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Collins, Grainne. "Poverty in the UK 1982-1992." Thesis, University of Ulster, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.363196.
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Soregaroli, Claudio. "Functional forms of Engel curves, an application to the Italian Family Expenditure Survey." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0023/MQ51097.pdf.
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Bari, Farzana Parveen. "The effects of employment of the status of Pakistani immigrant women within the family in Britain." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.363768.
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This study investigates the effects of employment on the status of Pakistani Immigrant women through the analysis of the division of labour In the family. women's access to family resources and their control over sexuality. Migration has brought many changes In the lives of Pakistani women in Britain. Both first and second generation migrant women are engaged in income-earning activities. It is hypothesised that Pakistani women's waged employment in Britain will affect their traditional roles within the family. This thesis examines the changes and continuities in women's status and attempts to see how this has been affected by their employment situation in Britain. The findings of this study suggest that despite women's engagement in waged work the their role in the family remains a subordinate one. Employment does not radically change their traditional roles nor does it liberate them economically or socially. However, waged women seem to be better able to negotiate greater space for themselves within the family.
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Scheu, Linda L. "Household health care expenditure and health services utilization decisions in Honduras." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/278809.
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This study utilizes national household income and expenditure data from Honduras, collected by the Honduran Central Bank in 1998--99, to examine two distinct health issues. First a tobit censored regression model is estimated to identify the variables that affect monthly household expenditures on health. This analysis is then used to examine income elasticities for health goods. Secondly, a nested bivariate probit model is used to study the socio-economic and demographic variables that influence a Honduran household's decision to seek health services attention when a household member is acutely ill and, consequently, how they then choose between public and private health services.
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Moreo, Bishop Stephen Mosimanegape. "Excessive funeral expenditure in the black townships, a pastoral challenge." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/32999.
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Funerals are still considered as very important and well attended occasion in the black
townships of South Africa. In the recent past, traditional African funerals practices have
affected a number of powerful and complex systems that have been interaction in Africa.
The three most important being traditional African cultures, modern Western culture and the
environment.
The study was conducted to establish factors that led to excessive funerals expenditures in
some black townships communities of South Africa, in order to create a pastoral response to
this phenomenon. The project was done in Ramatlabama village in the North West province
and also in Soweto in the province of Gauteng.
A qualitative methodological plan was followed allowing exclusive experiences to emerge.
Families, adults and young church groups, clergy, Bishop, Social group and a Funeral
undertaker , an in-depth qualitative analysis was employed in order to find the real reasons
that led to excessive funeral expenditure. The data collected and analyzed revealed that
factors such as impressing neighbors, meeting community and family expectation were the
reasons for the phenomenon. There were other external factors that contributed indirectly to
the practice and such as commercialization and politicization.
In order to address this practice that is making the poor more vulnerable, the Shepherding
Model of Gerkin’s and Pollard’s Theory of positive deconstruction was explored. It was
found that the Clergy needed to be helped to be aware of the fact that excessive funeral
expenditure requires a pastoral response with the right attitude and meaningful dialogues with
those affected. The pastoral care-giver with adequate knowledge and exposure to life of
pastoral care seeker will have a greater advantage to help most if not all families that usually
find themselves in this predicament or dilemma. The best way for the church to help the poor
families venture into the future, it’s by educating our communities on how not to spend
beyond their means.Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2013.
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Practical Theology
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Riesco, Lind Gustavo, and Bobadilla Ronal Arela. "Impact of the Family Structure on Satisfaction with Household Income in Urban Peru." Economía, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118268.
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Family structure affects not only household income but can influence how revenues contributeto financial satisfaction. That is to say, it is possible that a certain family structure can be more efficient in producing satisfaction than another. Using microdata from the National Household Survey (ENAHO) 2013, a probit econometric model is proposed for urban households in Peru, in which the likelihood of satisfaction with household income is a function of income itself, both in absolute terms and relative to other households, and of various household characteristics, including aspects of family structure. Analysis of ENAHO 2013 reveals that 80.2% of house- holds report being satisfied with their income; satisfaction levels among lone parents are the lower than in other groups (77.3%) and the highest satisfaction levels are reported by married couples with children and cohabiting couples with children (82.8% and 80.3% respectively). Results of the regression model support the conclusions of other studies, in that per capita hou- sehold income has a positive impact on the probability of income satisfaction; however, it is not the only significant variable. In particular, we have found evidence that the difference between household expenditure and average household expenditure in the region (a measure of relative expenditure) also influences the likelihood of income satisfaction, as well as changes in household economy relative to that of other households in the area. Regarding family structures considered in the study, households of married couples with children, cohabiting couples with children, and cohabiting couples without children are less responsive than other households in several variables: number of household members, income per capita, difference between household expenditure and the regional average, and university education of the household head. In single- parent households in general, satisfaction with income is particularly sensitive to changes in the number of household members, per capita income, difference between household expenditure and the regional average, university education of the household head, and perception of declinein household living standards relative to other households in the area.La estructura familiar no solo afecta los ingresos del hogar, sino que puede influir en la maneracomo los ingresos contribuyen a la satisfacción financiera. Es decir, para un mismo nivel de ingresos, es posible que una estructura familiar sea más eficiente en producir satisfacción que otra. Utilizando los microdatos de la Encuesta Nacional de Hogares (Enaho) 2013, se plantea un modelo econométrico tipo probit, para los hogares urbanos en Perú, en que la probabilidad de satisfacción con los ingresos del hogar es una función del ingreso mismo, tanto en términos abso- lutos como en relación con los demás hogares, y de diversas características del hogar, incluyendo aspectos de la estructura familiar. El análisis de la Enaho 2013 revela que el 80,2% de los hogares indica estar satisfecho con sus ingresos; los niveles de satisfacción de los hogares monoparentales son los menores entre los grupos (77,3%) y los niveles más altos son reportados por los casados con hijos y convivientes con hijos (82,8% y 80,3% respectivamente). Los resultados del modelo de regresión respaldan las conclusiones de otros estudios, según los cuales el ingreso per cápita del hogar tiene un impacto positivo en la probabilidad de satisfacción con los ingresos del hogar; sin embargo, no es la única variable significativa. En especial, se ha encontrado evidencia de que la diferencia del gasto del hogar respecto al gasto promedio de los hogares de la región (una medida de gasto relativo) también influye sobre la probabilidad de satisfacción con los ingresos, así como la evolución de la economía del hogar en comparación con la de los demás hogares de la localidad. Por lo que se refiere a las estructuras familiares consideradas en el estudio, los hogares casados con hijos, convivientes con hijos y convivientes sin hijos se han mostrado menos sensibles que el resto de hogares en diversas variables: número de miembros del hogar, ingreso per cápita, diferencia del gasto del hogar respecto al promedio regional, percepción de deterioro relativo del nivel de vida del hogar y estudios universitarios del jefe de hogar. En los hogares monoparentales, en general, la satisfacción con los ingresos se muestra especialmente sensible frente a cambiosen número de miembros del hogar, ingreso per cápita, diferencia del gasto del hogar respecto al promedio regional, estudios universitarios del jefe del hogar y percepción de deterioro del nivel de vida del hogar relativo a otros hogares de la zona.
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Jacobi, David. "Mesures de l'activité physique en conditions de vie courante : validité et applications chez des sujets peu actifs." Thesis, Tours, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011TOUR3306/document.
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L’inactivité physique, facteur de risque de pathologies chroniques, est un problème majeur de santé publique. Des méthodes validées sont essentielles pour mesurer l’activité physique (AP). Le 1er objectif de cette thèse était de préciser la validité des techniques de mesure de l’AP. Le 2nd objectif visait à comparer les résultats de questionnaires de rappel évaluant le contexte aux mesures objectives de l’AP. Le 3ème objectif était d’évaluer l’intérêt des méthodes objectives pour l’étude de certains déterminants de l’AP. Nous avons mesuré par différentes méthodes (calorimétrie indirecte, actimètres, questionnaires de rappel) l’AP, en vie libre, de sujets peu actifs (personnes obèses, diabétiques ou sédentaires). Nos résultats illustrent l’intérêt des méthodes objectives mais aussi leurs limites, ainsi que l’intérêt des données déclaratives pour évaluer le contexte. Le choix des méthodes influence le résultat des études et doit tenir compte des caractéristiques de l’AP des sujets les moins actifs. Ce choix participe à l’amélioration des connaissances des liens entre AP et santé pour guider la promotion de l’AP des segments peu actifs de la populationPhysical inactivity is a risk factor for chronic diseases and is recognized as a major public health issue. Validated methods are essential to describe accurately physical activity (PA). The 1st aim of this work was to assess the validity of PA assessment techniques. The 2nd was to compare the results of recall questionnaires evaluating PA context with objective PA measures. The 3rd was to assess the usefulness of objective methods in the assessment of some determinants of PA. We measured free-living PA with different methods (indirect calorimetry, actimetry, recall questionnaire assessing PA context) in individuals with low PA levels (obese subjects, type 2 diabetic patients, inactive subjects). The results highlight the usefulness but also the limits of the methods of PA measurement in daily life conditions. The choice of an assessment method will influence the study results and must be adapted to the unique ways in which the least active individuals engage in PA. Selecting the appropriate method is a pre-requisite for improving our knowledge on the relations between PA and health in order to guide PA promotion in the least active segments of the population
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Fernandes, Luís Miguel Massa. "Unidades de saúde familiar: impacto sócio económico." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e políticas, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/6514.
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Tese de Mestrado em Gestão e Políticas PúblicasA síntese aqui apresentada revela-nos o Sistema Nacional de Saúde numa das suas componentes principais para o cidadão, resultante da última reforma feita em 2006 (Decreto-Lei n.º 212/2006, de 27 de Outubro) e que se prende com a reforma relativa aos Cuidados de Saúde Primários com a criação das Unidades de Saúde Familiar, que foi o caso estudado. Contudo damo-nos conta que não se trata apenas de saúde, mas de todo um conjunto de premissas que nos irão ajudar a compreender o que está por detrás deste modelo de saúde, tendo em conta o período tão conturbado com que a União Europeia e Portugal em particular se está a confrontar. Assim sendo, este é sem dúvida um tema que merece toda a atenção por que estão envolvidos cidadãos/ utentes e algo básico a cada um destes – Saúde – não apenas no que significa em termos de custos, mas sobretudo em termos de capacidade para o exercício de uma cidadania com qualidade, eficácia e eficiência. Algumas das determinantes na saúde passam por factores externos, como a/e conjuntura da União Económica e Monetária na Europa, os mercados financeiros, os preços das matérias-primas e os parceiros de comércio. Ao nível Interno o ambiente sociopolítico, o comércio externo e interno, bem como as contas públicas com respeito à saúde, as opções políticas, os recursos disponíveis, a continuidade das reformas, a tecnologia e a demografia, além de toda a problemática no mercado interno e suas repercussões no Orçamento de Estado. Por fim, constata-se que as Unidades de Saúde Familiar foram criadas também com vista à redução da despesa pública, uma vez que sendo compostas por equipas multidisciplinares visando a prossecução de objectivos definidos no contrato programa, a remuneração é variável e consequentemente, o custo final advém mais reduzido. Mas em termos gerais, pode-se concluir que as Unidades de Saúde Familiar conduziram a uma melhoria substancial em termos de prestação de Cuidados de Saúde Primários, os utentes são sempre consultados, mesmo na eventualidade do seu médico assistente não se encontrar, os serviços apresentam-se totalmente informatizados. Com a criação da USF assiste-se a um aumernto da proximidade por parte da prestação dos cuidados de saúde primários, para além de terem tido um papel de contágio e dinamizador no aumento e melhoria em como os cuidados são prestados. Constata-se que a obrigatoriedade no cumprimento de objectivos leva a um maior desgaste clinico em que o doente por vezes é remetido para segundo plano – contrariedade? Não, por vezes é dificil ter o melhor de dois de mundos e há que renegar a um para ter o outro. Nas entrevistas realizadas existiram alguns constragimentos na realização das mesmas e mesmo na análise de dados, as entrevistas poderiam ter sido realizadas por forma a que os dados obtidos não permitissem divagar e serem mais concisos/ objectivos. Pelo que a matéria aqui apresentada poderia ser mais aprofundada, levando a conclusões mais concretas.
The synthesis presented here reveals the National Health System one of its major components for the citizen, resulting from the last reform made in 2006 (Decree-Law no. 212/2006 of 27 October), which relates to the reform on the Primary Health Care with the creation of Family Health Units, which was the case studied. However we realize that it's not just health, but a whole set of assumptions that will help us understand what is behind this model of health, and at a time so troubled with the European Union and Portugal in particular going on. Therefore, this is undoubtedly an issue that deserves attention by those involved citizens / users and something basic to each of these - health - not just what it means in terms of cost, but rather in terms of exercise capacity of citizenship in quality, effectiveness and efficiency. Some determinants of health go through External factors, such as the conjuncture of economic and monetary union in Europe, financial markets, the prices of raw materials and trading partners. Regarding the internal socio-political environment, the foreign and domestic trade. The public accounts with respect to health, policy options, available resources, continuity of reforms, technology and demographics, plus all the problems in the domestic market and its repercussions in the state budget. Finally, it appears that the Family Health Units were created to reduce public expenditure, are composed of multidisciplinary teams aimed at achieving the objectives outlined in the contract program, so that remuneration is variable. The Family Health Units have led to a substantial improvement in terms of provision of Primary Health Care, users are always consulted, even in the event that your doctor is not the services are presented fully computerized and is the responsibility of the group Health Centers to their assigned location. With the creation of USF assists to a aumernto proximity by the provision of primary health care, as well as having played a role of contagion and facilitator in increasing and improving how care is delivered. It appears that the obligation to fulfill the objectives leads to higher wear clinical in which the patient is sometimes referred to the background - setback? No, it is sometimes hard to have the best of both worlds and no denying that the one to have the other. In the interviews there were some constrains in their realization and even in data analysis, the interviews could have been made so that the data do not allow rambling and be more concise / objectives. For that matter could be presented here further, leading to more concrete conclusions.
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Simonsson, Per. "Bidrag till familjens ekonomiska historia : Inflytande över konsumtionen inom svenska hushåll under 1900-talet." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Ekonomisk-historiska institutionen, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-688.
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This dissertation deals with consumption in Swedish households between 1913 and 2001. More specifically, it asks whose resources matter most in determining consumption patterns. As a second question, the dissertation also attempts to establish whether the fact that simple covariance between a spouse’s background variables implies that the spouse has any influence at all over the household’s consumption decisions. The theoretical background is mostly drawn from literature regarding intra-household allocations: on the one hand cooperative game theory and on the other hand sociological theory. Cooperative game theory establishes influence, say or power within the household as a function of the marriage’s or cohabitation’s alternative cost, i.e., the difference between the utility level for a married or cohabiting person as opposed to a single person. Sociological theory considers the contribution one makes to the total level of utility in the household, whether in the form of monetary income, household work or as something else. This is in part conceptualized as a difference between exit and voice. The dissertation’s statistical analysis uses three surveys of household expenditure conducted in 1913, 1952 and 1999-2001. They give us an excellent picture of what they actually purchased during that year. The sample sizes are 552, 596 and 3,501, respectively. The dissertation’s main result is that human capital is a previously underestimated determinant of influence in consumption decisions. As the female stock of human capital increases, so does her influence over the household’s consumption decisions. In an attempt to determine the level of democracy within households, the dissertation uses a complementary data source: a questionnaire called “The Swedish People 1955”. Here, one of the questions directed to females was whether they checked with their husbands before deciding on a purchase, as a measure of intra-household democracy. This was then regressed upon the female share of total income, ideological position and two forms of human capital, one general and one for household work. Both forms of human capital lead to democratic households, which is taken to mean that human capital is important not only because it increases labor opportunities in the event of divorce (exit) but also because it increases female voice.
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Ramos, Liliana Figueiredo Andrade de Oliveira. ""Dispêndio energético, perfil antropométrico, idade e condições socioeconômicas de mulheres na faixa etária de 40 a 64 anos, cadastradas no programa de saúde da família, na cidade de Ribeirão Preto"." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/17/17139/tde-11102006-145600/.
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OBJETIVO: Esse estudo teve como objetivo verificar as associações entre dispêndio energético (Kcal), perfil antropométrico (índice de massa corporal (IMC) e relação cintura/quadril (RCQ)), idade e condição socioeconômica (grau de escolaridade e renda per capita) de mulheres, na faixa etária de 40 a 64 anos, cadastradas no Programa de Saúde da Família. METODOLOGIA: A amostra contituiu-se de 147 mulheres, que responderam a um inquérito domiciliar, com intuito de avaliar o dispêndio energético e as condições socioeconômicas e em seguida foram realizadas as medidas antropométricas. Com exceção do dispêndio energético, as demais variáveis foram categorizadas para processar o teste de Kruskal-Wallis, adotando um nível de significância de 5% (α=0,05) para as tomadas de decisão. RESULTADOS: O dispêndio energético apresentou relação direta ao IMC (p=0,0001) e inversa aos graus de escolaridade (p=0,0407) e idade (p=0,0417), mas não se verificou associação em relação à RCQ (p=0,1288) e renda per capita (p=0,1984). Também não foram encontradas associações para as análises entre IMC e renda per capita (p=0,8263), grau de escolaridade (p=0,1326) e idade (p=0,7423). Na avaliação da RCQ foi observada uma relação inversa à renda per capita (p=0,0163), não se apresentou associação com a idade (p=0,5985) e embora tenha demonstrado diferença estatística (p=0,0126) em relação aos graus de escolaridade, os resultados foram discordantes da literatura. CONCLUSÃO: As mulheres estudadas apresentaram alta prevalência de sedentarismo (57,8%), sobrepeso (31,3%) e obesidade (36,0%). Possuem RCQ inadequada e baixo nível socioeconômico. Propõe-se que os resultados sejam discutidos no Programa de Saúde da Família, com o intuito de promover políticas públicas de saúde para reverter esse quadro.OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to verify the associations between energy expenditure (Kcal), anthropometric profile (body mass index (BMI) and waist to hip ratio (WHR), socioeconomic status (education degrees and income per capita) and age of women (aged 40-64 years) registered in the Family Health Program. METHODS: A sample of 147 women answered a domiciliary inquiry, with the aim of evaluating the energy expenditure and the socioeconomic status. After that they were submitted to the anthropometric measures. Except for the energy expenditure, the other variables were categorized to process the test of Kruskal-Wallis, adopting a level of significance of 5% (α=0.05) to take the decision. RESULTS: The energy expenditure presented direct relation to BMI (p=0.0001) and inverse to the education degrees (p=0.0407) and the age (p=0.0417), but no correlation was observed to the WHR (p=0.1288) and per capita income (p=0.1984). Correlations between BMI and income per capita (p=0.8263), education degree (p=0.1326) and age (p=0.7423) were not found. In the evaluation of the WHR, we observed an inverse relation to the income per capita (p=0.0163), and no relation with the age (p=0.5985). Although there is statistic difference (p=0.0126) in relation to the education degrees, the results are in discordance with the literature. CONCLUSION: The women presented high prevalence of sedentarism (57.8%), overweight (31.3%) and obesity (36.0%). They have inadequate WHR and low socioeconomic level. These results should be argued in the Family Health Program with the aim of promoting health public politics to revert this situation.
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Alkhiary, Adnan Mohammed. "The influence of stress, income status, and expenditures on families in economic crisis." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/12024.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Family Studies and Human Services
Farrell J. Webb
Farrell J. Webb
The purpose of this thesis was to examine how financial stressors influence family well-being. The specific thrust of this thesis was to examine if and how family well-being is influenced by financial stressors caused by the current economic crisis through an adaptation of Hills ABC-X Mosel (1949) known as the ABCE-WB Model. The ABC-X Model was adapted first by White (2007) who substituted the X—crisis element with the WB- well-being item. I added a new element to this model known as E—family expenditures. The data used in this thesis were gleaned from research conducted by Knowledge Networks on behalf of the National Center for Family and Marriage Research. The study was titled: Familial Responses to Financial Instability, How the Family Responds to Economic Pressure: A Comparative Study, 2009. In consisted of nationally representative a (multivariate) address the central hypotheses of this weighted a sample of 1,169 respondents. Analyses included simple correlations (bivariate) and hierarchical analyses investigation that explored what was the relation shop between the resources, perceptions, and expenditures a family had available to them in the current economic crisis and their well-being. The results indicate that approximately 22.4% of the variance in well-being could be explained by the elements in the ABCE-WB Model. In addition, there were several important relationships that were revealed between the predictors and the outcome measures individually. Overall, the efficacy and utility of the ABCE-WB Model was upheld by the results. Based on these findings future use of the ABCE-WB Model holds promise.
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Thiebaut, Sophie. "Maladies chroniques et pertes d'autonomie chez les personnes âgees : évolutions des dépenses de santé et de la prise en charge de la dépendance sous l'effet du vieillissement de la population." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX24026.
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Fondée sur deux analyses empiriques et sur un travail de modélisation théorique, cette thèse traite de la problématique du vieillissement de la population, en France, en termes de dépenses de biens et services de santé, et en termes de prise en charge des personnes âgées dépendantes. Dans un premier chapitre, une méthode de microsimulation dynamique est mise au point afin d'évaluer l'évolution des dépenses de médicaments remboursables (en médecine de ville) sous l'effet du vieillissement de la population et de l'évolution de l'état de santé chronique des personnes âgées. Un deuxième chapitre s'intéresse aux tenants d'une possible réforme de l'Allocation Personnalisée d'Autonomie (APA), qui viserait à récupérer sur la succession une partie des fonds versés aux personnes dépendantes. Nous développons un modèle théorique de transfert intergénérationnel en individualisant les décisions des deux membres d'une famille, un parent dépendant et un enfant aidant informel potentiel. Enfin, dans une dernière partie, nous évaluons empiriquement les facteurs modifiant la demande d'aide à domicile des bénéficiaires de l'APA, en nous concentrant, afin d'anticiper sur de possibles réformes de l'aide publique, sur l'évaluation des effets-prix dans la demande d'aide formelleThis thesis addresses, using an elaborated theoretical model and two empirical applications, issues related to population ageing and health care expenditures as per the French context. In the first chapter, a method of dynamic microsimulation is developed to assess the evolution of outpatient reimbursable drugs expenditures as a result of the ageing population and the evolution of health status of chronically ill elderly people. The second chapter focuses on the ins and outs of a possible reform of the Personal Allowance for Autonomy (APA), which would seek to recover a portion of the funds paid to disabled elderly on the inheritance of their heirs. A theoretical model of intergenerational transfers is developed to study the individual decisions of a two-member family - a disabled parent and a child who can play the role of informal care giver. The final section presents an empirical evaluation of the factors affecting the demand of APA's recipients for home care. This work examines the price effects in the demand for formal care in order to anticipate possible reforms of public allowance
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McKenna, Christine Ann. "Taxing issues of federal child care subsidies in postwar America, 1946-2006." Related electronic resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available, full text:, 2007. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.
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Kraemer, Júlia de Melo. "Energia e renda no Brasil: elasticidades-renda e concentração das despesas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11132/tde-17012019-162330/.
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Utilizando-se os dados da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF) de 2008-2009, são apresentadas estimativas das elasticidades-renda de diversas categorias de despesa com energia (Transporte, Gasolina, Álcool combustível, Habitação, Energia elétrica, Gás doméstico). O método econométrico compreende o cálculo da despesa média em dez classes de renda familiar per capita e a estimativa de uma função poligonal com três segmentos, obtendo a variação do logaritmo da despesa per capita média por classe em função do logaritmo da renda per capita. Também são estimadas as razões e curvas de concentração das despesas com energia, verificando em que medida essas despesas estão ou não concentradas nas famílias de maior renda. No que se refere à relação entre a posição da curva de concentração e o valor da elasticidade-renda, desenvolve-se uma generalização dos resultados de Kakwani (1977) para situações em que há duas ou mais elasticidades-renda distintas em uma mesma curva de concentração. Em geral, Álcool combustível está associado à maior razão de concentração e Gás doméstico à menor. As despesas com transporte têm as razões de concentração mais próximas do índice de Gini. A área rural é mais pobre, mas a renda e as categorias de despesa agregadas são menos concentradas na área rural do que na urbana. A despesa com gás doméstico está mais concentrada na área rural, devido ao maior uso de lenha. As maiores razões de concentração são do Sudeste, exclusive São Paulo, enquanto Sul e São Paulo apresentam as menores.Using data from the 2008-2009 Brazilian Family Budget Survey, we estimate income elasticities for several types of energy expenditures (Transportation, Housing costs, Gas, Fuel Alcohol, Electricity, Liquefied Petroleum gas). The econometric method applied consists in computing the average expenditure for ten classes of per capita family income and, for each category of consumption, adjusting a three-segmented polygonal model, analyzing how the logarithm of per capita expenditure varies as a function of the logarithm of the per capita family income. Concentration curves and concentration ratios of expenditures are also estimated, evaluating if each type of expenditure is or is not concentrated in high income families. Considering the relationship between the position of the concentration curve and the value of the income elasticity, we develop a generalization of Kakwani\'s (1977) results for situations with two or more different elasticities in one concentration curve. In general, Fuel Alcohol is associated with the highest concentration and Liquefied Petroleum Gas with the lowest. The concentration ratio of Transportation expenses is the closest to the Gini index. Poverty is higher in the rural area, but income and the main expenses are less concentrated in the rural area than in the urban area. Liquefied Petroleum Gas is more concentrated in the rural area, because of the greater use of firewood. The largest concentration ratios are of the Southeast, excluding São Paulo, while South and São Paulo have the smallest ones.
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Faustino, Christine Grutzmann. "Gasto em medicamentos por famílias com idosos no Brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5137/tde-09112017-114037/.
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Introdução: com o crescimento da população idosa no Brasil, observa-se aumento da incidência e prevalência de doenças associadas ao envelhecimento, em especial, das doenças crônicas não-transmissíveis. O aumento do número de diagnósticos, por sua vez, implica o aumento na quantidade de medicamentos utilizados e no gasto de famílias com idosos com estes insumos. Objetivo: analisar os gastos em medicamentos e fatores associados ao perfil dos gastos em famílias com idosos no Brasil. Método: realizou-se estudo transversal por meio da análise dos dados da versão 2008-9 da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística e elaborou-se estatística descritiva e modelo de duas partes utilizando-se o software Stata versão 2011. A coleta de dados da POF abrangeu 55.970 domicílios, onde residiam 56.091 famílias, e ocorreu entre maio/2008 e maio/2009. Famílias que continham idosos foram agrupadas em três arranjos: famílias com um idoso como pessoa de referência, famílias com um casal de idosos e famílias com um idoso não considerado pessoa de referência. A variável de desfecho do modelo foi o gasto mensal per capita com medicamentos. Resultados: os três arranjos com idosos apresentaram frequências semelhantes de despesas monetárias e não monetárias em medicamentos, porém famílias com um 1 idoso considerado pessoa de referência e com um 1 casal de idosos declararam gasto em medicamentos maiores que famílias com um 1 idoso não considerado pessoa de referência. A despesa mensal per capita com medicamentos mais elevada em famílias com idosos mostrou associação significativa com residir nas regiões Centro-Oeste, Sudeste e Sul, ter pelo menos um 1 idoso com plano de saúde, ter pelo menos um 1 idoso recebendo benefício da previdência social e ter renda mensal no segundo, terceiro e quarto quartos de renda mensal per capita. A presença de crianças com menos de 5 anos de idade e a realização de despesa não- monetária se mostraram associadas ao menor gasto mensal com medicamentos per capita. Conclusão: famílias com um idoso não considerado pessoa de referência tiveram despesas mais baixas com medicamentos em comparação aos outros dois arranjos. A política de previdência social e a política de assistência farmacêutica contribuíram na redução dos gastos em medicamentos por mecanismos diferentesIntroduction: there is an increase in the incidence and prevalence of diseases associated with aging especially non-transmissible diseases because of the growth of the elderly population in Brazil. The increase in the number of diagnoses implies an increase in the number of prescribed medicines and out-of-pocket expenditures on medicines by families with elderly people. Objective: to analyse out-of-pocket expenditures on medicines and associated factors of families with older people in Brazil. Method: a cross-sectional study was performed by analysing the data of the Family Budgets Survey (FBS) of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistic. Descriptive statistics and two-part model were developed with Stata software. The data collection from FBS covered 55,970 households, 56,091 families, and occurred between May 2008 and May 2009. Families containing elderly were grouped into three arrangements: families with one elderly person as a reference person, families with an elderly couple and families with one elderly person not considered a reference person. The outcome variable was monthly per capita expenditure on medicines. Results: the three arrangements presented similar frequencies of monetary and non-monetary expenses in medicines, however families with one elderly person considered a reference person and one elderly couple reported larger spending on medicines than families with one elderly person not considered a reference person. The higher monthly per capita expenditure on medicines in families with elderly people showed a significant association with residing in the Midwest, Southeast and South regions, having at least one elderly person with a health plan, having at least one elderly person receiving social security benefits and higher income per capita. The presence of children under 5 years of age and the presence of non-monetary expenditure were shown to be associated with lower monthly expenditure per capita. Conclusion: families with an elderly person not considered a reference person spent lower out-of-pocket expenditures on medicines. Social security and pharmaceutical assistance policy contributed to reduce out-of-pocket expenditure on medicines by families with elderly by different mechanisms
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Demoli, Yoann. "Automobile et stratification sociale : diffusion, caractéristiques et coûts de l'équipement automobile en France depuis les années 1980." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015IEPP0004/document.
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A partir de l'objet automobile, cette thèse propose une réponse en trois temps à la problématique du rôle de la consommation matérielle dans la stratification sociale. Grâce aux caractéristiques originales du bien automobile, l'objectif poursuivi est d'interroger la question de l'homogénéisation des styles de vie dans le contexte de la France contemporaine sous trois rapports : les phénomènes de diffusion de l'automobile, la distribution sociale des caractéristiques de l'équipement, la répartition des coûts engendrés par la voiture. Comment caractériser la diffusion d'un objet symbolique de la consommation de masse et quelles sont les limites à cette diffusion ? Comment sont distribués les biens selon leurs caractéristiques dans l'espace social ? Comment varient les différents coûts de l'automobile parmi les groupes sociaux ? Nous répondons à de telles questions en recourant à une analyse secondaires de deux séries d'enquêtes réalisées par l'Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques : les Enquêtes Nationales Transports réalisées en 1981, 1993 et 2007 ainsi que les enquêtes Budget de famille réalisées en 1985, 1989, 1995, 2001 et 2006By using the automobile as a social object, this thesis provides a threefold answer to the problem of the role of material consumption in social stratification. Thanks to the very original nature of automobile, we aim at address the question of the homogenization of lifestyles in contemporary France in three differents aspects : the phenomenons of social diffusion, the distribution of the characteristics of the automobile in social space and the repartition of the internal and external costs of the car. How can we characterize the diffusion of a good symbolic of mass consumption ? Which limits does this diffusion assume ? How are distributed the characteristics of the material goods in social space ?How do the differents costs of the automobile vary among social groups ? We adress theses questions by using secondary analysis of two series of suveys conducted by the French institute of statistics : the National Travel Surveys realized in 1981, 1993 and 2007 and the French Household Expenditure Surveys conducted in 1985, 1989, 1995, 2001 and 2006
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Speciale, Biagio. "Essays on the economics of education and migration." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210637.
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This thesis consists of three essays on the economics of education and migration. The first essay analyzes the effects of remittances on public education spending in migrants’ source countries. The second essay studies the impact of migration on public education expenditures in migrants’ destination countries. The third essay investigates the effects of public education expenditures on subsequent human capital inequality.Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Chiang, Chia-Hui, and 江佳慧. "Study on Structure of Family Leisure Consumption Expenditure." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/67106698170941093596.
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碩士輔仁大學
應用統計學研究所
90
Due to the rapid development in both economy and society in recent years, national income has been growing incessantly. Fueling with the prevalence of education, people on Taiwan, in additional for pursuing for material life, have turned their emphasis on recreational and leisure activities. In January, 1998, Bureau of Personnel Affairs, Executive Yuan announced 5-working- day-week, the working time and leisure pattern changed drastically, leaving lot more time for free use for people here. Under the circumstance of changed concept on leisure and traveling and increased disposable time, it is increasingly important to find out how the public perceive about the leisure and recreational activities. This research based the 2000 Family Income / Expenditure Survey Conducted by Statistics Division of Taipei City Government as the main source of data and information. The research structure is from the socioeconomic characteristics of economic house-master (such as gender, education background, occupation, line of business), Family situation (size of family, form of organization, with or without child) and family economic situation (family disposable income) to individually investigate the family factors that affect family leisure consumption expenditure, domestic traveling expenditure and overseas traveling expenditure. Cross interrelationship, Auto-Interact Examination, Tree Type categorized regression and logic regression analysis are employed as the methods of research to find out the major structure, attributes interactive, structural feature and variables composition. The empirical result indicate position relationship to the family spending capacity, the disposable income, education background of economic house master and district stayed. It indicate the economic feature of a family is still the most important factor affecting leisure consumption. In addition to understand the affecting factors, we has make suggestion on structure of family leisure consumption expenditure, domestic traveling consumption expenditure and overseas traveling consumption expenditure, so that it may give light to the decision makers to planned for a leisure activities that suitable for all nationals.
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Tsao, Ya-Ching, and 曹雅晴. "A Study of Leisure Expenditure On Senior Family." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/51616001686925457340.
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碩士朝陽科技大學
休閒事業管理系碩士班
99
The major participants of study are senior families of different social and economic position. The major resourse is Family Revenue and Expenditure Survey Investigation from 1996 to 2007 to study senior family household head”s leisure expenditure, analysing reasons cause senior family letsure expenditure, and through building Tobit Regression Model and Method of Maximum Likelihood, the conclusion as follows: The more disposible income that senior family household head could get, the more they will be willing to participate in leisure activities; the higher education they obtain, the more leisure expenditure they will spend. Male senior family household head favors traveling and buying books, newspapers and magazines, but for female senior family household head, they favors other amusements. Married senior family household head spends more in traveling, consuming amusement services and entertainment equipment and accessories than unmarrried one. Unmarried senior family spend more in books and magazines. The more members in senior family, the higher they will spend in leisure expenditure. If senior family members include 0-6 years old children, the leisure expenditure is lower. But the members include 7-12 year old teenagers, it would be nothing change. Health does matter in senior family leisure expenditure. The senior family with their own house have positive correlation between traveling and consuming amusement services and entertainment equipment and accessories. In conclusion from the above, we suggest that professionals should be developed for planning senior civilians leisure activities. And for doing this, they should know more about elders body and mind, and family structure to design appropriate and safe activities, including free access for the disabled, medical resourses, and suitable books, magazines, entertaiment equipment. Educat them right leisure concept and encourage them to participate in activities from community. The suggestion is for the future research.
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CHEN, YU-MIN, and 陳昱閔. "The Effect of Family Structure on Consumption Expenditure." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/31725517520447933902.
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碩士國立暨南國際大學
經濟學系
104
This study examines the effect of family structure on consumption expenditure by using multiple regression analysis on data of nine recent Report on the Survey of Personal Income Distribution in Taiwan Area of the Republic of China. The methodologies of this study are Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and Two-stage Least Squares (2SLS).2SLS can overcome the endogenous problem of family structure which may leads to confounding results of OLS. 2SLS uses the sex of the firstborn child as an instrument to family structure. This study finds that offer controlling for family backgrounds and omitted variables by using 2SLS, that effect of family structure on personal consumption expenditure is not significant.
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Chou, Fang-I., and 周芳宜. "The study of Taiwan family household management consumption expenditure." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/10807735401975817909.
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LI, CHIA-LUNG, and 李家龍. "Family Education Expenditure on Taiwan Generation Analysis Related Research." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/9np38k.
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碩士朝陽科技大學
休閒事業管理系
106
Education is a big plan of centuries. A good education can improve the country’s human resources. A good education can increase the future income and social status of the recipients. A good education is also a factor in the mobility of social stratum. Whether or not education is emphasized by the society, the emphatic scale of education can be seen in the amount of expenditure on education. Therefore, this study hopes to explore the differences in education expenditures of different generations. In this study, from 2003 to 2015, the Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan's “Family Balance Survey Report” conducted a generational analysis of the education expenditures of Taiwanese households. Due to the use of family income and expenditure survey reports, some households may face zero expenditure on education. The study uses the Tobit model and generational research methods to conduct a generational analysis of the educational expenditures of different generations of Taiwanese families. In addition to different generations, the study analyzed different family variables, such as the amount of family disposable income, the education level of the householder, the family’s marital status, the householder’s gender, family’s composition, the scales of the family, career of the householder, and career women are also factors that affect family education expenditure. The empirical results show that factors such as household disposable income,the education level of the householder, the scale of the family, family’s composition, householder’s marital status,the householder’s gender, career women, and other factors have a significant impact on family education expenditure. The occupations of householder are management, professional or agriculture which all have a significant impact on family education spending. In terms of overall family generation, family education expenditures are affected by generational and period effects. The phenomenon of declining on family education expenditures is not conducive to educational development. The educational organizations need to consult the phenomenon while making related educational policies.
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WU, HSIU-CHEN, and 吳秀珍. "Cohort Analysis of Taiwan’s Family Entertainment and Leisure Expenditure." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/h7na9a.
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碩士東吳大學
會計學系
107
This study uses the cohort analysis method to explore the effect of entertainment and leisure expenditures of Taiwanese families on cohort, ages and periods. The study also analyzed the impact of disposable income, occupation, education level, family size, gender and marital status of the head of household, the number of children under the age of 14 years, the number of people over 65 years old, and the employment of married women on the entertainment expenses of different cohorts of Taiwanese family relationship. The empirical results show that: (1) for the whole cohort of the household, family entertainment and leisure expenditures are affected by cohort effects and period effects. The increase in entertainment and leisure expenditures is beneficial for the expansion of future entertainment industry. In addition, from the age effect, it can be observed that entertainment and leisure spending ranks at higher level’s families, the ages of the head of household are between 51 and 55 years old; (2) the expenditure on family entertainment and leisure in different cohorts is mainly affected by household controllable income, the size of the family population, the number of children under the age of 4 and the number of adults over the age of 65; and the education level of the head of the household is a significant influence variable of entertainment and leisure expenditures in the cohort 1 to cohort 10 families.
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Liao, Chen-Hung, and 廖振宏. "The distrubution of family recreational expenditure effecteded by family lifecycle and socio-economic status." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/25390851582369848837.
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碩士國立臺灣體育學院
休閒運動管理研究所
92
The purpose of this study was to know the influence of the family lifecycle and socio-economic status on the recreational expenditure, and to provid the conclusions and the specific suggestions based on the findings of the study for recreational programmer reference. The method of this study was questionnaire survey and the subject focused on the families of Taichung city. The valid questionnaires were 431. Data analyses were frequency distribution, Chi square and Crosstabs. The findings were as following: 1.The families of Taichung City spent more holidays for recreational activities and the most popular activities were the entertaining and physical activities. The more period of family developing, the higher rate of the entertaining activities selection, and physical activities via vera. 2.The recreational expenditure was depended on different family lifecycle and socio-economic status. NT$501~1,000 per time and NT$2,501~5,000 per month were the most general consumption degree, and the higher socio-economic status, the more expenditure has. As to participating frequency, most of the families took part in recreational activities once or twice per month. The frequency was affected by family monthly income, that was, the higher family income, the more frequency they participated. 3.The main factor of influencing family recreational expenditure was the level of the education, not family lifecycle and socio-economic status. 4.Families of Taichung City usually participated in recreational activities in free places and distance was not the obstruct factor anymore. “Family member” was the main influenced factor in participating in recreational activities.
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Wu, Wan Chin, and 吳宛秦. "The Impact of Family Income and Expenditure on Crime Rate." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/dzpu7v.
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碩士國立高雄應用科技大學
資訊管理研究所碩士班
103
With the development of Taiwan’s economy, people have a better standard of living. Despite of the growing economy, crime is an inevitable issue in Taiwan. Several studies have found there is a connection between growing economy and the rate of crime. According to the previous research, family income will affect family members’ personality and behavior. However, only a few studies have examined the relationship between family income and expenditure as well as crime rate. As family is the minimal units of society, this study will be focused on family income and expenditure, exploring whether the family income and expenditure factors are related to the criminal rate. This study uses a panel data of family income and expenditure that consists of 21 cities and counties in Taiwan during 2001-2013 which comes from Directorate General of Budget and Accounting and Statistics (Including the following subitems: average disposable income per family, average employment volume per family, average regular expenditure per family, average regular income per family, average savings per family, home ownership rate, car ownership rate). The study will then investigate the relationship between family income and expenditure and crime rate (Including the following items: criminal offense rate, larceny rate, violent crime rate). This study uses a panel data that is not limited by small samples and able to enhance the model’s explanatory power. This study applies Panel Unit Root, VAR and Granger causality tests to examine the relationship between family income and expenditure and crime rate. The result indicates that some subitems of family income and expenditure like average employment volume per family, average savings per family, average disposable income per family, car ownership rate are correlated with criminal offense rate. Also the average regular expenditure per family, average regular income per family, average disposable income per family, home ownership rate are correlated with larceny rate. According to the above mentioned result, this study shows that family income and expenditure has a direct impact on larceny rate. The result can help police to realize how crime works as well as to decrease the crime rate.
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Yu, Chen Hsin, and 陳欣妤. "R&D Expenditure and CEO Compensation-The Influence of Family and Non-family Control." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/16820766965649223033.
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碩士國立彰化師範大學
會計學系
96
This study investigates whether the board of directors seeks to prevent opportunistic reductions in R&D expenditures when the CEO approaches retirement (the horizon problem) and the firm faces a small earnings decline or a small loss (the myopia problem). In addition, the study examines the influence of family and non-family control firms on the association with R&D expenditures and CEO compensation. What is more, the study also explores the effect of growth opportunity and the criterion which Chairman also serves as CEO on the abovementioned association. The results are showed that there is an insignificant and positive relationship between changes in R&D expenditures and changes in CEO compensation when CEO approaches retirement, but there is a significant and positive relationship when the firm faces a small earnings decline or a small loss. If the samples are divided into family and non-family control groups, when CEO approaches retirement, only in non-family control firms, a significantly positive relationship between changes in R&D expenditures and changes in CEO compensation discourages CEOs from cutting R&D spending, but when firm faces a small earnings decline or a small loss, neither in family- nor non-family control firms, there is a significant and positive relationship. After the samples are classified according to the different ownership structure, then the sub-samples are respectively divided into two groups with growth opportunity and the criterion whether Chairman also serves as CEO or not. When CEO approaches retirement or the firm faces a small earnings decline or a small loss, only in non-family contrl firms which have higher growth opportunity, there is a significant and positive relationship between changes in R&D expenditures and changes in CEO compensation. Similarly, if Chairman does not serve as CEO, compared to family control firms, the board in non-family control firms seeks to prevent opportunistic reductions in R&D expenditures both in the presence of the CEO approaching retirement and in the presence of the firm facing a small earnings decline or a small loss.
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Chen, Yow-Min, and 陳佑民. "The Determinat of Domestic Travel Expenditure For Different Family Life Cycle." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/60581998565527968482.
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碩士朝陽科技大學
休閒事業管理系碩士班
98
The purpose of this study was to establish the influence of the domestic tourism expenditure among different family life cycles. The results can provide market segmentations in reference to related government unit and related tourism business. There are three main subjects as following: 1.To realize domestic travel expenditure within different family life periods 2.To analyze the factors of domestic tourism expenditure amongst different family life cycles 3.Based on the results, providing marketing strategy suggestions to tourism- related businesses. This research used the Survey of Family Income Distribution in Taiwan Area of the Republic of China, 2006 from Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics Executive Yuan, R.O.C. (Taiwan). It revealed 8,550 households survey to analyze the influence of the domestic tourism by Tobit Regression Model and Maximum Likelihood Estimation. The results can offer marketing strategies to the Tourism and Travel Bureau and related tourism units, as following: 1.According to the results, household discretionary income is the main factor to influence domestic travel expenditure; therefore, related tourism units should provide a variety of products depending on different household discretionary income customers. In the M-Shaped Society, people in the middle class climbed up the ladder and became part of the upper class. Tourism not only provides popular journeys to most of the people, but also designs high quality trips for upper level travelers. Numerous journeys would fit a diversity of customers. 2.One of the main factors influencing domestic travel expenditure was level of education. The higher the education of the household head, the greater the expenditure on domestic travel was. Tourism could focus on household head’s education level to design different tours, such as informative, educational, and entertainingly subjects to strengthen the feelings between children and family members. 3.Family life cycle stage two (FLC2) is focused on preschool age children, which is one year old to six years old children. This level had a great influence on domestic travel. Related government units and tourism industry should aim at this level to design leisure activities and facilities for the whole family to reach sustainable operation on domestic travel.
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Liu, Chia-Huey, and 劉嘉蕙. "Study on Structure of Family Life Insurance Expenditure in Taiwan Area." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/20290124534532775175.
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碩士輔仁大學
應用統計學研究所
93
Along with the development of economy and increase in national income, the living standards have been elevated. As the life insurance industry promote the market, people start to aware the necessitate of the insurance and increase insurance expenditure. This study is based on “The survey of family income and expenditure in Taiwan area of Republic of China, 2003” conduct by Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics Executive Yuan of R.O.C. as the main source of data. The characteristic of region, family composition and economic characteristic and economical head of household on family life insurance expenditure have been studied. Correlation analytic method, classification and regression tree (CART), logistic regression model are employed as the methods of research to find out the characteristics of family life insurance expenditure. This research found that the major factors influence the life insurance expenditure of the family are age, occupation, educational attainment, marital status, type of families, disposable income and region. It indicated that the age of household head is negatively correlated to purchase life insurance, while educational attainment and disposable income are positively correlated to purchase life insurance. Based on the finding, the life insurance industry should take different marketing strategies according to the characteristics of age, educational attainment, and income of the family.
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Chu, Fang-Yi, and 朱芳儀. "Analysis of Reliability and Validity of Family Income and Expenditure Survey." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/a3h6hc.
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碩士銘傳大學
應用統計資訊學系碩士班
95
The main task of this study is about the reliability and validity analysis of Family Income and Expenditure Survey. The database which we used is from Center for Survey Research, Academia Sinica-Survey Research Data Archive. The data is about every kind of family income and Expenditure from 1997 to 2003 and is used to analyze the reliability and validity. We used extracted criterion to find out typical sufficient samples. The Cronbach’s α method is applied in the analysis of reliability. We also use Confirmatory factor analysis method to evaluate validity. Besides, we use the same database which is used by Chang (2006) to compare the difference of his partial sample and our Intact sample. This study includes the results of Reliability analysis and Validity of four databases: Chang’s (2006) database, Intact database, Deleting parameter method and Missing Value Completion Method. The further evaluation and comparison are also included.
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Chen, Yung-Shih, and 陳勇實. "A Study on the Factors Affecting Family Recreation and Education Expenditure－An Application of Family Life Cycle Theory." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/07024626255431219963.
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碩士中興大學
應用經濟學系所
95
The topic of this paper is to analyze the influential factors of family recreation and education expenditure at different stages of the family life cycle. The objectives of this research are as follow: 1.Analyze the differential condition and influential factors of family expenditure at different stages of family life cycle. 2.Analyze the differential condition and influential factors of family education at different stages of family life cycle. 3.Propose specific recommendation as references for related authority. This research is to use the database of the “Family Income and Expenditure Interview Investigation in Taiwan” of Directorate – General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan, as the source of data for the empirical analyses. This sample method is to use stratified random sampling method, the villages in Taiwan as the first sampling unit and the residents of the villages as the second sampling unit, the analysis is base on the data of the family expenditure interview investigation collected in Year 2004. On the research method, use the life cycle theory proposed by Ando and Modigliani to explain the consumption behavior of family recreation and education expenditure at different stages of the family life cycle, as well as using Witt and Goodale’s (1981) method, according to the age of the youngest child, separate the household life-cycle into five stages and use regression-analysis to examine differences and influential factors. According to this research, the following are the highlights of the conclusion: 1.At different stages of the family life cycle, there is significant difference in family recreation and education expenditure. The average amount of family recreation as smaller difference and the average amount of family education expenditure has larger significant difference. 2.For the family recreation expenditure at different stages of life cycle, the variable category,“ head of residence’s personal social condition” has major differences in the influential factors, and the direction of influence is non-consistent; for the “household’s general situation” variable category, the influential factors have no differences and the direction of influence is consistent. 3.At different stages of family life cycle, the “level of education”and“household disposable income” has significant influence on family recreation expenditure. 4.For the family education expenditure, the influential factors of the variable categories, “head of residence’s personal social condition” and “household’s general situation” have big difference, and the direction of influence is non-consistent. 5.At different stages of family life cycle, the effecting factors of family education expenditure are mainly “age”, “level of education” and “Number of population per residence”, all these factors have significant influence on family education. Keywords : Recreation Expenditure, Education Expenditure, Family Life Cycle
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Chen, Yiyu, and 陳奕妤. "Discussion of factors about family expenditure of book,magazine and newspaper in Taiwan." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/13628500575939762561.
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Chen, Guan-Jung, and 陳冠蓉. "R&D Expenditure and Firm Performance: A Study of Taiwanese Family Business." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/9y5kfj.
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碩士國立臺灣師範大學
全球經營與策略研究所
105
The industrial framework in Taiwan primarily consists of many small and medium sized enterprises. Small and medium sized enterprises are closely related to family members. Technology has advanced with years, and how to innovate becoming a problem to enterprises. This paper empirically examines the relationship between R&D expenditure and family-controlled firms’ performance, and what kind of factors will influence the relationship. The sample consists of 414 listed firms in Taiwan from 2008 to 2015 and use fixed effect in panel data regression to analyze. These results indicate that the relationship between R&D expenditure and family-controlled firms’ performance is negative. The higher proportion of outside directors tends to enhance the relationship but the separation of control and ownership does otherwise. In addition, the relationship between business cycle and R&D expenditure is negative.
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Lee, Yen-hui, and 李妍慧. "A study on the Influence Factors in Educational Expenditure on Family in Taiwan." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/86986421223131200472.
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碩士佛光大學
經濟學系
97
The data used in this study is from “Family Income and Expenditure Survey in 2007” provided by the Center for Survey Research of Academia Sinica. Dependent variable is educational expenditure on family per capita. Independent variables are per capita income, per capita non-consumption expenditure, per capita consumption expenditure, per capita subsidy on low income household, education level of the household head, family type, and the employment ratio of the family members. For examining the influence factors in educational expenditure on family in Taiwan, the analysis method used in this study is the multiple regression analysis and dummy variable. By family type, all the independent variables showed significant influence on the family educational expenditure. All the sign on the independent variables are showed positive influence except per capita income and the employment ratio of the family members. All the samples are separated into two groups by household average income. Household income higher than average income of total sample is referred as high income group or called low income group. All the influences of the variable in these two groups are the same as non-grouping except the education level of the household head. However, for the household received a subsidy on low-income, it is showed a significant influence only on per capita income and per capita consumption expenditure. By each independent variable, low-income subsidies in the family who received low-income subsidies was not the factor of the influence on educational expenditure in every family. Per capita income appeared a significantly negative impact on family educational expenditure. Moreover, there was a greatly effect when family income level was lower than the standard income level. The coefficient only -0.870 in the group of high income, however, the effect of the family who received low-income subsidies increased as -3.836. Variable of per capita non-consumption expenditure was not the main factor of the influence on educational expenditure for the family who received low-income subsidies. However, the other families were still as positive impacts. Variable of per capita consumption expenditure was the most significant variable which affected on the educational expenditure on family. It made an intensive influence for the high income group families and for the low income group families who received low-income subsidies. Variable of the education level of the household head indicated positive impact during an observation of whole family. However, by grouping, it was indicated insignificant effect on the family educational expenditure. Variables of family type and employment ratio of the family members were non-influential on the family who received low-income subsidies. The employment ratio of the family members showed an negative influence.
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Lin, Yu-Fang, and 林玉舫. "Empirical Study on the Relationship Between Family Background and Expenditure on Education in Taiwan." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/76339761195765160318.
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碩士淡江大學
經濟學系碩士班
96
This study aims to analyze the long-term changes of family educational expenditures in Taiwan and the factors affect them. The empirical findings are as follows: (1) The factors affect the family educational expenditures include the number of children that is receiving non-compulsory education, parents’ attitude toward education and disposable income of the family. Among them, the item “attitude toward education” is created to capture parents’ autonomous expenditures on education. We apply two ways to define “attitude toward education” in this study. (2) The gender of children in the family does not have significant influence on the educational expenditure. Discrimination against girl’s education has faded away in a modern society with low-fertility rate. (3) Since 1981, the disposable income has been less than the consumption expenditure in poor families. As a result, the ratio of educational expenditure to consumption expenditure every child shares in a poor family is lower than the ratio of educational expenditure to disposable income. (4) In recent years, the disposable income gap between Taipei City, Hsin-Chu City and other areas has become larger. Therefore the ratio of educational expenditure to disposable income or to total consumption expenditure in these two cities has become smaller than those in other areas since 1998. The ban to set up colleges was lifted in 1987, more and more poor children access to higher education since then. Although it seems positive that everyone has opportunity to receive higher education, many poor students have to struggle against tuition since they never meet the threshold on government’s loan. Based on the above findings, it is suggested that the government policies make more effort on narrowing the income gap between the rich and the poor so that their children can share more equal chance to education.
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Chiu, Hsiao-Yu, and 邱曉瑜. "The Research on the Relationship of Food-Away-From-Home Expenditure And Family Life Cycle." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/49260874395497553125.
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碩士朝陽科技大學
休閒事業管理系碩士班
99
As change of economic development and society composition, the society type of Taiwan is from agriculture to industry and commerce. Due to domestic economy is a rapid growth, industry and commerce are prospering, as well as education is available to all, professional women rate is increasing every day. With fewer and fewer time that family spends in kitchen, the population of Food-Away-From-Home is rapidly increasing. The main problem with household survey data is the existence of zero observation expenditure. Taking DGBAS survey of household income and expenditure data for 2009 as research basis, this reaserch is to anylyze the relationship of Food-Away-From-Home expenditure and family cycle life by Tobit theory. The results indicate that all family life cycle (FLC) have significant, positive effect on Food-Away-From-Home expenditure, especially FLC1, FLC5 and FLC7 are top three factors. Also household disposable income, family scope, married women''s employment rate have significant and positive effect. In point of stratum of society, the education level of head of household is master or above, occupation of head of household is physical labor or professional have significant, positive effect. The research on the relationship of Food-Away-From-Home expenditure and family cycle can be used for marketing strategy definition.
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Chou, Yu-Chen, and 周宇溱. "Factors Affecting Household Medical and Traveling Expenditure in Taiwan ─ Application of Family Life Cycle Theory." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/96815254594000184990.
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碩士國立中興大學
應用經濟學系所
99
Family life in Taiwan society has gone through certain qualitative change both after the enforcement of National Insurance Program and Saturday-as-weekend policy. Medical care and leisure life thus become two crucial aspects of the sustainable quality of family life. Under the framework of family life cycle, this study tries to find out the factors which affect the household medical and traveling spending. Using governmental statistical data and Tobit model, it empirically estimated how the socio-economical status of householder, general situation of family and disposable income of family influence household medical and traveling expenditure. Based on variables that affect medical and traveling expenditure among the stage of family life cycle, this study tries to analyze the traits and variation of family spending in Taiwan.
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謝以軒. "The Impact of Family Patterns on Household Expenditure—An Application of Endogenous Switching Regression Model." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/32444061660391350844.
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碩士佛光大學
經濟學系
98
This study is to improve inferential biases caused by estimation of each parameter of the family expenditure function of nuclear and non-nuclear families with the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS). Because every family can evaluate its family expenditure in two different situations by itself to see which one has more comparison benefit, then decide if changing family status. We adapt Endogenous Switching Regression Model, and use the data “Taiwan Social Change Survey 2007, Phase 5, Wave 3” from the Institute of Sociology, Academia Sinica. The importance of the endogenous switching regression model is to endogenize family type, which is the extraneous variable of effecting family expenditure. Why choose family type as endogenous variables, rather than general variable such as age, sex and level of education? It is because of that family type not only will directly influence the family expenditure, but more also may effect working situation, and then influence family expenditure. Through the endogenous switching regression model, we get the related coefficient of the nuclear family and non-nuclear family’s working situation. It shows that both family types are different symbols relations. The nuclear family whose occupation is self-runner has higher family expends. The possible reason could be that himself/herself is the owner, has higher incomes and more flexible time to arrange recreational activity. On the contrary, the opposite has no time to do recreational activity and therefore effects family expends. Regarding to the nuclear family which has saving behavior, because both parties of couple are easier to carry out the family financial managing plans and they also have plans on family expends, therefore they have more expend ability and family expends. As a result, if different family types have high income and well family financial managing plans, it is positive help for family fortune. This essay manifests the differences of family expends between nuclear and non-nuclear families. Therefore, while planning family financial management, every family type should consider the relativity and characteristic between nuclear and non-nuclear family types.
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HUNG, SHIH-TING, and 洪詩婷. "A Study of The Survey of Family Income and Expenditure by Using Data Mining Technology." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/81130187729610899424.
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碩士銘傳大學
應用統計與資料科學學系碩士班
105
The different family characteristics may cause uneven distribution of resources. And then affect the family consumption ability and expenditure patterns. That represents family consumption ability is the reflective of living standard. With the age of big data, data mining has become an indispensable technology. How to find out useful information from huge amount of data and effectively reduce the computing time that is the key points during search we want to know. In this study, we selected information from the Survey of Family Income and Expenditure from 2009 to 2015 as research data. To discuss the Survey of Family Income and Expenditure in depth. We use three kinds of data mining technology to build models. One is decision tree, another is neural network and the other is random forest. To find the different family consumption and head of the household economic characteristic belong to what kinds of the consumption expenditure pattern. We also predict the accuracy of these three kinds of models. In result, we discover family structures and family disposable income are important in independent variable. Income earners population, gender of head of the household and house belongings are less important in independent variable. Residential services, utilities and other fuels consumption, health care consumption, alcohol and tobacco and betel nut consumption and miscellaneous consumption are less important in dependent variable. The model comparison results show that neural network is the most accurate prediction model.
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Liang-YingChen and 陳亮穎. "The Moderating Effect of Family Ownership on the Relationship between Capital Expenditure and Stock Returns." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/36866510691369999124.
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Hui-min, Kuo, and 郭慧敏. "Examining the correlation of enhancing the local government’s independent fiscal finance versus family income and expenditure." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/65962069259243289145.
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碩士國立交通大學
管理學院碩士在職專班經營管理組
92
In a democratic era, governments work through a sound foundation of fiscal finance that supports its administration to achieve economic development that enhances the well being of its people. As an important link to a nation’s economic activities, how government finance bears a direct impact to private economic policy and the overall economic development has sent world governments to focus on fiscal reform and fiscal balancing by adopting more than various fiscal conservation measures but also reviewing uneconomical expenditures for improving fiscal finance utilization efficiency, as well as drafting various policies that meet a nation’s scenario and social/economic development, which would in turn excel the realization of various social and economic policies. A local government derives its public revenues, such as taxes and government dues, from domestic family units and businesses, whereby the government would then allocate such public revenues through public expenditure for various public infrastructure development, which constitutes as local government finance. Presently, what are some of the problems that come to mar local finance? And how best would Taiwan’s local government finance be improved upon? And what are the world governments working to achieve their finances? And upon undergoing the many fiscal finance reform policies, have they served to generate family income? The study aims to broach from the angle of analyzing the state of fiscal finance on the central government and local government levels, and to examine how best to enhance the independent local government finance and how world local governments work to achieve a local government finance self-sufficiency mechanism, together with analysis made to profile the correlation of independent municipal/county government finance versus domestic family income/expenditure at the end, that would help to examine the effectiveness of various fiscal finance measures adopted by the Taipei City Government and the Taipei County Government, and proceed with generalization and coordination to bring up research discovery and few suggestions with after-research.
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Gonyea, Jennifer L. J. "Alone in a crowded room an exploration of family time expenditure and investment related to computer use /." 2005. http://purl.galileo.usg.edu/uga%5Fetd/gonyea%5Fjennifer%5Fl%5F200505%5Fphd.
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Shang, Chen-Hua, and 商振華. "The Horrible Outcome out of Uncontrolled Public Expenditure: Impact and Adjustment on Family Assets Management upon Hyperinflation." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/93w343.
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碩士國立臺北教育大學
社會與區域發展學系碩士班
103
Hyper inflation is considered as one of the most socially destructive economic phenomena. However, Taiwan had experienced such a horrible experience after Sino-Japanese War. Nevertheless, we can hardly find the related researches so far. For the recent score, the government finance deficit kept deteriorating. Poor taxation design with extremely unequal income distribution, with harsh deficits, casts the shadow of high inflation. That’s why this article is about to tackle on the matter to see those difficult old times which Taiwan survived. It will employ economic observation with empirical history exploring, analyzing and check to see the causes and effects that resulted in the hyper inflation. Also to see how were they been settled down. The ending of this article indicated that： Firstly, huge government deficits, monetary and credit expansion result in the excessive demands and goods shortage. Thus entangled to cause hyper inflation. Secondly, hyper inflation results in monetary distrust. It could result in goods pursuing and even bring back the primitive barter society. The government should stop the continuous fiscal deficit, slow the money flow, and prevent the money supply and credit expansion. A sounding government and fiscal management and restoring or upgrading production are key works. The ultimatum solution to defy hyper inflation is to solve from its root - the deficit problems. Thirdly, the thread of counter hyperinflation behaviors by people will be bound to their demand, preference, and resources stock etc. Different systems formed path dependences and personal social capitals are also playing important roles. Lastly, people pursue to procure necessities and valuables like gold and silver most eagerly. Traditional investment on land by landlords can also yield high profits on condition of no war interferences. Money resources financing benefits or loses will be up to credit interest over real market interest, which could be various and tremendous. Underground financial institutions become flourishing result from the quest for outlet of money. Education is still one of the most willingness invest by people rich or poor. Keywords: Hyper inflation, Budget deficit, Monetary policy, Price index, Saving, Investment, Dispersion
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Yang, Chien-Wen, and 楊茜文. "Household Consumption, Income and House Price: Evidence from The Survey of Family Income and Expenditure in Taiwan." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/k8he8j.
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博士國立清華大學
經濟學系所
106
This dissertation studies the topics on households’ consumption, financial market condition, and house price. To explore the issue, we employ the data from the Survey of Family Income and Expenditure in Taiwan (SFIE). As SFIE data are repetitive cross-section surveys rather than longitudinal panel data, we use the pseudo-panel approach a la Deaton (1985) to construct real consumption and income series based on the birth year of household heads. The first chapter aims to empirical study the role of credit constraint in Taiwan’s household consumption using the event of Taiwan’s early 1990s banking deregulation. The second chapter attempts to explore the relation between house price and household consumption. In the first chapter, we use the event of Taiwan’s early 1990s banking deregulation to explore the role of credit constraint in Taiwan’s household consumption. We examine how the response of consumption to predictable changes in income varies over the financial market condition. We employ SFIE over the period 1982 to 2015 to construct consumption and income series for cohorts. In our empirical study, on the one hand, as the general financial environment may be influenced by not only banking deregulation but also other factors, we construct the index of financial condition to capture the changing financial environment and examine how it affects credit constraint and household consumption. On the other hand, since the credit constraints across cohorts tend to be heterogeneous, we consider the following measures to differentiate high and low liquidity-constrained cohorts: cohorts’ net property income, cohorts’ disposable income and the age of cohorts’ head (age below 40 vs. age above or equal 40). Our empirical study reveals the evidence for a gradual way of financial liberalization as well as the effect of relaxed financial market condition on the easing of these constraints particularly during the period of the mid-1980s and -1990s. More specifically, we obtain higher estimates for the sensitivity of consumption to predictable changes in income for cohorts facing a higher degree of liquidity constraint. We also find that the relaxed financial market condition has a significant impact on easing degree of credit constraint, especially for the cohorts facing a higher degree of liquidity constraint when we use cohorts’ net property income and cohorts’ disposable income to differentiate. However, there is no significant differences in age cohorts. These finding suggests that the older cohorts have higher income from property and disposable but young cohorts are better capacity for repayment and get more benefits from financial liberalization than older cohorts. In the second chapter, our study is motivated by the debate in recent literature that the relation between house price and household consumption is explained by wealth effect or the common factor hypothesis, e.g., Campbell and Cocco (2007) and Attanasio et al. (2009, 2011). To explore the relation between house price and consumption in Taiwan, we focus on the characteristics that real estate market is regional and urban leads rural, and employ the sample of age and residence stage households over the period 1993 to 2006 to examine the following questions: (1) can regional house prices explain the difference of consumption growth in regions; (2) whether the difference between the impacts of house price on consumption of cohorts is a direct result of their difference in age (young and older) and residence stage (rural vs. urban). According to wealth effect, the impacts of house price on cohorts’ consumption should be different in region and generation. In our regression model, we extend Rational Expectations Life-Cycle/Permanent Income Model by Muellbauer and Lattimore (1995) and consider mortality rate as an uncertainty factor and regional and macro factors as control variables. In our empirical results, we find that the difference of consumption growth in regions can’t be explained by regional house prices. We also find that house price has positive effects on consumption, but there is no difference between age and residence stage cohorts. Moreover, the effects of house price on consumption using Shinyi house price index that represents pre-owned house price are more significant than Cathay house price index that represents new house property price. Our findings are consistent with Attanasio et al. (2009, 2011) that the relation between house price and consumption is the common hypothesis.
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CHEN, WAN-SHAN, and 陳琬珊. "A Research of Household Income for Imputation Missing Data- The Survey of Family Income and Expenditure in Taiwan." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/62610275026704079975.
Full textAbstract:
碩士輔仁大學
應用統計學研究所
98
"Family income" is an important variable in numerous researches and it is a variable frequently missing in questionnaire surveys. The variable is involved with personal privacy issues that people often do not want to answer. Therefore， the database of “Household Family Income Survey in Taiwan” made by the Directorate-General of Budget， Accounting and Statistics of the Executive Yuan in the duration from 1999 to 2004 is operated with imputation for missing values. The imputation methods include an average Imputation method， a mode imputation， a regression imputation， EM (expectation - maximization) and a hot deck imputation to explore the imputation research on "family income". Theil Prediction Power， Root Mean Squared Deviation and Mean Absolute Deviation are also used to evaluate whether data structures are the same as the structures of original data. From research results， it was found that for family income， if only taking evaluation methods into consideration， the hot deck imputation is exactly the best Imputation method. If data structures after imputation are also taken into consideration， the hot deck imputation and the regression imputation are better ones for imputation exploration.
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Chi-Sheng, Shieh, and 姚俊安. "The Socioeconomic Variables and Food Consumption Expenditure:An Analysis of Taiwan''s Family Income and Expenditure Survey Data in 1992." Thesis, 1995. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/11835917144210457213.
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Lin, Pei Yun, and 林佩芸. "An analysis of income inequality in Taiwan-cases of the family income and expenditure survey and individual income tax data." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/qy253y.
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SHU-TING, ZENG, and 曾淑婷. "The Study on Electricity, Gas & Water consumption of Householder- Sampling from the Survey of Family Income and Expenditure in 2004." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/50816731336387036364.
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LI, WEI-TING, and 李瑋庭. "The Relationship between Family Backgroud and Changes in Education Expenditure in Taiwan: An Application of the Quantile Regression and Counterfactual Decomposition Techniques." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/2p7ge9.
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碩士逢甲大學
財稅學系
106
This paper uses data from the “Report of Survey of Family Income and Expenditure” in 2005 and 2015. Further, this paper uses CQR and UQR to modify the estimation of OLS. In order to observe the distribution and contribution of the explanatory variables to leisure spending over the two years, we used OB (Oaxaca-Blinder) decomposition and RIF (Recentered Influence Function) decomposition to explore the factors that contributed to the difference in leisure spending between 2005 and 2015. The result indicates: First, Household disposable income, gender, income, educational level, couples double family, single parent family, core family, three generations, grandparents and grandchildren has a significant impact on family education spending in 2005 on different component. Second, the most important factor to the increase in disposable income and the change in the distribution of characteristics in 2015 is “coefficient effects. RIF the main factor for the difference between education spending are the coefficient effect of gender, education, job
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Lin, Chi-wei, and 林季緯. "The Prognosis and Healthcare Expenditure of Newly Diagnosed Type 2 DM patients- the Differences Between Family Physicians and the Other Primary Care Physicians." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/97256000988210724251.
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碩士國立中山大學
醫務管理研究所
99
Objective: To recognize the difference of patient care offered by primary care family physician, internist and generalist, according to the incidence rate of the acute complications, time to event interval of the chronic complications and the cost of OPD, admission and emergency care. Method: The first diagnosed diabetes patients were extracted from the National Health Insurance database, utilizing data from 2001 to 2007 to fit the criteria. Patients with catastrophic illness and who attended to the primary care clinic less than 20% of total OPD visits were excluded. The incidence rate of DM acute complications such as hypoglycemia, NKHS and DKA, and the time to event interval of DM chronic complications such as CAD, stroke, DM nephropathy, DM retinopathy, polyneuropathy and DM peripheral artery disease were investigated. Furthermore, the cost of OPD visit, emergency care and hospital admission was also evaluated. Result: The patients cared by primary care family physician tended to get hypoglycemia more frequently, but less likely to get hyperglycemic complications including both DKA and NKHS.The family physician did not recognize the large vessel complications well but can effectively control the diabetic neuropathy and diabetic nephropathy. Compare to those cared by internist, the patients cared by family physician have the lower expense on diabetic related OPD visit, but a little higher on emergency and admission. Totally, the patients cared by family physician have the lowest cost compared to internist and generalist, but without significant difference. Conclusion: The cost of OPD visit was significantly lower in patient cared by primary care family physician compared to internist without sacrifice the quality of care. Further study was necessary due to the limitation of the application of secondary database.
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West, Stacia Michelle. "Self-Reported Family Income and Expenditure Patterns for a Cohort of TANF-Reliant African American Women: Outcomes From a Longitudinal Study in Miami-Dade County, Florida." 2010. http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/674.
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This mixed-method study was designed to analyze the impact of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 on a cohort of welfare-reliant African American women in Miami-Dade County. A snowball sampling technique was utilized to identify and conduct in-person interviews with women who were receiving welfare benefits from January 1997 to March 2000. The study intended to determine the participant characteristics, employment and wage histories, annualized income, and annualized expenditures over the time span. The results indicate that the average age of recipients was 34.5 years old with four children. The average educational attainment for the cohort was 11.7 years and the average time receiving welfare benefits was 6. 2 years. The majority of women in the study had previous or current employment in the service industry. The average annualized expenditures for the cohort was $13,296 and the average annualized income was $16, 198. The results indicate that women who participated in the study have substantial barriers to attaining economic security. In addition, the policies implemented by welfare reform may, in fact, be detrimental to improving self-sufficiency.