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Journal articles on the topic 'Family Birth control Fertility'
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1
TIMÆUS, IAN M., and TOM A. MOULTRIE. "DISTINGUISHING THE IMPACT OF POSTPONEMENT, SPACING AND STOPPING ON BIRTH INTERVALS: EVIDENCE FROM A MODEL WITH HETEROGENEOUS FECUNDITY." Journal of Biosocial Science 45, no. 3 (November 29, 2012): 311–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932012000648.
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SummaryThis paper investigates the impact on birth intervals of three distinct birth control strategies: stopping childbearing, spacing births and the postponement of further childbearing for reasons unrelated to women's family-building histories. A macro-simulation model of the family-building process is described that incorporates heterogeneity in fecundability. This model is used to demonstrate that the postponement of further childbearing has a distinctive impact on schedules of duration-specific fertility rates that differs from that of both family-size limitation and birth spacing. In particular, the simulation results, supplemented by an analytical exposition, show that reductions in fertility due to spacing are a function of interval duration and its log, while reductions due to postponement are a function of interval duration and its square. This provides a way to test statistically for the presence of, and distinguish between, differential postponement and spacing in regression analyses of birth history data.
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Dahroni, D. "Alternative Ways to Control Fertility in Indonesia." Forum Geografi 4, no. 2 (December 20, 2014): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/forgeo.v4i2.4857.
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An effort for reducing fertility in developing countries like Indonesia, is a real initiative to decrease the population growth rate. The succes of family planning programme in reducing fertility of Indonesia, has been confessed by UNO, and as a result, president Suharto has been rewarded a United Nation Population Award. Besides it is considered to make another effort beyond family planning programmes, among other things are: to raise age of marriage, future cousciousness, moral, and health education. Those programmes can be carried out through formal and informal education as well. The aim of family planning programme is to create a small family of lawful marriage and have heredity. In order to have a quantity and a good quality of heredity we are likely to become, then, there should be a planning of giving birth. Nevertheless, campaign motivation to raise age of marriage for young generation in rural as well as in urban, is one of the main efforts to reduce fertility rates.
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Marston, Cicely, Alicia Renedo, and Gertrude Nsorma Nyaaba. "Fertility regulation as identity maintenance: Understanding the social aspects of birth control." Journal of Health Psychology 23, no. 2 (September 19, 2017): 240–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359105317726367.
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We take a dialogical approach to exploring fertility regulation practices and show how they can maintain or express social identity. We identify three themes in educated Ghanaian women’s accounts of how they navigate conflicting social demands on their identity when trying to regulate fertility: secrecy and silence – hiding contraception use and avoiding talking about it; tolerating uncertainty – such as using unreliable but more socially acceptable contraception; and wanting to be fertile and protecting menses. Family planning programmes that fail to tackle such social-psychological obstacles to regulating fertility will risk reproducing social spaces where women struggle to claim their reproductive rights.
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Drezgic, Rada. "Pregnancy prevention and/or termination: On history of birth control in Serbia." Sociologija 58, no. 3 (2016): 335–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/soc1603335d.
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This text gives a brief survey of history of fertility control in Serbia from the 19th century to present. Special attention is given to the mid 20th century, the period during which currently still prevalent model of fertility control has been constituted in Serbia. This model is marked by a combination of behavioral methods and abortion, as a backup method. The author scrutinizes structural and ideological features from different levels of social organization that have framed this model of family planning and examines its advantages over medical contraception from the users? perspective. Finally, the text discusses the ambivalent status of abortion in society which has been at the same time rather widespread and normalized method of birth control and stigmatized.
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Jennings, Julia A., Allison R. Sullivan, and J. David Hacker. "Intergenerational Transmission of Reproductive Behavior during the Demographic Transition." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 42, no. 4 (February 2012): 543–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jinh_a_00304.
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New evidence from the Utah Population Database (updp) reveals that at the onset of the fertility transition, reproductive behavior was transmitted across generations—between women and their mothers, as well as between women and their husbands' family of origin. Age at marriage, age at last birth, and the number of children ever born are positively correlated in the data, most strongly among first-born daughters and among cohorts born later in the fertility transition. Intergenerational ties, including the presence of mothers and mothers-in-law, influenced the hazard of progressing to a next birth. The findings suggest that the practice of parity-dependent marital fertility control and inter-birth spacing behavior derived, in part, from the previous generation and that the potential for mothers and mothers-in-law to help in the rearing of children encouraged higher marital fertility.
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Schrempf, Mona. "Re-production at Stake: Experiences of Family Planning and Fertility among Amdo Tibetan Women." Asian Medicine 6, no. 2 (September 15, 2012): 321–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15734218-12341237.
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Abstract Biographical interviews with Tibetan women in rural Amdo (Qinghai Province, China) indicate that many women above 40 years of age experienced family planning as a threat to their reproductive health, social status and economic production. Even though family planning, implemented since 1980, was experienced differently among the targeted women, they nevertheless addressed the same social pressure of having to reconcile normative birth control administered by the Chinese state with Tibetan socio-cultural norms and values of fertility focused upon preferences for sons. Renowned female Tibetan doctors in private and public clinics and hospitals were Tibetan women’s preferred and trusted addressees for voluntary birth control and reproductive health. I argue therefore, that in order to understand the effects of family planning on targeted Tibetan women, socio-cultural values of fertility need to be taken into account as they are expressed in women’s narratives of their bio-psycho-social, gendered and ethnic selves.
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Högberg, Ulf, and Stig Wall. "Reproductive mortality and its relation to different methods of birth control." Journal of Biosocial Science 22, no. 3 (July 1990): 323–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000018691.
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SummaryThis report evaluates the decrease in maternal mortality and its relation to family planning methods in Sweden during the years 1911–80. In the 1930s fertility was low but illegal abortions were at a high level and the associated maternal death rate was 18·5 per 1000 women. With the legalization of abortion and the introduction of modern contraceptive methods, the crude reproductive mortality rate in 1965–70 was 1·7 per 100,000 women and this was reduced still further, especially for younger women, by the late 1970s. Standardized reproductive mortality was then 80% higher than the crude rate, indicating the importance of modern family planning methods. Mortality associated with oral contraceptive or IUD use in Sweden during the 1960s and 1970s was lower than in England and the US. Mortality associated with sterilization was 6·2 per 100,000 procedures.
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Aimé Zoundi, David, Jean-Louis Bago, Wamadini dite Minata Souratié, and Miaba Louise Lompo. "Evaluating the Role of Education as a Birth Control Policy in Burkina Faso: A Propensity Score Weighting Approach." International Education Studies 11, no. 9 (August 28, 2018): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ies.v11n9p36.
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We use the 2014 round of Burkina Faso’s Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) to identify and quantify the causal effect of women’s education on their fertility outcomes focusing on two fertility indicators: the total number of children ever born and the age at first birth. However, women's educational attainments may reflect the difference in term of access to schooling or individual characteristics such the family wealth, causing a threat to the empirical identification. In order to achieve consistent estimation, our empirical strategy follows Imbens (2000) and uses the propensity score weighting (PSW) approach to generate an appropriate counterfactual group accounting for education levels. Results from the PSW estimation suggest that education reduces the number of children per woman and delays women’s first birth in Burkina Faso. Hence, promoting girls education is an efficient policy to achieve birth control in Burkina Faso.
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Rasevic, Mirjana. "Religions and low fertility today." Stanovnistvo 57, no. 2 (2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/stnv190814005r.
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Our understanding of whether, to what extent, and under which conditions religions nowadays influence birth levels depends on research. It is important to seek answers to two fundamental questions. The first question is about the role of religiosity and religious affiliation in the deterministic cause of low fertility and family planning in recent times. The second question deals with the influence of religious institutions on birth levels and the exercise of reproductive rights at the global level and within certain population groups over recent decades. To that end, the paper provides an overview of theoretical examinations of the connection between religions and fertility, empirical studies addressing low completed fertility, birth control, or sexual behaviour in relation to religiosity or religious affiliation of individuals, as well as the influence of religious institutions on fertility transition and the respect of human rights in this field. A review of the recent studies of various populations characterised by low birth levels shows that religiosity, especially practising religion, encourages people to uphold traditional values, attitudes, and behaviours that are directly or indirectly related to the concepts of marriage and childbearing. Moreover, it sheds light on some examples of religious institutions? concrete opposition to progress in this area, while also highlighting contradictory cases of religions supporting pro-found contemporary changes in reproductive behaviour.
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Mahmood, Naushin, and G. M. Zahm. "The Demand for Fertility Control in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 32, no. 4II (December 1, 1993): 1097–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v32i4iipp.1097-1106.
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The shift from high to low fertility during the process of modernisation may occur through a reduction in the demand for children and an increase in deliberate fertility control behaviour of individuals. This, in tum, depends on couple's positive attitudes and willingness to adopt contraception and the easy availability and accessibility of the means of fertility regulation. In social settings like Pakistan where the desire for large family size exists and deliberate family limitation is not very common, it is of great importance to study the process of making family size choices and assess the demand for fertility control which are very likely to influence the future prospects of fertility change. A recent study in reviewing population policy and family planning programme effectiveness in a number of Third World countries including Pakistan has stressed on the immediate need to estimate the potential demand for services and the extent of such demand in specific areas and subgroups of population [Freedman (1987»). The findings from WFS data on fertility desires for many developing countries also suggest that if women fully implement their stated desire for children and restrict themselves to wanted births, substantial decline in fertility is likely to occur in a majority of countries and unlikely in only a few [Lightboume (1988»). Such findings are important in the context of Pakistan's fertility situation where a significant number of women want to stop childbearing and speculation about a substantial decline in fertility exists.
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Sheikh, Qurra-tul-ain Ali, Mahpara Sadaqat, and Muhammad Meraj. "Reckoning females’ education as a determinant of fertility control in Pakistan." International Journal of Social Economics 44, no. 3 (March 6, 2017): 414–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-01-2015-0007.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to obtain empirical evidence on the impacts of socio-economic and demographic factors on the fertility decisions taken by a common family in developing countries like Pakistan. Also, this study contravenes the conventional orthodoxy of childbirth decisions of a family by enlarging the canvas and conjectures the fundamental nexus amongst female’s education, fertility and contraceptive use. Design/methodology/approach The study is based on micro-level data, obtained from the Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (2012-2013) which is the third survey carried out in Pakistan. Demographic and socio-economic profiles of 13,558 ever-married women, aged 15-49 years, were randomly selected from Gilgit Baltistan and the four provinces of Pakistan. Three dependent variables are used in empirical analysis i.e. current use of contraceptives, total fertility and cumulative fertility. In order to estimate the probability of contraceptive use maximum likelihood, Probit technique is employed with ordinary least squares on reduced form specifications of total fertility and cumulative fertility models. Findings The empirical results proved the hypotheses that educated females practice more family planning through modern contraceptives which leads to a decrease in total fertility rates. Some significant links among females’ education, contraceptive use and fertility define the quantity – quality trade-off and opportunity cost of time. Evidently, female education provides maturity and awareness of family size which is necessary to take crucial economic decisions. Research limitations/implications The empirical evidence suggests that maximum efforts should be made toward women’s education. The current standard of education in Pakistan is not enough to overcome the long-standing problem of excessive child birth. This could be done with the help of public – private partnership as the measures taken by the government alone are insufficient. The government should initiate some adequate measures such as education and awareness about contraceptive usage at the secondary school level that could be a vivacious step to support fertility reduction. Practical implications The framework used in this study provides a broader intra-household income–expenditure approach. With a smaller family size, the household’s income would be shared among fewer individuals. It is highly probable that parents would be more attentive if they need to look after a few children. That is the best way to progress their children with limited resources. Social implications From the socioeconomic perspectives, educated parents plan the ideal family size which allows them to spend more on their children’s upbringing. Originality/value This study captures the magnitude of fertility decisions with the relevance of the wife’s education because the present practice in Pakistan does not allow higher education for married women. This is why this study could be used as a benchmark for further study in the same area.
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Uddin, M. Sheikh Giash, Md Abul Kalam Azad, and MG Kibria. "Factors divide fertility between east and west areas of Bangladesh: implications for further strengthening the family planning program." Bangladesh Journal of Scientific Research 26, no. 1-2 (August 27, 2014): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsr.v26i1-2.20229.
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Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey data were used for the study. The results suggest that women in the East have an average of 2.34 living children compared to an average of 1.83 living children in the West. Women with all living female children are two times more likely to give births than women having at least one male child in the East. Sex preference is an important determinant of current use of contraception in Bangladesh. In the East, women with two sons are 1.9 times more likely to use contraception than women with two daughters. Current use of contraception divides the East and West for fertility differential. It also implies that the reduction in fertility may largely depend on increased use of effective birth control methods in future in Bangladesh. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsr.v26i1-2.20229 Bangladesh J. Sci. Res. 26(1-2): 37-46, December-2013
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Lyssiotou, Panayiota. "Can Targeted Child Benefits Affect Fertility? Evidence from a Natural Experiment." B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy 21, no. 3 (May 11, 2021): 921–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bejeap-2020-0165.
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Abstract This paper contributes to the literature on whether targeted cash child benefits can affect fertility and, specifically, induce families to have more than two children. We exploit the introduction of a monthly non-means tested cash child benefit paid only to families with at least four children. We apply a quasi experimental methodology since the reform is expected to have increased births of fourth child relative to births of third child or higher than four. We find robust evidence that the reform increased significantly the treated family’s probability to have a (fourth) child by about 5% and had no effect on births greater than four. In the post reform period, the control group’s probability to have a (third) child was not significantly different than before the reform. In particular, the finding that the probability of birth among parities greater than four was not affected by the reform supports that what we are estimating is a response of the targeted family to the introduction of the child benefit and not a change in the fertility preferences of families with many children. Other changes (besides the reform) had a negative effect on the probability to have a child that was reversed only for the birth of fourth child among treated families due to the economic incentives created by the reform.
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Dhingra, Ashwani K., and Bhawna Chopra. "Herbal Remedies for Birth Control: An Alternative to Synthetic Hormonal Contraceptives." Current Women s Health Reviews 16, no. 4 (September 9, 2020): 290–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573404816999200511002829.
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Background: Both women and men wish to have control over when to become parents. Birth control or contraception methods basically entail different types of mechanisms to avoid pregnancy. Making choices about birth control methods is not easy since there are many types of fertility control techniques available to avoid pregnancy. Objective: Several health problems are associated with females or males on the prominent use of oral contraceptives/pills. To reduce the side effects of these pills, nature provides us with several medicinal plants that act as good birth control pills. So this review aims to focus on the database provided in the literature to use these medicinal plants to avoid or control the severe health problems which directly or indirectly affect the health of the individual. Methods: All significant databases were collected via electronic search using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Science direct and were compiled. Results: Several common options include family planning through abstinence, hormonal methods like oral contraceptives, barrier methods, etc. Apart from this, some people who do not want to have children may opt for permanent sterilization, but these methods or pills, when taken orally, change the hormonal balance of the individual, which leads to the other disorders. Thus, this present review concludes the knowledgeable erudition on the natural plants acting as antifertility agents. Conclusion: This review article is mainly focused on the natural birth control methods to combat pregnancy and also emphasize on various medicinal active plants being used to avoid fertility.
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Narzary, Pralip Kumar, Battala Madhusudana, and A. Sathiya Susuman. "Unfolding the Mystery of Reliance on Traditional Methods of Birth Control in Assam, India." Journal of Asian and African Studies 52, no. 6 (November 3, 2015): 780–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021909615611926.
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Reliance on traditional methods of birth control causes psychological tension in couples because the fear of unwanted pregnancy bars them from experiencing a healthy sexual life. However, in Assam, half of all contraceptive users depend on traditional methods of birth control. The current study used National Family Health Survey 2005–2006 data. Out of 3840 sample women in the age group 15–49 years, 1286 women are filtered for the present study. Most of the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of traditional method users fall between those of modern spacing method users and terminal method users. Thus, the burden of unwanted fertility is highest among the traditional method users.
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Asghar, Mohammad, Benrithung Murry, and Kallur Nava Saraswathy. "Fertility Behaviour and Effect of Son Preference among the Muslims of Manipur, India." Journal of Anthropology 2014 (August 26, 2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/108236.
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Fertility is one of the most important components of demographic studies affecting almost all aspects of human life. Present paper is an attempt to study various factors, including preference of son, affecting the fertility of Manipuri Muslims. A household survey was conducted in Imphal East and Thoubal districts where the concentration of Muslim is found to be the highest, interviewing 512 ever married women. Age at marriage, age at first conception, education, occupation, types of family, and per capita annual income are influencing the fertility rate among this population. Uses of birth control measures, consanguineous marriage, and age at menarche have no effect on fertility rate. The preference for more sons is observed in this study leading to increase in overall fertility rate.
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Yishai, Yael. "The Hidden Agenda: Abortion Politics in Israel." Journal of Social Policy 22, no. 2 (April 1993): 193–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279400019309.
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AbstractThe paper examines the formulation and implementation of abortion politics in Israel. Liberalisation of abortion, triggered by the need to enable poor women to terminate unwanted pregnancies, enjoyed wide consensus. The highly controversial repeal of the social-cause clause, prompted by coalition bargaining, was aimed at encouraging fertility. Both policies failed to realise intentions of decision-makers. Liberalisation of abortion did not result in population control among the poor; restriction of abortion did not lead to increasing birth rates. The reasons for the unsuccessful impact are grounded in the hidden agenda, caused by the incompatibility between two policy goals: curbing birth rates among the poor and encouraging fertility among the Jewish population on the whole. The hidden agenda hindered the achievement of impact: population control policy was not followed up by family planning. Population growth policy was not followed up by economic incentives.
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Lieming, Fang. "Will China’s “Two-child in One Family” Policy to Spur Population Growth Work?" Population and Economics 3, no. 2 (June 30, 2019): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/popecon.3.e37962.
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The population problem has always been a fundamental, overall and strategic issue faced by the human society. While China’s family planning policy has promoted China’s economic development and social progress, the “two-child” policy failed to receive satisfactory result. Confronted by China’s low fertility rate, efforts must be done from many aspects to spur population growth: establish the National Population Security Council, strengthen the selection and appointment of population policy makers, strengthen the family values, adopt incentive measures to increase fertility, and so on. The “two-child” policy has been carried out for more than three years, and the policy is still facing the test of time. China’s “two-child” policy is still a transitional policy, and the final solution will be to abandon birth control.
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Batchelor, Daud Abdul-Fattah. "Islamic Perspectives on Curbing Population Growth to Promote Earth's Sustainability." ICR Journal 10, no. 1 (June 15, 2019): 21–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.52282/icr.v10i1.70.
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In Muslim countries, rapid population growth is exacerbating environmental problems. Therefore, the ummah needs to reduce its population growth to safeguard Earth’s sustainability. To that end, family planning measures have been successful in reducing population growth in Muslim countries to levels that promote societal well-being, with better women’s health and healthy, educated children. A review of Islamic perspectives shows that birth control methods were approved by Prophet Muhammad (pbuh), such as birth-spacing intervals and non-permanent contraception, and Islamic states have promoted or discouraged family planning according to socio-economic needs. However, research is required to determine ideal national fertility rates to promote stability and environmental protection. Certain Western countries are active in national programmes to curb Muslim population growth. These should be monitored and terminated if they yield unacceptably low fertility levels. Ultimately, mujtahid scholars need to urgently review classical positions to allow the ummah to curb its population growth
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Yang, Quanhe. "Age at first marriage and fertility in rural Anhui, China." Journal of Biosocial Science 22, no. 2 (April 1990): 143–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000018496.
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SummaryThis paper examines the changing nuptiality pattern of rural China, particularly rural Anhui in relation to the planned social changes since 1949 and their effect on fertility. The data are from the 1/1000 Fertility Survey of China, conducted by the Family Planning Commission in 1982. Before the family planning programme was introduced to rural Anhui (1972), the changing nuptiality pattern was indirectly affected by the planned social changes; after 1972, the substantial increase in age at first marriage was mainly due to the family planning programme. More recently, the centrally controlled social structure is loosening, due to the economic reform and the nuptiality pattern seems to join the 1972 trend, suggesting that the dramatic change of nuptiality pattern during the early 1970s to early 1980s was a temporary one. But its effect on fertility is clear, and the shortening interval between marriage and first birth may bring difficulties for future population control in rural China.
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Otieno, Vincent, Alfred Agwanda, and Anne Khasakhala. "Fertility transition in selected sub-Saharan African countries: the role of family planning programs." F1000Research 8 (May 29, 2020): 1748. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.20585.2.
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Background: Change in fertility rate across societies is a complex process that involves changes in the demand for children, the diffusion of new attitudes about family planning and greater accessibility to contraception. Scholars have concentrated on a range of factors associated with fertility majorly at the national scale. However, considerably less attention has been paid to fertility preference - a pathway through which various variables act on fertility. It is understood that women have inherent fertility preferences which each they seek to achieve over her reproductive cycle. However, the service delivery enhancement levels and capacity across countries as integral pathways to this goal accomplishment stand on their way towards eventual outcomes. Precisely, the Sub-Saharan African countries’ disparities amid similarities in their population policies is a cause of concern. Methods: Using Bongaarts reformulation of Easterlin conceptual scheme of 1985 on DHS data, the understanding of the current fertility transition in general would provide explanations to the observed fertility dynamics. This study therefore is an attempt to explain the current fertility transition through women’s fertility preference. Results: Results reveal that fertility transition is diverse across sub-Saharan Africa; generally, on a decline course in most of the countries. The huge disparities in fertility preferences among women of reproductive age and its non-significant change in the implementation indices points at the service delivery performance underneath regarding the proportion of demand to family planning commodities satisfied. Service delivery indicators are integral to fertility preference achievement within households as well as a country’s overall positioning regarding fertility transition at the macroscale. Conclusions: It is therefore plausible to conclude that the improvement of service delivery in general; precisely touching on the availability and the uptake of quality birth control technologies is one of the most feasible means through which countries can fast track their fertility transitions.
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Bailey, Martha J. "“Momma's Got the Pill”: How Anthony Comstock and Griswold v. Connecticut Shaped US Childbearing." American Economic Review 100, no. 1 (March 1, 2010): 98–129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.100.1.98.
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The 1960s ushered in a new era in US demographic history characterized by significantly lower fertility rates and smaller family sizes. What catalyzed these changes remains a matter of considerable debate. This paper exploits idiosyncratic variation in the language of “Comstock” statutes, enacted in the late 1800s, to quantify the role of the birth control pill in this transition. Almost 50 years after the contraceptive pill appeared on the US market, this analysis provides new evidence that it accelerated the post-1960 decline in marital fertility. (JEL J12, J13, K10, N31, N32)
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Chandiok, Ketaki, Prakash Ranjan Mondal, Chakraverti Mahajan, and Kallur Nava Saraswathy. "Biological and Social Determinants of Fertility Behaviour among the Jat Women of Haryana State, India." Journal of Anthropology 2016 (November 20, 2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5463168.
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Fertility is a way through which human beings biologically replace themselves in order to continue their existence on earth. The present paper therefore attempts to study the factors affecting fertility among the Jat women of Haryana state. A household survey was conducted in 15 villages of Palwal district in which the concentration of Jats was found to be highest and 1014 ever married women were interviewed. Age at marriage, present age, education status, family type, and preference for male child were the most important factors that affected fertility in the studied population. Age at menarche, age at first conception, occupation status, use of birth control measures, and household per capita annual income did not affect the fertility in the studied population.
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Alaba, Oluwayemisi O., Olusanya E. Olubusoye, and J. O. Olaomi. "Spatial patterns and determinants of fertility levels among women of childbearing age in Nigeria." South African Family Practice 59, no. 4 (August 28, 2017): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/safp.v59i4.4735.
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Background: Despite aggressive measures to control the population in Nigeria, the population of Nigeria still remains worrisome. Increased birth rates have significantly contributed to Nigeria being referred to as the most populous country in Africa. This study analyses spatial patterns and contributory factors to fertility levels in different states in Nigeria.
Method: The 2013 Nigerian Demographic Health Survey (NDHS) data were used to investigate the determinants of fertility levels in Nigeria using the geo-additive model. The fertility levels were considered as count data. Negative Binomial distribution was used to handle overdispersion of the dependent variable. Spatial effects were used to identify the hotspots for high fertility levels. Inference was a fully Bayesian approach. Results were presented within 95% credible Interval (CI).
Results: Secondary or higher level of education of the mother, Yoruba ethnicity, Christianity, family planning use, higher wealth index, previous Caesarean birth were all factors associated with lower fertility levels in Nigeria. Age at first birth, staying in rural place of residence, the number of daughters in a household, being gainfully employed, married and living with a partner, community and household effects contribute to the high fertility patterns in Nigeria. The hotspots for high fertility in Nigeria are Kano, Yobe, Benue, Edo and Bayelsa states.
Conclusion: State-specific policies need to be developed to address fertility levels in Nigeria.
(Full text of the research articles are available online at www.medpharm.tandfonline.com/ojfp)
S Afr Fam Pract 2017; DOI: 10.1080/20786190.2017.1292693
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Otieno, Vincent, Alfred Agwanda, and Anne Khasakhala. "Fertility transition in selected sub-Saharan African countries: the role of family planning programs." F1000Research 8 (October 14, 2019): 1748. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.20585.1.
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Background: Change in fertility rate across societies is a complex process that involves changes in the demand for children, the diffusion of new attitudes about family planning and greater accessibility to contraception provided by family planning programs. Among the neo-Malthusian adherents, it is believed that rapid population growth strain countries’ capacity and performance. Fertility has, however, decelerated in most countries in the recent past. Scholars have concentrated on wide range of factors associated with fertility majorly at the national scale. However, considerably less attention has been paid to the fertility preference - a pathway through which various variables act on fertility. The Sub-Saharan African countries’ disparities amid almost similarities in policies is a cause of concern to demographers. Methods: Using Bongaarts reformulation of Easterlin and Crimmins conceptual scheme of 1985 on Demographic and Health Survey Data (DHS) data collected overtime across countries, the understanding of the current transition in general would help to reassess and provide explanations to the observed latest fertility dynamics at play. This study therefore is an attempt to explain the current fertility transition through women’s fertility preference. Results: Results reveal that indeed fertility transition is diverse across countries though generally on a decline course in most of the sub-Saharan countries. The huge disparities in fertility preferences among women of reproductive age and its non-significant change in the implementation indices overtime points at the levels of unmet need to contraception underneath as well as the proportion of demand to family planning commodities satisfied by programs in a bid to allow women implement their fertility desires. Conclusions: It is therefore plausible to conclude that the improvement of the availability and the uptake of quality birth control technologies is one of the most feasible means through which countries can fast track their fertility transitions.
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Latov, Yury V. "Human Capital Growth Contra Birth Rate Growth." Journal of Institutional Studies 13, no. 2 (June 25, 2021): 082–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.17835/2076-6297.2021.13.2.082-099.
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The necessity of a systemic reboot of the Russian policy of supporting families with children is substantiated, so that the orientation towards the growth of the population of Russia is replaced by the orientation towards increasing the human capital of future Russian workers. The new concept of family policy is based on the adaptation to Russian conditions of some of the basic principles of the policy of birth control in the PRC. The main idea is the need to differentiate fertility incentives for different social groups. They should be the highest for families of specialist workers (professionals), where the spouses have a high education and middle class income. To stimulate the birth and upbringing of children, it is proposed to use not only monetary incentives for the family, based on the scoring of the characteristics of parents, but also stimulation of free time by expanding womenʼs distance employment and pension benefits for «good» adult children. The proposed comprehensive concept is the result of the systematic use of many institutional theories – post-industrial society, modernization, human capital, Maslowʼs pyramid, etc.
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N'GUESSAN, Tenguel Sosthene, and Niaminin Martin Roger KAKOU. "Unfamiliarity the Fertile Period Among Childbearing-Aged Women in Côte d'Ivoire: Towards the Demographic Dividend." JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 15 (March 13, 2020): 91–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jssr.v15i.8669.
Full textAbstract:
Most of the studies carried out in the field of fertility ignore the lack of knowledge of the fertile period among women of childbearing age, and those that do exist are biomedical in nature, thus leaving the sociodemographic approach on the shelf. In Côte d'Ivoire, 32% of women have a good knowledge of the fertile period against 68% with questionable knowledge. Yet, knowledge of the fertile period is important for birth control and has benefits such as avoiding drug side effects, immediate recovery of fertility and its being free of charge. This study intends to use secondary data from the 2011-2012 EDS-MICS of Côte d'Ivoire to highlight the extent to which the level of unfamiliarity with the fertile period vary among women of childbearing age and investigate related factors. The findings, based on both bivariate descriptive and multiple component factorial analyses, reveal a correlation between lack of knowledge of the fertile period and variables relating to standard of living, place of residence, religion, exposure to the media, marital status, level of education, use of birth control, and the woman's occupation. Therefore, addressing these variables, would not only help control both fertility, and family planning, but also help achieve the demographic dividend.
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Arzal, Mohammad. "K. Mahadevan (ed). Fertility Policies in Asian Countries. New Delhi: Sage Publications. 1989.320 pp.Hardbound. Indian Rs 225.00." Pakistan Development Review 32, no. 2 (June 1, 1993): 223–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v32i2pp.223-225.
Full textAbstract:
The book consists of twelve papers and presents the contributors' observations regarding fertility control policies in Australia, Bangladesh, China, India, Iran, Kuwait, Malaysia, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, and Thailand. In the first paper, which provides a perspective (mostly in the Indian context) to the concerns about policy formulation for fertility control, the authors discuss various issues and place an emphasis on the multi sectoral approach. The need to implement the policies for eligible couples, for female education and enhancement of female status, for strengthening the strategies for programme development and management, and for making policies relating to the elderly people, is stressed in this paper. The paper on planned birth policies of China provides a view of the actions and the successes achieved through organised programmes in the recent years. Conceding that the programme in China was not entirely voluntary, the paper also highlights the problems and failures of the fertility control efforts through the emphasis on a single-child family, especially in the rural areas.
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Lin, Pei-Syuan, Chin-Oh Chang, and Tien Foo Sing. "Do housing options affect child birth decisions? Evidence from Taiwan." Urban Studies 53, no. 16 (July 12, 2016): 3527–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098015615742.
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This study aims to empirically test the effects of various housing options, which include renting, owning, living with parents/siblings, living in houses bought by parents and living in staff housing, on fertility decisions of families. This study uses micro-data obtained from the Taiwanese Panel Study of Family Dynamics (PSFD) surveys for the period from 1999 to 2007 to empirically test three hypotheses relating housing options to childbearing decisions. Using families living in rented houses as the control group, we find that homeowners have their first child at an older age, and families living with their parents or sibling become parents at a younger age. The results are robust and consistent after controlling for the district fixed effects and the marriage year fixed effects. We test the housing price shocks on the childbearing decisions for families who were married or bought houses during or after the housing boom period in 1987, and find that the asymmetric housing price effects on fertility decisions are correlated with the marriage event, but not the house purchase event.
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Campbell, Martha, and Kathleen Bedford. "The theoretical and political framing of the population factor in development." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364, no. 1532 (October 27, 2009): 3101–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0174.
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The silence about population growth in recent decades has hindered the ability of those concerned with ecological change, resource scarcity, health and educational systems, national security, and other global challenges to look with maximum objectivity at the problems they confront. Two central questions about population—(i) is population growth a problem? and (2) what causes fertility decline?—are often intertwined; if people think the second question implies possible coercion, or fear of upsetting cultures, they can be reluctant to talk about the first. The classic and economic theories explaining the demographic transition assume that couples want many children and they make decisions to have a smaller family when some socio-economic change occurs. However, there are numerous anomalies to this explanation. This paper suggests that the societal changes are neither necessary nor sufficient for family size to fall. Many barriers of non-evidence-based restrictive medical rules, cost, misinformation and social traditions exist between women and the fertility regulation methods and correct information they need to manage their family size. When these barriers are reduced, birth rates tend to decline. Many of the barriers reflect a patriarchal desire to control women, which can be largely explained by evolutionary biology. The theoretical explanations of fertility should (i) attach more weight to the many barriers to voluntary fertility regulation, (ii) recognize that a latent desire to control fertility may be far more prevalent among women than previously understood, and (iii) appreciate that women implicitly and rationally make benefit–cost analyses based on the information they have, wanting modern family planning only after they understand it is a safe option. Once it is understood that fertility can be lowered by purely voluntary means, comfort with talking about the population factor in development will rise.
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Bornarova, Suzana, Natasha Bogoevska, and Svetlana Trbojevik. "Changes in European Welfare State Regimes as a Response to Fertility Trends: Family Policy Perspective." European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research 11, no. 1 (June 10, 2017): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v11i1.p50-57.
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Following 1945, that is the Second World War, Europe faced a huge demographic increase in the number of births, known as baby-boom. Encouraged by the improvement of the living conditions after the devastating war, the return of the optimism, opening of the employment opportunities and the renewal of the idea about the family, this demographic trend entailed the so-called familism tide. In the mid 1960-ies however, demographic indicators in almost all European countries began to change suddenly. Massive development of contraception, increased birth control and family planning, as well as higher employment of women and their integration in the labour market, took place. As a result of these trends, in the 1970-ties European countries faced a considerable drop in fertility rates. This trend reached its peak during 1970-1980-ties when a dramatic drop in fertility rates took place, known as baby-bust. As a consequence, almost everywhere in Europe, the fertility rate dropped below the level needed for simple population reproduction or below 2.1 children per woman. Several related trends also contributed to the change in the demographic picture of Europe, such as: dropping birthrates, shrinking of the population, delay in births (increase in the age of birth of the first child), increase in the number of one-child families, as well as growth in the number of couples without children (universality of births is no longer present – at least 1 child per family). Similar trends are evidenced in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CIE), with one considerable difference – they took place around a decade later compared to the developed European countries. One common characteristic which shaped the demographic changes in CIE countries was the fact that they occurred simultaneously with the radical changes of the societal system from socialism towards democracy in the 1990-ties. Due to this, demographic changes in CIE countries gain in weight, are furthermore under the influence of the transitional processes and thus differ considerably compared to those in the developed countries. The differences are heavily attributable to two sets of factors: a) different institutional settings, especially in the family policies related to employment of women and child raising; and b) different effects of these family policies upon fertility rates and participation of women in the labour market. Given the above demographic trends, welfare states in Europe, adjust accordingly, predominantly through the policies and measures of family policy as one of the social policy domains. Following a detailed statistical analysis of demographic indicators in Europe, this paper will produce an analysis of the family policy responses to demographic trends based on the Esping-Andersens’ classification of welfare states: universal welfare states (Nordic countries); conservative welfare states (Continental European countries); liberal social states (Anglo-Saxon countries) and South-European social states (Mediterranean countries). A specific focus in the paper will be also given to the demographic trends and corresponding family policy developments in the Republic of Macedonia, as a country of South Europe. Cross-cutting issues in the analysis of the family policy models will be: the extent to which family policies are gender-neutral or gender-specific (are they women-friendly and do they promote active fatherhood?), measures for harmonization of work and family life (are women appropriately supported in performing their roles of mothers and active participants in the labour market at the same time) and the scope in which family policy is being designed to serve the purposes of population policy (how the concern and the interest of the state to increase fertility rates shapes family policy?).
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VÁZQUEZ, VANESSA, ANA M. CAMARGO, MARLEN ACOSTA, VERÓNICA ALONSO, and FRANCISCO LUNA. "REPRODUCTIVE PATTERN OF CUBAN WOMEN LIVING IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF PLAZA DE LA REVOLUCIÓN, HAVANA, CUBA." Journal of Biosocial Science 47, no. 4 (August 13, 2014): 493–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932014000327.
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SummaryThis paper assesses the reproductive and abortion patterns of women living in Plaza de la Revolución, a municipality of Havana, Cuba, by studying the factors influencing birth and abortion rates. Socio-demographic data and female reproductive histories were collected in a survey of 1200 post-menopausal women living in the municipality. Average ages at menarche and at menopause were 12.71 and 48.39 years, respectively, thus yielding a potential long reproductive period of 35.68 years, indicating high fertility. Although the mean pregnancy rate was 3.81 pregnancies per woman, the live birth rate at time of delivery was only 1.89 due to the high rate of abortions: 40% of all pregnancies were voluntarily interrupted. Among the biological and socio-cultural variables that were found to influence the rate of live births were those related marriage pattern, especially age at first union. Demographic variables such as pregnancy order, maternal age and marital status were the main determinants of the abortion pattern, with abortion being used as a method of birth control in order to obtain the desired family size, and most women (75.2%) using contraceptives.
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Liew, Seng H., Kavitha Vaithiyanathan, and Karla J. Hutt. "Taking control of the female fertile lifespan: a key role for Bcl-2 family proteins." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 28, no. 7 (2016): 864. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd14326.
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Precisely how the length of the female fertile lifespan is regulated is poorly understood and it is likely to involve complex factors, one of which is follicle number. Indeed, the duration of female fertility appears to be intimately linked to the number of available oocytes, which are stored in the ovary as primordial follicles. There is mounting evidence implicating the intrinsic apoptosis pathway, which is controlled by members of the B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2) family, as a key regulator of the number of primordial follicles established in the ovary at birth and maintained throughout reproductive life. Consequently, the pro- and anti-apoptotic BCL-2 family proteins are emerging as key determinants of the length of the female fertile lifespan. This review discusses the relationship between the intrinsic apoptosis pathway, follicle number and length of the female fertile lifespan.
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McEwan, Iain J. "Eve's curse: and the birth of the contraceptive pill." Biochemist 31, no. 2 (April 1, 2009): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bio03102016.
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2010 sees the 50th anniversary of the introduction of the oral contraceptive pill in 1960. This development was made possible by the synthesis of the first orally active progestin some 9 years earlier. The contraceptive pill is the most popular means of family planning in developed countries, and arguably the most effective. It is the most common method of contraception in the USA (18%), Canada (14%), Australia (27%), New Zealand (20%) and most European countries, including the UK (26%)1. Reproductive health and success have in the past and continue today to be important contributors to our survival as a species. However, even from ancient times, there have been attempts to limit the effect of Eve's curse by reducing the number of children and spacing of successive pregnancies. However, it was only with advances in both scientific knowledge and understanding, together with social reforms, that information about birth control and the means to control fertility became widely available in the last century.
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Rahman, Md Mahfuzur, Md Atiqur Rahman, Rizona Jnui, Abu Kawser, Khalid Omar Shahin, Sumaiya Salam Aasha, and Jannatul Ferdous. "Fertility Control Behavior among the Clay Modeler Women in Rural Area." Anwer Khan Modern Medical College Journal 11, no. 1 (February 27, 2020): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/akmmcj.v11i1.45664.
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Background: Fertility control behavior of women in different cultural practices greatly influences the demographic pattern of a country. The high fertility rate is associated with maternal and infant mortality rate. The aim of this study was to find out the fertility control behavior of the clay modeler women in rural area.
Material and Methods: This descriptive type cross sectional study was carried out among 1360 respondents by purposive sampling technique from19th to 21st January, 2019 in different villages of Dhamrai Upazila, Dhaka. Data were collected by duly pretested a semi-structured questionnaire through face to face interview. Data were analyzed manually and by using computer.
Results: Then study revealed that majority of the respondents 79% were Muslims by religion and about 76% respondents were found within the age 25-44 years with mean age 34.8±8.6 years. About 32% & 35% respondents were found primary & secondary level of education respectively. Moreover, 16% respondents monthly income were less than TK 2000 and 37% respondents had 2-3 number of children. About 79% respondents were using the fertility control measures only. Among the users 67% respondents were using Oral pills, 10% & 8% were using IUCD and Injections respectively. Adherence factors for contraceptive use were husband's support 85%; support of family members 90% and availability of contraceptive materials were found 97%. On the other hand, non-adherence factors for contraceptive use were religious barrier 91%; fear of complications 97% and insultations 85%. In this study, Overall perceptions on fertility control measures and time interval for birth spacing found positive.
Conclusion: Intensified efforts should be made towards creating public awareness and strengthening perception regarding fertility control behavior to overcome those non-adherence factors for contraceptive uses.
Anwer Khan Modern Medical College Journal Vol. 11, No. 1: Jan 2020, P 29-34
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Sheikh, Qurra-tul-ain Ali, Muhammad Meraj, Muhammad Asif Shamim, and Sayma Zia. "THE IMPACTS OF SPOUSES’ EDUCATION AND MATERNAL HEALTH ON FERTILITY IN PAKISTAN: AN ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 9, no. 2 (April 29, 2021): 556–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2021.9252.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose of the study: This paper primarily aims to recognize, develop, and examine the impacts of spouses’ education and maternal health status in cooperation with a variety of other covariates (demographic, social, economic, cultural, and attitudinal) on fertility in Pakistan.
Methodology: This study mainly aimed to discover how spouse’s education and maternal health inputs help in controlling high fertility using four data sets of Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (1990-91, 2006-07, 2012-13 and 2017-18) through count data model (Poisson regression).
Main Findings: Our empirical results proved the hypotheses that educated spouses and healthy mothers practice family planning tools (contraceptives) to lower down the total fertility rates.
Application of this study: Educated husband and wife will keep their family size smaller to devote more on children’s nutrition, health, and education. In general, rise in intentional birth control method make the education policy more helpful in reducing fertility. Findings draw government attention for embarking on public enlightenment campaigns to generate wakefulness regarding the long-term significance of fertility regulation in Pakistan.
Novelty/Originality: The study is one of its kind because it attempted to explore the link among spouse’s education, maternal health inputs, and child’s health outcomes with fertility that could be used to benchmark for additional research in Pakistan.
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Mellors, Sarah. "Less Reproduction, More Production: Birth Control in the Early People’s Republic of China, 1949–1958." East Asian Science, Technology and Society 13, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 367–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/18752160-7755346.
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Abstract In the early People’s Republic of China (PRC), Communist officials initially placed strict constraints on birth control use, encouraging high fertility rates. However, in an effort to enhance agricultural and industrial productivity, such restrictions were gradually repealed and by the 1970s, aggressive promotion of family planning had become the norm. Drawing on both archival and oral history, this article considers the lived experience of birth control use from the founding of the People’s Republic until 1958, a period that is often overlooked in studies of reproduction and contraception in modern China, but that had important implications for later trends. Despite claims that discussion of sexuality was suppressed in the PRC and an early ban on certain publications related to sexual hygiene, a considerable amount of literature on sex and birth control was published in major cities in the 1950s. Narratives on sex and birth control in women’s magazines and sex handbooks, however, varied widely and access to birth control and surgeries, such as abortions and sterilizations, differed dramatically according to location, class, and education level. This essay probes the circumstances under which women or couples practiced birth control while demonstrating the diversity of contraceptive discourses and practices in the early People’s Republic. Though underexplored, the early years of the PRC remain critical to histories of reproduction in China because many of the gender dynamics, socioeconomic pressures, and cultural preferences that informed contraceptive practices in the 1950s continued to do so for decades to come.
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Karra, Mahesh, and David Canning. "The Effect of Improved Access to Family Planning on Postpartum Women: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial." JMIR Research Protocols 9, no. 8 (August 14, 2020): e16697. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/16697.
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Background The World Health Organization recommends that a woman waits at least 24 months after a live birth before getting pregnant again; however, an estimated 25% of birth intervals in low-income countries do not meet this recommendation for adequate birth spacing, and the unmet need for postpartum family planning (PPFP) services is high. Few randomized controlled trials have assessed the causal impact of access to PPFP services, and even fewer evaluations have investigated how such interventions may affect postpartum contraceptive use, birth spacing, and measures of health and well-being. Objective This protocol paper aims to describe a randomized controlled trial that is being conducted to identify the causal impact of an intervention to improve access to PPFP services on contraceptive use, pregnancy, and birth spacing in urban Malawi. The causal effect of the intervention will be determined by comparing outcomes for respondents who are randomly assigned to an intervention arm against outcomes for respondents who are randomly assigned to a control arm. Methods Married women aged 18-35 years who were either pregnant or had recently given birth were randomly assigned to either the intervention arm or control arm. Women assigned to the intervention arm received a package of services over a 2-year intervention period. Services included a brochure and up to 6 home visits from trained family planning counselors; free transportation to a high-quality family planning clinic; and financial reimbursement for family planning services, consultations, and referrals for services. Two follow-up surveys were conducted 1 and 2 years after the baseline survey. Results A total of 2143 women were randomly assigned to either the intervention arm (n=1026) or the control arm (n=1117). Data collection for the first follow-up survey began in August 2017 and was completed in February 2018. A total of 1773 women, or 82.73% of women who were eligible for follow-up, were successfully contacted and reinterviewed at the first follow-up. Data collection for the second follow-up survey began in August 2018 and was completed in February 2019. A total of 1669 women, or 77.88% of women who were eligible for follow-up, were successfully contacted and reinterviewed at the second follow-up. The analysis of the primary outcomes is ongoing and is expected to be completed in 2021. Conclusions The results of this trial seek to fill the current knowledge gaps in the effectiveness of family planning interventions on improving fertility and health outcomes. The findings also show that the benefits of improving access to family planning are likely to extend beyond the fertility and health domain by improving other measures of women’s well-being. Trial Registration American Economics Association Registry Trial Number AEARCTR-0000697; https://www.socialscienceregistry.org/trials/697 Registry for International Development Impact Evaluations (RIDIE) Trial Number RIDIE-STUDY-ID-556784ed86956; https://ridie.3ieimpact.org/index.php?r=search/detailView&id=320 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/16697
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Lavely, William, and Xinhua Ren. "Patrilocality and Early Marital Co-residence in Rural China, 1955–85." China Quarterly 130 (June 1992): 378–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741000040789.
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The story of the rural Chinese family household in the post-Mao period is generally told in one of three ways, which might be labelled modernization, tradition restored, and demographic determinism. Modernization parallels the family theories of classical sociology: economic development and education tend to undermine extended family living arrangements by instilling nuclear family preferences, while the relaxation of migration restrictions allows young men to seek their fortune away from home. “Tradition restored” sees collectivization as having undermined the foundation of the extended family household, the family economy. The return of family farming has, in this view, restored the conditions under which the extended family can flourish. The demographic determinisi view assumes that family preferences persist but that demographic structures change. Rising life expectancies and declining fertility should increase rates of family extension, since smaller families mean that there will be fewer brothers available to live with a surviving parent. Thus as the birth control cohorts come of age, the prevalence of extended households should increase.
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Desjardins, Bertrand, Alain Bideau, and Guy Brunet. "Age of mother at last birth in two historical populations." Journal of Biosocial Science 26, no. 4 (October 1994): 509–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000021635.
Full textAbstract:
SummaryThis study uses sets of historical family reconstitutions from all of Quebec and from four villages of the Haut-Jura, France—first marriages of 2226 and 994 women, respectively—to investigate the physiological and social factors affecting age of mother at last birth before and during fertility transition. Age remained high throughout the period covered in Quebec, under ‘natural’ conditions, but showed a steady decline in the French material which extends to late 19th century generations practising family limitation.Age at marriage had no influence in Quebec; in France, however, women with the most surviving children at age 35 continued childbearing the latest. There was no link between biological ability to achieve a live birth, or in health status or aging rhythm, and age at last birth. Behaviour of mothers and daughters showed no relation. The variability in age at last birth thus appears to be random under natural conditions; with the onset of controls, social differences seem to influence not only the end of childbearing, but all aspects of behaviour governing final family size and child survival.
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Reimer-Barry, Emily. "On Women’s Health and Women’s Power: A Feminist Appraisal of Humanae Vitae." Theological Studies 79, no. 4 (November 30, 2018): 818–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040563918801194.
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Catholic feminism has flourished in the decades following Humanae Vitae. Still, Catholic women do not speak with one voice on the issue of birth control. I argue that Humanae Vitae has had far-reaching damaging effects on many Catholic women and their spirituality, moral agency, and fertility. Nevertheless, any feminist critique of the document must also take seriously the experiences of Catholic women who express that practicing natural family planning has brought empowerment, good health, and increased spousal intimacy. Further ecclesial discernment is needed, with special attention to women’s leadership on this issue.
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Andorka, Rudolf. "The Historical Demography of a Proper Hungarian Village: Átány in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries." Journal of Family History 19, no. 4 (September 1994): 311–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/036319909401900401.
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Átány is the first village in the Great Plain region in Hungary to be analyzed by means family reconstitution. Therefore it might be considered a “typical” Hungarian village inhabited by “proper peasants” (Fél and Hofer 1969). Mortality did not improve until the end of the nineteenth century. The age at first marriage for women was slightly above twenty years, and very few women remained single until the end of their reproductive ages. Fertility remained high until the end of the nineteenth century. The development of fertility was very different from the southern Transdanubian villages characterized by early birth control. Nearly half the households had complicated structure, falling between the middle European, Mediterranean, and Eastern household types. These characteristics might be explained by the relative abundance of land in the Great Plain region.
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Pillai, Vijayan K., and Diana Opollo. "Latent Class Analysis of Reproductive Decision Making in Zambia." African and Asian Studies 11, no. 3 (2012): 371–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15692108-12341238.
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Abstract Coale (1973) pointed out that a first step in the transition to modern contraceptive use involves making calculated choices with respect to fertility and use of contraception. As women become aware of the fertility choices, they are likely to actively seek information and become engaged in reproductive decision making. Research studies on the role of social network on contraceptive decision making in Zambia are few and far. The objective of this study is to examine women’s strategies and approaches to fertility decision making in Zambia. The sample is gathered from two poor income neighborhoods in Kitwe, Zambia. The sample consists of women from 163 households. Latent class analysis provides a useful technique for identifying the presence of distinct strategies with respect to birth control. Though several heterogeneous categories with respect to various reproductive strategies were expected, only two categories were identified. The first category (latent class) is composed of women who engage in spousal communication with respect to fertility, acquire information though seeking and receiving advices from close social relations on reproductive issues, and are aware of the high cost of raising children. Implications of our finding for family planning programs are discussed.
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Robinson, Warren C. "The "New Beginning" in Pakistan's Family Planning Programme." Pakistan Development Review 26, no. 1 (March 1, 1987): 107–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v26i1pp.107-118.
Full textAbstract:
Family planning in Pakistan has a long, interesting, expensive and generally unsuccessful history. Recently, after a pause of several years, vigorous public-sector efforts to control population growth have been resumed. This has been called "the new beginning" by Pakistan officials. This note will relate the details and also the genesis of this recent renewal of family-planning activity. The first "beginning" was the programme launched in 1965 [4]. This programme grew rapidly and attracted considerable attention internationally. By the mid-Seventies it was clear that the programme's impact had been overrated and that it was on the verge of stagnation. Under the strong urging of USAID, the major donor group, a last desperate effort was made using a strongly supply-oriented approach. This so-called "inundation scheme" also proved a failure and by 1977 the programme had virtually come to a halt [5]. The Fifth Five Year Plan (1978- 1983) endorsed population control but called for an integrated health- and family planning approach. A new programme of training, mass education and improved service-delivery was laid out in the Plan, but, in fact, little seems to have been accomplished or even attempted in the' early part of this period. The programme had been discredited and had been all but shut down. But the need remained. Pakistan's fertility was shown by the World Fertility Survey results for 1975-76 to be essentially unchanged in 20 years - a total fertility rate of some 7 births per female over her reproductive career, resulting in an annual growth rate of about 3.0 percent.
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Dulal, Momal Prasad. "Maternal Health Care Service Utilization and Its Role in Postpartum Family Planning Use in Nepal." Journal of Management and Development Studies 26 (September 3, 2015): 79–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jmds.v26i0.24943.
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Family planning and maternal health care programme has been initiated in an integrated approach for a long time in Nepal. However, the use status of family planning method could not be presented at good instance. The International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD), 1994 and later millennium development goal 2002, both paved the way out for the situation mostly in the developing countries. Nepal also has made some changes in its services aiming to reduce high maternal mortality and promote to use family planning method. Use of family planning method within 12 months after childbirth could be a right solution for many developing countries like Nepal having high unintended birth. Therefore, this paper aims to analyse the role of maternal health care service utilization in initiating use of family planning method after post-partum period. Women’s data file from Nepal Demographic Health Survey, 2011 has been used for the analysis. Bivariate and multivariate analysis result have revealed that the role of delivery care, controlling other variables seems to be much appreciable in getting family planning use within 12 months of delivery. Effects of some study variables besides delivery care remains unchanged in different models. Therefore, embracing family planning programme along with maternity care components would have implications towards - increasing current use of family planning, reducing the chances of unwanted/unintended birth, providing opportunities to control over female own body, contribution in achieving replacement level fertility and maintaining good health for both mother and the baby.
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Stevenson, Betsey, and Justin Wolfers. "Marriage and Divorce: Changes and their Driving Forces." Journal of Economic Perspectives 21, no. 2 (April 1, 2007): 27–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.21.2.27.
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We document key facts about marriage and divorce, comparing trends through the past 150 years and outcomes across demographic groups and countries. While divorce rates have risen over the past 150 years, they have been falling for the past quarter century. Marriage rates have also been falling, but more strikingly, the importance of marriage at different points in the life cycle has changed, reflecting rising age at first marriage, rising divorce followed by high remarriage rates, and a combination of increased longevity with a declining age gap between husbands and wives. Cohabitation has also become increasingly important, emerging as a widely used step on the path to marriage. Out-ofwedlock fertility has also risen, consistent with declining “shotgun marriages”. Compared with other countries, marriage maintains a central role in American life. We present evidence on some of the driving forces causing these changes in the marriage market: the rise of the birth control pill and women's control over their own fertility; sharp changes in wage structure, including a rise in inequality and partial closing of the gender wage gap; dramatic changes in home production technologies; and the emergence of the Internet as a new matching technology. We note that recent changes in family forms demand a reassessment of theories of the family and argue that consumption complementarities may be an increasingly important component of marriage. Finally, we discuss how these facts should inform family policy debates.
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Posner, Jill K., and Fara Mbodji. "Men's attitudes about family planning in Dakar, Senegal." Journal of Biosocial Science 21, no. 3 (July 1989): 279–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000017983.
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SummaryA survey of men's behaviour and opinions with respect to family planning, undertaken in Dakar in 1986, shows that contrary to popular belief, acceptance of contraception at least for the purpose of spacing births is substantial, even among men from the most conservative backgrounds. Actual use of contraceptives varied considerably across occupations. Among functionaries and students, it ranges between 25 and 49%. Among the working class, prevalence is low, especially within marriage. Uncertainty about the position of Islam regarding fertility control is apparent even among the highly educated and is given as a reason for rejecting use of contraceptives.
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B, Hossain, Akhter F, AC Apou, Rubaya Ahmed, and N. Uddin. "Assessment of antenatal care of third trimester pregnant women attending in antenatal clinic at Mohammadpur Fertility Services & Training Centre of Dhaka, Bangladesh." International Journal of Pregnancy & Child Birth 7, no. 1 (February 26, 2021): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/ipcb.2021.07.00222.
Full textAbstract:
In Bangladesh 37% of pregnant women are taking four step of ANC treatment. The main purpose of this study was to identify the factor associated with ANC checkup. A hospital based cross sectional study at Mohammadpur Fertility Services and Training Center (MFSTC), Mohammadpur, Dhaka, Bangladesh. This cross sectional study was conveyed 100 pregnant women who visited the Mohammadpur Fertility Services and Training Center for taking antenatal checkup. Total 100 pregnant women’s data was collected in which 12%, 2nd trimester and 88% , 3rd trimester of pregnancy. According to the amount 3rd trimester of pregnant women came this hospital for antenatal checkup. Demographic data and information on age height, weight, religion, educational qualification, birth control method, health problem, blood donor, physical test, tetanus vaccine, family income level, and economical effect were collected from the patient by using a questionnaire. A good number of the pregnant women normally eaten balanced food. Some of the patients maintain the proper antenatal instruction and take more seasonal fruits and vegetable, egg, milk, fish to satisfy their nutrients for maternal health care period
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Tapare, V. S., Malangori A. Parande, and Pradip S. Borle. "Unmet need for contraception among married women of reproductive age in rural Maharashtra." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 4, no. 9 (August 23, 2017): 3365. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20173846.
Full textAbstract:
Background: The concept of “unmet need” for contraceptive points to the gap between women’s reproductive intention and their contraceptive behavior. About 12.8% of currently married women in India have an unmet need for contraception. The present descriptive cross-sectional survey was initiated to address the research questions regarding unmet need for contraception among married women of reproductive age group in rural Maharashtra.Methods: 400 married women of reproductive age living in rural area of Sangli district of Maharashtra state interviewed. The survey based on women’s response to survey questions regarding family information, fertility profile and attitude and practice of contraceptive use. Expanded formulation used for surveys to assess the size and characteristics of unmet need group, dividing it into distinct subgroups and to explore the reasons for unmet need using in-depth qualitative research. Data analyzed with absolute number and percentage of women having unmet need which is useful to set priorities in program for effective fertility control. The data was tabulated and analyzed using MS Excel.Results: Total unmet need for contraception was found 27.50% women, which comprises need for ‘spacing’ in 12.25% women, need for ‘limiting birth’ in 13.25% women and need for ‘appropriate contraception’ in 2.0% women among 400 married women of reproductive age. Most unmet need among younger women is for spacing birth (67.18%) while in older women above age 30 year; most unmet need (68.18%) is for limiting birth. The education of women does not affect significantly the unmet need for spacing and limiting birth. After first child the unmet need for spacing decreases with each additional child. On the contrary unmet need for limiting birth increases with each additional child after first child and it was maximum (96.55%) among women having 3 or more children.Conclusions: The study group expresses multiple reasons for the unmet need. Many of the reasons are not directly related to contraception. Most women with unmet need desire to use contraception in future favours spacing methods. People should have access to good quality information and services. Health education and motivation is needed to overcome these causes.
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Goody, Adam, Frances Rice, Jacky Boivin, Gordon T. Harold, Dale F. Hay, and Anita Thapar. "Twins Born Following Fertility Treatment: Implications for Quantitative Genetic Studies." Twin Research and Human Genetics 8, no. 4 (August 1, 2005): 337–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/twin.8.4.337.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe rate of multiple births is substantially elevated in women who have had assisted reproduction treatment (ART; ˜26%) compared to the general population (˜1%), and these offspring are usually included in twin studies. Several studies have attempted to identify possible consequences of undergoing ART on the subsequent offspring. However, most studies have only included singleton births. We first examined whether twins born by ART differed from other twins on measures of childhood psychopathology, putative risk factors and correlates, and secondly tested for differences in the degree of twin similarity for available outcome measures. From a population-based twin sample, 101 families with dizygotic (DZ) twins conceived via ART were identified and compared with 1073 naturally conceived (NC) control DZ twin pairs. Analyses performed were (1) univariate and multivariate comparisons of between-group mean differences; and (2) comparison of twin 1–twin 2 correlations between the groups. The groups differed significantly on demographic factors (parental age, family size and social class) and pregnancy variables (smoking during pregnancy and birthweight) but did not differ on family conflict scores or in the frequency of obstetric complications. Family cohesion was higher in the ART group but this was accounted for by demographic factors. For child psychopathology there was a difference between the groups only for teacher-rated ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder). Differences were also found between groups for twin correlations. The differences found between ART and NC twins on group means and twin correlations suggest that researchers should be aware that including ART twins may influence results from twin studies.