Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Family corporations'

This research aims to examine the interactions, transformation and implications of the government-business relations of entrepreneurial families in Mainland China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong. The similarities and differences of their operational patterns, strategies and impacts are also investigated. Establishing the political dimension as the foundation for this study enables this research to enrich the understanding of Chinese entrepreneurial families and address the gaps of conventional theories. Three influential entrepreneurial families in the cross strait tri-region—the Rong family in Wuxi, the Koo family in Taiwan and the Fok family in Hong Kong—are examined, with the application of clientelism and corporatism as the theoretical framework for analysis. Traditional Chinese values on business and businessmen are integrated into the theoretical discussion that serves as the basis of critical review of conventional theories and formulation of a new government-business relations theory relevant to the context of Chinese societies. All assumptions leading to such a theory are substantiated through conducting historical reviews and empirical analysis. This research primarily adopts a qualitative approach, using multiple case studies, historical and literature review, document analysis (including opened secret archives), in-depth interviews and field research. The research argues that such relations are rooted in the traditional Chinese cultural values and ideologies. With the support of party-state apparatus, or state apparatus, as well as operational mechanisms at both an individual and organizational level, the party-state-led or government-led government-business relations are established and sustained through various pathways. They also come as an embodiment of political alliance as the individual and organizational frameworks of corporatism interact and modify each other. It is asserted that an underlying mechanism is in constant operation to sustain the relational dynamics, but that such a mechanism cannot be explained in terms of legal considerations. The government-business relations of Chinese entrepreneurial families present cooperation but not opposition, and emphasize mutual dependence, trust and loyalty, which cannot be satisfactorily interpreted with clientelism. Public interests, or at least the coexistence of public and private interests, characterize the collaboration between the two parties in question. This research further reveals that entrepreneurial families undertake more political costs and risks than general family enterprises. This in turn provides proof of both the positive and the negative sides of political capital, which can potentially evoke extreme effects and constitute unstable factors for the development of entrepreneurial families. This understanding deviates from the past discourse which upholds the view that participation in government-business relations brings reasonable expectations about acquiring more interests on the part of entrepreneurial families. A comprehensive analysis of the involved interests and costs, opportunities and crises, as well as contributions and disadvantages confronting entrepreneurial families as a consequence of engaging in such government-business relations?as well as the manifestation of the distinctive operational models underlying such relations?are the important contributions made by this research.
published_or_final_version
Humanities and Social Sciences
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy

Family business literature reveals that the majority of family businesses do not make it to the second generation, and quite a few are fortunate to be passed onto the third generation. Succession planning is the critical issue that enhances continuity of the family business. Relational influences indicate that the balancing of family systems and business systems is more likely to encourage high quality succession. The development of effective practical governance systems can help the family business achieve its strategy. External influences indicate that owner role adjustment, defined as the predecessor’s “letting go” in the firm, as well as the development and mentoring of the successor, shape the effectiveness of succession in the family business.

Family businesses are prevalent in South Africa and throughout the world. Succession is one of the largest challenges facing family businesses. It has been estimated that only one third of family businesses survive to the second generation. This study attempts to determine what the main features are to promote successful family business succession and continuity. The family chosen for this research is the Venter family. The research has scaled the various influencing variables from the literature review into the following focus areas: relationships, conflict, vision, effective succession characteristics and continuity. The findings reflect many instances found in the literature, some are: individuals can manage themselves and have relationships with others; have the ability to resolve conflicts; have mutual support and trust; there is respect between the founder and successor; the business vision is clear; communication is open and clear and decisions are based on expertise and knowledge. Many other aspects are highlighted in the research that follows. In addition, the study attempts to identify the generational effects, the major characteristics of the family owned succession process and the views of the predecessors on the succession process and the post succession period.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2002.
Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 96-101). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

Despite important advances in family business research over the past decade, the effects of family ownership and control on firm performance and strategy remain equivocal. First, is family involvement beneficial or costly to the firm? Leading management and family business research theories proffer compelling arguments, but none have been able to present unassailable theoretical support for any one particular side. Second, how do family firms make capital structure decisions? Although there are widely-accepted theories of capital structure policy in the corporate finance literature, they have limited power in explaining financial decision making in family firms. Furthermore, empirical studies on both the performance and capital structure policy of family firms have generated mixed results. This divergence in theory and empirical evidence suggests that earlier studies have not been able to consider other critical factors that drive value creation and strategy formulation in family businesses. This dissertation addresses these gaps in the literature with two studies that are derived from the question of how the performance and behavior of “Overseas Chinese” family firms are influenced by Confucian values and practices. In the first study, I developed a theoretical framework based on social capital theory which posits that long-term orientation (LTO) acts as a mediator in the relationship between family ownership and control (FOC) and firm performance. In addition, I hypothesized that Confucian characteristics, such as filial piety (FIL), traditionalism (TRA), and guanxi (GUA), act as moderators in the model. In the second study, I built a framework using the theory of planned behavior, which explains how FOC and Confucian values jointly affect the firm’s capital structure decisions by influencing the decision maker’s beliefs and attitude toward debt, by fostering societal pressures regarding the use of debt, and by creating perceived behavioral controls in terms of risk exposure, family control, and the cost of debt. According to this framework, Confucian values moderate the relationship between FOC and financial leverage by reinforcing the family firm’s intention not to borrow. Using data from a sample of small- and medium-sized firms in the Philippines and the partial least squares structural equation modeling methodology (PLS-SEM), analysis reveals that LTO partly explains the positive influence of FOC on firm performance, and that TRA enhances the positive relationship between FOC and LTO. In the second study, the results suggest that firms which have a high degree of FOC borrow less. In addition, at high degrees of FIL, firms with a lower FOC have a lower financial leverage while firms with a higher level of FOC have a higher financial leverage. This dissertation contributes significantly to the family business management and family firm finance literature and the management literature in general. First, the social capital framework developed in the first study identifies specific circumstances in which family ownership and control can enhance firm value. Specifically, family firms are able to achieve better performance by promoting LTO in the organization, and cultural traits such as traditionalism enable the family business to achieve a higher degree of LTO. Second, the analytical framework based on the theory of planned behavior that was developed in the second study provides an alternative explanation for capital structure policy for small- and medium-sized private firms. The results of the study demonstrate that a high degree of family ownership and control results in use of less debt, and that Confucian values such as filial piety can moderate the firm’s bias against borrowing contingent on the degree of family ownership and control.

Every business organisation has a unique set of challenges and problems. The family business is mainly affected by personal factors and family political influences. Most family business political influences are based on succession. Many of these problems exist in corporate business environments, but can be exaggerated in a family business. Family businesses go through various stages of growth and development over time. Many of these challenges will be found once the second and subsequent generations enter the business. One of the key problems is succession planning. Most family organisations do not have a plan for handing the power to the next generation, leading to great political conflicts and divisions. Despite the foregoing problems, family business is the world’s dominant form of business organisation. Based on figures compiled by the Family Firm Institute (FFI), in the Barclays Wealth Insights 2009, family firms comprise 80% to 90% of all businesses in North America. In the United Kingdom 75% of all businesses are family businesses. Some of the world’s biggest and best-known companies are family-owned. In the United States, some 37% of Fortune 500 companies are family-owned. In the global beer industry there are two family owned businesses in the top five, namely the Anheuser Busch Inbev Brewing Company and Heineken Breweries. Charlene de Carvalho-Heineken, a Heineken family member is delegate member of the Board of directors of Heineken Holding N.V. (Heineken Annual Report, 2011).This research report investigated succession at Heineken (as a family business). The researcher employed a mixed methodology approach where both quantitative and qualitative data collection instruments were used to gather data from two different groups of respondents (Heineken Operational Company Executives and Heineken Expatriates). Numerous attempts were made to contact Mrs Charlene de Carvalho-Heineken as well as other members of the Heineken family, without success. None of the questionnaires were returned. The research concluded that despite the fact that Heineken management has been highly professionalised with the majority of senior management structures filled with non-family members; the company is still a family business because 50.005% of the shareholding is held by Mrs. de Carvalho Heineken who is a family member. The research also observed that Mrs. de Carvalho Heineken sits on the Heineken Board of Directors. There is also an interesting side to the family ownership of the Heineken business. According to the Heineken Group’s 2009 Annual Report, the Hoyer family and Heineken family own L’Arche Green, a company that holds 58.78% interest in Heineken Holdings. This scenario confirms earlier research findings that according to the Agency Theory, managers who are not owners will not watch over the affairs of a firm as diligently as owners managing the firm themselves. The placement of Mrs.de Carvalho Heineken and Mr. D.P. Hoyer on Board of Directors is therefore very strategic in terms of maintaining the “familiness” of the Heineken business. Although respondents were not as direct as to whether there was a succession plan at Heineken, available documents reveal that indeed there is a succession plan at the company. It is interesting to note that Mrs. de Carvalho Heineken has been a member of the Executive Board of Directors since the age of thirty-four (she was nominated in 1988). This type of exposure to the Heineken business would went a long way in preparing Mrs. de Carvalho-Heineken for future positions. Her experience as a member of the Executive Board of Directors therefore confirms results of studies that found that positive firm performance by family successors is associated with successor’s development and intergenerational relationships, succession planning, successor’s potential capability, commitment to the firm and successor’s business skills.

This study examines change in the family farming sector through the lens of succession. It explores empirically the succession expectations and intentions of farmers and their children in a changing contextual landscape. The research is underpinned by two theoretical concepts: the ‘farm adjustment strategy’ facilitated the development of structural reference points in respect of the family farm business and household; and application of tenets of van der Ploeg’s (1994) ‘styles’ work enabled analysis of structural change in the farm business to be viewed through a qualitative succession lens. A ‘pragmatist’ mixed-methods approach comprised a farmer survey and next generation in-depth interviews. The analytical approach accommodated issues of temporality and facilitated the linkage and study of multiple components of change. It was found that immense variability exists in terms of how succession is managed in practice. The structural characteristics and capacity of the farm business clearly impact upon succession choices and positions, but intrinsic drivers also have a very significant bearing on succession and its potential outcome. The research revealed three broad outcomes of next generation succession intention, each forming the basis of a succession style: a desire and intention to succeed to the family farm, reflected in more traditional succession modes; an intention to leave the family farm, thus opting out of farming per se; and part-time succession, characterised by off-farm professional work, flexibility and a lifestyle preference that encompasses aspects of farming and non-farming worlds. The findings presented in this thesis suggest that, through succession, forms of farm management and operation are evolving. Family farming entities are adapting and becoming increasingly heterogeneous. Through a contemporary succession lens, the notion of the family farm now comprises an assortment of family-owned and family-managed businesses with an array of diversified business, amenity and farming interests.

Family businesses constitute a large number of businesses worldwide contributing significantly to the global economy. Succession planning is a key issue influencing the sustainability of these family businesses. According to research, approximately 30% of businesses fail due to matters related to succession planning (Grote, 2003). Further research indicated that approximately 50% of family businesses do not have adequate succession plans in place. Hence, family businesses are exposed to significant risk in sustainability due to insufficient succession planning. An effective approach to succession planning in a family business increases the chance of success of a family business in both the short and long term. The purpose of this study was to develop a better understanding of approaches to succession planning in two family businesses in East London, South Africa. This purpose was to improve the commercial viability of family businesses and improve the body of knowledge from an academic perspective. To this end, a detailed literature study was conducted on family businesses and succession planning. A qualitative case study research paradigm was implemented to ascertain the nature of the approaches adopted by the two businesses. An interview process was conducted with the incumbent founders (fathers) and successors (sons) of the family business. This process suggested that each business requires a unique approach to succession plan which may include aspects of formal and informal processes. It is necessary to understand the nature of the family business, its interrelated relationships and context to adequately determine the success of a succession approach. It is for this reason that families aspiring long term sustainability should invest in effective succession planning approaches that integrate the nuances of the individual family business.

Este trabalho trata das relações de gênero em posições de poder - o lugar das herdeiras na sucessão de empresas familiares. Foi motivado pela constatação de três fatores: o elevado percentual de empresas familiares no universo total de empresas no mundo - mais de 80%, o reduzido número de "herdeiras" no comando destas empresas e a pequena sobrevivência destas empresas, a partir da 2ª geração. A empresa selecionada para a realização da pesquisa de campo foi a Leão Jr. S/A, pelo fato desta empresa reunir os requisitos necessários para a investigação do tema delineado: ter vivenciado mais de um processo de sucessão e ser uma empresa familiar de grande porte. Tratando de duas das mais importantes dimensões da vida, família e trabalho, esta pesquisa tem por desafio compreender a forma como, no contexto socioeconômico da elite de Curitiba, esta família se constitui e se organiza enquanto empresa e como os membros da família administram a imbricação das relações familiares e empresariais, objetivando identificar as relações de gênero que permeiam o processo sucessório nesta empresa. Espera-se, com este trabalho, abordar um aspecto nem sempre visível no mundo do trabalho, que representa a rede de relações sociais entre os membros de uma família empresária, suas representações, o simbolismo que permeia a vida da família, e, por conseguinte, também a vida da empresa familiar. Aquilo que se constitui no sentido de suas existências e lhes confere um determinado papel na sociedade e determina, tanto seu estilo de vida quanta o estilo de gestão da empresa. A presente pesquisa adotou um enfoque interdisciplinar que, partindo de um universo econômico, buscou resgatar um universo simbólico, utilizando-se dos recursos da antropologia, para detectar aspectos das humanidades na esfera empresarial, a fim de lançar luzes sobre o processo sucessório nas empresas familiares. Como objetivo geral da pesquisa pretendeu-se identificar o lugar que é reservado as mulheres herdeiras na sucessão da empresa familiar. Para alcançar esse objetivo procurou-se: conhecer as regras que norteiam o processo sucessório na empresa familiar em estudo; identificar os fatores que determinam a ascensão das herdeiras, bem como os fatores que as afastam dos postos de comando e identificar, junto às herdeiras, o significado de pertencer a uma família, cuja identidade é construída pela empresa. Para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa de campo optou-se pela abordagem qualitativa de natureza interpretativa, adentrando no universo das representações, dos símbolos, significados, subjetividade e intencionalidade. Foram entrevistadas 5 herdeiras, 4 delas participantes do conselho de sócios da empresa. A partir dai construiu-se a história da empresa sob dois enfoques - na perspectiva da própria empresa, considerando o material contido em documentos e publicações da empresa sobre si mesma e uma outra história, na perspectiva das herdeiras e interpretada a luz dos conceitos de gênero, família, empresa familiar e cultura organizacional - referencial teórico da pesquisa. A pesquisa desvelou uma íntima ligação entre o mundo da família e o mundo da empresa, bem como a existência de dois patrimônios distintos, que se equivalem, se entrelaçam e se sucedem, de geração em geração. Ao lado de um patrimônio material expressivo, detectou-se a existência de um patrimônio intangível considerável, com sua lógica própria de formação e continuidade, direcionando os rumos da vida da família e da empresa.
This study relates the gender relations in positions of Power - the position of the inheritresses in the succession process of family firms. The motivation for this study is originated by three factors: the high percentage of family enterprises in the world - more than 80%, the reduced number of inheritresses in command of these firms and the small survival degree of these firms from the second generation on. The selected firm for this research was the Leão Jr. S/A, a large family company, which had experienced several succession processes. The challenge of this study was to understand how this family managed the firm and how its members administrated the imbrication of the family and entrepreneurial relations. It is hoped to broach with this work an aspect, not clearly visible in the world of labor, that refers to the net of social relations within a entrepreneur family, their representations, the symbols that permeate the life of the family and their family enterprise. The present research adopted an interdisciplinary approach, which, starting from the economic universe, tried to rescue the symbolic universe, under anthropological aspects, in order to detect the human relations in an entrepreneurial environment, with the objective to clarify more the succession process in family enterprises. The main objective of this study was to identify the position of the inheritnesses in the succession of family firms. In order to achieve this objective, the analysis focused on the understanding of the rules that guide the succession process in the studied family firm, and the factors that withdraw the female gender from the succession process. It was also tried to identify, with the inheritnesses, the meaning of belonging to a family whose identity is constructed by the firm. The empirical research was executed using the qualitative interpretative approach, looking inwards to the university of the representations, symbols, meanings, subjective and intentional character Based on the analysis of the informations, given by the inheritnesses, was constructed the history of the firm under two different perspectives - one under the view of the enterprise and another under the view of the inheritnesses. The results are analyzed focusing on the concepts of: gender, family, family firm and organizational culture - the theoretical framework of this study. The results unveil a close relation between the family and the entrepreneurial world, as well the existence of two distinct patrimonies, equal in value, which interlace and succeed from generation to generation. Besides the considerable material patrimony, the existence of an intangible patrimony was detected, whose formation and continuation shows a logic of its own, guiding the life stile of the family and the firm and delimiting the place of the inheritnesses in the succession process.

A troca de comando é um desafio para as empresas familiares que buscam a sobrevivência da empresa em longo prazo. O processo de sucessão é também o período de convivência entre predecessores e sucessores para o compartilhamento de conhecimento a fim de garantir que conhecimentos valiosos sobre o negócio se mantenham na organização, para que assim a troca do comando não afete o desempenho e eficiência da empresa. Dada a relevância do conhecimento no processo de sucessão de empresas familiares, destaca-se atividade de exploração de conhecimento, realizadas individualmente, mas também no compartilhamento de conhecimento entre predecessores e sucessores. A exploração de conhecimento pode acontecer por meio das atividades de exploitation, quando refere-se aos novos usos e combinações do conhecimento existente para atingir as metas de curto prazo, ou por meio das atividades de exploration, quando refere-se à busca por novos conhecimentos, desconhecidos e muitas vezes incertos. Por isso, as atividades de exploração de conhecimento se relacionam às características individuais na relação com demais membros da família, na rotina da organização. Fatores referentes à motivação e ao envolvimento do indivíduo com o negócio familiar podem ter influência em como tais atividades são realizadas na organização. Neste aspecto, estudos apontam as bases do comprometimento dos membros envolvidos no processo de sucessão como um aspecto crítico na sucessão. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar a relação entre o comprometimento e as atividades de exploration e exploitation de conhecimento dos sujeitos envolvidos no processo de sucessão de empresas familiares. A abordagem adotada para a pesquisa foi a de métodos mistos com estratégia sequencial explanatória, sendo que incialmente coletou-se a analisou-se dados quantitativos. A partir dos achados quantitativos procedeu-se a segunda fase da pesquisa, de abordagem qualitativa com o objetivo de aprofundar os resultados da pesquisa quantitativa. A pesquisa foi aplicada na Federação das Câmaras de Dirigentes Lojistas do Rio Grande do Sul (FCDL-RS) considerando empresas familiares do Rio Grande do Sul envolvidas em processos sucessórios. Participaram da etapa quantitativa 303 associados e 10 associados participaram da etapa qualitativa. Os resultados indicaram que no nível individual de análise os respondentes realizam de forma ambidestra, ambas as atividades, exploration e exploitation. Já no nível do compartilhamento de conhecimento entre sucessores e predecessores, a ambidestria não foi identificada. Ao relacionar as atividades de exploration e exploitation de conhecimento individuais e no compartilhamento com o comprometimento, identificou-se relações positivas e negativas. A relação positiva foi percebida entre o comprometimento afetivo na dimensão referente à lealdade dos indivíduos ao negocio da família e as atividades de exploitation no compartilhamento e combinação de conhecimentos. Por outro lado, foram identificadas relações negativas entre o comprometimento de continuidade e afetivo, na dimensão referente ao desejo em permanecer na empresa e as atividades de exploration no compartilhamento para a criação de novos conhecimentos. O resultado da pesquisa indica que, ao discutir as atividades de exploration, exploitation e ambidestria de conhecimento o nível de análise e o contexto da pesquisa podem influenciar nos resultados do estudo.
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The change of command is a challenge for family businesses looking for of the business longterm survival. The succession process is a period of coexistence between predecessors and successors for knowledge sharing between generations to ensure that, the valuable knowledge about the business remains in the organization, therefore that the change of command does not affect the performance and efficiency of company. Given the importance of knowledge in the succession process of family businesses, we highlight knowledge exploration and exploitation activities, carried out individually, but also in the sharing of knowledge between predecessors and successors. Knowledge strategies can be perceived through the exploitation activities - relates to new uses and combinations of existing knowledge to achieve short-term goals, or by means of exploration activities - the search for new knowledge, unknown and often uncertain. Therefore, knowledge exploration ans exploitation activities may be related to individual characteristics and with the relationship with other family members in the routine of the organization. Thus, it allows considering the motivations and involvement of the individual with the family business may have an impact on how such activities are carried out in the organization. In this regard, previous studies indicate that the commitment bases of the members involved in the succession process, thus defining the commitment as a critical aspect of succession. The objective of this research was to analyze the relationship between the commitment and the activities of exploration and exploitation of knowledge of the individuals involved in the process of succession of family businesses. To reach the aim, was carried out a mixed methods approach with an explanatory sequential strategy, and initially collected to be analyzed quantitative data. From the quantitative findings we preceded to the second phase of research, with a qualitative approach that aimed to in depth the results of the quantitative research. The survey was conducted in FCDL-RS considering family businesses of Rio Grande do Sul – Southern Brazil, involved in succession processes. The final results considered 303 respondents participated in the quantitative step and 10 interviewers in the qualitative step. The main contribution of the study is the knowledge exploration and exploitation activities in the individual and the sharing between predecessors and successors, and beyond the commitment relating to these members. The results indicated that, in regard to the individual dimension of analysis, the respondents perform ambidextrous way, both activities. However, in the knowledge sharing dimension, ambidexterity was not identified. Relating the knowledge exploration and exploitation activities in the individual and sharing level with the commitment, the results identified positive and negative relationships. A positive relationship was perceived between affective commitment regarding to the loyalty dimension and exploitation activities for knowledge sharing and combination. On the other hand, negative relationships between the commitment of continuity and affective - regarding the desire to stay in business - and exploration activities on the share to the creation of new knowledge. The result of research indicates that, when discussing the activities of exploration, exploitation and ambidexterity knowledge of the level of analysis and the search context can influence the results of the study

Sales forecasting is an essential tool for the planning function of corporate restaurant management. Accurate sales forecasts allow functional areas, such as marketing, advertising, human resources, and finance, to effectively develop programs to advance the company. Examples of these programs include budgets, promotion and advertising campaigns, training programs, and capital equipment proposals. Research in restaurant sales forecasting will aid restaurant corporations in properly allocating resources for more efficient utilization. Utilizing a descriptive sales forecasting benchmarking model developed by Mentzer et al. (1996; 1999), and adapting the model into the restaurant industry, the research sought to determine the relationship that the dimensions of the sales forecasting benchmarking model (functional integration, approach, systems, and performance measurement) had with level of accuracy of the sales forecast and level of managers'; satisfaction with the sales forecasting process. The adapted model addressed two research questions. The first question was what is the relationship of the four dimensions of the sales forecasting benchmarking process (Mentzer et al., 1996; 1999) with the level of accuracy of the sales forecast in the commercial restaurant setting? The second question was what is the relationship of the four dimensions of the sales forecasting benchmarking process (Mentzer et al., 1996; 1999) with the level of managers' satisfaction with their sales forecasting process in the commercial restaurant setting? A qualitative research methodology combining McCracken's (1988) 4-step method of inquiry and Strauss & Corbin's (1990) grounded theory research methodology allowed investigation of this phenomena. Two propositions guided the research and a scheme was developed that allowed for analyzing the company participants based on the constructs of functional integration, approach, systems, and performance measurement, level of accuracy of the sales forecast and level of managers' satisfaction with the sales forecasting process. The analysis revealed that there was a relationship between the dimensions of the sales forecasting benchmarking model and the level of managers' satisfaction with the sales forecasting process. The analysis also revealed that the constructs of performance measurement and level of accuracy of the sales forecast might actually be one construct. Another dimension emerged, training, and scenarios were developed to relate training to the original dimensions. Recommendations were developed based on the research findings and hypotheses were developed based on the propositions. The findings suggest that there is a positive correlation between the dimension of the sales forecasting benchmarking model and the level of managers' satisfaction with the sales forecasting process. That is to say the more evolved a company may be in a dimension, the higher the level of managers' satisfaction with the sales forecasting process.
Ph. D.

Following the growing emphasis on the monitoring role of independent directors in the board of directors in the stock exchanges of Western developed countries, companies listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange are required to appoint independent non-executive directors (INEDs) representing at least one-third of their boards under the Listing Rules. Unlike those Western developed capital markets where listed companies are widely held, most listed companies in Hong Kong are controlled and managed by families. This means realistically, INEDs of those family-controlled listed companies can only be appointed to the boards with the support from the controlling owners. Under such circumstances, the INEDs' ability to monitor the performance of the management of those companies independently is put in doubt. This thesis intends to conduct a qualitative study using phenomenological approach to explore and understand the role and effectiveness of INEDs in family-controlled listed companies in Hong Kong based on the INEDs' lived experiences. The study is the first of its kind in the Hong Kong corporate governance research arena, as research studies on corporate boards and directors have often adopted a quantitative approach, using only publicly available archival data without in-depth discussions with the subjects on their real experience and views on their jobs. Accordingly, issues related to directors in family-controlled listed companies that require in-depth discussions with these directors are impossible to be addressed by such research approach. Through semi-structured interviews with INEDs of companies listed in Hong Kong, this thesis has contributed to the existing knowledge and literature in the research on INEDs and corporate governance in family businesses and provide useful hints and ideas to practitioners, listed companies, investors, regulators and policy-makers.

Given the predicted increase in the number of family businesses owned and/or managed by siblings (Sibling Partnerships), as well as the lack of understanding and research attention given to such sibling teams, the purpose of this study was to contribute to the more effective functioning of such family businesses in South Africa by identifying the factors that impact on their success. With this purpose in mind, the primary objective was to identify, investigate and empirically test the possible influences of, and relationships between, various factors and the Perceived success of Sibling Partnerships. This study sets out to integrate prior findings and theories on team effectiveness and family relationships, to find support for these theories in the family business literature, and to incorporate these findings into a comprehensive model. The literature study revealed 5 main categories (context, composition, structure, processes, and people) of constructs influencing the Perceived success of sibling teams. Within these 5 main constructs, 13 underlying independent variables were identified and hypothesised to influence measures of effectiveness of sibling teams, namely the dependent variable Perceived success, and the 2 intermediate variables Financial performance and Family harmony. Of the 13 underlying independent variables, 6 were categorised as task-based and 7 as relational-based factors. In addition, hypotheses were formulated for possible relationships between the various task-based constructs (context, composition and structure) and the processes and people constructs. Each construct was clearly defined and then operationalised. Operationalisation was done by using reliable and valid items sourced from tested measuring instruments used in previous studies, as well as several self-generated items based on secondary sources. A structured questionnaire was made available to respondents identified by means of the convenience snowball sampling technique, and the data collected from 371 usable questionnaires was subjected to various statistical analyses. An exploratory factor analysis was conducted, and Cronbach-alpha coefficients were calculated to confirm the validity and reliability of the measuring instrument. The 6 task-based latent variables were confirmed by the exploratory factor analysis. However, all the other latent variables, as originally intended in the theoretical model, could not be confirmed. Instead, 3 dependent variables were identified, namely Financial performance, Growth performance and Satisfaction with work and family relationships, and 6 relational-based constructs, with some changes, did emerge. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) was the main statistical procedure used to test the significance of the relationships hypothesised between the various independent and dependent variables. Because of sample size restrictions the conceptual model could not be subjected to SEM as a whole; consequently 10 submodels were identified and subjected to further analysis. The following independent variables were identified as influencing the dependent variables in this study: • Internal context • Complementary skills • Leadership • Shared dream • Fairness • Sibling relationship • Non-family members • No other family members (spouses and non-active siblings) In addition, the factors Complementary skills, Leadership, Past parent involvement, No present parent involvement, and No other family members, were identified as significantly influencing the relationship between the siblings involved in the Sibling Partnership. Furthermore, an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Multiple Linear Regression analysis and t-tests were undertaken to determine the influence of demographic variables on the dependent variables. How ownership is shared in a family business involving siblings, the shareholding between the siblings themselves, and the nature of leadership between the siblings, has been found to influence the iv dependent variables in the present study. In addition, a Sibling Partnership is likely to perform most effectively when it is composed of a relatively young sibling team that has a small age gap between the members, and business performance will improve as the siblings gain work experience together, and as the number of employees increase. This study has added to the empirical body of family business research by investigating a particularly limited segment of the literature, namely Sibling Partnerships in family businesses. By identifying and developing various models that outline the most significant factors that influence the success of such family business partnerships, this study offers recommendations and suggestions for managing family businesses involving siblings, in such a way as to enrich their family relationships and to improve the financial performance of their businesses.

This study has sought to probe the origin of Korean chaebols by employing theories that have been developed to account for the rise of American business organizations. By examining the top four chaebols qualitatively through detailed case analyses and 143 business groups quantitatively through statistical analyses, this study tests hypotheses raised by the three theoretical perspectives. The major findings of this study indicate that the political economy has been the dominant factor that contributed to transforming mediocre business groups into large chaebol groups. In particular, an organization's relationship with the state was of utmost significance. This study also indicates that the institutional isomorphism approach can complement politically motivated or efficiency-oriented theories. One of the major findings of this study is that Chandler's theory accounting for the rise of Korean chaebols is weak. However, its weakness does not stem from its main proposition that strategy calls for structural reform, but from its premise that growth strategy and structure presuppose economic and technological development. Williamson's transaction cost economics has a limited capability to account for the rise of the Korean chaebol. It is argued that the relative weakness of this theory may be inherent in its "universal" nature, which makes little provision for societal and cultural differences between the United States and Korea.

Com a abertura de mercado nos anos 90, o Brasil precisou enfrentar um período de adaptação. Afinal seus parques industriais estavam obsoletos e sua produtividade baixa, se comparada com países desenvolvidos da Europa e América do Norte. As empresas nacionais não possuíam estrutura para competir com os produtos importados, de melhor qualidade e preço competitivo. Como consequência desta abertura muitas empresas foram compradas, outras formaram joint venture, ocorreram fusões entre as empresas e além da entrada de capital estrangeiro no país. As micro e pequenas empresas (MPEs) não participaram deste processo, no entanto, precisam competir neste cenário. Desta forma as MPEs precisaram procurar soluções para manterem-se competitivas no mercado. Com base neste contexto, a presente pesquisa tem como objetivo propor uma metodologia para melhoria de serviços em MPEs de gestão familiar com o auxílio de modelos de referência de produtos e processos. Para tanto, a metodologia utilizada foi uma pesquisa aplicada de cunho exploratório com uma abordagem qualitativa por meio de um estudo de caso em uma micro empresa de gestão familiar, do segmento de energia elétrica que comercializa e realiza manutenção de grupos geradores de eletricidade. Para o desenvolvimento da metodologia proposta utilizou-se os modelos de referência de Cheng e Melo Filho, de Rozenfeld et al. e de Baxter. Com a aplicação da metodologia proposta identificou-se as necessidades dos clientes, os equipamentos com resultado satisfatório e as melhores condições de fornecimento do serviço. Foram identificados os grupos geradores com desempenho favorável para a utilização em horário de ponta, e emergências. Foi desenvolvida uma ferramenta por meio do Access para auxiliar na análise dos dados dos equipamentos e serviços.
In the 90’s, Brazil opened your market to foreign products and services, for this, It needed an adjustment period, After all, yours industrial parks were obsolete and their productivity is low, if as compared with developed countries in Europe and North America. The companies in Brazil not had structure to compete with imported products that had better quality and competitive price. From this act, many companies in Brazil were bought; others were formed joint venture, fusion occurred between companies and inflows of foreign capital in the country. Micro and small companies (SMC) did not participate in this process; however, need to compete in this scenario. For that, SMC needed to find solutions to remain competitive in the market. On this context basis, this research aims to propose a methodology to improve services in MSC family managed with the assistance of reference models of product and process. Therefore, the methodology used was an exploratory applied research, with qualitative approach through a case study of family’s management micro and small company that sells and does maintenance on generator groups of energy segment. To the development of the methodology used the reference models of Cheng and Melo Filho, Rozenfeld et al., and Baxter. With the application of the methodology was identified what the customer needs, the equipments with satisfactory results and the best conditions of service. Were identified generator group with good performance to peak hour and emergency situations, was development a tool in Access to assist in equipment e service data analysis.

Thesis (MTech (Business Administration (Entrepreneurship))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017.
Family-owned businesses have long played a significant role in the economies of the developed countries and are rapidly becoming an equally dominant force in those of developing countries. Family businesses are also recognised as a potential driver of economic growth and the creation of wealth throughout the world. The significant contribution which family businesses have been making to the South African economy over the last 300 years is made evident by the fact that approximately 80% of businesses in South Africa could be classified as family businesses and the equally compelling fact that they comprised of the order of 60% of the companies which were listed on the (JSE) Johannesburg Stock Exchange during its infancy. The main objective of the study was to determine the drivers of planning for succession in family-owned businesses in the township of Gugulethu in Cape Town in South Africa. The study also undertook to investigate the challenges which family-owned businesses encounter as they endeavour to transfer ownership and control from one generation to the next. The fact that although family-owned businesses contribute significantly to the economy, very often they do not survive a generational transition provides ample justification for undertaking to determine the factors which contribute to successful successions. This research study took the form of a real-time, longitudinal study in which the researcher could experience how the succession process unfolds in the family-owned businesses of the respondents and participants who made up the research sample. The study made use of a mixed methods approach to collect and analyse the data. In the quantitative study, questionnaires were administered to 120 owners and managers of family-owned businesses, while the qualitative data were obtained from in-depth interviews with owners and managers. The quantitative data were analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software, while the data which were obtained from the face-to-face interviews were analysed by means of thematic analysis.

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This study had as its main goal to propose a strategic management framework that contributes to solving survival issues in medium-sized family companies. The current importance of strategy for organizations and managers cannot be considered an exaggeration. Thinking about strategy involves a binding relationship between the inner world of organizations, often hermetically sealed, and the outside world of the environments in which everything else operates. The strategy theory is strongly based on studies carried out in large and mature companies. In this way, the singularity of this research is in the choice of a medium-sized family company in a survival crisis, which needed to be bailed out in order to recover, which is what makes it particularly different from other large companies. Fieldwork was carried out, using case study and action research, in order to solve the problems found in the field, contributing in the survey, organization and interpretation of data and information as well as in the application of actions and solutions that assisted the team in the transformation activity. The general conclusion of this research has shown that for the solution of the problems and the recovery of the medium-sized family case-company in survival crisis, it is necessary to interweave the approach of macro-orientation and microactivities, throughout the process of intervention and learning so as to take actions accordingly; to negotiate the contradictions involving the family business and the family, in relation to the consensus and fragmentation on the detected problems, solution proposal and investments; to promptly address, in the short term, problems of hygiene and structural weaknesses. Without solving these issues, there is no solving the survival crisis
Este estudo teve o objetivo geral de “propor framework de gestão estratégica que contribui na solução de problemas de sobrevivência em empresa familiar de médio porte”. A atual importância da estratégia para as organizações e os gestores não pode ser considerada um exagero. Pensar estratégia envolve uma relação obrigatória de ligação entre o mundo interior das organizações, muitas vezes hermeticamente fechadas e o mundo exterior dos ambientes nos quais tudo o mais se opera. A teoria sobre estratégia está fortemente fundamentada em estudos realizados em empresas de grande porte e maduras. Desta forma, a singularidade da pesquisa está na escolha de uma média empresa familiar em crise de sobrevivência, que necessitou de intervenção para sua recuperação, pois esta possui particularidade que as diferem de outras empresas de grande porte. Foi realizado trabalho de campo, utilizando estudo de caso e pesquisa-ação, no sentido de dar solução aos problemas encontrados no campo, contribuindo no levantamento, organização e interpretação de dados e informações e na aplicação de ações e soluções que auxiliaram a equipe na atividade transformadora. A conclusão geral da pesquisa revelou que para a solução dos problemas e recuperação da empresa-caso, de médio porte familiar em crise de sobrevivência, precisa-se entrelaçar a abordagem de macro-orientação e microatividades, ao longo do processo de intervenção e aprendizagem a fim de executar ações; negociar as contradições envolvendo a empresa familiar e a família, em relação ao consenso e fragmentação sobre os problemas detectados, proposta de solução e os investimentos; atacar de imediato, no curto prazo, os problemas de fraquezas de higiene e estruturais. Sem a solução destas fraquezas não há solução para a crise de sobrevivência

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2011.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die besigheidsomgewing van die landbou industrie ondervind huidiglik baie veranderinge op makro sowel as teikenmarkomgewing met faktore wat nie noodwendig in die nabye toekoms gaan verbeter nie. Gebeure op die makro en teikenmarkomgewing het gelei tot meer onsekerheid en verhoogde mededinging binne die industie. Die doel van hierdie studie is om 'n perspektief te gee van 'n volhoubare besigheidsmodel vir Denau Boerdery, 'n familebesigheid, primêr betrokke in die produksie van tafeldruiwe en sagtesitrus. Met 'n analise van die eksterne en interne omgewing waarbinne Denau Boerdery opereer poog hierdie studie om die besigheid strategies kompeterend te posisioneer vir die langtermyn. Die navorsingsvraag van die studie is: Wat is die optimale besigheidsmodel vir Denau Boerdery om volhoubaar kompeterend geposisioneer te wees oor geslagte heen? Die ondersoekvelde wat op hierdie probleem impakteer is die rigting waarin die globale sagtevrugtebedryf neig ten opsigte van produksie, verpakking, verkoeling, distribusie en die dinamika binne die bemarkingswêreld vir tafeldruiwe en sitrus. 'n Kombinasie van interpretivisme (interpretivism) en subjektivisme (subjectivism) is as navorsingsfilosofie in hierdie studie gebruik. 'n Induktiewe benadering is in hierdie studie gebruik. Die resultaat van die induktiewe benadering sal wees om 'n teoretiese model te formuleer. Die benadering van hierdie studie is om 'n gevallestudie te doen met Denau Boerdery as die onderwerp van die gevallestudie. Kwalitatiewe data is ingesamel deur relevante literatuur en semi-gestruktureerde onderhoude. Vir die doel van hierdie studie is strategie gedefinieer as die kompeterende aksies en bestuursbenadering wat bestuurders gebruik om die besigheid te groei en om klante te trek en te bevredig. Hierdie kompeterende aksies en bestuursbenadering het ten doel om suksesvol mee te ding en operasionele aktiwiteite so uit te voer dat geteikende vlakke van organisatoriese prestasie bereik word. Waar tradisionele strategie gefokus het op die pas van bestaande hulpbronne op ontwikkelende geleenthede, probeer 'n dinamiese strategiese benadering om gapings vir organisasies sigbaar te maak tussen hulpbronne en aspirasies. Hierdie geidentifiseerde gapings skep die energie en motivering vir bestuur om aksie te mobiliseer wat die balans herstel. Die studie toon dat strategiese argitektuur beskryf kan word as 'n hoëvlak bloudruk vir die ontwikkeling van nuwe funksionaliteite, die verkryging van nuwe vaardighede of die migrasie van bestaande vaardighede en 'n omvorming van die interaksie tussen besighede en kliënt. Die strategiese argitektuur is 'n organisasie se kern logika om waarde te skep op 'n volhoubare basis en vorm daarom die grondslag van 'n organisasie se kompeterende potensiaal. Dit beïnvloed ook die huidige kompeterende optrede van 'n onderneming en kan daarom verduidelik hoekom 'n onderneming dalk nie kompeterend in huidige omstandighede is nie. Die strategiese argitektuur van 'n besigheid is nie dieselfde as die besigheidsmodel nie. Die strategiese argitektuur van 'n besigheid is 'n meer uitgebreide en omvattende strategiese beskrywing. Die besigheidsmodel is 'n integrale onderafdeling van die strategiese argitektuur. Volgens die litratuurstudie bestaan die hoofkomponente van 'n strategiese argitektuur die analise en ontwikkeling van: - beskrywings van kern aspirasie of 'n strategiese filosofie bestaande uit die missie, visie en organisasie waardes; - die eksterne omgewing - 'n konteksanalise wat die kompetisie in die industrie asook verbruikersneigings en -patrone reflekteer; - die interne omgewing - 'n konteks-analise bestaande uit 'n finansiële analise, interne waardeketting, kernvaardighede, produk posisioneringsanalise en strategiese kwessie-analise -'‟n besigheidsmodel-beskrywing wat die volgende insluit: o deelnemingstrategie o hulpbronstrategie o kompeterende strategie o winsstrategie - die scenarios en vooruitsigte; - die strategie-uitvoeringspraktyke wat die volgende insluit: o strategiese temas of fokusareas o strategiese padkaart wat strategiese doelwitte verteenwoordig o gebalanseerde telkaart wat strategiese metings verteenwoordig - 'n strategiese innovasiesiklus wat insluit: o besigheidsmodel-innovasie o interne en eksterne begrip o konvergerende en divergerende strategiese gesprekke. Die studie beklemtoon die belangrikheid van die implimentering van 'n strategie. Gesofistikeerde beleggers het tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat uitvoering van strategie selfs belangriker is as visie. Navorsing toon dat twee woorde gereeld opduik waar deurbrake by uitvoering van strategie gemaak is naamlik: 'belyning' en 'fokus'. Strukture word ontwerp om die uitvoering van die strategiese plan te dryf. Strukture maak dit vir mense moontlik om verwagtinge waaraan hulle moet voldoen op so 'n wyse te definieer dat dit altyd fokus om die kapasiteit van die sisteem te verbeter en sodoende die bestaande verbruikers gelukkig te hou en nuwe verbruikers te trek. Om dit te bereik definieer die organisasie baie duidelik wat van mense op alle verantwoordelikheidsvlakke verwag word om hierdie doel te bereik. Volhoubaarheid van 'n besigheid beteken om besigheidsbedrywighede so uit te voer dat dit nie die vermoë van toekomstige geslagte om na hulself om te sien, benadeel nie. Vir hierdie studie is die term volhoubaarheid in 'n strategiese ekonomiese konteks gebruik en het nie op die natuurlike en sosiale aspekte gefokus nie. Uit die literatuur kan korporatiewe bestuur soos volg gedefinieer word: dit is die gepaste samestelling van die raad van direkteure se strukture, prosesse en waardes om te voldoen aan die vinnig veranderende vraag van aandeelhouers en belangegroepe oor hul besigheid Die King III verslag poog om aan die spits van internasionale korporatiewe bestuur te bly. Die filosofie van die verslag handel oor leierskap, volhoubaarheid en korporatiewe eienaarskap. Die onderwerp van studie in hierdie tesis is 'n gevallestudie van 'n familiebesigheid. Vir hierdie studie is 'n famliebesigheid soos volg definieer: - ten minste 51 persent van die besigheid besit; - ten minste twee familielede betrokke is by die bestuur van die besigheid; en - die oorgee van bestuur en eienaarskap na die volgende generasie in die familie in die vooruitsig gestel word. Uit die literatuur is dit duidelik dat in diepte kennis van 'n besigheid se eksterne en interne omgewing 'n voorvereiste vir bestuurders is om daarin te slaag om 'n strategie te formuleer en te belyn met die besigheid se situasie en omgewing om sodoende te bou op die mededingende voordeel en die besigheid se prestasie te verbeter. Dit is duidelik dat Denau Boerdery in 'n baie mededingende omgewing besigheid doen. Faktore in Denau Boerdery se makro-omgewing wat nie ignoreer kan word in hul strategiese posisionering is die onsekerheid wat 'n gebrek aan 'n groenskrif vir grondhervorming te weeg bring, die wisselvallige wisselkoers, MIV/Vigs se gevolge en klimaatsverandering se potensiele negatiewe gevolge. Faktore in die teikenmarkomgewing wat die grootste invloed op Denau Boerdery se strategiese posisionering kan uitoefen sluit in: - nuwe geleenthede en markte as gevolg van globalisering, - verandering in die koopkrag van supermarkte, - meer gesofistikeerde verbruikers, - intergrasie moontlikhede in die waardeketting, en - verhoudinge met sleutel besluitnemers in die mark. Denau Boerdery se interne analise toon dat die besigheid finansieel gesond is en oor 'n sterk balanstaat beskik. Denau Boerdery weeg goed op teen die meeste van die industrie se KSF'e, maar produksievolumes per hektaar kan verbeter. Voorwaardse integrasie van die besigheid deur as 'n produsente uitvoerder geposisioneer te wees pas in by huidige marktendense. Denau Boerdery volg 'n gefokusde gedifferensieerde strategie en die waardeproposisie is in opsomming op die volgende elemente gebou: - Effektiewe waardeketting na verbruikers. - Die Hoekstra Superfruit Handelsmerk. - Hoekstra Fruit Exporters se vermoë om druiwe vanaf November tot April te lewer. - Persoonlike identifisering met die Hoekstra handelsmerk en die deurlopende ontwikkeling van die handelsmerk. - Die lewering van 'n diens aan supermarkte om produkte op die regte tyd, in die gevraagde kwalitiet, in die ooreengekome hoeveelheid met die korrekte dokumentasie te voorsien. - Goeie, direkte verhoudinge met sleutel besluitnemers in die mark. - Voldoening aan alle internationale etiese en voedselveiligheidsakreditasies.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The business environment of the agricultural industry is currently experiencing many changes on macro level as well as in the target market environment, with factors that may not necessarily improve in the near future. Events in the macro- and target market environments lead to more uncertainty and increased competition within the industry. The goal of this study is to give a perspective of a sustainable business model for Denau Farms, a family business involved mainly in the production of table grapes and soft citrus. With an analysis of the external and internal environments within which Denau Farms operates, this study aims to position the business for strategic competitiveness in the long term. The research question of this study is: “What is the optimal business model for Denau Farms to be positioned in a sustainable and competitive way over a number of generations?” The research fields that impact on this problem relates to the direction in which the global deciduous fruit industry tends regarding production, packaging, cooling, distribution and the dynamics within the marketing world of grapes and citrus. A combination of interpretivism and subjectivism is used as research philosophy in this study and an inductive approach was used. The result of the inductive approach will be to formulate a theory. The strategy is to do a case study with Denau Boerdery as the subject of the study. Qualitative data was collected through relevant literature and semi-structured interviews. For the purpose of this study, strategy is defined as the competitive action and management approach that managers use to grow a business and to draw and satisfy client's needs. These competitive actions and managment approach aims to compete successfully and perform operational activities in such a way that targeted levels of organisational performance can be reached. Where traditional strategy focuses on fitting existing resources to developing opportunities, a strategic aim points out gaps between resources and aspirations. The study shows that strategic architecture can be described as a high level blueprint for the development of new functionalities, the acquiring of new skills or the migration of current skills and the transformation of the interaction between businesses and clients. The strategic architecture is an organisation's core logic to create value on a sustainable basis and, therefore, forms the foundation of an organisation's competitive potential. It also influences the current competitive behaviour of an organisation and can, therefore, explain why an organisation is not currently competitive. The strategic architecture of a business is not the same as the business model. The strategic architecture of a business is more expanded and an extensive strategic description. The business model is only one subdivision of the strategic architecture. According to the literature, the main components of a strategic architecture is the analysis and development of: - descriptions of core aspirations of a strategic philosophy existing of the mission, vision and organisation's values; - the external environment – a context analysis reflecting the competition in the industry as well as the consumer trends and patterns; - the internal environment – a context analysis existing of a financial analysis, internal value chain, core skills, product positioning analysis and strategic issue analysis; - a business model description including the following; o participation strategy o resource strategy o competitive strategy o profit strategy - the scenarios and prospects; - the strategy implementation practices consisting of the following; o strategic themes of focus areas o strategic roadmap representing strategic goals o balanced scorecard representing strategic measures - a strategic innovation cycle including; o business model innovation o internal and external understanding o convergent and divergent strategic talks The study accentuates the importance of implementing a strategy. Sophisticated investors have come to the conclusion that the execution of a strategy is even more important than vision. Research shows that two words often surface where breakthroughs are made in the execution of a strategy, namely alignment and focus. Structures are designed to drive the execution of the strategic plan. Structures make it possible for people to define the expectations they must adhere to in such a way that it always focuses on improving the capacity of the system in order to keep the current consumers happy and to draw new consumers. To achieve this goal, the organisation clearly defines what is expected of people on all levels of responsibility. Sustainability of a company means to execute business activities in such a way that it doesn't disadvantage the ability of future generations to look after themselves. For this study, the term sustainability is used in a strategic economic context and doesn't focus on the natural and social aspects. From the literature, corporate management is defined as: the appropriate composition of the board of directors' structures, processes and values to comply with the fast changing demand of shareholders and interest groups about their business. The King III report aims to stay on the cutting edge of international corporate management. The philosophy of the report concerns leadership, sustainability and corporate ownership. The subject of the study in this thesis is a case study of a family business. For this study, a family business is defined as follows: - at least 51 percent of the business is owned by the family; - at least two family members are involved in the management of the business; and - there is the prospect of handing over the management and ownership to the next generation in the family. From the literature, it is clear that in-depth knowledge of a business' external and internal environment is a prerequisite for managers to be able to successfully formulate a strategy and to align it with the business situation and environment in order to build upon the competitive advantage and improve the business‟ achievement. It is clear that Denau Farms is doing business in a very competitive environment. Factors in Denau Farms' macro environment that cannot be ignored for their strategic positioning is the uncertainty that a lack of a green paper for land reform brings about, the fluctuating exchange rate, the effects of HIV/Aids and climate change's potential negative effects. Factors in the target market environment that can have the greatest influence on Denau Farms' strategic positioning include: - new opportunities and markets that is a result of globalisation, - changes in the buying power of supermarkets, - more sophisticated consumers, - integration possibilities in the value chain, - relationships with key decision makers in the market. Denau Farms' internal analysis shows that the business is financially sound and has a strong balance sheet. Denau Farms weigh up well against most of the industry's critical success factors (CSFs) but production volumes per hectare can improve. Forward integration of the business through being positioned as a producer-exporter fits in with current market trends. Denau Farms follow a focused, differentiated strategy and the value proposition is built on the following elements: - Effective value chain to consumers - Access to the Hoekstra Superfruit trademark - Hoekstra Fruit Exporters' ability to deliver grapes from November to April - Own interest - Good, direct relationships with key decision makers in the market - Compliance to all international ethical and food safety accreditation

El primero objetivo de la presente tesis consiste en la elaboración de un instrumental teórico que permita el estudio de los problemas de gestión y sucesión de las empresas multifamiliares. El segundo objetivo se infiere del estudio de la tipología de órganos de gobierno en los que se estructura la toma de decisiones relativas a la gestión, la propiedad y la representación de las familias en las empresas. El tercer objetivo consiste en el estudio de las modalidades de sucesión de las empresas multifamiliares, haciendo hincapié en los factores que las inducen.La metodología utilizada ha consistido en analizar el estudio de ocho casos. Las conclusiones son: 1. El instrumental teórico para el estudio de las empresas multifamiliares es similar al de las empresas con una sola familia propietaria que estuviera en 2 o 3 una generación. Las principales inquietudes propias del empresario al frente de la empresa cuya propiedad está en manos de dos o más familias son la cuestión y la armonía dentro de la familia y entre las familias que forman el grupo. Los valores básicos que se transmiten sobre la armonía familiar son la unión y la solidaridad. Los niveles de socialización de valores son dos: el familiar, para todos los miembros y, el empresarial, para los que van a participar en la dirección y gobierno de la compañía. 2. Los factores que incluyen en el diseño de los órganos de gobierno de las empresas multifamiliares surgen de abajo a arriba. La familia impulsa la necesidad de profesionalización.

A Visão Baseada em Recursos, fundamentada na teoria econômica, é uma abordagem dentro da Administração Estratégica que caracteriza uma empresa como um composto de recursos e capacidades que a distingue das demais concorrentes. Os recursos e as capacidades, quando são desenvolvidos e controlados por uma organização, são fontes essenciais na conquista da vantagem competitiva com retornos superiores, que possibilitam investir no empreendimento e ampliar os negócios. Por isso, este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar os recursos e as competências estratégicas de uma empresa familiar centenária que a mantiveram competitiva e permitiram a sua longevidade. A ambiência de estudo desta dissertação é o segmento varejista, tipicamente caracterizado pela venda de tecidos, confecções e calçados, instalado no centro da cidade de Caxias do Sul – RS. E o caso de estudo é a centenária Casa Magnabosco, fundada em 1915, a organização familiar, do ramo do varejo, mais antiga da cidade em funcionamento. Para levantamento das informações foi efetuada uma pesquisa, de natureza aplicada, com abordagem qualitativa, objetivo exploratório e descritivo, que utiliza como estratégia de pesquisa, o estudo de caso único. A coleta de dados se utilizou de entrevistas estruturadas, semiestruturadas e narrativas com gestores, funcionários e clientes, ademais da observação direta no ambiente investigado e da análise documental. Foram realizadas 37 entrevistas semiestruturadas, três entrevistas narrativas e foram respondidos 28 questionários estruturados. A partir dos resultados, foi preenchida a matriz de recursos e competências, a qual serviu também de ferramenta para a coleta de dados junto aos gestores. E, posteriormente, foram extraídas as informações referentes ao valor e à importância dos recursos e competências disponíveis, assim como sua sustentabilidade e, por fim, foi efetuada a análise com a utilização da Abordagem VRIO. Para a análise de dados, foi proposta a análise de conteúdo com o auxílio do software Nvivo® 11 Pro. Os resultados obtidos apontam que os recursos e as competências da Casa Magnabosco, considerados vantagens competitivas sustentáveis na Abordagem VRIO, tais como localização, reputação e imagem, relacionamentos e cultura organizacional, têm o potencial de criar valor econômico para a organização, pois a mantém no mercado há 102 anos. O destaque do estudo recai sobre a cultura organizacional, encontrada nas competências organizacionais, alicerçada nas formas de gerir do fundador e repassadas às demais gerações. Ficou evidente que a cultura da família, baseada em valores como: honestidade, confiança e a “familiaridade”, repassados às gerações, funcionários e clientes, são elementos de conexão entre seus membros, a razão do sucesso, do comprometimento e da longevidade desta organização.
Submitted by Ana Guimarães Pereira (agpereir@ucs.br) on 2017-09-19T17:59:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Juliana Furlan.pdf: 1503411 bytes, checksum: 1b8a3ca32951e548906f3491b9aa57cf (MD5)
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Resource-based view, based on the economic theory, is an approach inside the Strategic Management that characterizes a company as a compound of resources and capabilities that sets it apart from other competitors. The resources and capabilities, when developed and controlled by an organization, are essential sources of competitive advantage with superior returns that make it possible to invest in the enterprise and expand the business. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the resources and strategic competencies of a centennial family business that have kept it competitive allowing its longevity. The field of study of this master thesis is the retail sector, typically characterized by the sale of fabrics, clothing and footware, established in Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil. And the case study is the centennial Casa Magnabosco, founded in 1915, a family business in the retail segment, the oldest in town, in operation. To gather the information, a research was carried out, of an applied nature, with a qualitative approach, exploratory and descriptive objective resorting to a single case study as a research strategy. Data collection was based on structured, semi-structured and narrative interviews with managers, employees and customers, as well as direct observation of the investigated environment and documental analysis. A total of 37 semi-structured interviews and three narrative interviews were conducted, and 28 structured questionnaires were answered. Based on results obtained, the resource and competencies matrix was filled out, which was also used as a tool for data collection from the managers. Subsequently, the information about the value and importance of the available resources and competencies, as well as their sustainability, were extracted, and, finally, the analysis using the VRIO approach was carried out. For data analysis, content analysis was used with the support of Nvivo® 11 Pro software. The obtained results indicate that the resources and competencies of Casa Magnabosco, considered as sustainable competitive advantages in the VRIO approach, such as location, reputation and image, relationships and organizational culture, have the potential to create economic value for the organization, once it is in the market for 102 years. The study highlights the organizational culture, found in organizational competencies, based on the founder’s management style and passed on to the subsequent generations. It was evident that family culture, based on values such as honesty, trust and “familiarity” passed on to generations, employees and customers, are connection elements, the reason for success, commitment and the longevity of the company.

Submitted by Elba Lopes (elba.lopes@fecap.br) on 2017-08-17T14:43:53Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Amauri Gon??alves de Oliveira.pdf: 597730 bytes, checksum: 1ae60c4065723a9326b4eef6d4d90c53 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-17T14:43:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Amauri Gon??alves de Oliveira.pdf: 597730 bytes, checksum: 1ae60c4065723a9326b4eef6d4d90c53 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-23
In the family business rules and customs are dictated by family members, not being influenced by external agents. To this end, the present study was to analyze the experience lived by the Comptroller in a family business of Mato Grosso State. However, the study sought to know if the controller implemented in a family business of Mato Grosso influences or is influenced. To this was worn a semi-structured interview with the former controller and the Chief Financial Officer in a company that operates in the Brazilian agribusiness and of great importance in Brazil to produce about 6 % of soybean country. The case study was the strategy adopted for the realization of this study in which a content analysis was performed. The main results show that the Comptroller is of great significance for better management, but that the influence exerted by it is limited to aspects of imposing standards and controls, qualify the management process, contribute to the professionalization of management and assist in internationalization, but that has little influence with respect to personal commitment of managing partners, it is noteworthy that this is a single case study. Thus it is understood that the Comptroller both influences as is influenced in the family environment, because the empirical practices exercised by the managers of the studied company.
No neg??cio familiar as regras e costumes s??o ditados pelos membros da fam??lia, sendo pouco influenciadas por agentes externos. Neste intuito, o presente estudo buscou conhecer a experi??ncia vivida pela Controladoria em uma empresa familiar do Estado do Mato Grosso. A pesquisa procurou conhecer se a controladoria implementada em uma empresa familiar de Mato Grosso influencia ou ?? influenciada. Para isto foi usado uma entrevista semiestruturada com o antigo controller e com o Diretor financeiro numa empresa que atua no agroneg??cio brasileiro e de grande relev??ncia no Brasil por produzir cerca de 6% da soja do pa??s. O estudo de caso foi a estrat??gia adotada para a efetiva????o deste estudo em que foi realizada uma an??lise de conte??do. Os principais resultados apontam que a Controladoria tem import??ncia relevante para uma melhor gest??o, mas que a influ??ncia exercida por ela se limita aos aspectos de impor padr??es e controles, qualificar o processo de gest??o, contribuir para a profissionaliza????o da gest??o e auxiliar na internacionaliza????o, mas que exerce pouca influ??ncia com rela????o ao comprometimento pessoal dos s??cios gestores. Assim entende-se que a Controladoria tanto exerce influ??ncia como ?? influenciada no ambiente familiar, devido as pr??ticas emp??ricas que s??o exercidas pelos gestores da empresa estudada.

Cette thèse étudie 2067 artisans de Venise, tous orfèvres mais pour autant très différents. Le regroupement et l’étude de tous ces individus nous permet de connaître, dans sa diversité, le fonctionnement d’une fraction de la classe artisanale. De la production sérielle d’objets anonymes et modestes à la vente de pièces d’exception, ces hommes constituent une chaîne économique, où la place de chacun est déterminée par ses origines, ses moyens, ses aptitudes et ses objectifs. Tour à tour, ils s’accommodent de leur position ou au contraire essayent d’évoluer, au gré du fonctionnement du marché et des possibilités ouvertes par leur réseau. L’orfèvrerie vénitienne apparaît ainsi en évolution constante. Tous ces hommes sont ensuite inclus dans une famille, dans un réseau et dans un espace. Par les choix qu’ils font dans leur famille, la manière dont ils gèrent leur capital et leur réseau, ils révèlent le fonctionnement et les agissements de la classe populaire, ses préoccupations et ses modes de vie. Suivre leurs déplacements permet de comprendre le fonctionnement de l’espace vénitien. Le grand avantage de cette étude est de pouvoir raisonner sur un groupe défini, qui étudie à la fois les pleins et les creux, les hommes mentionnés dans les archives et les autres, ceux qui ne sont jamais nommés mais qui existent malgré tout. De plus, cette étude permet également d’établir des liens entre les sources de différentes natures et donc de mettre en relation les choix professionnels avec la situation familiale d’un homme, par exemple, ou inversement
This PhD study deals with 2067 Venetian craftsmen, all of them goldsmiths and nevertheless quite different from one another. Reconstructing these various careers side by side enables us to grasp the different manners in which a proportion of the working class really functioned. From the standard production of impersonal basic essentials to the sale of special items, these men form an economic network in which everyone’s position depends on origins, means, gifts and objectives.Sometimes they accept their position and sometimes they try to evolve, according to the market trends and to the possibilities available in their background. The Venetian goldsmith’s trade thus appears to change constantly. Besides, all these men are part of a family, a background and an area. The decisions they take in their family, the way they manage their financial affairs and their private and professional connections, give insights on how the working class functions, about their way of life, their concerns. Following their trips across the city enables us to grasp how the Venetian background operated.This study has the advantage of looking closely at the ups and hollows, at the men frequently mentioned in the archives and as well at those who seldom appear but exist nevertheless. Moreover, this study allows us to set up links between files of different kinds and to connect a man’s professional choices and his marital status for example, or vice versa

This thesis bridges ideas from both international business (IB) and institutional perspectives and offers a holistic view of the organizational, cognitive and political concerns characterizing the headquarter (HQ)-subsidiary relationships. The relevance of specific national institutional contexts for multinational corporations (MNCs) is highlighted. Particularly, the HQ-subsidiary perception gap - the difference in perception between subsidiary and HQ managers regarding the subsidiary’s role - is one of the key challenges faced by MNCs. Both IB and institutional approaches, however, have neglected this topic, and, especially, its institutional derivation and political dynamics. In this thesis I investigate the emergence and evolution of an HQ-subsidiary perception gap and its metamorphosis into a politically laden phenomenon. The single case research design with embedded multiple units of analysis draws on qualitative, longitudinal data referring to a process of cross-border, post-acquisition integration. The findings suggest that the emergence of an HQ-subsidiary perception gap is explained by the organizational and institutional distance existing between the two actors of the dyad. Moreover, this relationship is moderated by the status differential between the HQ and the acquired subsidiary, and between the countries in which the actors are located. Once emerged, the perception gap evolves through three different process loops - stabilizing, polarizing and neutralizing of the HQ-subsidiary interactions and of the quality of the HQ-subsidiary relationship - and becomes an instrument of political contention. Beyond the phenomenon of HQ-subsidiary perception gap, this thesis explores the meso level of subsidiaries’ organizational design, a topic that has been hitherto overlooked by institutional scholars. Through a longitudinal and comparative analysis of subsidiaries’ organizational configurations and boards of directors composition, I bring attention to the enduring relevance of societal specific logics. Overall, this thesis portrays MNCs as places in which institutional-bound organizational, cognitive and political issues dynamically coexist and interact.

This work focuses on the special problems in the context of drafting the corporate charter and bylaws for American corporations the stocks of which are mainly owned by the members of one family. Although the ownership structure would also allow a partnership organization, there can be good reasons for choosing the corporate structure. Nevertheless, the family owners will want to preserve a partnership-like structure and a maximum amount of ownership influence. However, the three-tiered structure of the corporation (board of directors, officers, and shareholders) and their individual functions are fixed by a "statutory model" that the courts tend to adhere to and that has often been written into positive corporate statutes.
Hence, for each organizational level, this work tries to fathom the permissible deviations from the statutory model in order to maintain and exercise family influence.
Furthermore, the special legal forms provided by the legislators (especially "close corporation status") will be considered.
Because American corporate law is within the province of the state legislators, the work takes a comparative approach. Guided by the criteria of practical applicability and comparative interest, the Model Business Corporation Act as well as the state laws of Delaware, New York, California, and Nevada were selected.

This thesis is a close textual analysis of three videotapes produced at Texas Instruments. The first chapter outlines the background of corporate video and some of the methods used in the analysis. Chapter II discusses the origins of televisual conventions and traces their migration to the corporate sector's video production efforts. Chapter III is the analysis of three videotapes produced at Texas Instruments. Chapter IV contains conclusions and discussion of the findings, including how cultural myths are articulated and produced, The appendix contains freeze frame examples of the shows analyzed and representative frames from Father Knows Best and The Donna Reed Show for use as a basis of comparison.

Cette thèse étudie 2067 artisans de Venise, tous orfèvres mais pour autant très différents. Le regroupement et l’étude de tous ces individus nous permet de connaître, dans sa diversité, le fonctionnement d’une fraction de la classe artisanale. De la production sérielle d’objets anonymes et modestes à la vente de pièces d’exception, ces hommes constituent une chaîne économique, où la place de chacun est déterminée par ses origines, ses moyens, ses aptitudes et ses objectifs. Tour à tour, ils s’accommodent de leur position ou au contraire essayent d’évoluer, au gré du fonctionnement du marché et des possibilités ouvertes par leur réseau. L’orfèvrerie vénitienne apparaît ainsi en évolution constante. Tous ces hommes sont ensuite inclus dans une famille, dans un réseau et dans un espace. Par les choix qu’ils font dans leur famille, la manière dont ils gèrent leur capital et leur réseau, ils révèlent le fonctionnement et les agissements de la classe populaire, ses préoccupations et ses modes de vie. Suivre leurs déplacements permet de comprendre le fonctionnement de l’espace vénitien. Le grand avantage de cette étude est de pouvoir raisonner sur un groupe défini, qui étudie à la fois les pleins et les creux, les hommes mentionnés dans les archives et les autres, ceux qui ne sont jamais nommés mais qui existent malgré tout. De plus, cette étude permet également d’établir des liens entre les sources de différentes natures et donc de mettre en relation les choix professionnels avec la situation familiale d’un homme, par exemple, ou inversement
This PhD study deals with 2067 Venetian craftsmen, all of them goldsmiths and nevertheless quite different from one another. Reconstructing these various careers side by side enables us to grasp the different manners in which a proportion of the working class really functioned. From the standard production of impersonal basic essentials to the sale of special items, these men form an economic network in which everyone’s position depends on origins, means, gifts and objectives.Sometimes they accept their position and sometimes they try to evolve, according to the market trends and to the possibilities available in their background. The Venetian goldsmith’s trade thus appears to change constantly. Besides, all these men are part of a family, a background and an area. The decisions they take in their family, the way they manage their financial affairs and their private and professional connections, give insights on how the working class functions, about their way of life, their concerns. Following their trips across the city enables us to grasp how the Venetian background operated.This study has the advantage of looking closely at the ups and hollows, at the men frequently mentioned in the archives and as well at those who seldom appear but exist nevertheless. Moreover, this study allows us to set up links between files of different kinds and to connect a man’s professional choices and his marital status for example, or vice versa

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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
This study aimed to verify if the acquisitions made by family companies generate better performance than those performed by non-family companies, and if there is a difference between the post-acquisition compensation of executives of family companies and executives from non- family companies of Brazilian companies listed in B3 in the period from 2009 to 2016. The research is supported mainly in the agency relations and the alignment of interests between the principal and the agent, studied by the Agency Theory. Data were collected through Thomson Reuters Ikon and the company reference form. Enterprises were classified as familiar or unfamiliar through the involvement and essential approaches. To achieve the objectives, three multiple regressions were estimated: two related to the performance of acquisitions, with data stacked and a sample of 244 acquisitions (86 companies), and one referring to executive compensation, with a sample of 96 companies with panel data not balanced. The results indicated that: i) Brazilian family firms tend to perform better with corporate acquisitions events compared to non-family acquisitions; and (ii) corporate acquisitions have a greater positive impact on the total remuneration of non-family business executives than on family firms. The results are consistent with the Agency Theory, which says that the gap between ownership and control creates agency conflicts and offers greater opportunities for expropriation by managers.
Este estudo buscou verificar se as aquisições realizadas por empresas familiares geram melhor desempenho do que aquelas realizadas por empresas não familiares, e se existe diferença entre a remuneração pós-aquisição de executivos de empresas familiares e de executivos de empresas não familiares de companhias brasileiras listadas na B3, no período de 2009 a 2016. A pesquisa se suporta principalmente nas relações de agência e no alinhamento de interesses entre o principal e o agente, estudados pela Teoria da Agência. Os dados foram coletados por meio da Thomson Reuters Ikon e pelo formulário de referência das empresas. As empresas foram classificadas como familiares ou não familiares por meio das abordagens de componente de envolvimento e abordagem essencial. Para cumprir os objetivos, foram estimadas três regressões múltiplas: duas referentes ao desempenho de aquisições, com dados empilhados e amostra de 244 aquisições (86 empresas), e uma referente à remuneração dos executivos, com uma amostra de 96 empresas, com dados em painel não balanceado. Os resultados indicaram que: i) as empresas brasileiras familiares tendem a ter desempenho superior com eventos de aquisições corporativas em relação às não familiares; e ii) as aquisições corporativas têm um maior impacto positivo na remuneração total dos executivos de empresas não familiares do que na de empresas familiares. Os resultados são consistentes com a Teoria da Agência, que diz que distanciamento entre a propriedade e o controle gera conflitos de agência e oferece maiores oportunidades de expropriação por parte dos gestores.

In recent years, there has been increasing concern that gender bias has prevented women from advancing as rapidly and as frequently as men into management positions. Although the number of women managers has increased, they may experience difficulty moving into upper management positions. The purpose of our research was to study employee gender perception of key variables of women and the positions held in high technology companies. In this research, phenomenological research method was chosen, because the aim of it is to determine what the experience means for the people who have experienced it. Based on the collected data, answers and experiences, structural analysis was done in order to find out the major phenomena of gender perceptions. A number of variables uncover the perception of aspects of policy and gender and barriers that may affect female employees' opportunities for advancement. Using a sample of 30 full-time employees from Company A, the results indicated that position held was significantly different for male and female employees. The results also indicated that neither male nor female employees appeared to notice the apparent perceptions apparently as a glass ceiling within their company and the Implications discussed and recommendations provided. With reference to the Empirical research, this paper increases the knowledge about women’s career development and provides recommendations how to deal with it. It is also expected that this thesis will be helpful to all women who are in the labour market for their career development and advancement.

It has been widely established that small businesses fuel the growth and expansion of an economy. Entrepreneurial activities in South Africa are not sufficient to sustain growth that the country requires and a lack of an entrepreneurial mindset and skills have been found to be a significant challenge. The capacity for this country to develop and grow entrepreneurs to feed the growing economy will significantly determine its future. The purpose of this research paper is to explore the environmental factors that influence the development of entrepreneurs, in order to contribute to understanding how to effectively develop entrepreneurs. The family context within which an individual grows up is investigated as a possible source of developing strength of entrepreneurial characteristics. A survey of individuals from both entrepreneurial families and nonentrepreneurial families was conducted. Their entrepreneurial characteristics were tested against their family context and any significant relationships were identified. The results revealed that only Self-confidence, out of the six characteristics, was influenced by the family context. The other five characteristics do not show a relationship and are possibly influenced by other environmental factors. The study also revealed significant relationships between some of the characteristics. This may prove to derive some interesting research questions for future research.
Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2010.
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
unrestricted