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Kaufman, Andrew. "Sainte Famille Church in Kigali, Rwanda." Christianity & Literature 68, no. 4 (March 28, 2019): 684–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0148333119835799.
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Kabanza, Faustin. "Rwanda : découvrir une « littérature orale de famille »." Études littéraires africaines, no. 20 (2005): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1041345ar.
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Mabundu, Fidèle. "Réflexions sur les religions traditionnelles africaines." Revista de Cultura Teológica. ISSN (impresso) 0104-0529 (eletrônico) 2317-4307 22, no. 84 (December 23, 2014): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.19176/rct.v22i84.21640.
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L’Afrique renferme une mosaïque de peuples avec différentes spécificités linguistiques, culturelles et religieuses. Mais dans cette article on se limite a l’aire dite bantu, et à l’intérieur de laquelle on prend l’experience religieuse de cinq groupes ethniques représentatifs de cette grande famille: les Bakongo (République Démocratique du Congo, République du Congo, Angola), les Bashi (RD Congo), les Banyarwanda (République du Rwanda, RD Congo), les Baluba du Kasaï (RD Congo) et les Mongo (RD Congo).
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Jessee, Erin. "‘There Are No Other Options?’: Rwandan Gender Norms and Family Planning in Historical Perspective." Medical History 64, no. 2 (March 17, 2020): 219–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2020.4.
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This article surveys the evolution of Rwandan family planning practices from the nation’s mythico-historical origins to the present. Rwanda is typically regarded as a patriarchal society in which Rwandan women have, throughout history, endured limited rights and opportunities. However, oral traditions narrated by twentieth-century Rwandan historians, storytellers and related experts, and interpreted by the scholars and missionaries who lived in Rwanda during the nation’s colonial period, suggest that gender norms in Rwanda were more complicated. Shifting practices related to family planning – particularly access to contraception, abortion, vasectomies and related strategies – are but one arena in which this becomes evident, suggesting that women’s roles within their families and communities could be more diverse than the historiography’s narrow focus on women as wives and mothers currently allows. Drawing upon a range of colonial-era oral traditions and interviews conducted with Rwandans since 2007, I argue that Rwandan women – while under significant social pressure to become wives and mothers throughout the nation’s past – did find ways to exert agency within and beyond these roles. I further maintain that understanding historical approaches to family planning in Rwanda is essential for informing present-day policy debates in Rwanda aimed at promoting gender equality, and in particular for ensuring women’s rights and access to adequate healthcare are being upheld.
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Béa Gallimore, Rangira. "La représentation picturale pour dire l’indicible dans Génocidé de Révérien Rurangwa." Protée 37, no. 2 (October 30, 2009): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/038454ar.
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Cette étude est une analyse du témoignage Génocidé de Révérien Rurangwa. Rurangwa est témoin survivant du génocide des Tutsi de 1994 au Rwanda. Son corps, marqué par la main criminelle, est complètement défiguré. Après plusieurs années, son corps porte encore les cicatrices visibles et invisibles du génocide. Génocidé est un portrait physique et psychologique du survivant Rurangwa. Cet article examine d’abord le rôle joué par la photographie dans la construction d’un récit dialogué qui crée l’écoute nécessaire pour libérer sa voix suffoquée. Ce mécanisme narratif lui permet de tenter de dire l’indicible. L’article analyse également la confiscation du corps du survivant : comment il a été ethnicisé, ciblé et ensuite marqué par le regard et le discours de l’autre qui en a fait un objet. Enfin, il montre comment l’image de la photographie de famille, plus précisément celle de la mère, joue un rôle important dans la récupération du corps par son propriétaire légitime et dans sa reconstruction identitaire.
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Butera, J. B., Y. Bultinck, and P. Mercier. "La famille rwandaise au front de la survie: les répercussions psychiatriques dues aux guerres de 1990–94 au Rwanda et de 1996–97 au Congo-Zaïre." Médecine de Catastrophe - urgences collectives 2, no. 5-6 (December 1999): 197–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1279-8479(00)88685-1.
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Muhayimana, Alice, Donatilla Mukamana, Jean Pierre Ndayisenga, Olive Tengera, Josephine Murekezi, Josette Uwacu, Eugenie Mbabazi, and Joyce Musabe. "Implications of COVID-19 Lockdown on Child Preparedness among Rwandan Families." Research Journal of Health Sciences 8, no. 3 (October 9, 2020): 214–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rejhs.v8i3.8.
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The world is currently facing the fatal viral pandemic called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), earlier named 2019-novel coronavirus (2019- nCoV). Every country of the world keeps responding to the challenges posed by covid-19 in all aspects of human endeavour with high demand and burden on health care. The report of the first case in Rwanda on 14th March 2020 was accompanied by actions to drive control measures by the government of Rwanda importantly to prevent the spread of COVID-19. Those measures included education on personal preventive behaviours, social distancing and restricting the movement of people locally, nationally and internationally resulting to lockdown that allowed only essential services. Lockdown has particularly affected Rwandan families with pregnant mothers in the context of childbirth preparation in different aspects. This review paper articulates the possible various dimensions of influence of the COVID-19 lockdown on birth preparedness by families and the possible maternal and neonatal health adverse outcomes that may be associated. This is with the intention of helping health care providers and other stakeholders anticipate, track and prepare for appropriate mitigation to reduce maternal-neonatal morbidity and mortality.
French title: Implications du verrouillage de COVID-19 sur la préparation des enfants dans les familles RwandaisesLe monde est actuellement confronté à la pandémie virale mortelle appelée maladie à coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19), précédemment appelée 2019-nouveau coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Chaque pays du monde continue de répondre aux défis posés par le Covid-19 dans tous les aspects de l'activité humaine avec une forte demande et un fardeau sur les soins de santé. Le rapport du premier cas au Rwanda le 14e mars 2020 a été accompagné d'actions à conduire des mesures de contrôle par le gouvernement du Rwanda important pour prévenir la propagation de Covid-19. Ces mesures comprenaient une éducation sur les comportements personnels de prévention, la distanciation sociale et la restriction de la circulation des personnes aux niveaux local, national et international, entraînant un verrouillage qui n'autorisait que les services essentiels. Le verrouillage a particulièrement affecté les familles Rwandaises de mères enceintes dans le cadre de la préparation à l'accouchement sous différents aspects. Cet article de synthèse articule les différentes dimensions possibles de l'influence du verrouillage du COVID-19 sur la préparation à la naissance des familles et les éventuels effets indésirables sur la santé maternelle et néonatale qui peuvent être associés. Ceci dans le but d'aider les prestataires de soins de santé et les autres parties prenantes à anticiper, suivre et préparer des mesures d'atténuation appropriées pour réduire la morbidité et la mortalité materné-néonatales.
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Claudine, Umuhoza, Ju Yeong Kim, Eun-Min Kim, and Tai-Soon Yong. "Association between Sociodemographic Factors and Diarrhea in Children Under 5 Years in Rwanda." Korean Journal of Parasitology 59, no. 1 (February 19, 2021): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.1.61.
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Diarrheal disease is the second leading cause of mortality and morbidity in children under 5 years old worldwide, and is the most common cause of malnutrition in sub-Saharan Africa. In Rwanda, diarrhea is the third leading cause of death in children under 5 years old. This study examined the association between sociodemographic factors and diarrhea in children under 5 years using the data of 7,474 households in the 2014-2015 Rwanda Demographic and Health Survey. Overall prevalence of diarrhea in this study was 12.7% in children. An increased risk for diarrhea was found for children aged 12-23 months (odds ratio (OR)=4.514), those with a low economic status (OR=1.64), those from the Western province (OR=1.439), those with poorly-educated mothers (OR=5.163), and those with families engaged in agricultural activities (OR=1.624). In conclusion, sociodemographic factors significantly affect the risk of developing diarrhea in children under 5 years in Rwanda. Designing and implementing health education promoting awareness of early interventions and rotavirus vaccination are essential to reduce diarrheal diseases for the Rwandan community.
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Camelin, Colette. "Morale et éthique dans des romans de Gisèle Bienne et de Scholastique Mukasonga." Études françaises 53, no. 3 (December 4, 2017): 105–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1042287ar.
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Comment la morale serait-elle légitime après que l’histoire du xxe siècle a mis en cause le « progrès de l’humanité », le « sens de l’Histoire » et les « grands récits » qui les accompagnaient, après que l’organisation même des génocides, justifiée par des valeurs « morales » et des « raisons scientifiques », a altéré l’humanité même de l’homme ? Les romans de Gisèle Bienne et de Scholastique Mukasonga se situent hors de la morale instituée puisqu’ils affrontent l’expérience de l’inhumain. Les Paysages de l’insomnie de Marcel, revenu de la Première Guerre mondiale, sont hantés par les fantômes de ses camarades morts : il a perdu l’estime de soi et la capacité d’insérer ses actes dans la vie collective. Son expérience l’a séparé des siens : il reste « tenu au silence » face à celles qui restent du côté de la morale catholique et nationaliste. L’étrange solitude de Manfred Richter, ancien prisonnier nazi, et son silence, sont dépassés quand il transmet à Hélène, vingt ans, une leçon éthique contre l’ordre moral existant. Inyenzi ou les Cafards de Mukasonga aborde le génocide au Rwanda du point de vue d’une exilée tutsie dont la famille a été massacrée au nom de la morale chrétienne, républicaine et socialiste. La littérature, par son ironie, éclaire l’hypocrisie et la lâcheté. Notre-Dame du Nil va à la racine de la catastrophe : le mythe hamitique, inventé par les Européens, s’est transformé en cauchemar racial, orchestré par l’Église. La fiction ironique de Mukasonga est libératrice car elle s’oppose aux discours pesants des idéologies. Pour les personnages de ces quatre romans, l’Histoire n’est que mensonge, chaos, cruauté ; ils ne peuvent croire au sens de l’Histoire, mais la lucidité et l’ironie des romans donnent du sens à leur expérience humaine. De plus, les romans renouent les échanges sensibles entre les humains et avec le monde.
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Sylvere, NAHAYO. "Knowledge and Attitudes towards family planning in Rural Rwanda." Indian Journal of Applied Research 3, no. 11 (October 1, 2011): 510–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/nov2013/160.
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Umumararungu, Christine Kapita, and Appoline Kabera Bazubagira. "Community perceptions about Covid-19 and its socio-economic effects in Rwanda." International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147- 4478) 10, no. 4 (June 14, 2021): 302–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v10i4.1215.
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The covid-19 crisis is global but its socio-economic effects cannot be globally scrutinized. It is deeply local and huge. The research aimed at finding out and assessing community perceptions about Covid-19 and its socio-economic effects in Rwanda. It would inspire policymakers to renovate measures and policies that would help in rehabilitating all sectors in general and more affected groups in particular. From 30 districts of Rwanda, 510 respondents have been sampled through convenience and judgmental techniques. Findings revealed that people misinterpret the pandemic which lowers their level of compliance to Covid-19 preventive measures. Stay home orders were not a fruitful time for families whereby 84% of respondents were victims of domestic and sexual violence. However, with 16%, it was a good time for family cohesion. Isolation and social values frustration, family disorganization and dysfunctional, depression, and anxiety are major social effects of Covid-19. Loss of jobs, decreased salaries, none compliance with preventive measures fines, incapacity to pay bank loans, inability to satisfy family basic needs, government extra investment in medical health care have enormously affected the Rwandan economy. Thus, there is a need of strengthening sensitization of covid-19 spread, preventive measures, short and long-term consequences associated with it. This would shift the population from their wrong perceptions of covid-19 and increase the rate of compliance to established measures so as to free Rwanda from the pandemic and return to a normal life situation.
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Fischer, Eberhard. "Taxonomic Results of the BRYOTROP Expedition to Zaire and Rwanda 10. Trichocoleaceae, Geocalycaceae, Acrobolbaceae, Balantiopsidaceae, Lepidoziaceae (Telaranea, Arachniopsis), Calypogeiaceae, Adelanthaceae, Porellaceae, Jubulaceae, Marchantiaceae (Dumortiera), Polytrichaceae." Bryophyte Diversity and Evolution 8, no. 1 (December 31, 1993): 83–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/bde.8.1.11.
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A survey of the families Trichocoleaceae, Geocalycaceae, Acrobolbaceae, Balantiopsidaceae, Lepidoziaceae (Telaranea, Arachniopsis), Calypogeiaceae, Adelanthaceae, Porellaceae, Jubulaceae, Marchantiaceae (Dumortiera) (Hepaticae) and Polytrichaceae (Musci) for Central Africa (Zaire and Rwanda) is presented. Leptoscyphus infuscatus, Tylimanthus ruwenzoriensis, Calypogeia fissa, Adelanthus lindenbergianus and Porella subdentata are recorded as new to Rwanda. Telaranea trifida and Calypogeia fusca are new to Zaire. Leptoscyphus hedbergii and Calypogeia afrocaerulea are new records for Zaire and Rwanda.
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Mukasahaha, D., F. Uwinkindi, L. Grant, J. Downing, J. Turyahikayo, M. Leng, and M. A. Muhimpundu. "Home-Based Care Practitioners: A Strategy for Continuum of Care for Very Ill Patient." Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 2 (October 1, 2018): 121s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.78800.
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Background: Rwanda Ministry of Health in collaboration with partners has initiated an innovative initiative named Home Based Care Practitioners (HBCPs) to respond to the burden of long-term hospitalization for end of life patients. Aim: The program aims at providing home-based care to accompany patients and their families in their home, reduce unnecessary pain and suffering for those with chronic or terminal conditions, provide counseling to the patients and their families, early diagnosis of NCDs and improve awareness on prevention of NCDs risk factors and effectively refer them to either health facilities or community-based resources that can be of further help. Methods: The HBCPs is implemented into phases; phase one has started with a pilot of 200 HBCPs in 100 cells surrounding nine provincial and referral hospitals of Rwanda; 2 practitioners for both gender in each cell, with a criteria of completion at least secondary school. They have undergone a training of 120 credits (900 hours), equivalent of four months for theory and two months of practice. After training they have been deployed into the community with a supervision of health centers in collaboration with hospitals and Rwanda Biomedical Center. Results: During the implementation period of 6 months, 1663 NCDs patients have been transferred from health facility (OPD) to HBCPs for routine follow-up, 482 palliative care patients have been reported on end of life care by HBCPs, there is a remarkable linkage between facilities and community care ensured by supervisory relationship between health services providers and home based care practitioners, long-term admission has reduced the cost for the family and the facility due to the discharge of care from hospital to home. Conclusion: In a limited setting of social and economic cost of providing frivolous care in an expensive hospital for chronic or terminal conditions that would be better managed through treatment or palliative care at home (or less acute setting) home based care effort can better meet the needs of Rwandans at the community level and has started to show the efficiency in providing quality care to people in need of palliative care.
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Denov, Myriam, Laura Eramian, and Meaghan Shevell. "“You Feel Like You Belong Nowhere”: Conflict-Related Sexual Violence and Social Identity in Post-Genocide Rwanda." Genocide Studies and Prevention 14, no. 1 (May 2020): 40–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/1911-9933.14.1.1663.
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Globally, the systematic use of sexual violence in modern warfare has resulted in the birth of thousands of children. Research has begun to focus on this often invisible group and the obstacles they face, including stigma, discrimination and exclusion based on their birth origins. Although sexual violence during the Rwandan genocide has been documented on a massive scale, little research has focused on the relational dynamics between mothers who experienced genocide rape and the children they bore. This paper explores the post-genocide realities of these two under-explored populations, revealing two key tensions in relation to identity-building and belonging. Drawing upon in-depth interviews conducted with 44 mothers and 60 youth, we examine how youth participants’ quest for the truth in forming their own identities is often in conflict with mothers’ efforts to disassociate their identities from sexual violence and genocide. Furthermore, both mothers’ and children’s identities remain ‘caught’ in the rigid ethnic politics of the genocide at the national level. Ultimately, this article highlights that the distinction between the self and the larger politics of post-genocide Rwanda are not easily disentangled, as challenges faced by these families exist at the nexus of the personal and the national, the individual and structural.
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Jensen, Sarah KG, Matias Placencio-Castro, Shauna M. Murray, Robert T. Brennan, Simo Goshev, Jordan Farrar, Aisha Yousafzai, et al. "Effect of a home-visiting parenting program to promote early childhood development and prevent violence: a cluster-randomized trial in Rwanda." BMJ Global Health 6, no. 1 (January 2021): e003508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003508.
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IntroductionFamilies living in extreme poverty require interventions to support early-childhood development (ECD) due to broad risks. This longitudinal cluster randomised trial examines the effectiveness of Sugira Muryango (SM), a home-visiting intervention linked to Rwanda’s social protection system to promote ECD and reduce violence compared with usual care (UC).MethodsFamilies with children aged 6–36 months were recruited in 284 geographical clusters across three districts. Cluster-level randomisation (allocated 1:1 SM:UC) was used to prevent diffusion. SM was hypothesised to improve child development, reduce violence and increase father engagement. Developmental outcomes were assessed using the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ-3) and the Malawi Development Assessment Tool (MDAT) and anthropometric assessments of growth. Violence was assessed using questions from UNICEF Multiple Indicators Cluster Survey (MICS) and Rwanda Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS). Father engagement was assessed using the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment. Blinded enumerators conducted interviews and developmental assessments.ResultsA total of 541 SM families and 508 UC families were enrolled and included in the analyses. Study attrition (2.0% children; 9.6% caregivers) was addressed by hot deck imputation. Children in SM families improved more on gross motor (d=0.162, 95% CI 0.065 to 0.260), communication (d=0.081, 95% CI 0.005 to 0.156), problem solving (d=0.101, 95% CI 0.002 to 0.179) and personal-social development (d=0.096, 95% CI −0.015 to 0.177) on the ASQ-3. SM families showed increased father engagement (OR=1.592, 95% CI 1.069 to 2.368), decreased harsh discipline (incidence rate ratio, IRR=0.741, 95% CI 0.657 to 0.835) and intimate partner violence (IRR=0.616, 95% CI:0.458 to 0.828). There were no intervention-related improvements on MDAT or child growth.ConclusionSocial protection programmes provide a means to deliver ECD intervention.Trial registration numberNCT02510313.
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Patterson, Bruce D., Paul W. Webala, Michael Bartonjo, Julius Nziza, Carl W. Dick, and Terrence C. Demos. "On the taxonomic status and distribution of African species of Otomops (Chiroptera: Molossidae)." PeerJ 6 (May 24, 2018): e4864. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4864.
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Background Free-tailed bats of the genus Otomops are poorly known, and most species are documented from a handful of widely scattered localities. Recently, two allopatric species of Otomops were recognized in continental Africa: Otomops martiensseni (Matschie, 1897) in southern, central and western Africa, and the new species O. harrisoni Ralph et al., 2015 in the northeast and in Yemen. Methods We collected additional samples of Otomops in Kenya and Rwanda where the ranges of these taxa approach one another to clarify their geographic ranges and taxonomic status. Mitochondrial and nuclear intron sequences served to identify and delimit species; we also documented their echolocation call variation and ectoparasite complements. Results Otomops martiensseni, the southern African species, was documented in northern Kenya in Marsabit National Park. O. harrisoni, the northeastern African–Arabian species, was documented in southern Kenya and in a cave in Musanze District, Rwanda. Moreover, individuals of both species were found together at the Musanze cave, establishing them in precise spatial and temporal sympatry. Analyses of mitochondrial and nuclear loci identify no evidence of admixture between these forms, although available samples limit the power of this analysis. Echolocation call differences are also apparent among the three localities we analyzed. Three orders of insects and two families of mites are newly reported as ectoparasites of O. harrisoni. Discussion Our results corroborate species rank for O. harrisoni and establish a zone of potential geographic overlap with O. martiensseni spanning at least 800 km of latitude. The new records establish the species in sympatry in northern Rwanda and add an additional species to the bat faunas of both Kenya and Rwanda. Future studies are needed to understand Otomops roosting requirements and movements, thereby explaining the paucity of known colonies and yielding better estimates of their conservation status. The discovery of mixed roosting associations in Rwanda invites further investigation.
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Ndayambaje, Benjamin, Hellen Amuguni, Jeanne Coffin-Schmitt, Nancy Sibo, Martin Ntawubizi, and Elizabeth VanWormer. "Pesticide Application Practices and Knowledge among Small-Scale Local Rice Growers and Communities in Rwanda: A Cross-Sectional Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 23 (November 28, 2019): 4770. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234770.
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Background: Agriculture contributes a third of Rwanda’s GDP and is the main source of income for rural households, with 80% of the total population involved in crop and/or livestock production. The Government of Rwanda established the Muvumba rice project in 2011 amidst a policy shift towards rice as a national staple crop. However, the indiscriminate use of pesticides by local, low-income rice growers has raised concerns about potential human, animal and ecosystem health impacts as pesticide distribution and application are not strictly regulated. Although pesticide use can directly influence farmer health and ecosystems, little is known about small-scale farmers’ pesticide application practices and knowledge. We aimed to assess local application practices and understanding of pesticides to identify gaps in farmers’ knowledge on safe pesticide use and deviations from established standards and recommended practices. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study consisting of observations of pesticide practices and interviews with 206 small-scale rice growers in Nyagatare District, Rwanda, in March 2017. Descriptive statistical analyses (sample means, standard deviation and range) were performed, and we evaluated the association between farmers’ personal protective equipment (PPE) use and their education level and literacy status. Results: Over 95% of observed farmers did not comply with minimum standards for safe pesticide use, and 80% of respondents reported that they stored pesticides in their homes without personal protection measures. Education and literacy level were not significantly associated with PPE use. Additionally, 90% of respondents had experienced adverse health effects after using pesticides including intense headache, dizziness, stomach cramps, skin pain and itching, and respiratory distress. All respondents also reported animals in and around the rice scheme (cattle, birds, and fish) behaving abnormally or with signs consistent with pesticide exposure in the six months preceding the study, which may be linked to pesticide-contaminated water. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates potential for high exposure to pesticides for farmers, their families, and animals sharing rice-growing or downstream environments and points to the need for training on safe and effective pesticide use.
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Habyarimana, Faustin, and Shaun Ramroop. "Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Malaria among Children Aged Six Months to 14 Years Old in Rwanda: Evidence from 2017 Rwanda Malaria Indicator Survey." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 21 (October 30, 2020): 7975. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217975.
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Malaria is a major public health risk in Rwanda where children and pregnant women are most vulnerable. This infectious disease remains the main cause of morbidity and mortality among children in Rwanda. The main objectives of this study were to assess the prevalence of malaria among children aged six months to 14 years old in Rwanda and to identify the factors associated with malaria in this age group. This study used data from the 2017 Rwanda Malaria Indicator Survey. Due to the complex design used in sampling, a survey logistic regression model was used to fit the data and the outcome variable was the presence or absence of malaria. This study considered 8209 children in the analysis and the prevalence of malaria was 14.0%. This rate was higher among children aged 5–9 years old (15.6%), compared to other age groups. Evidently, the prevalence of malaria was also higher among children from poor families (19.4%) compared to children from the richest families (4.3%). The prevalence of malaria was higher among children from rural households (16.2%) compared to children from urban households (3.4%). The results revealed that other significant factors associated with malaria were: the gender of the child, the number of household members, whether the household had mosquito bed nets for sleeping, whether the dwelling had undergone indoor residual spraying in the 12 months prior to the survey, the location of the household’s source of drinking water, the main wall materials of the dwelling, and the age of the head of the household. The prevalence of malaria was also high among children living in houses with walls built from poorly suited materials; this suggests the need for intervention in construction materials. Further, it was found that the Eastern Province also needs special consideration in malaria control due to the higher prevalence of the disease among its residents, compared to those in other provinces.
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Habimana Kabano, Ignace, Annelet Broekhuis, and Pieter Hooimeijer. "Fertility Decline in Rwanda: Is Gender Preference in the Way?" International Journal of Population Research 2013 (June 6, 2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/787149.
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In 2007 Rwanda launched a campaign to promote 3 children families and a program of community based health services to improve reproductive health. This paper argues that mixed gender offspring is still an important insurance for old age in Rwanda and that to arrive at the desired gender composition women might have to progress beyond parity 3. The analyses are twofold. The first is the parity progression desire given the gender of living children. The second is gender specific replacement intention following the loss of the last or only son or daughter. Using the Demographic and Health Surveys of 2000, 2005, and 2010, we show that child mortality does not lead to extra parity progression beyond three, while having single gender offspring does and even more so when this is the result of the loss of the last son or daughter.
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DE BROUWER, ANNE-MARIE. "Reparation to Victims of Sexual Violence: Possibilities at the International Criminal Court and at the Trust Fund for Victims and Their Families." Leiden Journal of International Law 20, no. 1 (March 2007): 207–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156506003979.
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In this contribution the reparation possibilities for victims of sexual violence at the Inter-national Criminal Court and at the Trust Fund for Victims and their families are explored. This is done by explaining first of all why victims of sexual violence – and especially women – are in urgent need of reparation during and after conflict, with a special focus on the situation of female survivors of sexual violence in Rwanda. The reparation possibilities for victims of sexual violence at the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda are subsequently discussed, followed by a similar discussion with regard to the ICC. Questions such as the nature of the best forms of reparation for victims of sexual violence and at what point they are made are also dealt with. Although the ICC reparations regime offers in theory a good means of providing restorative justice to victims of sexual violence, it is important that the special concerns and needs of such victims are not easily overlooked by the Court and that swift action is taken by the Trust Fund for Victims and their families to address their plight.
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Roelke, Corey E., and Eric N. Smith. "Herpetofauna, Parc National des Volcans, North Province, Republic of Rwanda." Check List 6, no. 4 (October 1, 2010): 525. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/6.4.525.
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Herein is presented a list of the reptiles and anurans from the Parc National des Volcans (PNV) (01°43’ S, 29°52’ W), an area in the west and north provinces of the Republic of Rwanda in the Albertine Rift region of Africa. Fieldwork was conducted between two and six days per week from June through August 2007 and 2008. We also conducted literature searches of all historical expeditions within the park for species records. Seventeen species of reptiles and anurans are recorded from the PNV. Nine of the species were anurans, distributed in five families: Arthroleptidae (3), Bufonidae (1), Hyperoliidae (3), Phrynobatrachidae (1), and Pipidae (1). Eight species of reptiles were recorded from five families: Chamaeleonidae (1), Lacertidae (2), Scincidae (2), Colubridae (2), and Viperidae (1). Eight of the seventeen species found in the PNV are endemic to the Albertine Rift.
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Buruchara, R. A., M. A. Pastor-Corrales, and U. Scheidegger. "Fusarium Wilt Disease Caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli on a Common Bean Cultivar, G 2333, in Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo." Plant Disease 83, no. 4 (April 1999): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1999.83.4.397c.
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The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is an important source of dietary protein for poor resource families in Rwanda and the Kivu region of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). During the second season of 1990, symptoms consisting of chlorosis, premature defoliation, stunting, wilting, and vascular discoloration were observed for the first time on an improved popular climbing bean cultivar, G 2333, in the prefectures of Butare and Gikongoro, in southwest Rwanda. Between 1991 and 1994, surveys to determine disease occurrence were conducted in the two prefectures and in Kigali North, Gitarama, Cyangugu, and Kibuye in Rwanda, and in the south Kivu region of the DRC. Aseptic isolation from diseased plant samples yielded the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli. Pathogenicity tests on G 2333 seedlings by the root-dip inoculation method resulted in symptoms similar to those observed in the field, and recovery of the fungus, fulfilling Koch's postulate. Control seedlings gave no symptoms. Disease incidence was 44 and 53% in Butare and Gikongoro, respectively, during the first season of 1991 and 50 and 70% in the second season, while crop loss in some fields was as high as 100%. Between 1992 and 1994 the disease was also observed in the four other prefectures in Rwanda, and in south Kivu. Climbing bean cultivars Gisenyi-2-bis, G 865, Flora de Mayo, and Puebla 444 Criollo, and several bush local varietal mixtures grown where the disease occurred, were unaffected. CIAT bean Fusarium wilt differentials IPA 1, RIZ 30, A 211, Mortiño, Diacol Calima, BAT 477, HF 465-63-1, and Ecuador 650, and lines A 300 and XAN 112, were inoculated with three isolates (FOP-RW1, FOP-RW2, FOP-RW3) from Rwanda. Only IPA 1, RIZ 30, and A 211 were susceptible, indicating the isolates' likeness to the Brazilian race (1). This was the first report of Fusarium wilt disease on G 2333 in the two countries despite the cultivar having been grown for about 5 years. Reference: (1) R. L. D. Ribeiro and D. J. Hagedorn. Phytopathology 69:272, 1979.
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de Walque, Damien. "Parental Education and Children’s Schooling Outcomes: Evidence from Recomposed Families in Rwanda." Economic Development and Cultural Change 57, no. 4 (July 2009): 723–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/598764.
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Bikorimana, Gerard, and Sun Shengmin. "Socioeconomic and demographic forecasters of upgraded water and sanitation facilities admittance in Rwanda." International Journal of Social Economics 47, no. 2 (December 20, 2019): 190–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-07-2019-0452.
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Purpose Upgraded water and better sanitation are essential for human health, but it is still a challenge to get admittance to these facilities and the concerns of public health becomes most victims. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the socioeconomic and demographic forecaster linked with admittance to safer water and upgraded sanitation facilities in Rwanda. The study uses the cross-sectional data from the 2014 to 2015 Rwanda Demographic Health Survey and uses linear generalized models for the analysis. Design/methodology/approach The logit and probit regressions were used to analyze whether or not any forecaster variables influenced the predicted variable. Findings The findings showed that the households with the highest education background were 11.55 times more probable to have admittance to upgraded water sources compared to those who had none level of education. Likewise, the respondents with secondary and higher education were, respectively, 9.55 times and 4.09 times more probable to have admittance to upgraded latrine facilities. The authors found the increase of household size as significantly associated with admittance to the upgraded water source and latrine facilities compared to those families with fewer household members. The results also found that wealthier households had a larger odds ratio significance in getting admittance to upgraded water sources and sanitation facilities compared to poorer households. The study results found the greatest gap in access to upgraded water sources and sanitation facilities in rural areas compared to urban areas. Research limitations/implications The implications of the study results call for water policy formulation and implementation in Rwanda, as well as generally for other developing countries. Originality/value In Rwanda, this is the first study that empirically inspected the relationship between socioeconomic and demographic forecasters on admittance to upgraded water and sanitation facilities. Peer review The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/IJSE-07-2019-0452
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Abimpaye, Monique, Caroline Dusabe, Jean Providence Nzabonimpa, Richard Ashford, and Lauren Pisani. "Improving parenting practices and development for young children in Rwanda: Results from a randomized control trial." International Journal of Behavioral Development 44, no. 3 (July 16, 2019): 205–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025419861173.
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It is well known that the first 1,000 days of life have long-lasting impact on a child’s cognitive, language, socio-emotional, and physical development, but there is little evidence from Rwanda about how to maximize parent–child interactions during these critical early years. Save the Children piloted the First Steps “Intera za Mbere” early childhood parenting education program in one district of Rwanda to promote healthy development through holistic parenting education. Using a cluster randomized control trial, we assessed outcomes of a 17-week parenting education on parenting skills and child development for families with children aged 6–36 months. Families were randomly allocated into three study groups: light touch ( n = 482), full intervention ( n = 482), and control ( n = 483) groups. We used a Kinyarwanda-adaptation of the validated Ages & Stages Questionnaires (ASQ), a Home Observation Measurement of the Environment-Short Form. Multivariate linear and logistic regression analyses were used for both the intention-to-treat analyses and more robust models controlling for ASQ form received, child gender, maternal education, number of children in the home, and baseline ASQ scores. Findings indicate that children in the light touch and full intervention groups were significantly more likely to meet the ASQ benchmarks than the control group in all developmental domains. The strong positive results from the light touch group are especially relevant to efforts to bring beneficial early childhood stimulation programs to scale in low-income contexts.
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Mukeshimana, O., B. Uhagaze, and C. Ntizimira. "Home-Based End-of-Life Care Program for Oncology Patients in Rwanda." Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 2 (October 1, 2018): 176s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.21500.
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Background and context: Almost two-thirds of the 7.6 million deaths every year from cancer worldwide occur in low-income and middle income countries, making cancer a leading cause of mortality in these settings. In Rwanda, we are focused on the development of the tools needed to perform social and health service delivery in addition to policy research in resource-limited settings. There is a real need for qualified staff members who are able to ask appropriate questions, to make relevant hypotheses, develop research protocols, and conduct effective studies to identify innovative approaches in social and health service delivery. Cancer patients undergoing end-of-life care suffer from physical pain, mental illness and psychological trauma. Aim: The aims of this project are to identify cancer patients at end-of-life care at the community level without appropriate support through a mobile clinic, to mobilize existing resources to introduce home based care at the community level with participation of community health workers and to sensitize the population in cancer prevention and supportive care of patient using African socio-cultural perspectives. Strategy/Tactics: This project, the first kind in Rwanda, bring at home the same services cancer patients receive at the hospital level except for access to chemotherapy or radiotherapy. And it's where all those services provided and patients' family are counseled and reduce the burden and challenges they used to have going to hospital. Program/Policy process: During this project patients are visited in their homes and are treated mostly with pain management and their complaints are listened to together with other issues related to cancer, then their families are also approached to clearly explain to them the case of the patient and how to well console him/her and support in their sickness, all these are done periodically with assessment of past visits. Outcomes: Before this project, many people used to die early due to lack of pain management, counseling and follow-up, and also patient families used to abandon them at home or at health facilities. With this current project people have already started to understand that cancer can be treated like other diseases and this awareness helps in the advocacy for pain treatment and availability of pain killers for cancer patients. What was learned: The lessons learned from this project is that home based end of life care for oncology is an important tool to care for oncology patients and to reduce the burdens they have such as pain and depression and also the burdens for their families such as loss of money in the cost of treatment. This program can be expanded to reach as many as possible patients and their families.
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Kagabo, Daniel M., Catherine M. Kirk, Benjamin Bakundukize, Bethany L. Hedt-Gauthier, Neil Gupta, Lisa R. Hirschhorn, Willy C. Ingabire, et al. "Care-seeking patterns among families that experienced under-five child mortality in rural Rwanda." PLOS ONE 13, no. 1 (January 10, 2018): e0190739. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190739.
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Schietinger, Helen. "Teaching Rwandan Families to Care for People with AIDS at Home." Hospice Journal, The 9, no. 1 (August 10, 1993): 33–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j011v09n01_04.
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Schietinger, Helen, Calle Almedal, Bizimungu Nyirabalinda Marianne, Ruruku Karekezi Jacqueline, and Bodil Lawrence Ravn. "Teaching Rwandan Families to Care for People with AIDS at Home." Hospice Journal 9, no. 1 (March 1993): 33–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0742-969x.1993.11882753.
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Nkurunziza, Joseph, Annelet Broekhuis, and Pieter Hooimeijer. "Do Poverty Reduction Programmes Foster Education Expenditure? New Evidence from Rwanda." Journal of Asian and African Studies 52, no. 4 (August 4, 2015): 425–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021909615595988.
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The Rwandan Government has implemented various education policies that contribute to higher enrolment in education, but has become aware that these policies might be less effective for children from poor families. This study investigates the contribution of poverty reduction programmes on education expenditure of households. Using a multi-level regression analysis, combining district data on labour markets with detailed expenditure data on 7,230 households, it teases out the effects of several social protection programmes. The results show that access to health insurance and to waged work are positively related, while direct financial or in kind support are negatively related to paying into the children’s schooling. Non-agricultural employment opportunities in particular seem to stimulate education investments. Reducing the vulnerability of households might provide more equal access to these opportunities.
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Kahn, Sarilee, and Myriam Denov. "“We are children like others”: Pathways to mental health and healing for children born of genocidal rape in Rwanda." Transcultural Psychiatry 56, no. 3 (March 7, 2019): 510–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1363461519825683.
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Despite the well-documented prevalence of rape as a strategy of war, little is known about the specific psychological consequences to children born of conflict-related sexual violence. The results of data analysis of 7 focus groups and 60 in-depth interviews with children born of genocidal rape in Rwanda indicated that they are carrying the trauma of their own stigmatization and marginalization, are burdened with their mothers' trauma, and, we conclude, symbolize unresolved collective trauma for the society. Analysis also reveals that healing for these young adults requires interpersonal and intrapersonal compassion and acceptance, a meaningful connection with a peer group, societal recognition, and empowerment to help contribute to and transform their lives and societies. Each of these pathways to healing—intrapersonal, interpersonal, and social—is contingent upon the other, and none can be considered in isolation. To support this largely invisible population striving to fulfill their potential, opportunities need to be created for self-acceptance and acceptance by mothers, families, and communities; sharing and building emotional and social bonds with their cohort group; formal recognition; official social rituals to validate their experiences and those of the mother–child dyad in the context of culture and community; and for socioeconomic opportunities to enable them to fully participate in building the future of Rwanda.
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Dusaillant-Fernandes, Valérie. "Témoignages de la génération post-génocide au Rwanda : transmission et quête dans Un papa de sang de Jean Hatzfeld." Voix Plurielles 14, no. 2 (December 9, 2017): 62–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.26522/vp.v14i2.1641.
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Après Dans le nu de la vie (2000), Une saison des machettes (2003), La stratégie des antilopes (2007) et Englebert des collines (2014), Hatzfeld s’efface le temps d’un nouvel ouvrage, Un papa de sang (2015), pour porter son attention sur les enfants de victimes et de bourreaux dépositaires d’une souffrance qui ne leur appartient pas directement. Issus de familles Hutu ou Tutsi, ces jeunes, âgés de 16 à 20 ans, ne peuvent assimiler complètement des événements qu’ils n’ont pas connus et doivent, par la force des choses, s’efforcer de vivre dans le sillage d’un passé qui renvoie à l’horreur. Pour mieux comprendre l’impact inter- et transgénérationnel du génocide de 1994, nous proposons d’examiner la prise de parole d’adolescents et de jeunes adultes à travers les témoignages recueillis par Jean Hatzfeld et retranscrits dans Un papa de sang.
Comment ces adolescents et jeunes adultes ont-ils découvert leur l’histoire familiale et de quelle façon évoquent-ils cette percée des secrets et des tabous ? Comment perçoivent-ils leur identité dans un pays où les « directives gouvernementales excluent les mots "hutu" et "tutsi" du langage de la société rwandaise » (155) ? Quelles démarches entreprennent-ils pour découvrir la vérité sur le passé familial ? Comment expriment-ils leurs craintes ? Font-ils part de méthodes particulières pour obtempérer aux exigences du vivre-ensemble ? Quels sont les expressions ou les mots choisis pour décrire les émotions ressenties lors de la semaine de deuil national qui se tient annuellement du 7 au 14 avril ? À quoi aspirent ces jeunes qui fréquentent les cafés Internet et découvrent une vérité parfois cachée par les voisins ou leurs proches ? Autant de questions auxquelles notre article tente de répondre à travers l’analyse de l’ouvrage d’Hatzfeld.
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Byiringiro, Samuel, Rex Wong, Jenae Logan, Deogratias Kaneza, Joseph Gitera, Sharon Umutesi, and Catherine M. Kirk. "A qualitative study to explore the experience of parents of newborns admitted to neonatal care unit in rural Rwanda." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 13, 2021): e0252776. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252776.
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Background Neonatal Care Units (NCUs) provide special care to sick and small newborns and help reduce neonatal mortality. For parents, having a hospitalized newborn can be a traumatic experience. In sub-Saharan Africa, there is limited literature about the parents’ experience in NCUs. Objective Our study aimed to explore the experience of parents in the NCU of a rural district hospital in Rwanda. Methods A qualitative study was conducted with parents whose newborns were hospitalized in the Ruli District Hospital NCU from September 2018 to January 2019. Interviews were conducted using a semi-structured guide in the participants’ homes by trained data collectors. Data were transcribed, translated, and then coded using a structured code book. All data were organized using Dedoose software for analysis. Results Twenty-one interviews were conducted primarily with mothers (90.5%, n = 19) among newborns who were most often discharged home alive (90.5%, n = 19). Four themes emerged from the interviews. These were the parental adaptation to having a sick neonate in NCU, adaptation to the NCU environment, interaction with people (healthcare providers and fellow parents) in the NCU, and financial stressors. Conclusion The admission of a newborn to the NCU is a source of stress for parents and caregivers in rural Rwanda, however, there were several positive aspects which helped mothers adapt to the NCU. The experience in the NCU can be improved when healthcare providers communicate and explain the newborn’s status to the parents and actively involve them in the care of their newborn. Expanding the NCU access for families, encouraging peer support, and ensuring financial accessibility for neonatal care services could contribute to improved experiences for parents and families in general.
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Murthi, Shubha, and Chathuri Jayasooriya. "Deinstitutionalisation and the Best Interest of the Child: The Case of Rwanda and Lessons for South Asia." Institutionalised Children Explorations and Beyond 7, no. 2 (July 16, 2020): 148–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2349300320932331.
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The ‘deinstitutionalisation’ (DI) movement, also known as ‘care reforms’, is spreading rapidly across the globe, gaining momentum with the growing understanding among both practitioners and policy makers of the harmful effects of institutionalisation on the development and well-being of children as well as the strengthening of the child rights discourse. This has led to a growing international trend towards the development of, and a strong belief in, family-based care options for children deprived of parental care, away from large-scale institutions. This trend is reflected in and supported by international frameworks guiding the care of children, including the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child and in particular the United National Guidelines for the Alternative Care of Children, which was hailed in 2009. These instruments recognise that a caring and protective family is central to a child’s development, that governments should fulfil children’s right to quality care in families of origin and in alternative care and that institutionalisation of a child should be discouraged. DI processes are, however, not simple and straightforward as there are many challenges and complexities in their cross-cultural implementation. Even though unequivocally agreed by all stakeholders that the ‘best interest of the child’ should be at the heart of such care reform processes, its actual practice can often contradict such understandings as it gets submerged in numerous other considerations, constraints and challenges. This article analyses some of the dominant DI trends prevailing at present, in particular the primacy of family-based care and the misconceptions associated with the suitability of residential care, illustrated by the experience of SOS Children’s Villages in the DI process and its outcomes in Rwanda. The analysis is premised on the framework of the UN guidelines for the alternative care of children and strives to understand whether DI as it is practiced in Rwanda is aligned with the principles of ‘necessity’, ‘suitability’ and the ‘best interest of the child’ as stipulated in the Guidelines. The attempt is to draw lessons for South Asia from the success as well as the challenges faced in Rwanda, as many governments in South Asia progressively join the DI movement. It is critical for all child-focused international non-governmental organization/ non-governmental organizations (INGOs/NGOs) in Asia to understand the UNGL, learn from different experiences about the challenges of DI and prepare to engage with policy makers. One of the most important lessons from the Rwanda experience is that the ‘quality’ of care should take precedence over the ‘form’ of care, and that quality is not always guaranteed in family-based care. The shift in the positionality of the government of Rwanda and their willingness to rethink their approach to DI particularly in terms of recognising quality residential care is commendable. This needs to be taken as a precedence by other governments across the world including in South Asia—especially by those who are truly interested in ensuring the best interest of children who have lost the care of their parents.
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Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku, Melissa Kang, Lin Perry, Fiona Brooks, and Andrew Hayen. "Prevalence of first adolescent pregnancy and its associated factors in sub-Saharan Africa: A multi-country analysis." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 4, 2021): e0246308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246308.
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Introduction In low-and middle-income countries, pregnancy-related complications are major causes of death for young women. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of first adolescent pregnancy and its associated factors in sub-Saharan Africa. Methods We undertook a secondary analysis of cross-sectional data from Demographic and Health Surveys conducted in 32 sub-Saharan African countries between 2010 and 2018. We calculated the prevalence of first adolescent (aged 15 to 19 years) pregnancy in each country and examined associations between individual and contextual level factors and first adolescent pregnancy. Results Among all adolescents, Congo experienced the highest prevalence of first adolescent pregnancy (44.3%) and Rwanda the lowest (7.2%). However, among adolescents who had ever had sex, the prevalence ranged from 36.5% in Rwanda to 75.6% in Chad. The odds of first adolescent pregnancy was higher with increasing age, working, being married/cohabiting, having primary education only, early sexual initiation, knowledge of contraceptives, no unmet need for contraception and poorest wealth quintile. By contrast, adolescents who lived in rural areas and in the West African sub-region had lower odds of first adolescent pregnancy. Conclusion The prevalence of adolescent pregnancy in sub-Saharan African countries is high. Understanding the predictors of first adolescent pregnancy can facilitate the development of effective social policies such as family planning and comprehensive sex and relationship education in sub-Saharan Africa and can help ensure healthy lives and promotion of well-being for adolescents and their families and communities.
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Gerhart, Gail M., and Philip Gourevitch. "We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed with Our Families: Stories from Rwanda." Foreign Affairs 78, no. 2 (1999): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20049263.
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Smith, David Norman, and Philip Gourevitch. "We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed with Our Families: Stories from Rwanda." Contemporary Sociology 28, no. 4 (July 1999): 453. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2655331.
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Tullis, LaMond. "Illicit drugs and vulnerable communities." International Review of the Red Cross 34, no. 301 (August 1994): 368–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020860400078694.
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In the 1980s and 1990s vulnerable people worldwide have suffered assaults on their basic survival and civilized existence. Ethnic upheavals have convulsed the former Yugoslavia and new republics of the former USSR. The struggles have produced human tragedies beyond calculation in Rwanda. Political terrorists have operated freely in some Latin American, Middle Eastern, and Asian countries. Hunger, disease, ethnic strife, and praetorian governments continue to stalk much of Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Economic restructuring has marginalized citizens of some countries, placing people even further below already abysmal poverty lines. Families and civilized social values continue to disintegrate in the inner cities of the United States of America where income disparities between the poor and everyone else are increasing, threatening to create an underclass extending well beyond current geographical confines.
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Kanzila, Muzinga. "La prospection des ligneux fourragers dans la Communauté économique des Pays des Grands Lacs (Burundi, Rwanda, Zaïre)." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 47, no. 4 (April 1, 1994): 415–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.9082.
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Les prospections faites auprès des éleveurs et bouviers des grandes régions d'élevage du Burundi, du Rwanda et du Zaïre, ont permis d'inventorier 242 espèces d'arbres et arbustes indigènes consommés par les bovins, caprins et ovins. Ces espèces sont réparties dans 53 familles botaniques. Tous les ruminants domestiques des régions prospectées s'adonnent au brout à l'une ou l'autre époque de l'année, selon la disponibilité en herbes fourragères et surtout selon l'espèce animale à laquelle ils appartiennent. L'époque de prélèvement maximal reste la saison sèche. L'éleveur traditionnel a une bonne connaissance des arbres et arbustes fourragers indigènes mais les principaux usages qu'il leur reconnaît sont ceux de tout arbre. L'usage fourrager est simplement observé, ce qui explique que les arbres et arbustes fourragers ne font pas l'objet d'un traitement particulier. L'analyse chimique de quelques espèces a été effectuée et s'est révélée intéressante avec une moyenne en matières azotées de 18,5 % de la matière sèche en saison des pluies et 17,6 %en saison sèche.
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Nsekuye, Olivier, Edson Rwagasore, Marie Aime Muhimpundu, Ziad El-Khatib, Daniel Ntabanganyimana, Eric Noël Kamayirese, Laurent Ruyange, et al. "Investigation of Four Clusters of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in Rwanda, 2020." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 13 (June 30, 2021): 7018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18137018.
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We reported the findings of the first Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) four clusters identified in Rwanda. Case-investigations included contact elicitation, testing, and isolation/quarantine of confirmed cases. Socio-demographic and clinical data on cases and contacts were collected. A confirmed case was a person with laboratory confirmation of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PCR) while a contact was any person who had contact with a SARS-CoV-2 confirmed case within 72 h prior, to 14 days after symptom onset; or 14 days before collection of the laboratory-positive sample for asymptomatic cases. High risk contacts were those who had come into unprotected face-to-face contact or had been in a closed environment with a SARS-CoV-2 case for >15 min. Forty cases were reported from four clusters by 22 April 2020, accounting for 61% of locally transmitted cases within six weeks. Clusters A, B, C and D were associated with two nightclubs, one house party, and different families or households living in the same compound (multi-family dwelling). Thirty-six of the 1035 contacts tested were positive (secondary attack rate: 3.5%). Positivity rates were highest among the high-risk contacts compared to low-risk contacts (10% vs. 2.2%). Index cases in three of the clusters were imported through international travelling. Fifteen of the 40 cases (38%) were asymptomatic while 13/25 (52%) and 8/25 (32%) of symptomatic cases had a cough and fever respectively. Gatherings in closed spaces were the main early drivers of transmission. Systematic case-investigations contact tracing and testing likely contributed to the early containment of SARS-CoV-2 in Rwanda.
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Brinkman, Inge. "We Wish to Inform You that Tomorrow We will be Killed with Our Families: Stories from Rwanda (review)." Africa Today 47, no. 1 (2000): 141–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/at.2000.0004.
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Basabose, Jean de Dieu, and Heli Habyarimana. "Peace Education in Rwandan Secondary Schools: Coping With Contradictory Messages." Journal of Peacebuilding & Development 14, no. 2 (May 21, 2019): 138–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1542316619846825.
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This study explores how peace education in Rwandan secondary schools has faced challenges linked with the content of the programme, its implementers, and the environment in which it has to evolve. The research focuses on how students take different sources of information and how they respond to messages contradictory to the curriculum peace content taught at school. The research shows how messages contradictory to the curriculum peace content were moulded in families and/or amongst peers outside the school. The students and teachers demonstrated three possible responses: they accepted the contradictory messages, rejected them, or, in a large number of the cases, articulated an inability to make a clear-cut decision between the curriculum content and the other content contradictory to it. This difficulty to handle these contradictory messages may constitute a risk to the achievement of the expected outcomes of the programme.
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Brière, Sophie, Isabelle Auclair, and Maripier Tremblay. "Soutenir les femmes entrepreneures en contexte africain : vers une nouvelle approche dynamique et collective." Revue internationale P.M.E. 30, no. 3-4 (December 19, 2017): 69–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1042661ar.
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La situation des femmes entrepreneures a beaucoup évolué au cours des années et l’importance de soutenir l’activité des femmes entrepreneures n’est plus à démontrer. Plusieurs auteurs soulignent la nécessité d’adopter une approche différenciée compte tenu des obstacles auxquels elles font face, lesquels nécessitent de considérer leur contexte spécifique. À travers une étude exploratoire menée en Afrique du Sud et au Rwanda, cet article porte sur l’adéquation entre les services de soutien offerts aux femmes entrepreneures et leur réalité spécifique. Sur la base d’un modèle combinant le contexte, les stratégies de soutien et la performance des entreprises créées par les femmes, la recherche permet d’illustrer la mésadaptation des services de soutien caractérisés par une approche générique et androcentrique, une logique stéréotypée de la performance et un manque de considération pour l’influence de la situation familiale sur le cheminement entrepreneurial. Dans le but d’alimenter la réflexion et orienter
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Sibomana, Providence, and Aline Ingabire. "Contribution of women entrepreneurs’ initiatives to community welfare in Kanjongo, Nyamasheke District, Rwanda." KIBOGORA POLYTECHNIC SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL 1, no. 1 (April 11, 2018): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33618/kpscj.2018.01.007.
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Entrepreneurship has been a male-dominated phenomenon from the very early age, but time has changed the situation and brought women as today's most memorable and inspirational entrepreneurs. In almost all the developed countries in the world women are putting their steps at par with the men to increase the productivity of their society. This study has been done purposely to show the contribution of women in country development starting from them towards surroundings in Kanjongo sector of Nyamasheke district, Western province of Rwanda. The socioeconomic contribution of women in community development has been assessed using interview; the economic benefits analysis has been conducted to compare the women entrepreneurs’ status before and after being engaged in entrepreneurial activity. The results indicated that 37.21% of women contributed to the payment of health insurance for themselves and families while they were only 15.12% before. The capacity of paying school fees for their children has increased from 12.79% to 24.42%. The capacity of saving above 50,000 Frw has grown up from 27.91% to 62.8%. Their tax payment capability was raised from 19.77% to 100% as well as the capacity of having domestic animal which has risen from 27.91% to 100%. The construction of houses, job creation and food security also were known as fields where women used their earnings. Women entrepreneurs revealed challenges of lacking experience and skills at a level of 47.67%. These findings show that women entrepreneurs should be more sensitized on the importance of taking entrepreneurships initiatives and the government should organize short and long trainings to women to enhance their entrepreneurships skills and sustain their businesses.
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Nduwimana, Estella, Sylvere Mukunzi, Lauren C. Ng, Catherine M. Kirk, Justin I. Bizimana, and Theresa S. Betancourt. "Mental Health of Children Living in Foster Families in Rural Rwanda: The Role of HIV and the Family Environment." AIDS and Behavior 21, no. 6 (August 30, 2016): 1518–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10461-016-1482-y.
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Akosah-Twumasi, Peter, Faith Alele, Amy M. Smith, Theophilus I. Emeto, Daniel Lindsay, Komla Tsey, and Bunmi S. Malau-Aduli. "Prioritising Family Needs: A Grounded Theory of Acculturation for Sub-Saharan African Migrant Families in Australia." Social Sciences 9, no. 2 (February 14, 2020): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci9020017.
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Pre-existing acculturation models have focused on individual orientation and may not be fully applicable to African migrants due to their strong connection to family. In this study, we utilised qualitative semi-structured interviews to explore how 22 migrant families from eight sub-Saharan African representative countries: Congo, Eritrea, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Uganda and Zimbabwe, who now reside in Townsville, Australia experienced the acculturation process. Data were analysed at the family unit level using the three steps of grounded theory method: open, axial and selective coding. The theory derived illustrates that the acculturation process involves two major phases (maintaining core moral values and attaining a sense of belonging) within which six categories were identified. Three of the categories were related to deeply held heritage values and beliefs (family relationships, societal expectations and cultural norms), while the other three (religious beliefs, socio-economic gains and educational values) indicated integration with the host culture. These categories constitute central concerns for the participants and demonstrate what matters to them as a family unit and not as individuals. We conclude that a selective process of “prioritising family needs” determines the acculturation strategy of sub-Saharan African migrant families, aiding the fulfilment of their migration goals, ensuring effective functioning of the family unit, and enabling them to be productive members of their local community.
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Nyseth Brehm, Hollie, Laura C. Frizzell, Christopher Uggen, and Evelyn Gertz. "Consequences of judging in transitional justice courts." British Journal of Criminology 61, no. 5 (April 5, 2021): 1169–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azab008.
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Abstract Research has found that participation in transitional justice (TJ) is associated with increased social capital and decreased well-being. This article extends this scholarship by examining how TJ mechanisms affect the social capital and well-being of the people who implement them via interviews with 135 Rwandan gacaca court judges. In terms of well-being, judges discuss pride and confidence yet also highlight stress and trauma. In terms of social capital, many judges are now mediators and local leaders, though numerous judges have also experienced grudges from the families of those they sentenced. These negative consequences were particularly prominent among judges with more authority.
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Somers, Evelyn. "We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed with Our Families: Stories from Rwanda (review)." Missouri Review 22, no. 2 (1999): 189–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mis.1999.0115.
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Remera, Eric, Frédérique Chammartin, Sabin Nsanzimana, Jamie Ian Forrest, Gerald E. Smith, Placidie Mugwaneza, Samuel S. Malamba, et al. "Child mortality associated with maternal HIV status: a retrospective analysis in Rwanda, 2005-2015." BMJ Global Health 6, no. 5 (May 2021): e004398. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-004398.
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IntroductionChild mortality remains highest in regions of the world most affected by HIV/AIDS. The aim of this study was to assess child mortality rates in relation to maternal HIV status from 2005 to 2015, the period of rapid HIV treatment scale-up in Rwanda.MethodsWe used data from the 2005, 2010 and 2015 Rwanda Demographic Health Surveys to derive under-2 mortality rates by survey year and mother’s HIV status and to build a multivariable logistic regression model to establish the association of independent predictors of under-2 mortality stratified by mother’s HIV status.ResultsIn total, 12 010 live births were reported by mothers in the study period. Our findings show a higher mortality among children born to mothers with HIV compared with HIV negative mothers in 2005 (216.9 vs 100.7 per 1000 live births) and a significant reduction in mortality for both groups in 2015 (72.0 and 42.4 per 1000 live births, respectively). In the pooled reduced multivariable model, the odds of child mortality was higher among children born to mothers with HIV, (adjusted OR, AOR 2.09; 95% CI 1.57 to 2.78). The odds of child mortality were reduced in 2010 (AOR 0.69; 95% CI 0.59 to 0.81) and 2015 (AOR 0.35; 95% CI 0.28 to 0.44) compared with 2005. Other independent predictors of under-2 mortality included living in smaller families of 1–2 members (AOR 5.25; 95% CI 3.59 to 7.68), being twin (AOR 4.93; 95% CI 3.51 to 6.92) and being offspring from mothers not using contraceptives at the time of the survey (AOR 1.6; 95% CI 1.38 to 1.99). Higher education of mothers (completed primary school: (AOR 0.74; 95% CI 0.64 to 0.87) and secondary or higher education: (AOR 0.53; 95% CI 0.38 to 0.74)) was also associated with reduced child mortality.ConclusionsThis study shows an important decline in under-2 child mortality among children born to both mothers with and without HIV in Rwanda over a 10-year span.
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Chaudhury, Sumona, Felicity L. Brown, Catherine M. Kirk, Sylvere Mukunzi, Beatha Nyirandagijimana, Josee Mukandanga, Christian Ukundineza, et al. "Exploring the potential of a family-based prevention intervention to reduce alcohol use and violence within HIV-affected families in Rwanda." AIDS Care 28, sup2 (May 26, 2016): 118–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2016.1176686.
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