marquine, A. Perez-Tejada, A. Umlauf, L. Kamalyan, A. Morlett Paredes, P. Suarez, et al. "Normative Data for Wisconsin Card Sorting Test-64 Item in a Spanish Speaking Adult Population Living in the US/Mexico Border Region." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 34, no. 7 (August 30, 2019): 1281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acz029.48.
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Abstract Objective The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) is a commonly used test of executive functioning. We aimed to generate norms on the WCST-64 item version for Spanish-speakers living in the US. Participants and Method Healthy Spanish-speakers (N=189) were recruited (Age M = 38.2, SD = 10.3, range 19-60; Education M = 10.9, SD = 4.5, range 0-20; 59.3% female) from the US-Mexico border region. Participants completed the WCST-64 as part of a larger neuropsychological battery. Spearman correlations and Wilcoxon Rank-sum tests were used to assess associations between demographic variables and raw scores. T-scores enabling demographic corrections for various WCST-64 measures (Total Errors, Perseverative Responses, Perseverative Errors, and Number of Categories Completed) were obtained using fractional polynomial equations with corrections for age, education, and gender. Uncorrected percentile scores were reported for Failures to Maintain Set. Rates of neurocognitive impairment (NCI; T < 40) were calculated by applying the newly developed norms along with published norms for non-Hispanic (NH) White and African American English-speakers. Results Older age was significantly associated with worse performance, and higher education was linked to better performance on most WCST-64 raw scores. Current norms resulted in expected rates of NCI (14-16% across measures). Applying norms for NH-Whites overestimated NCI (38-52% across measures). Applying norms for African Americans yielded NCI rates closer to what would be expected, with milder misclassifications (NCI: Total Errors = 14%, Perseverative Responses = 19%, Perseverative Errors = 10%). Conclusions Regional normative data will improve interpretation of test performance on the WCST-64 for Spanish-speakers of Mexican origin living in the US and will facilitate a more valid analysis of neuropsychological profile patterns in this population. Future research will need to explore the generalizability of these norms to other groups.
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Patterson Rosa, Laura, Katie Martin, Micaela Vierra, Gabriel Foster, Erica Lundquist, Samantha A. Brooks, and Christa Lafayette. "Two Variants of KIT Causing White Patterning in Stock-Type Horses." Journal of Heredity 112, no. 5 (July 1, 2021): 447–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhered/esab033.
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Abstract Over 30 polymorphisms in the KIT Proto-Oncogene Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (KIT) gene have been implicated in white spotting patterns ranging from small areas to full dermal depigmentation in the horse. We performed a candidate-gene exon sequencing approach on KIT and MITF, 2 known causatives of white spotting patterns, within 2 families of horses of unknown white spotting. Family 1 (Fam1, N = 5) consisted of a Quarter Horse stallion and 4 offspring with white spotting pattern ranging from legs, lower ventral, and head regions with jagged borders, to almost complete white. The second family (Fam2, N = 7) consisted of 6 half-sibling American Paint Horse/Quarter Horse and their dam, demonstrating unpigmented limbs with belly spots and an extensive white patterning on the face. This approach resulted in 2 variants significantly associated with familial phenotypes, where Fam1 variant is an indel leading to a frameshift mutation, and Fam2 a non-synonymous SNP. We validated the variants within an unrelated population of horses (Fam2 variant, P = 0.00271944) as well as for protein functional impact with ExPASy, Protter, Phyre2, SMART, PROVEAN, SIFT, and I-TASSER, confirming the reported associations. Fam1 associated variant, deemed W31, alters the protein sequence, leading to an early stop codon truncating the normal amino acid sequence from 972 to just 115 amino acids. Fam2 associated variant, deemed W32, may have a subtle impact on receptor function or could be in linkage with a non-coding or regulatory change creating the mild spotting pattern observed in this family.
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Carrier, Lewis, and Ify Diala. "Industrial Clustering Leadership in Brownsville, Texas and Matamoros, Mexico." IRA-International Journal of Management & Social Sciences (ISSN 2455-2267) 4, no. 3 (October 4, 2016): 590. http://dx.doi.org/10.21013/jmss.v4.n3.p9.
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<div><p><em>The purpose of this case study was to understand the leadership forms and values that could affect organizational practices of an industrial cluster in the Brownsville/Matamoros region. A sample of 30 leaders from manufacturing companies in Brownsville, Texas, and Matamoras, Mexico participated in interviews and surveys. The analysis of the interview and survey data generated 12 major themes that emerged regarding the leadership forms, values, and cross-cultural challenges pertinent to the industrial cluster in the region. Participants viewed marked differences between American and Mexican leadership strategies, with emphasis on differences in procedural and power structures. Unifying goals and a commitment to learning about and understanding culture, family, and community may help foster respect and acceptance of cultural differences across the border. Cluster priorities for leadership include optimizing work conditions, education and training, resource utilization, and focusing on quality products and customer-oriented leadership. Planning, organization, and decentralized knowledge sharing, involving the combined knowledge, understanding, and experience of leaders, require communication, collaboration, and cross-functional teamwork. Education and training for current and future leaders and employees, with reasonable goals aligned with a unified vision for the cluster concept, encompasses measurable performance assessments based on goal achievement, supported by intrinsic and extrinsic rewards. The results from this study led to specific recommendations for leaders of the industrial sectors of Brownsville, Texas, and Matamoras, Mexico. The study concluded with limitations of the study and suggestions for future research based on the major thematic findings from this case study. </em></p></div><p> </p>
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VAN ITTERBEECK, J., Y. BOLOTSKY, P. BULTYNCK, and P. GODEFROIT. "Stratigraphy, sedimentology and palaeoecology of the dinosaur-bearing Kundur section (Zeya-Bureya Basin, Amur Region, Far Eastern Russia)." Geological Magazine 142, no. 6 (October 28, 2005): 735–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756805001226.
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Since 1990, the Kundur locality (Amur Region, Far Eastern Russia) has yielded a rich dinosaur fauna. The main fossil site occurs along a road section with a nearly continuous exposure of continental sediments of the Kundur Formation and the Tsagayan Group (Udurchukan and Bureya formations). The sedimentary environment of the Kundur Formation evolves from lacustrine to wetland settings. The succession of megafloras discovered in this formation confirms the sedimentological data. The Tsagayan Group beds were deposited in an alluvial environment of the ‘gravel-meandering’ type. The dinosaur fossils are restricted to the Udurchukan Formation. Scarce and eroded bones can be found within channel deposits, whereas abundant and well-preserved specimens, including sub-complete skeletons, have been discovered in diamicts. These massive, unsorted strata represent the deposits of ancient sediment gravity flows that originated from the uplifted areas at the borders of the Zeya-Bureya Basin. These gravity flows assured the concentration of dinosaur bones and carcasses as well as their quick burial. Such taphonomic conditions allowed the preservation of sub-complete hadrosaurid skeletons unearthed at the Kundur site. Palaeobotanical data indicate a subtropical climate during the deposition of the Kundur and Udurchukan formations. Several elements in the composition of the Kundur vertebrate fauna suggest a strong influence of the North American late Cretaceous vertebrate communities: the abundance of corythosaur-like lambeosaurines, the probable presence of a nodosaurid dinosaur and of a eucosmodontid or microcosmodontid multituberculate. A late Maastrichtian age is tentatively proposed for the dinosaur-bearing sediments in Amur Region, by comparison with the information collected in the Western Interior Basin of North America. As it is also observed in the latter area, important floristic changes (diminution of angiosperm pollens and predominance of modern families) and the disappearance of dinosaurs mark the end of the Maastrichtian age in the Amur Region. Late Maastrichtian dinosaur localities from Amur Region are dominated by lambeosaurines, whereas these dinosaurs apparently disappeared from western North America long before the iridium horizon that defines the K/P boundary. This local disappearance is therefore probably due to ecological factors rather than indicating a gradual extinction of the dinosaurs long before the K/P boundary.
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Zhou, Yuan, Gu Zhu, Jac C. Charlesworth, Steve Simpson, Rohina Rubicz, Harald HH Göring, Nikolaos A. Patsopoulos, et al. "Genetic loci for Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen-1 are associated with risk of multiple sclerosis." Multiple Sclerosis Journal 22, no. 13 (July 11, 2016): 1655–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458515626598.
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Background: Infection with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with an increased risk of multiple sclerosis (MS). Objective: We sought genetic loci influencing EBV nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA-1) IgG titers and hypothesized that they may play a role in MS risk. Methods: We performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of anti-EBNA-1 IgG titers in 3599 individuals from an unselected twin family cohort, followed by a meta-analysis with data from an independent EBNA-1 GWAS. We then examined the shared polygenic risk between the EBNA-1 GWAS (effective sample size ( Neff) = 5555) and a large MS GWAS ( Neff = 15,231). Results: We identified one locus of strong association within the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region, of which the most significantly associated genotyped single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was rs2516049 ( p = 4.11 × 10−9). A meta-analysis including data from another EBNA-1 GWAS in a cohort of Mexican-American families confirmed that rs2516049 remained the most significantly associated SNP ( p = 3.32 × 10−20). By examining the shared polygenic risk, we show that the genetic risk for elevated anti-EBNA-1 titers is positively correlated with the development of MS, and that elevated EBNA-1 titers are not an epiphenomena secondary to MS. In the joint meta-analysis of EBNA-1 titers and MS, loci at 1p22.1, 3p24.1, 3q13.33, and 10p15.1 reached genome-wide significance ( p < 5 × 10−8). Conclusions: Our results suggest that apart from the confirmed HLA region, the association of anti-EBNA-1 IgG titer with MS risk is also mediated through non-HLA genes, and that studies aimed at identifying genetic loci influencing EBNA immune response provides a novel opportunity to identify new and characterize existing genetic risk factors for MS.
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Aguiar Coelho, Livia, Carlos Molineri, Daniel Andrés Dos Santos, and Paulo Sérgio Fiuza Ferreira. "Biogeography and areas of endemism of Prepops Reuter (Heteroptera: Miridae)." Revista de Biología Tropical 64, no. 1 (June 28, 2016): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v64i1.18229.
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The Miridae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) are one of the most species rich families of insects, with about 11 100 described species. Mirinae is the largest subfamily and its endemism becomes evident at the tribal level and below. Mirines of the tribe Restheniini are found throughout America, with most of the diversity confined to the Neotropics. Prepops Reuter is the largest genus in Restheniini with 198 described species and its geographical range is similar to that of the tribe. The study of the distribution and areas of endemism in Miridae are scarce and non-existent for Prepops. We analyzed all the geographic records of Prepops (707 records for 181 species) in order to identify diversity patterns and areas of endemism, using network analysis. Locality data were assigned using museum specimens and geographic records in the literature. Additionally we used spatial data to propose habitat preferences and geoclimatic variables important for each group of co-occurring species. The results indicate high species richness in subtropical regions, while the tropical belt and high latitudes appear impoverished. The Neotropical region contains 86% of the species, and the Nearctic about 11 % (but with larger species ranges); the Andean region is sparingly represented. Twenty-three areas of endemism (and two diads), formed by 2 or more endemic species, are distributed in the Nearctic (3), Mexican Transition Zone and Caribbean subregion (5), South American Transition Zone and Amazonian, Chacoan and Paranaense subregions (15). Overlap between some of the areas indicates regions with high species richness and complex history. The lack of records from the Andean region (except for P. nigrus in Southern Patagonia) and dominance of strictly Neotropical species (86 %) supports the hypothesis of a Neotropical origin for the tribe Restheniini. The general arrangement of the units of co-occurrence of Prepops species shows a close correlation with known biogeographic regions and subregions. Broad physiographic characteristics most commonly associated with Prepops geographical records are, in order of importance: broad leaf forests (wet and dry), grasslands and xeric habitats.
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León de la Luz, José Luis, Jon Paul Rebman, Thomas R. Van Devender, José Jesús Sánchez-Escalante, José Delgadillo-Rodríguez, and Alfonso Medel-Narváez. "El conocimiento florístico actual del Noroeste de México: desarrollo, recuento y análisis del endemismo." Botanical Sciences 96, no. 3 (September 14, 2018): 555. http://dx.doi.org/10.17129/botsci.1885.
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<p class="Pa1"><strong>Background</strong>: Floristic knowledge of Northwestern (NW) Mexico was mainly carried out by American botanists until the first half of XX century.</p><p class="Pa1"><strong>Question</strong>: Do the ancient and recent botanical explorations carried out in the study area, are already enough to document in a conclusive way both the floristic and structural composition?</p><p class="Pa1"><strong>Methods</strong>: The authors are botanists and managers of the herbaria included in the floristic compilation (BCMEX, HCIB, SD, and USON), each herbarium has been devoted to document the flora of the states of NW Mexico in the last three decades. The floristic information was obtained mainly of the herbaria databases (around 110,000 entries), historic bibliographic information and recent collects from the same authors. The databases consulted are composed by 27,117 collect sites.</p><p class="Pa1"><strong>Results</strong>: The final database obtained consists of 5,865 taxa at the species level and intraspecific categories. By state, Sonora is the most biodiverse with 3,762 taxa, Baja California has 2,583 and Baja California Sur has 2,070. The Mexican NW is relatively poor in total number of species, but the number of endemic taxa is high. Within this region there are 941 endemic species, where 294, 391, and 79 correspond to the states of Baja California, Baja California Sur, and Sonora, respectively; in addition, there are 177 endemic species shared among these three states. The NW region also has 18 endemic genera, included in 10 families.</p><strong>Conclusions</strong>: As result of this review, there is excellent floristic knowledge background for NW Mexico, but there are still geographic areas still inaccessible, which includes all kind of topography, that explored could increase the total flora and endemism rate. Presently, the climate change put into risk the species survival, and hence it is a priority that conservation programs be established especially in terms of endemic species, since many of them have a restricted geographical distribution.
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Sengupta, Rabishankar, and Sudhansu Sekhar Dash. "A COMPREHENSIVE INVENTORY AND ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF ALIEN PLANT INVASION IN MIZORAM, INDIA." Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research 7, no. 2 (October 31, 2020): 135–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.20886/ijfr.2020.7.2.135-154.
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Invasion by alien plants has a detrimental effect on the natural forest plant community, leading to the loss of native species. An inventory of alien plants facilitates in determining the potential threats to the natural plant biodiversity. This present paper evaluates the alien plants in Mizoram (an Indo-Burma hotspot region) and provides the first authentic inventory of alien plants of Mizoram along with their diversity, ecological aspects, origin, and status of invasion. Extensive field surveys were done during July 2018 to September 2019 in different protected areas of Mizoram. We adopted Random Sampling Technique using nested quadrats in a plot size of 400 m2 (20 m × 20 m), within which a quadrate size of 5 m × 5 m was laid for shrubs and 1 m × 1 m was laid for herbs. Plant specimens were collected, dried, poisoned with 0.1% Mercuric Chloride (MgCl2); voucher specimens were prepared and deposited in Central National Herbarium, Botanical Survey of India (CAL) after proper identification.The results revealed the occurrence of 163 alien plant species under 135 genera belonging to 51 families in Mizoram. Maximum species were represented by family Asteraceae with 29 species followed by Leguminosae (19 species), Convolvulaceae (9 species), Euphorbiaceae (7 species) and Amaranthaceae (7 species). The 57.66% of the alien species reported from Mizoram were of American origin followed by 11.65 % from African, 7.36% from Mexican and 5.52% from Australian origin. Life form analysis revealed the presence of 58.64 % herbs, 15.43 % trees and 9.87% shrubs. Out of the whole alien plants recorded, 91 species used in traditional medicines, 43 species as ornamental, 15 species were edibles, nine species used as timber and four species used as green manure. The study also recommends the ten most obnoxious species, five neo-invasive plants, which have the greatest potential threats to the native flora. The process and probable causes of invasion in the state were also discussed briefly, which may be utilized in the preparation of conservation or forest management policies.
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Gutierrez-Witt, Laura. "United States-Mexico Border Studies and "BorderLine": Borderline: A Bibliography of the United States-Mexico Borderlands . Barbara G. Valk. ; Borderlands Sourcebook: A Guide to the Literature on Northern Mexico and the American Southwest . Ellwyn R. Stoddard. ; Mexico-Estados Unidos: bibliografia General sobre estudios fronterizos . Jorge A. Bustamante. ; The United States-Mexican Border: A Selective Guide to the Literature of the Region . Charles C. Cumberland." Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos 6, no. 1 (January 1990): 121–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/msem.1990.6.1.03a00070.
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Frederick, Bruce C., Mike D. Blum, John W. Snedden, and Richard H. Fillon. "Early Mesozoic synrift Eagle Mills Formation and coeval siliciclastic sources, sinks, and sediment routing, northern Gulf of Mexico basin." GSA Bulletin 132, no. 11-12 (April 24, 2020): 2631–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/b35493.1.
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Abstract The sedimentary architecture and provenance of the early Mesozoic incipient northern Gulf of Mexico basin remains controversial due to both lack of outcrop exposure and sample scarcity across the southern United States with subcrop depths approaching 6 km. The Eagle Mills Formation and coeval deposition across the northern Gulf of Mexico provides both a stratigraphic foundation for some ∼15-km-thick overlying Mesozoic and Cenozoic deposits, and a coeval pre-salt equivalent for southern synrift deposits, in one of the most economically significant hydrocarbon basins in the world. This study presents more than 3200 new detrital zircon U-Pb analyses from sixteen Late Triassic pre-salt, siliciclastic, subcrop well samples, and combines over 14,000 linear kilometers of 2-D multi-channel seismic reflection data, 1511 geophysical well logs, and biostratigraphic data from 2478 wells to construct basin-scale pre-salt isochore and structure maps spanning the northern Gulf of Mexico margin from Florida to the USA-Mexican border. The data show that incipient Gulf of Mexico paleodrainage pathways held individual distinctions between basement sources and tectonic controls in three primary regions across the northern Gulf of Mexico: (1) The western Gulf of Mexico paleodrainage extended from the Central Texas uplift highlands to the submarine Potosi Fan on the western margin of Laurentia with local tributary sources from the East Mexico Arc, Yucatán/Maya, and Marathon-Ouachita provinces as evidenced by inverse Monte Carlo unmixing of peri-Gondwanan (ca. 700–500 Ma), Appalachian/Ouachita (500–280 Ma), Grenville (1250–950 Ma), and Mid-Continent/Granite-Rhyolite Province (1500–1300 Ma) detrital zircon ages. Isochore and associated geophysical well and seismic data suggest that by Early Jurassic time this depocenter had shifted into the present-day western Gulf of Mexico as East Mexico Arc development continued. (2) Southerly drainage in the north-central Gulf of Mexico region bifurcated around the Sabine and Monroe uplifted terranes with southwestern flow characterized by peri-Gondwanan detrital zircon ages from late Paleozoic accreted basement or discrete flexural successor basins, and southeastern fluvial networks distinguished by traditional North American basement province sources including Grenville, Mid-Continent, and Yavapai-Mazatzal. (3) Eastern Gulf of Mexico regional paleodrainage, with regional southern flow dictated by the brittle extensional tectonics of the South Georgia Rift as well as the regional southern flexure of the South Florida Basin, resulted in almost all pre-salt detrital zircon siliciclastic ages from this region to be dominated by local Gondwanan/peri-Gondwanan aged sources including the proximal Suwannee terrane and Osceola Granite complex. These regional, synrift sediment provenance models provide the first critical allochthonous evidence of Late Triassic–Early Jurassic paleodrainage stemming from the Appalachian-Ouachita hinterlands into the incipient northern Gulf of Mexico basin with critical implications for pre-salt hydrocarbon exploration and carbon sequestration reservoir potential.
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Sanchez, Gabriella. "‘Circuit Children’: The experiences and perspectives of children engaged in migrant smuggling facilitation on the US-Mexico border." Anti-Trafficking Review, no. 11 (October 29, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.14197/atr.201218117.
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In Mexican child protection circles the term ‘circuit children’ has been used to designate people under the age of 18 who cross the US-Mexico border irregularly and cyclically for the purpose of smuggling drugs or irregular migrants. Young people of the border region have historically been involved in these markets. Yet their activities have become more visible in recent years in the context of increased border militarisation, and immigration and crime controls implemented by both the US and Mexican governments. Depicted in official and media discourses as forced recruits of local organised crime gangs, circuit children have increasingly been at the centre of initiatives that seek to identify and treat them as victims of trafficking. These efforts often rely on portrayals that frame them as gullible and defenceless, and their families and communities as inherently dysfunctional, dangerous and crime-prone. The structural and geopolitical conditions related to the children’s participation in smuggling, however, remain unchallenged. Most troublingly, trafficking discourses tend to silence the perspectives of circuit children themselves. This paper, based on interviews and participant observation, shows how circuit children, rather than seeing themselves as victims, articulate legitimate, important claims concerning their engagement in illicit markets, reflective of the ways they navigate the complex economic, socio-political and migratory contexts of the US-Mexico border.
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Martinez-Donate, A., J. Tellez Lieberman, L. Bakely, C. Correa, C. Valdez, E. McGhee Hassrick, E. Gonzalez-Fagoaga, A. Asadi Gonzalez, and G. Rangel Gomez. "Deporting immigrant parents: Impact on the health and well-being of their citizen children." European Journal of Public Health 30, Supplement_5 (September 1, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckaa165.203.
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Abstract Background In the United States (U.S.), over 4 million citizen children live with an unauthorized immigrant parent who is at risk of deportation. Children of Mexican immigrants are disproportionately represented among this population, as 1 out of 3 deported immigrants are from Mexico. Parental deportation can have profound and long-lasting consequences for children, yet research on this topic is sparse. We present preliminary findings from an ongoing, longitudinal study examining changes in health, well-being, behavior, and environmental factors among U.S. citizen children of recently deported Mexican immigrants. Methods Forty-eight deported Mexican parents were recruited from deportation processing stations on the Mexican border region. We completed phone interviews with one of their U.S.-based, citizen children and an adult caregiver, collecting retrospective information on health, health behavior, household, academics, and socio-ecological health determinants from a year earlier, as well as shortly after deportation of their parent. Pre-post analyses of caregivers' survey data were conducted to assess changes in outcomes associated with parental deportation. Results Following deportation of their parents, children were reported to have more frequent health problems (p=.008), including mental health problems (p=.002), externalizing (p=.040) and internalizing (p=.011) behaviors, school absences (p=.092), and experiences of food insecurity (p=.007) than a year before. Academic expectations were also significantly worse (p=.006) than those prior to parental deportation. Conclusions Children are the unintended victims of indiscriminate immigration enforcement. Deportation of parents is associated with significant deterioration of physical and mental health, behavior, academics, and home environment for their U.S. citizen children. Our results call for immigration policy reform and interventions to support families affected by the deportation of a parent. Key messages Immigration policies that separate families can have significant detrimental impacts on the health and well-being of U.S. citizen children. Policies must be revised to keep families together and protect children in mixed-legal status families.
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Lusk, Mark W., and Silvia Chavez-Baray. "Mental health and the role of culture and resilience in refugees fleeing violence." Environment and Social Psychology 2, no. 1 (March 24, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.18063/esp.2017.01.003.
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This study focuses on the mental health and the role of resilience in Mexican refugees in the El Paso, Texas border region who experienced acts of violence, extortion, kidnapping, torture, arson, or other traumatic events in Mexico. This is an exploratory study that uses using mixed methods. We gathered data using: the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire and the O’Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale. We conducted extended interviews with adult participants (n=30) who escaped from the violence in Mexico to El Paso. Surprisingly, results did not show evidence of post- traumatic stress disorder. On the contrary, participants were highly resilient. Among the major themes that emerged from the interviews, cultural components identified by the participants consisted of: support to families (familism), the ability to talk to others about their own experiences (personalism), the idea that they have no control over their situation (fatalism), and putting things in God’s hands (faith), which mediate the effects of the experienced violence.
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Lusk, Mark W., and Silvia Chavez-Baray. "Mental health and the role of culture and resilience in refugees fleeing violence." Environment and Social Psychology 2, no. 1 (March 24, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.18063/esp.v2.i1.96.
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This study focuses on the mental health and the role of resilience in Mexican refugees in the El Paso, Texas border region who experienced acts of violence, extortion, kidnapping, torture, arson, or other traumatic events in Mexico. This is an exploratory study that uses using mixed methods. We gathered data using: the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire and the O’Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale. We conducted extended interviews with adult participants (n=30) who escaped from the violence in Mexico to El Paso. Surprisingly, results did not show evidence of post- traumatic stress disorder. On the contrary, participants were highly resilient. Among the major themes that emerged from the interviews, cultural components identified by the participants consisted of: support to families (familism), the ability to talk to others about their own experiences (personalism), the idea that they have no control over their situation (fatalism), and putting things in God’s hands (faith), which mediate the effects of the experienced violence.
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Rendon, L. E., M. E. Lara, S. K. Rendon, M. Rendon, and X. Li. "Concrete Biodeterioration in the U.S.-Mexico Border Region." MRS Proceedings 1278 (2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-1278-s07-2.
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AbstractConcrete biodeterioration is defined as the damage that the products of microorganism metabolism, in particular sulfuric acid, do to hardened concrete. In Canada and in the northern part of the United States, sewer failures from concrete biodeterioration are almost unknown. In the southern part of the United States and in Mexico, however, it is a serious and expensive problem in sewage collection systems, which rapidly deteriorate. Also, leaking sewage systems result in the loss of groundwater resources particularly important in this arid region. Almost every city in the Mexican-American border region, who's combined population is more than 15 million people, faces this problem. The U.S. cities have made some provision to face these infrastructure problems, but the Mexican cities have made less effort. We recommend here the Mexican norm (NMX-C-414-ONNCCE-2004) [1] to be reviewed, or at least that a warning be issued as a key measure to avoid concrete biodeterioration.