Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Family budget'

The study describes and assesses the mathematical-statistical methodology of the contemporary Soviet Family Budget Survey, both in regard to the sample design and in regard to the processing and analysis of the survey data. A wide range of methodological deficiencies are identified, accounting for the widely recognised unreliability of the data produced. The problems of using the survey data in various fields of policy-making, planning and research are explored. It is shown that Soviet data-users where possible avoid relying on data from this survey. The historical and social factors influencing the methodology of the Family Budget Survey are discussed. The most important causes of the deficient methodology are found to be the neglect of mathematical statistics and sampling theory in Soviet socio-economic statistics, originating in the Stalin period, and the bureaucratic inertia of the Central Statistical Administration.

The goal of this thesis is to describe a complex financial plan of a family using all available products on the Czech financial market. The thesis is especially aimed at sources of possible family budget reserves and alternatives of backing life insurances using offers of local insurance companies. First of all you can find simple definition of life time cycle. Based on this cycle I try to describe any differences in needs, which may help to fulfill wishes and priorities that may come up during different life periods. There is a detailed explanation of basics and characteristics of particular components of family financial plan in the following chapters. After these theoretical chapters you can find a comparison of financial products suitable for securing sufficient retirement savings. Following chapters include analysis of risk insurance products with comparison of real existing offers on the Czech insurance market (based on price and specifics of insurance contract conditions).

Introduction: Over the past few years, the capacity of the government of Mozambique to sustain the cost of payment of salaries to operationalize the Indoor Residual Spray (IRS), a widely recommended tool to control and prevent malaria, is facing numerous challenges. This is due to recent restrictions of the Official Development Assistance (ODA), an external aid scheme and the main source of financing of the Mozambican government budget. Objective: The objective of this study was to estimate the cost of IRS operationalization activities in Matutuine and Namaacha districts health directorates, in Maputo Province, Mozambique. Methods: A cost analysis using an approach from the provider’s perspective was conducted in two district health directorates in the Maputo province, Matutuine and Namaacha. The institutions were purposely selected since in 2014 in both districts the expenditure on salaries to operationalize IRS was funded by the government budget. Cost information was collected retrospectively and both economic and financial costs were calculated. Uncertainty of results was tested using “one-way” deterministic sensitivity analysis. Results: The average total annual economic cost was 117,351.34 US$. The average economic cost per households sprayed totalled 16.35 US$. On average the economic costs per person protected is 4.09 US$ in total. In the financial analysis, the average total annual financial costs totalled 69,174.83 US$. The average financial cost per household sprayed and per person protected were 9.84 US$ and 2.46 US$ respectively. Vehicles, personnel salaries and consumables were the major substantial cost components. Conclusion: Setting aside the ODA restriction and focusing on the aim of implementing IRS within the existing resources, the study makessuggestions for improving efficiency by focusing on areas with a higher need and pays attention to cost drivers in order to reduce the costs.

El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado.
Construction projects for buildings, in the execution stage, show a variation of the real with respect to what is planned in the budget. The consequence of this lag presented usually causes large economic losses. Given this situation, in the construction industry, various control systems have been developed that have as a final deliverable a frequent management report, which serves to make decisions regarding the analyzed, whose results are applied and evaluated after a specific period of time. These management reports have good results at the time of their application; however, data processing, analysis execution, and decision making take approximately 30 days. In this sense, the present investigation proposes to develop a control system focused in real time, generated by the daily control in the execution stage. The results show a reduction of waste in the main resources of multi-family building projects, and this is in labor and materials, identifying the causes that originate them and suggesting generic solutions, at the end of the workday.
Revisión por pares

The master's thesis deals with determining the influence of investment intro construction alterations on the valuation of a standard family house. Quantifying the cost of investment into the construction budget adjustments and valuation of a standard family house a home's value difference before and after completion of building alterations. Calculated data on the amount of investment and valuation of a standard family house to compare and evaluate in what time period, age structure and in what kind of investment in construction to occur by similar adjustments to the assessment.

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After the period of monetary stabilization started with the Real Plan in 1994 , the credit market has shown annual growth rates of 20 %. About 40 % of this growth came from the credit market for individuals . This paper analyzed the profile of the families who have credit expenses, and what changes in their characteristics can cause any effect in their propensity to take credit . For this purpose we applied binary logit choice model based on microdata from the Household Budget Survey (POF 2008 / 09 ) of the IBGE, in an attempt to measure the probability of the family take a loan. For this, we used categorical variables relating to the constitution of families, such as education level, sex, race and age of household head, and other information on the composition of household expenditures found in POF. The data suggest that the two most important factors to increase the likelihood of family borrowing is the age of the household head and income per capita. However other factors also contribute significantly, such as the existence of financial investment spending , expend with reform the household or even health spending, children's age, sex, race and education of household head
Após o período de estabilização monetária iniciado com o Plano Real em 1994, o mercado de crédito brasileiro vem apresentando taxas de crescimento anuais nominais acima de 20%. Cerca de 40% deste crescimento advêm do mercado de crédito direcionado às pessoas físicas. Neste trabalho é analisado o perfil das famílias que possuem despesas com crédito, e quais mudanças em suas características podem causar alterações em sua propensão a tomar crédito. Para tal objetivo foi aplicado o modelo de escolha binária logit à base dos microdados da Pesquisa de Orçamento Familiar (POF 2008/09) do IBGE, na tentativa de mensurar a probabilidade da família ser tomadora de crédito. Para tanto, são usadas variáveis categóricas referentes à constituição das famílias, como: grau de escolaridade, sexo, raça e idade do chefe da família, além de outras informações sobre a composição das despesas familiares encontradas na POF. Os dados sugerem que os fatores mais relevantes a aumentar a probabilidade da família tomar empréstimos são a idade do chefe da família e a renda per capita. No entanto outros fatores também contribuem significativamente, tais como a existência de gastos com aplicação financeira, gastos com reforma do domicílio ou mesmo com saúde emergencial, idade dos filhos, sexo, raça e educação do chefe da família

This diploma thesis describes the methods of valuation by using cost valuation method for family houses. The thesis defines the basic concepts from this field, methods of valuation and helps to create individual calculations. The main goal of this work is the valuation of five family houses by two cost valuation methods, their comparison and evaluation of the degree of difference between the methods. In order to achieve this goal, it is necessary to ascertain the total cost differences of individual constructions and equipment with the help of an itemized budget and by following the valuation order of the Ministry of Finance, compare the results and call attention to possible shortcomings of a given method.

Сьогодні в Україні оцінювання якості освіти належить винятково державним структурам. Зважаючи на те, що будь-яка оцінка якості є відносною, жодній структурі не може належати монопольне право на її оцінювання. Освіта повинна доводити свою якість не лише перед державними органами, а й перед суспільством, споживачами освітніх послуг, а також світовою спільнотою. Громадська оцінка якості середньої й вищої освіти сьогодні використовується в багатьох країнах. Разом із цим, в оцінюванні якості результату освіти, освітньої діяльності педагогічних працівників та самої освіти адміністрації шкіл, керівники органів управління освіти орієнтуються здебільшого на традиційні показники статистичної звітності, оскільки відсутні єдині вимоги та методики оцінювання не тільки змісту, а і якості освіти. При цитуванні документа, використовуйте посилання http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/30765

This diploma thesis is focused on the estimation value of the family house in the area of Slezská Ostrava. In the first part of the thesis, theoretical background is defined. Theoretical background describes the terms closely related to the issue of valuation and valuation methods that are applied to the family house. The next part consists of the description of the area, identification of the land, and the essential information about the family house from the construction and layout perspective. Furthermore, the thesis provides the description of the market in the area, as well as the database of comparable objects. The database of comparable objects was created, in order to determine the estimated market value of the property. Moreover, the cost price of the family house is assigned by using an itemized budget and cost method in accordance with the established regulation for valuation. Likewise, the correction proposal was created by estimating the coefficient for an atypical construction of the family house. In the conclusion of the thesis, the price shares of constructions stated in the valuation decree are compared with the price shares obtained from cost valuation methods.

A busca por alimentos provenientes de sistemas de produção sustentáveis, como por exemplo, os métodos orgânicos de produção é uma tendência que vem se fortalecendo mundialmente. Mudanças nos hábitos alimentares têm sido observadas, revelando a complexidade dos modelos de consumo e de seus fatores determinantes. Sendo assim, este estudo teve por objetivo descrever a disponibilidade domiciliar de alimentos orgânicos no Brasil. Utilizou-se como base de dados informações contidas na Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF 2008- 2009), realizada pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) sobre aquisições de alimentos e bebidas orgânicos. Os resultados revelam comportamentos distintos na aquisição de alimentos orgânicos entre os brasileiros, quando são discriminados de acordo com as regiões e situação do domicílio (urbano ou rural). Os valores de disponibilidade (média) domiciliar foram superiores entre as famílias residentes nas áreas rurais, notadamente entre as regiões Sul e Centro- Oeste. Nota-se a relação existente entre as condições socioculturais que privilegia a perspectiva ligada à renda, havendo tendência de aumento sistemático de alimentos orgânicos, conforme ocorre crescimento dos rendimentos. Os resultados revelam ainda que quanto menor o número de moradores por domicílio, independente da região, maior a disponibilidade alimentar de orgânicos. Em relação aos grupos alimentares, merece destaque a maior participação do grupo dos laticínios, principalmente entre as famílias residentes nas áreas rurais. Os dados relativos à disponibilidade per capita de energia e participação dos macronutrientes e micronutrientes oriunda dos alimentos orgânicos no Valor Energético Total - VET revelou reduzida contribuição para a totalidade das regiões brasileiras. Quanto às características sociodemográficas das famílias, verifica-se que com o aumento da renda registra-se crescimento na disponibilidade de orgânicos nos domicílios com chefe/responsável do sexo feminino. A maior propensão ao consumo é verificada entre pessoas mais velhas (60 anos ou mais) e com nível de escolaridade superior incompleto. Paralelamente, verificou-se a reduzida quantidade média disponível para a totalidade das famílias brasileiras.
The search for food from sustainable production systems, for example, the organic methods of production, is a trend which rises worldwide. Changes in dietary habits had been observed, showing the complexity of consumption patterns and their corresponding determinant factors. Thus, the aim of this study was to report the household availability of organic food in Brazil. This work was based on information available on Family Budget Research (POF 2008-2009), carried out by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) about food acquisition for household consumption. The results showed distinct behavior regarding organic food acquisition between Brazilians, which are discriminated accordingly with different regions and household situation (rural or urban). The household availability values (mean) was higher between families located in rural regions, remarkably between South and Middle-West regions. It can be observed a relationship between socio-cultural conditions which allows the perspectives related to income, with systematic rising trend of organic food, when income growth occurs. Also, the results suggested that as lower the numbers of dwellers, independent of region, the household availability of organic foods are increased. Regarding the dietary groups, more emphasis was given about the major contribution of dairy group, mainly within family household in rural areas. Data related to per capita availability of energy and contribution of macronutrients and micronutrients derived from organic food on Total Energy Value showed reduced contribution for totality of the Brazilian regions. About the family socio-demographic features, it was observed an increasing income promoted by a rising availability in households which are headed by women. The major consumption propensity was verified between elderly individuals (60 years old or more) and with incomplete higher education. In addition, it was found the reduced average amount available for totality of Brazilian families.

In this thesis I deal with the passportization of the building-technical condition of the family house in Vyškov, the creation of its new project documentation and the proposal of repairs including appraisal cost. In the theoretical part I describe possible faults and defects of buildings, also their lifetime and the possibilities of finding their construction-technical condition. I also discuss the theory and usefulness of pasportizations. In the practical part, I evaluate the construction and technical condition of the selected house and make a finding of faults and defects of the structures, including the proposal for their repair and the appraisal cost with the item budget.

The diploma thesis deals with modeling of the design of construction. The model will include technical, cost and cost information about the building. The model object is a family house. The thesis is composed of a theoretical part, which presents basic knowledge from the field of designing, budgeting, valuation and operation of building work. The practical part is designed by a building with all the requisites and with information.

This thesis focuses on the possible options for pension reform in the Czech Republic and their impact on family budgets, both in terms of payments in the economically active age, and then from the amount of pension at retirement age. In the theoretical (methodological) part are several possible scenarios of pension reform chosen from proposals to the Czech Republic and from the pension systems applied abroad too. There are described the main pillars and main differences between them and of course the difference from the current state of pension system in the Czech Republic. The entire chapter is devoted to the current state of pension system, because it is the starting point for each of the reforms. After describing all options of pension reforms in the theoretical (methodological) part, we focus on the practical part. There are described several model participants and for each participant are calculated present payments and future revenues, which depends on the variant of the reform. According to this testing we search for such a pension reform, that would be the best across social and income groups. At the end is this testing evaluated and the results of the entire work interpreted.

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Essa dissertação visa compreender como ocorre a intersecção entre dinheiro e amor no âmbito da intimidade, buscando observar como se dá a organização do orçamento doméstico, a divisão das tarefas da casa, e as negociações de poder nos relacionamentos. Deste modo, a questão de pesquisa que propomos é compreender qual o papel do dinheiro na conjugalidade, ou seja, identificar como os indivíduos realizam suas práticas econômicas diárias, e se suas ações intersecionam racionalidades e emoções. Para a materialização dessa pesquisa, utilizamos como aporte teórico a sociologia econômica. Já para obtenção dos dados utilizamos uma metodologia qualitativa, composta por entrevista com uma terapeuta de casais, a aplicação de questionários com pessoas casadas ou em união estável, e por fim a realização de um grupo focal com cinco mulheres, buscando assim compreender as práticas que envolvem o orçamento doméstico, bem como o entrelaçamento entre dinheiros, emoções e cálculos.
This dissertation aims to understand how the intersection of money and love occurs in the context of intimacy, seeking to observe the possible consequences in the organization of the domestic budget, the division of household tasks, and power negotiations in relationships. In this way, the research proposes to understand the role of money in conjugality, that means, to identify how individuals perform their daily economic practices, and whether their actions intersect rationalities and emotions. For the materialization of this research, we use as theoretical contribution the economic sociology. Our data are results of a qualitative methodology, consisting of an interview with a therapist, the application of questionnaires with married persons or in a stable union, and finally a focus group with five women, seeking to understand the practices that involve the domestic budget, as well as the interweaving between money, emotions and calculations.

This diploma thesis will focuses with the issue of environmental building materials and their use in traditional construction. The first part is devoted to the terminology and theory of selected traditional and ecological building materials. The second part is devoted to the practical solution of the issue – creation of an analysis of SBToolCZ, which will be done in two variants – the first according to its altered form using environmental building materials. In the second chapter of the practical part of the work, an item budget will be drawn up for those sections affected by the Change in the materials used. The two variants of the project documentation will be compared on a price basis.

The aim of this master’s thesis is comparing prices of building materials wi-thin the building structure in Czech Republic with prices in Poland. The first, theo-retical, part describes differences among the construction classifications and pri-ces. At the end of this theoretical part is written about price calculation of building materials. Specifically about creations of that calculations and comparing between Poland and Czech Republic. The second part is concentrated on created budget and mainly on his bill of materials. The result part is made by comparing of chosen building material pri-ces..

A diploma thesis is dealing about cost method of valuation for passive family houses, which popularity is growing. Aim of the thesis is determinate amount of share cost structure of real buildings and compares it with valuation decree. First part of this thesis analyses issue of passive houses as well as cost method of valuation issue. There are three family houses valuated by detail itemized budget. Than share cost structure is confronted and evaluated by valuation decree no. 441/2013 Sb. As well thesis shows basic specifics of passive houses valuation. Also thesis brings answers for economical questions. For example how much passive house costs or how much is passive house more expensive than usual house.

This diploma thesis will deal with analyzing the cost of reconstruction of a building in terms of construction market and real estate market. First, the work will define the elementary problems encountered in the reconstruction of buildings and their proper repair methods. In the next step, the thesis will focus on the valuation of estate according to law, market value and costing of construction works. Everything will be applied to a specific building. The result of the work will whether the building reconstruction reaches a positive or negative returns on the invested funds and their amount.

The diploma thesis deals with comparison of family prices in selected localities in the Ostrava-city district in the years 2017 and 2018. These are the localities of Hošťálkovice and Slezská Ostrava, which make up town districts and the village of Šenov. For these locations, I will determine the price and the usual price for 2017 and 2018. Based on the project documentation provided for the new family house, I will also prepare an itemized budget and evaluate it all. The theoretical part of the diploma thesis deals with the introduction and explanation of terminology, with the introduction of legal regulations, a comparative method, on the basis of which I will determine the price of the usual and comparative method according to the valuation rules, which will determine the price determined. There is also generally mentioned the method of determining the price of the building work.

This thesis presents a comparison of the amount of the price of shares of construction of buildings for housing in the total price quoted in the Price Regulation and set an itemized budget. At the beginning of the thesis describes the methods of valuation of houses cost method and procedure for determining the price of shares and adjustment of structures and equipment. Based on itemized budgets family home, according to the chosen methodology used price shares structures and equipment that are matched with shares pricing structures and equipment by Decree No. 3/2008 Coll. The aim of this thesis is to determine whether price shares structures that correspond to the pricing rules of acquisition costs provided an itemized budget.

The diploma thesis deals with the cost determination of the family house reconstruction, which was built at the beginning of the last century and has already undergone one reconstruction in the 90s of the last century and the assessment of the building's valulation by the building modifications. The construction technical state of the house before reconstruction and description of the construction works and used technologies in the reconstruction realized in 20132015 are detaily described as well. Expected construction costs are determined by an item budget and actual reconstruction costs which were largely self-made are determined according to the tax documents of building owner. The determination of value change by house reconstruction was evaluated using the cost and comparation method.

The topic of this diploma thesis is a comparasion of the price shares of individual constructions in the total price stated in the price schedule and determined by the item budget. The diploma thesis says and describes cost methods of valuation of building facilities and family houses at the outset. There is contained a procedure for determinating the price shares of construction and equipment and theirs adjustment in the next text. According to the chosen metodology are determined the price shares of constructions and equipments based on the item budget. This way determined the price shares of constructions and equipments are compared with the price shares of construcions and equipments determined by Decree No. 441/2013 Coll. The aim of diploma thesis is to determine if the price shares of constructions and equipments based on the item budget correspond to the price shares of constructions and equipments in the price schedule.

The thesis compares the level of price of shares of individual construction of three houses, which were valued at cost method. The individual values are compared with the prices of detailed itemized budgets and assessed variations, differences and any discrepancies against to the cost method of valuation based on valuation Ministry of Finance Decree. Work also includes the concepts and terminology of engaging with this issue, which lays the foundation for a proper understanding and orientation in pricing shares buildings.

The theme of this master´s thesis is determine the new price of a house in Prostějov, district Žešov, cost method of valuation, current price of a house before insured event, description of the insured event (fall of the airplane Zlin Z-326 M), determining the amount of insurance payment for the harm caused of the insured event and again determine the current price of a house after insured event. Result above operations is evaluation effect of executed corrections after the insured event to the house value.

This thesis presents a comparison of different methods of determining the default price for family house by using cost valuation method. Here are compared the default rates found in specific houses by itemized budget, calculating according to technical and economic indicator and obtained under the Ministry of Finance to implement certain provisions of Act No. 151/1997 Coll. Using charts and graphs shows the results for valuation individual houses and their variances. The aim is determine the price shares of construction and equipment of the itemized budget of houses created for this work and compare them to share price valuation in the annex to the Decree Ministry of Finance, perhaps to make an attention to differences or shortcomings in price share valuation announcement.

The diploma thesis deals with the passport of family houses and its creation. The first part describes the building condition survey from a theoretical point of view, its advantages, purposes and sorting, possible owners and so its legislative background. Thereafter it describes in detail the procedure of making the passport and applies the procedure on a particular family house in Brno. Medium passport of the family house focuses on describing the structural and technical condition. It also describes the current faults, errors and methods whose reveals them. Subsequently, the proposals for solution of these adjustments follows together with the resolution of emergency in specific cases.

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It is becoming more and more recognizable that different family budget categories dispute the limited resources of a family. This suggests a broader and more systemic competition view, once consumer spending on a determined sector may be better understood if related to other sectors. Thus, it is reasonable to concentrate studies in the manifestation of the buyer behavior, expressed by the family budget, whereas priority/vital-based decisions are established according to how the consumers distribute their resources in great categories of expenses (food, housing, transportation, clothing, leisure etc). In this context, the main objective of this research is outlined, which is to investigate the phenomenon of the allocation of such expenses that compose the family budget, identifying patterns, market segmentation and its implication in Marketing. The theoretical referential is divided in three great parts: market segmentation, family budget, and the economic and socio-demographic factors that relate to the family budget. Maslow’s Classic Hierarchy of Needs is approached, along with themes from economics literature such as Engel’s Law and Income-elasticity of Demand. Using data collected from a sample of families in the State of São Paulo and applying Cluster Analysis, this study aims to bring a perspective that is more influenced by the paradigms of the market knowledge by identifying and characterizing market segments with distinctive patterns of family budget. A taxonomy based on six patterns was formed, which are: survival, ill, economic, domestic, well being and automobile. Each pattern analysis enhances economic and socio-demographic similarities and differences that demand the attention of researchers and marketing strategists concerning the generalization problems, which may result in mistakes in market segmentation strategies. Discussions concerning the Maslow’s Theory and Engel’s law are made. Furthermore, taxonomy of family expenses classified by the income-elasticity among the six identified family budget patterns is proposed. This taxonomy helps clarify changes in consuming behavior according to the impact in income alterations in the composition of the family budget. Finally, results reinforce the thesis that patterns in family expenses allocation present an innovative and useful dimension for studies in market segmentation.
Cada vez mais se reconhece que as diferentes categorias do orçamento familiar disputam recursos limitados de uma família. Isto sugere uma visão mais ampla e sistêmica de concorrência, já que os gastos dos consumidores em um determinado setor poderão ser melhor compreendidos se relacionados com os de outros setores. Faz sentido, então, concentrar estudos na própria manifestação do comportamento de compra, expressa pelo orçamento familiar, visto que as decisões mais prioritárias (vitais) estão estabelecidas na forma como o consumidor distribui seus recursos nas grandes categorias de despesa (alimentação, habitação, transporte, vestuário, lazer etc). Neste contexto delineia-se o principal objetivo desta tese que é investigar o fenômeno da alocação de despesas que compõem o orçamento familiar, identificando padrões, segmentos de mercado e suas implicações para o Marketing. O referencial teórico divide-se em três grandes partes: a segmentação de mercado, o orçamento familiar e os fatores econômicos e sócio-demográficos que se relacionam com o orçamento familiar. A clássica Hierarquia das Necessidades de Maslow é abordada, além de temas oriundos da literatura de economia como as Leis de Engel e elasticidade-renda da demanda. Utilizando dados de uma amostra de famílias do estado de São Paulo e valendo-se da técnica de análise de agrupamentos, a tese busca trazer um olhar mais influenciado pelos paradigmas do conhecimento mercadológico por meio da identificação e caracterização de segmentos de mercado com padrões distintos de orçamento familiar. Foi construída uma taxonomia composta por seis padrões assim nomeados: sobrevivência, enfermo, econômico, caseiro, bem-estar e automotor. A análise do perfil de cada padrão ressalta semelhanças e diferenças econômicas e sócio-demográficas que exigem a atenção dos pesquisadores e estrategistas de marketing quanto aos problemas de generalização, podendo resultar em erros nas estratégias de segmentação de mercado. Discussões dos resultados são tecidas a respeito da Teoria de Maslow e das Leis de Engel. Além disso, é proposta uma taxonomia de despesas familiares classificadas pelas elasticidades-renda entre os seis padrões de orçamento familiar identificados. Esta taxonomia ajuda a clarear as mudanças no comportamento de consumo segundo o impacto das alterações de renda na composição do orçamento familiar. Por fim, os resultados reforçam a tese de que padrões de alocação das despesas familiares se apresentam como uma dimensão inovadora e útil para os estudos de segmentação de mercado.

The diploma thesis deals with determination of the price of a family house, located in Vranovice. The theoretical part discusses the basic procedures and terminology necessary for property valuation. The aim of the thesis is to use different valuation methods, to evaluate them and to determine the difficulty in terms of the job and the amount of input data needed. Property will be evaluated by direct comparison and cost method. At the end of the thesis we will assess to what extent the price shares listed in the Valuation Ordinance, correspond with the price shares in the item budget and evaluate the calculated prices of the family house.

Cette thèse analyse, à l'aide des enquêtes Emploi du Temps françaises de 1985-86 et 1998-99, l'équilibre temporel entre travail et famille issu des dernières transformations sociales : flexibilisation des horaires de travail, salarisation massive des femmes et généralisation subséquente des couples bi-actifs. Après une description inédite des formes temporelles du travail, réalisée à l'aide d'une variante des méthodes d'appariement optimal, et des inégalités sociales qui les traversent, sont dévoilés le temps familial et les inégalités de genre qui l'affectent. Enfin, il est démontré que le degré de synchronie des couples bi-actifs est lié à leur position sociale : aux meilleures positions sociales correspondent les couples les plus fusionnels mais aussi les moins investis temporellement avec leurs enfants ; les inégalités sociales face aux horaires de travail contrebalancent partiellement les inégalités de genre observées dans la famille
This thesis analyses the temporal balance between work and family resulting from recent social changes (worktime flexibilisation and the rise of dual-earners couples) through two French time-use surveys (1985-86 and 1998-99). An innovative description of individual and conjugal work time, derived from Optimal Matching Analysis, and of their social inequalities is proposed as well as a portrayal of family time and of its gender inequalities. It is finally demonstrated that the degree of synchronicity of dual-earner couples is proportional to their social position: the higher the more synchronous but also the more fusional and the less temporally invested in parental care. In the end, social inequalities in worktime counterbalance partially gender inequalities in family time

A la croisée des sciences économiques et de la sociologie du travail, cette thèse porte sur les conséquences sociales des récessions économiques et du chômage de masse, à travers le cas de la Grande Récession espagnole de 2008. Elle se centre sur la manière dont celle-ci a modifié les horizons temporels des ménages et conduit à des réaménagements en termes de sources de revenus, de trajectoires d’activité des chômeurs, de pratiques de consommation, ou de marché du travail informel. En raison de ce dernier, le statut même de chômeur se trouve remis en question. Pour montrer cela, la thèse met en regard une enquête de terrain approfondie avec des traitements de données issues du système de la statistique publique espagnole et européenne. L’enquête a notamment été conduite selon la méthode dite de l’ethnocomptabilité, qui consiste à faire des relevés (monétaires mais aussi temporels ou alimentaires) avec les ménages concernés pour documenter l’évaluation qu’ils portent sur leur budget. Cette démarche conduit à plusieurs résultats marquants quant aux changements sociaux qu’entraînent les récessions sur les sociétés contemporaines d’Europe occidentale, en particulier quant aux budgets de famille ou à la temporalité sur plusieurs années qu’implique ce type de choc macroéconomique
At the crossroad between Economics and Sociology, this PhD-thesis deals with the social consequences of Recessions and mass unemployment, by focusing on the case of the 2008 Spanish Great Recession. It analyses the household time horizons to face this recessive context, in particular concerning remodelling of consumption, income sources and inequality, grassroot activities and professional trajectories of the unemployed. Such evolutions blur the formal definition of unemployment. For this, the study uses statistical analyses in view of fieldwork material. This latter has been done by using the « ethno compatibility » method, which consists in establishing precise and exhaustive household budgets, regarding their financial dimension, but also their temporal or taste aspects. Therefore this thesis is a contribution to a better understanding of the reaction of living standards in time of recession, tackling in particular its temporal and practical dimensions

Utilizando-se os dados da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF) de 2008-2009, são apresentadas estimativas das elasticidades-renda de diversas categorias de despesa com energia (Transporte, Gasolina, Álcool combustível, Habitação, Energia elétrica, Gás doméstico). O método econométrico compreende o cálculo da despesa média em dez classes de renda familiar per capita e a estimativa de uma função poligonal com três segmentos, obtendo a variação do logaritmo da despesa per capita média por classe em função do logaritmo da renda per capita. Também são estimadas as razões e curvas de concentração das despesas com energia, verificando em que medida essas despesas estão ou não concentradas nas famílias de maior renda. No que se refere à relação entre a posição da curva de concentração e o valor da elasticidade-renda, desenvolve-se uma generalização dos resultados de Kakwani (1977) para situações em que há duas ou mais elasticidades-renda distintas em uma mesma curva de concentração. Em geral, Álcool combustível está associado à maior razão de concentração e Gás doméstico à menor. As despesas com transporte têm as razões de concentração mais próximas do índice de Gini. A área rural é mais pobre, mas a renda e as categorias de despesa agregadas são menos concentradas na área rural do que na urbana. A despesa com gás doméstico está mais concentrada na área rural, devido ao maior uso de lenha. As maiores razões de concentração são do Sudeste, exclusive São Paulo, enquanto Sul e São Paulo apresentam as menores.
Using data from the 2008-2009 Brazilian Family Budget Survey, we estimate income elasticities for several types of energy expenditures (Transportation, Housing costs, Gas, Fuel Alcohol, Electricity, Liquefied Petroleum gas). The econometric method applied consists in computing the average expenditure for ten classes of per capita family income and, for each category of consumption, adjusting a three-segmented polygonal model, analyzing how the logarithm of per capita expenditure varies as a function of the logarithm of the per capita family income. Concentration curves and concentration ratios of expenditures are also estimated, evaluating if each type of expenditure is or is not concentrated in high income families. Considering the relationship between the position of the concentration curve and the value of the income elasticity, we develop a generalization of Kakwani\'s (1977) results for situations with two or more different elasticities in one concentration curve. In general, Fuel Alcohol is associated with the highest concentration and Liquefied Petroleum Gas with the lowest. The concentration ratio of Transportation expenses is the closest to the Gini index. Poverty is higher in the rural area, but income and the main expenses are less concentrated in the rural area than in the urban area. Liquefied Petroleum Gas is more concentrated in the rural area, because of the greater use of firewood. The largest concentration ratios are of the Southeast, excluding São Paulo, while South and São Paulo have the smallest ones.

Objetivo - Analisar o conteúdo de energia e nutrientes disponível para as famílias rurais e urbanas das Regiões Nordeste e Sudeste e de seus respectivos estados; como também avaliar a participação relativa dos grupos de alimentos no Valor Energético Total (VET), para esses grupamentos, de acordo com o rendimento mensal familiar. Métodos - Foram utilizadas as informações da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF), realizada pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), entre julho de 2002 e junho de 2003. Para os cálculos nutricionais, adotou-se o software Virtual Nutri. Os recursos do software Statistical Analysis System foram utilizados para as demais análises. No tocante à análise qualitativa do VET disponível e avaliação da disponibilidade de vitaminas, minerais e fibras adotaram-se os valores preconizados pelo INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE. Quanto à avaliação do conteúdo de colesterol, seguiu-se a recomendação da WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. Resultados - Os maiores conteúdos relativos à disponibilidade de energia foram observados para as famílias rurais de ambas as regiões, constantando-se tendência de aumento conforme ocorre o crescimento dos rendimentos. Entre as famílias residentes na Região Nordeste houve menor disponível, de acordo com o aumento da renda familiar. Relação positiva é observada entre a participação dos carboidratos e crescente contribuição das proteínas no VET disponível, de acordo com o aumento da renda familiar. Relação positiva é observada entre a participação dos lipídios e rendimentos, para as famílias de ambas as regiões brasileiras analisadas. A disponibilidade de vitaminas A, B1 e B2 para a totalidade das famílias atendeu aos valores recomendados para um adulto. Quanto à vitamina C, vitamina B6, vitamina B12, folacina e ácido pantotênico, as disponibilidades foram inferiores às recomendações. O conteúdo de fibras disponível nos domicílios causa preocupação, pois se revelou muito aquém do preconizado. Os resultados referentes ao colesterol mostraram-se em conformidade com o padrão recomendado. Quanto à participação dos distintos grupos alimentares no VET, destaca-se a reduzida contribuição energética das frutas, verduras e legumes, bem como a elevada participação do grupo de açúcares e doces, evidenciadas para a totalidade das famílias analisadas. Conclusões - É evidente a influência exercida pela localização dos domicílios (especialmente o estrato geográfico), bem como pelos rendimentos familiares, sobre a alimentação da população das Regiões Nordeste e Sudeste do Brasil.
Objective - Analyze the content of energy and nutrients available for the rural and urban families in the Northeast and Southeastern Regions and their respective states; as well to evaluate the relative participation of the groups of foods in Total Energy Value (VET), for these groupings, in accordance with the family´s monthly income. Methods - The information of the Family Budget Survey was used (POF), carried through for the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), between July 2002 and June 2003. For the nutritional calculations, it was adopted the software Virtual Nutri. The resources of software Statistical Analysis System were used for other analyses. Respectively to the qualitative analysis of the available VET and the evaluation of the availability of vitamin, minerals and fibers were adopted the values praised for the INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE. In relation to the evaluation of the cholesterol content, it was a highly recommendation of the WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. Results - The greatest contents related to the energy availability were observed for the rural families in both regions, by evidencing themselves a trend of increasing in accordance with the income growth. Among the resident families in the Northeast Region there was a lower participation of the carbohydrates and increasing contribution of proteins in the VET available, according to the increase in family´s income. Positive relation is observed between the participation of lipids and incomes, for the families of both Brazilian regions analyzed. The availability of vitamins, B1 and B2 for the totality of the families were inside the values recommended for an adult. In relation to vitamin C, B6 vitamin, B12 vitamin, folacin and pantothen acid, the availabilities were lower to the recommendations. The content of fibers available in the domiciles causes concern; therefore it showed very far from the reality. The results referring to the cholesterol showed conformity to the standard recommended. Related to the participation of the distinct alimentary groups in the VET, it is highlighted reduced energy contribution of the fruits, vegetables and greens, as well as the raised participation of the group of sugars and candies, evidenced for the totality of the families analyzed. Conclusions - Its is evident the influence exerted by the localization of the domiciles (especially the geographic stratum), as well as the families´ incomes, on the population feeding of the Norhteast and Southeastern Regions in Brazil.

Introdução: com o crescimento da população idosa no Brasil, observa-se aumento da incidência e prevalência de doenças associadas ao envelhecimento, em especial, das doenças crônicas não-transmissíveis. O aumento do número de diagnósticos, por sua vez, implica o aumento na quantidade de medicamentos utilizados e no gasto de famílias com idosos com estes insumos. Objetivo: analisar os gastos em medicamentos e fatores associados ao perfil dos gastos em famílias com idosos no Brasil. Método: realizou-se estudo transversal por meio da análise dos dados da versão 2008-9 da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística e elaborou-se estatística descritiva e modelo de duas partes utilizando-se o software Stata versão 2011. A coleta de dados da POF abrangeu 55.970 domicílios, onde residiam 56.091 famílias, e ocorreu entre maio/2008 e maio/2009. Famílias que continham idosos foram agrupadas em três arranjos: famílias com um idoso como pessoa de referência, famílias com um casal de idosos e famílias com um idoso não considerado pessoa de referência. A variável de desfecho do modelo foi o gasto mensal per capita com medicamentos. Resultados: os três arranjos com idosos apresentaram frequências semelhantes de despesas monetárias e não monetárias em medicamentos, porém famílias com um 1 idoso considerado pessoa de referência e com um 1 casal de idosos declararam gasto em medicamentos maiores que famílias com um 1 idoso não considerado pessoa de referência. A despesa mensal per capita com medicamentos mais elevada em famílias com idosos mostrou associação significativa com residir nas regiões Centro-Oeste, Sudeste e Sul, ter pelo menos um 1 idoso com plano de saúde, ter pelo menos um 1 idoso recebendo benefício da previdência social e ter renda mensal no segundo, terceiro e quarto quartos de renda mensal per capita. A presença de crianças com menos de 5 anos de idade e a realização de despesa não- monetária se mostraram associadas ao menor gasto mensal com medicamentos per capita. Conclusão: famílias com um idoso não considerado pessoa de referência tiveram despesas mais baixas com medicamentos em comparação aos outros dois arranjos. A política de previdência social e a política de assistência farmacêutica contribuíram na redução dos gastos em medicamentos por mecanismos diferentes
Introduction: there is an increase in the incidence and prevalence of diseases associated with aging especially non-transmissible diseases because of the growth of the elderly population in Brazil. The increase in the number of diagnoses implies an increase in the number of prescribed medicines and out-of-pocket expenditures on medicines by families with elderly people. Objective: to analyse out-of-pocket expenditures on medicines and associated factors of families with older people in Brazil. Method: a cross-sectional study was performed by analysing the data of the Family Budgets Survey (FBS) of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistic. Descriptive statistics and two-part model were developed with Stata software. The data collection from FBS covered 55,970 households, 56,091 families, and occurred between May 2008 and May 2009. Families containing elderly were grouped into three arrangements: families with one elderly person as a reference person, families with an elderly couple and families with one elderly person not considered a reference person. The outcome variable was monthly per capita expenditure on medicines. Results: the three arrangements presented similar frequencies of monetary and non-monetary expenses in medicines, however families with one elderly person considered a reference person and one elderly couple reported larger spending on medicines than families with one elderly person not considered a reference person. The higher monthly per capita expenditure on medicines in families with elderly people showed a significant association with residing in the Midwest, Southeast and South regions, having at least one elderly person with a health plan, having at least one elderly person receiving social security benefits and higher income per capita. The presence of children under 5 years of age and the presence of non-monetary expenditure were shown to be associated with lower monthly expenditure per capita. Conclusion: families with an elderly person not considered a reference person spent lower out-of-pocket expenditures on medicines. Social security and pharmaceutical assistance policy contributed to reduce out-of-pocket expenditure on medicines by families with elderly by different mechanisms

Este trabalho procura conhecer o impacto do sistema de irrigação para os agricultores da comunidade de Luzia, de forma a mensurar os impactos das políticas públicas de irrigação, na recuperação do referido sistema, e avaliar como este investimento pode contribuir para alterar a afetação de recursos, incluindo o trabalho do produtor e da família, diversificar a combinação de atividades e alterar o nível das produções agrícolas, garantir o abastecimento alimentar e aumentar o rendimento dos agregados familiares dos produtores agrícolas desta comunidade. A metodologia utilizada baseia-se na elaboração de orçamentos para as diferentes atividades e explorações agrícolas de famílias agricultoras beneficiados pela recuperação da irrigação de modo a avaliar o impacto desta melhoria no rendimento das famílias agrícolas. Selecionaram-se cinco agricultores e a recolha de dados foi feita por aplicação de questionário para caracterização sócio económica das famílias e dos sistemas de produção utilizados. Com base nesses dados realizou-se o apuramento e a análise das diversas variáveis físicas e económicas, destacando-se aquelas que expressam o impacto desta política pública através da avaliação dos efeitos do projeto, por cultura e exploração, sobre a produção, os gastos, o rendimento dos agregados familiares e o abastecimento alimentar dos produtores agrícolas. Os resultados mostram claramente uma maior intensificação cultural e uma melhoria no rendimento dos agregados familiares rurais; Abstract: This paper aims to develop an impact assessment to measure the impact of public irrigation policies on the recovery of the irrigation system of S. Luzia, a community of former company Agostinho Neto of Lobata district, and to evaluate whether this investment can contribute to change resource allocation, including producer and family work, diversify the mix of activities and change the level of agricultural production, ensure food supply and increase household income of farmers in this community. The methodology used is based on budgeting for the different crop activities and farms of farming families benefited by irrigation in order to assess the impact of the irrigation on agricultural crop activities and family farm economic results. Five farmers were selected and data collection was carried out by applying a questionnaire for the socio-economic characterization of the production systems used and of the income and expenses per crop and for each farm. Computation and analysis of the various physical and economic variables were carried out based on these data, highlighting those that express the impact of this public policy through the evaluation of the effects of the project on production, food supply and income of the households of the agricultural producers. Results clearly show a cultural intensification and an improvement in the income of rural households.

Le présent travail est une ethnographie du quotidien cubain durant les années 2000. L’investigation a été menée au sein des ménages d’une famille multi-sites, prise à la fois comme base d’observation de la société et comme objet d’enquête. L’ethnographie par immersion a été échelonnée sur sept années (2007-2013). La principale implantation des ménages est à La Havane, une autre est en milieu rural, à Monte, dans l’Est de l’île d’où est originaire la famille, une troisième est aux États-Unis, à Miami. Les membres des ménages voyagent ou migrent d’un site à l’autre. L’enquête multi-sites par immersion a été complétée par l’exploitation d’archives inédites d’Oscar Lewis et de son équipe, archives écrites et orales d’une vaste enquête ethnographique collective sur la vie à Cuba durant la première décennie de révolution (1968-1970), dont les cartons ont été ré-ouverts pour la première fois à l’occasion de cette recherche. Le rapprochement permet d’accéder aux expériences vécues des Cubains dans leurs temps internes, et de les confronter à la mémoire de trois générations. Examinées au ras des expériences quotidiennes, les difficultés rencontrées par les Cubains ont donné lieu à un art particulier de la débrouille, qui donne leur unité à toutes les descriptions : le « resolver », la « résolution » des problèmes. Depuis les débuts de la Révolution, les Cubains ont été condamnés à l’invention de solutions, à la résolution permanente hors légalité face aux impasses de la vie économique constamment produites par un système sans cohérence. Ce système résultait pour partie d’un volontarisme utopique, pour partie d’un pragmatisme du pouvoir pour resolver à son tour les difficultés qu’il subissait ou suscitait. La créativité des gouvernés a été poussée si loin qu’elle a redessiné de fond en comble le système économique et social de l’île. Loin de l’idée d’une économie parallèle, l’ethnographie du resolver retrace un tissu social dont, pour ainsi dire, le gouvernement a fourni la chaîne autoritaire, et le peuple cubain, la trame improvisée. L’ethnographie est entrée dans les détails de l’art de joindre les deux bouts en recourant aux méthodes de l’ethnocomptabilité : compter et calculer comme les gens comptent, scruter les budgets de ménages et d’entreprises le plus souvent illégales, établir les rentabilités réelles de la débrouille économique. Il en résulte une sorte de phénoménologie du quotidien : se nourrir, se soigner, travailler, peser chaque élément de ressource et de dépense, prêter attention à la moindre activité, établir un suivi ethnographique de toutes sortes de parcours des biens et des personnes. La méthode accède à un niveau de détail inhabituel en procédant à des inventaires exhaustifs. Ces inventaires ethnographiques ont été particulièrement développés sur le ravitaillement et l’alimentation, révélant une sous-nutrition masquée par les données officielles, sur la polyactivité des citoyens combinant entreprises publiques et (ou) activités illégales, sur le coût de la santé dans les budgets familiaux et sur la solidarité transnationale entre les différents ménages, de l’île à Miami. En décrivant des situations surréalistes, l’enquête a relevé en même temps les manières multiples d’en rendre compte. Suivant une expression particulièrement significative d’un entrepreneur ethnographié, « le gouvernement joue à nous payer, nous jouons à travailler ». Le but de cette enquête n’a pas été de figer les significations instables relevées dans unesignification définitive, mais au contraire de faire ressortir les processus qui les agitent. Partie prenante de cette agitation, l’idiosyncrasie cubaine, restituée dans le théâtre de ses opérations, devient descriptible et traduisible
El presente trabajo consiste en una etnografía del cotidiano cubano realizada a lo largo de siete años (2007-2013). La investigación se ha desarrollado en diferentes hogares de una familia multi-situada (multi-site), la cual ha servido a la vez como base de observación de la sociedad y como objeto de investigación. El hogar principal se encuentra La Habana, otro en Monte, un pueblo rural en el oriente de la isla, de donde procede la familia y un tercero en Miami, Estados Unidos. La familia se moviliza constantemente entre los tres hogares, ya sea por viaje o por migración. La investigación multi-situada por inmersión ha sido completada con la consulta de archivos inéditos de Oscar Lewis y de su equipo. Archivos, escritos y orales, procedentes de una vasta investigación colectiva sobre la vida en Cuba durante la primera década de la Revolución (1968-1970) y cuyas cajas han sido re-abiertas por primera vez para esta investigación. Su exploración permite acceder a las experiencias vividas por los cubanos de la época y de confrontarlos a la memoria de tres generaciones de la Cuba contemporánea. Examinadas a partir de las experiencias cotidianas, las dificultades con las que se topan los cubanos han dado lugar al “resolver”, un arte particular del apaño que conforma la unidad de todas las descripciones. Desde el inicio de la Revolución los cubanos han estado condenados a la resolución permanente en su mayoría fuera de la legalidad, frente a los constantes imprevistos de la vida económica producidos por un sistema poco coherente. Este sistema por un lado ha sido el resultado de un voluntarismo utópico, y por otro lado de un pragmatismo del propio poder por resolver a su vez las dificultades que suscita. La creatividad de los gobernados ha ido muy lejos, hasta rediseñar el sistema económico y social de la isla desde sus cimientos. Lejos de la idea de una economía paralela, la etnografía del resolver traza un tejido social en el que, por decirlo de alguna manera, el gobierno ha proporcionado el hilo autoritario, y el pueblo cubano, la trama improvisada. La etnografía se adentra en los detalles del arte de llegar a fin de mes recurriendo a los métodos de la etnocontabilidad: describir y calcular como las personas cuentan, escrutan los presupuestos de sus hogares y de empresas, en su mayoría ilegales, y como establecen las rentabilidades reales de los desvíos y arreglos económicos. El resultado es un tipo de fenomenología de lo cotidiano: alimentarse, curarse, trabajar, pesar cada recurso y cada gasto, prestar atención a la más mínima actividad y establecer un seguimiento etnográfico de los recorridos de los bienes y de las personas. El método muestra un nivel de detalle inusual a partir de inventarios exhaustivos, estos han sido particularmente extensos en relación al abastecimiento y a la alimentación, revelando una subnutrición oculta en los datos oficiales. También se describe detalladamente la poliactividad de los ciudadanos combinando el trabajo en empresas públicas con otras actividades legales y/o ilegales, el coste de la salud en los presupuestos familiares y la solidaridad transnacional entre los diferentes hogares, desde la isla hasta Miami. Describiendo situaciones que rozan el surrealismo, la investigación revela múltiples maneras de ilustrar el cotidiano como explica la expresión particularmente significativa de un empresario etnografiado, “el gobierno juega a pagarnos y nosotros jugamos a trabajar”. El objetivo de esta investigación no ha consistido en fijar la inestabilidad de las significaciones reveladas dentro de un marco definitivo sino, al contrario, de resaltar los procesos que las agitan. Como parte inherente de esta agitación, la idiosincrasia cubana, restituida en el teatro de sus operaciones, pasa a ser descriptible y traducible
This study is an ethnography of the Cuban quotidian conducted over seven years (2007-2013). Different homes of a multi-sited family have served as a basis for the study of society and as an object of the research itself. The main home is in Havana, the second one is in Monte, a rural village from where the family comes from originally in the east of the island, and a third one in Miami, United States. The family is constantly moving between the three homes, either to visit or to migrate. The consultation of the written and oral archives of Oscar Lewis and associates completed the multi-sited immersion research. Those archives boxes, which have been re-opened for the very first time for this study, contain the files of an extensive collective research on life in Cuba during the first decade of the Revolution (1968-1970). Scanning Lewis records allows the comparison of the experiences of the Cubans from that period to the memory of three generations of the contemporary Cuba. The difficulties the Cubans deal with on a daily basis have led to the particular art of fixing/managing things or situations called resolver (to solve) which is the center of each and every description of quotidian experiences. Since the Revolution Cuban people have been doomed with permanent “resolver,” taking place mostly outside or below the law, to face an insufficiently coherent system that produces constant economic impasses. On the one hand, this system is the result of the utopian voluntarism, on the other, it is the outcome of the State’s pragmatism to solve (resolver) the obstacles caused by itself. The creativity of the governed has gone far enough to redesign from its foundations the island economic and social system. The ethnography of Resolver draws a social fabric in which the government provides the authoritarian thread and the Cuban people the improvised pattern, far from the idea of a parallel economy. Ethnography delves into the details of the art of making ends meet using the ethno-accounting approach. This is describing and calculating how people count, scrutinize their home and business budgets, the latter mostly illegal, and how do they estimate the real return of their diverted and fixed economic enterprises. The result is a kind of phenomenology of everyday life: how to feed and heal themselves, to work, to weight every resource and every outlay, considering the slightest activity and setting up an ethnographic monitoring of goods and members of the family. This approach provides an unusual level of detail through comprehensive inventories, particularly extensive for supply and food, revealing a degree of undernourishment not disclosed by the official data. It also describes in detail the citizens’ pluriactivity which combines working in public companies with other legal or illegal occupations. It also illustrates the impact of health expenditure on family budgets and the transnational solidarity between homes, from the island to Miami. The research reveals multiple ways to explain the quotidian, describing situations that verge on the surreal. One of the entrepreneurs depicted in the ethnography says a significative phrase: the government pretends to pay us and we pretend to work. The main aim of this research has not been to determine the instability of the revealed meanings within an established framework but, on the contrary, to highlight the processes that agitate them. Cuban idiosyncrasy inherent in this turmoil, and restored in the theater of operations, becomes describable and translatable

Subject of this work is pursuance technology of above-standard family house. This diploma thesis contains construction and technology report, technological prescriptions for important parts of buildings, technology report of plant building site, concepts of mechanical assembly, inspection and test plan, technology report of health and safety on the construction site. Budget, calculation and time planning, a drawing of the facilities of the construction site, description of transport relations is included in addendum. Work also contains part about use of Calcium silicate masonry and its comparation.

Comment les agricultures familiales brésiliennes et françaises font naître des pratiques temporelles innovantes pour répondre à la transition écologique ? La thèse explore dans un contexte d’accélération sociale des processus d’écologisation, la diversité des pratiques et des représentations comme autant d’expressions de la contestation du paradigme agricole moderniste. Elle s’intéresse particulièrement aux expériences temporelles des identités socioprofessionnelles, des objets de la nature et des artefacts techniques. Nos trois terrains d’enquête - La Genétouze, Saints en Puisaye et Rio Veado- sont le miroir du développement de l’agriculture biologique et des débats globaux qui l’agitent sur sa «conventionnalisation ». Les controverses envers son identité, interrogent les nombreux branchements culturels entre les différents modèles agricoles et les tensions véhiculées autour de leurs liens entretenus avec le passé, le présent et le futur.Notre approche transversale entre la France et le Brésil propose de croiser les temporalités vécues des agriculteurs se réclamant de l’agriculture raisonnée, de l’agriculture de conservation ou encore des agricultures agrobiologistes, sur le temps long de leurs trajectoires locales. Elle montre que l’accélération sociale est illusoirement hégémonique : l’inversion du temps progressiste et linéaire ou encore le phénomène de décélération symbolisent des résistances culturelles. En réalité, on assiste plutôt à la coexistence de temporalités multiples, opposées voire contradictoires sur un même territoire. Les enjeux autour des agricultures familiales s’avèrent alors être d’ordre civilisationnel : ils révèlent une crise temporelle questionnant le chercheur sur la capacité des acteurs à renverser la lèche du temps, pour offrir de possibles réconciliations entre la linéarité du progrès technique et la cyclicité du vivant
How do Brazilian and French family farms create innovative temporal practices to respond to ecological transition?This thesis explores in a context of the social acceleration of ecologisation, the diversity of practices and representations as an expression of fracture within the modernist agricultural model. It proposes focussing on temporal experiences of socio-professional identities, elements of nature and technical artefacts. Our three ields of research- La Genétouze, Saints en Puisaye and Rio Veado- encompass the development of organic farming and of the animated debates that arise from its «conventionalisation.» Controversies over its identity _ question the numerous cultural connections between the different agricultural models and the tensions conveyed around their links with the past, the present and the future.Our transversal approach in both France and Brazil proposes to cross-examine the temporalities experienced by farmers who use reasoned agriculture, conservation agriculture or agrobiologic farms alongside their local trajectories. It shows that social acceleration hegemony is illusory: the inversion of progressive and linear time or its deceleration symbolize cultural resistances. Rather, we are part of the coexistence of multiple, opposing and even contradictory temporalities within the same territory. The challenging questions for family farming are then civilizational: they reveal temporal crises questioning the researcher on the capacity of the actors to reverse the arrow of time, offering possible reconciliations between the linearity of technical progress and life cycles

A partir de l'objet automobile, cette thèse propose une réponse en trois temps à la problématique du rôle de la consommation matérielle dans la stratification sociale. Grâce aux caractéristiques originales du bien automobile, l'objectif poursuivi est d'interroger la question de l'homogénéisation des styles de vie dans le contexte de la France contemporaine sous trois rapports : les phénomènes de diffusion de l'automobile, la distribution sociale des caractéristiques de l'équipement, la répartition des coûts engendrés par la voiture. Comment caractériser la diffusion d'un objet symbolique de la consommation de masse et quelles sont les limites à cette diffusion ? Comment sont distribués les biens selon leurs caractéristiques dans l'espace social ? Comment varient les différents coûts de l'automobile parmi les groupes sociaux ? Nous répondons à de telles questions en recourant à une analyse secondaires de deux séries d'enquêtes réalisées par l'Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques : les Enquêtes Nationales Transports réalisées en 1981, 1993 et 2007 ainsi que les enquêtes Budget de famille réalisées en 1985, 1989, 1995, 2001 et 2006
By using the automobile as a social object, this thesis provides a threefold answer to the problem of the role of material consumption in social stratification. Thanks to the very original nature of automobile, we aim at address the question of the homogenization of lifestyles in contemporary France in three differents aspects : the phenomenons of social diffusion, the distribution of the characteristics of the automobile in social space and the repartition of the internal and external costs of the car. How can we characterize the diffusion of a good symbolic of mass consumption ? Which limits does this diffusion assume ? How are distributed the characteristics of the material goods in social space ?How do the differents costs of the automobile vary among social groups ? We adress theses questions by using secondary analysis of two series of suveys conducted by the French institute of statistics : the National Travel Surveys realized in 1981, 1993 and 2007 and the French Household Expenditure Surveys conducted in 1985, 1989, 1995, 2001 and 2006

The research undertaken represents an in-depth study of gender and economics from a multi-disciplinary perspective. By drawing on economic, social policy and political science literature it makes an original contribution to the disciplines of economics and feminist economics by advancing ideas on a feminist theory of policy change and institutional design. Equally, the study develops a framework for a multi-method approach to feminist research with applied policy focus by establishing a pragmatic feminist research paradigm. By espousing multiple research philosophies, it extends understanding of gender differences in policy outcomes by connecting theories from feminist economics, feminist historical institutionalism and ideational processes. Jointly funded by the Economic and Social Research Council UK and the Scottish Government, this project attempts to answer three key questions: What is the relative position of men and women in the Scottish economy and how do childcare responsibilities influence these? Which institutions, structures and processes have been instrumental in embedding gender in Scottish economic policy? To what extent and how is the Scottish Government’s approach to economic policy gendered? Quantitative analysis reveals persistently disproportionate differences in men and women’s position in the labour market. Women remain over-represented in part-time employment and in the public sector in the 10years under investigation. Using panel data, the multinomial logistic regression estimation of patterns in labour market transitions equally reveal disproportionate gendered patterns, with families with dependent children 0-4years at a disadvantage to those without. Qualitative analysis indicates that these differences are partly explained by the fact that the unpaid economy still remains invisible to policymakers despite changes in the institutional design, policy processes and the approach to equality policymaking undertaken in Scotland. Unpaid childcare work is not represented as policy relevant and the way gender, equality and gender equality are conceptualised within institutional sites and on political agendas pose various challenges for policy development on unpaid childcare work and gender equality in general. Additionally, policymakers in Scotland do not integrate both the paid and unpaid economies in economic policy formulation since social policy and economic policy are designed separately. The study also establishes that the range of institutions and actors that make-up the institutional setting for regulating and promoting equality, influence how equality issues are treated within a national context. In Scotland, equality regulating institutions such as parliament, the Scottish Government, equality commission and the law are instrumental variables in determining the range of equality issues that are embedded in an equality infrastructure and the extent to which equality issues, including gender, are consequently embedded in public policy and government budgets. Significantly despite meeting all the attributes of an equality issue, unpaid care is not classified as a protected characteristic in the Equality legislation. These institutions can ameliorate, sustain or perpetuate the delivery of unequitable policy outcomes for men and women in the mutually dependent paid and unpaid economy. Thus, economic, social and political institutions are not independent from one another but are interrelated in complex ways that subsequently have material consequences on men and women in society. In summary, there are interlinkages between the law, labour market, the unpaid economy, the welfare state and gendered political institutions such that policy or institutional change in one will be dependent on or trigger change in another. These institutions are gendered, but are also interlinked and underpin the gender structure of other institutions to the extent that the gendered norms and ideas embedded in one institution, for example legislation or political institutions, structure the gendered dimensions of the labour market, welfare state, and the unpaid economy. By shedding light on institutional and political forces that regulate equality in addition to macroeconomic forces, the analysis reveals the important role of institutions, policy actors and their ideas as instrumental forces which constantly define, redefine and reconstruct the labour market experiences of men and women with significant material consequences.

碩士
明道大學
產業創新與經營學系碩士班
100
The population structure in Taiwan is in an aging trend, thus greatly increasing needs for medical care, and the successful operation of family medical services (family medicine) has come to be a critical element. In this study, past literature on the operations of family medicine under the National Health Insurance global budget system have been collected and processed through a system dynamics that helped to construct a comprehensive system of mode of operations comprising of several interacting operational elements. Next, operational factors consisting of numbers of physicians, actual identification, and networked identification were proposed. With response variables of earnings, quality of care, and network quality, a policy proposal was compiled using Taguchi’s orthogonal table. Lastly, analytic hierarchy process theory was applied to facilitate multi-criteria decision-making in order to determine the order of priorities within the proposal. This study found that the rise in physician numbers, actual identification and networked identification has positive influences on the increase of incoming patients. However, as increases in physician numbers and actual identification require higher cost, family medicine earnings would decline if the above two factors were strengthened indefinitely. On the other hand, lower costs are required for networked identification, and the advantage of quickly and conveniently dispersing information via networking may help to enhance the quality of care in family medicine and patients’ general knowledge. Furthermore, when physician numbers and networked identification are both at high standards, it is possible to greatly enhance quality of care and to enhance and strengthen patients’ general medical knowledge. In terms of actual identification, because patients already have a high level of identification in this aspect, further endeavors would not produce significant results. If actual identification were at a lower standard, it would be more beneficial to the healthcare insurance system and the earnings of family medical services.

碩士
國立陽明大學
醫務管理研究所
91
After the global budget is carried out, the benefit of implementing family physician system is to reasonably control medical expenses. In this study we will interpret the public acknowledgment, demands of the service and confidence levels of medical professions for family physicians, which will become a reference for policy making and implementation in promoting family physician system. This study, conducted by questionnaire survey, examines the patients of an outpatient department of a medical center in Taipei city. 500 questionnaires are issued and 480 returned. The return rate of questionnaire was 96%. Statistical analysis is done by using SAS 8.0. The result of the study shows that family physicians are required to reinforce their medical facilities, convenience services and medical professions. The general public has a high demand for family physicians, which reaches to 81.04%. So it is the right time to foster the promotion of family physician system.

碩士
朝陽科技大學
財務金融系碩士班
96
To attend to the aged military family dependants living in old accommodations and the residents with insufficient income, since 1997, the Government has empowered the Ministry of National Defense to launch a project of the aged military family dependant village reconstructing to elevate effectiveness of the land and beautify the looks of urban cities. With the input-output table issued from 1994-2004 by the Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting, Statistics and Executive Yuan, to understanding the changes of the general industries and construction in factor analysis model. With the final accountings in 2000、2002 and budgeting in 2008, we have analyzed and utilized the spillover effect model to probe into how the reconstruction of the aged military dependants'' accommodations influences on general industries in Taiwan. The result shows: 1. The factor analysis models from 1994-2004 show that one of the delays of execution of the budget is due to the declining construction business. 2. Under the process of the analysis, we found the reconstruction of the aged military family dependants'' accommodations have generated 2.6 times of spillover effect; especially primary iron, steel and cement products have a large proportion of it. There were 3,751 and 7,624 employers during the year of 2000 and 2002 respectively for the reconstruction of the aged military family dependants'' accommodations. It is expected that there will be up to 57,632 employers in 2008 and the whole budgets will be spent thoroughly bringing a good chance of employment.

碩士
長榮大學
經營管理研究所
93
Both the public and the private sectors share the goals of utilizing resources efficiently and maximizing economic profit. The Bureau of National Health Insurance brings the medical expenditure under control through a global budget payment system. Recent health insurance reforms, including a family physician-based comprehensive care plan, have attempted to facilitate cooperation between providers within the medical system. The reforms have not only transformed the physician’s role from illness treatment to a comprehensive healthcare provider but also seek to change Taiwanese patients’ consumption habits in order to encourage them to visit a regular family physician rather than taking medical treatment indiscriminately upon falling ill. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether recent health insurance reforms have recognized their goal of maximizing benefits for all: the public sector, the healthcare provider, and the public health. This research examines the competition intensity felt by the medical institutions and the ensuing strategic behaviors that they adopted in accordance with the new global budget payment system and family physician-based comprehensive health care plan. Based on a survey of the medical community in Tainan City, 45 effective questionnaires were collected from the 68 medical institutions with a response rate of 66%. The structural equation modeling was verified through the software of SPSS and AMOS. The main findings of this research are as follows. (1) The new health insurance reforms do not significantly affected the deployment of internal resources among the medical institutions in the medical community of Tainan City due to the lack of understanding. This resulted in poor compliance with the new system. Furthermore, the new system has not much influence upon the management strategies of medical institutions. (2) The competitive intensity drives medical institutions to rethink the use of their internal resources with regard to strategic behavior. (3) The degree of competitive intensity varies among institutions from years of establishment, capacity, and categories. (4) Medical institutions with highly competitive tend to adopt strategies such as “cost leadership and quality control,” “diversification and strengthening marketing,” “cooperation of human resources,” etc.

Financial literacy is a topic of the day which concerns all the categories of the population in their everyday life. The thesis titled Financial Literacy of Refuge Clients tries to describe the theme of financial literacy from two points of view. On one hand, from the viewpoint of people who, for various reasons, have become clients of refuge and on the other hand, from the viewpoint of social workers who work in refuge. The theoretical part is divided into four subchapters which describe a given issue. An explanation of the basic terminology related to the topic is followed by a subchapter on financial education of children and adults and activities in the field of education. The third subchapter deals with potential effects of financial literacy and the end of the theoretical part focuses on social work with refuge clients. The practical part describes a research which consists of two parts. To achieve the defined goal, a qualitative research has been employed in both parts, using the survey method and the semi-structured interview technique. The document contents analysis was used in the second part of the research. The survey research was carried out in five refuge of Diaconia of the Evangelical Church of the Czech Brethren. The first part of the survey involved fifteen communication partners, users of the refuge as a social service. The second part of the survey involved five communication partners, social workers in refuge. Both survey samples were created by a special-purpose selection. The data gathered in the interviews were evaluated by means of the open coding method. The main goal of the thesis was to find out how refuge clients view their own financial literacy and a potential for improvement in this respect. A sub-goal of the thesis focused on learning viewpoints of the social workers regarding the potential for improving financial literacy of the refuge clients. The survey results have shown that the category of financial literacy within the meaning as defined in literature is not represented in the refuge clients. With regard to their generally difficult situation which also includes their financial situation, the category of financial literacy narrowed to the efforts to make both ends meet at the end of the month and to the question whether or not to deal with financial claims, debts or distraints. This is the setting which has to be the basis for work of social workers in refuge as well. There exists a wide-ranging offer of potential paths leading to financial literacy for all categories of the population, regardless their address. Leaving aside education at school, getting further information is optional, conditioned by everybody's own interest. To increase financial literacy of the clients, social workers may choose from many options, or use their own knowledge and skills. The main prerequisite for success is to adapt themselves to the clients' interest and capabilities. The thesis describes attitudes of refuge clients to financial literacy issues which are identical to the attitudes of this specific category of the population to addressing their difficult financial situation. Social workers become aware of additional possibilities of financial literacy improvement which they can use when working with their clients. Based on the survey results obtained, a comprehensible leaflet has been prepared, containing the essential information about financial literacy. The leaflet in both electronic and printed version will be available for those interested in it, i.e. refuge clients, social workers as well as the general public.