Academic literature on the topic 'Family tree maker'

This study was conducted based on the problem of kyai leadership pattern in Islamic boarding school in Jambi which is considered as paternalistic and centralistic. The study was aimed at exploring the effectiveness of kyai leadership at Islamic boarding schools in Jambi dealing with the following questions: 1) What kind of system is applied in the election of Islamic boarding school leader? 2) What kind of leadership model used in Islamic boarding school Jambi? 3) What is the effectiveness of the kyai leadership in relation with the vision, mission, management, and policy maker of that school? 4) What were the roles of kyai as the leader of Islamic boarding school among the society? Qualitative design was used in this study and purposive sampling was employed to determine the respondents. Observation, interview and documentation were used to collect the data. It was found that: 1) The Islamic Boarding School of Nurul Iman applied deliberation and consensus system leader in which teachers, board of trustees and coordinator of Pecinan are participating in when electing the leader and the model of leadership in this school is charismatic. The As’ad School leader’s election was based on family-tree system and the model of leadership in this school was paternalistic. In PKP Al-Hidayah, the leader is elected directly by the government of Jambi province as the owner of the school. 2) In general, the model of leadership applied in Islamic boarding school in Jambi was collective-passive model because generally Islamic boarding school at Jambi are under the management of particular foundation.3) The leadership of kyai is not effective because the management system applied was not effective. 4) The role of kyai among the society ran harmoniously. Based on the research findings, democratic and open election system are recommended in Islamic boarding school leader election to respect individual right to consider leader’s credibility, quality and acceptability. Copyright © 2015 by Al-Ta'lim All right reserved

The land area required for a marker-aided selection (MAS) program to break-even (i.e., have equal costs and benefits) was estimated using computer simulation for coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) in the Pacific Northwestern United States. We compared the selection efficiency obtained when using an index that included the phenotype and marker score with that obtained using only the phenotype. It was assumed that MAS was restricted to within-family selection, that the rotation age was 50 years, and that growth rate (h2 = 0.25), tree form (h2 = 0.25), and (or) wood density (h2 = 0.45) were the objects of improvement. Several population quantitative trait loci (QTL) models, selection population sizes, and interest rates were considered. When large selection population sizes were employed (500 trees per family) MAS gave considerable increases in efficiency of within-family selection; however, results showed that the combination of small selection population sizes (100 trees per family) and many QTL of moderate effect could lead to losses in gain from MAS compared with phenotypic selection. For many reasonable selection scenarios and the simplified assumptions in our model, the land base required for breeding programs to break-even is smaller or near to the limit of those in place under operational breeding programs in the region. Considerably more research is needed to reasonably predict whether MAS would be cost-effective in practice. However, before some of the basic research needed to implement MAS can be done, organizations need to establish large blocks of full-sib families to allow for QTL identification.

The practical use of marker-assisted selection (MAS) is limited in conifers because of the difficulty with developing markers due to a rapid decrease in linkage disequilibrium, the limited genomic information available, and the diverse genetic backgrounds among the breeding material collections. First, in this study, two families were produced by artificial crossing between two male-sterile trees, ‘Shindai11’ and ‘Shindai12’, and a plus tree, ‘Suzu-2’ (Ms1/ms1) (S11-S and S12-S families, respectively). The segregation ratio between the male-sterile and male-fertile trees did not deviate significantly from the expected 1:1 ratio in either family. These results clearly suggested that the male-sterile gene of ‘Shindai11’ and ‘Shindai12’ is MALE STERILITY 1 (MS1). Since it is difficult to understand the relative positions of each marker, due to the lack of a linkage map which all the closely linked markers previously reported are mapped on, we constructed a partial linkage map of the region encompassing MS1 using the S11-S and S12-S families. For the S11-S and S12-S families, 19 and 18 markers were mapped onto the partial linkage maps of the MS1 region, respectively. There was collinearity (conserved gene order) between the two partial linkage maps. Two markers (CJt020762_ms1-1 and reCj19250_2335) were mapped to the same position as the MS1 locus on both maps. Of these markers, we used CJt020762 for the MAS in this study. According to the MAS results for 650 trees from six prefectures of Japan (603 trees from breeding materials and 47 trees from the Ishinomaki natural population), five trees in Niigata Prefecture and one tree in Yamagata Prefecture had heterozygous ms1-1, and three trees in Miyagi Prefecture had heterozygous ms1-2. The results obtained in this study suggested that ms1-1 and ms1-2 have different geographical distributions. Since MAS can be used effectively to reduce the labor and time required for selection of trees with a male-sterile gene, the research should help ensure that the quantity of breeding materials will increase to assist future tree-breeding efforts.

In order to clarify the current phylogeny of the haloarchaea, particularly the closely related genera that have been difficult to sort out using 16S rRNA gene sequences, the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase subunit B′ gene (rpoB′) was used as a complementary molecular marker. Partial sequences of the gene were determined from 16 strains of the family Halobacteriaceae. Comparisons of phylogenetic trees inferred from the gene and protein sequences as well as from corresponding 16S rRNA gene sequences suggested that species of the genera Natrialba, Natronococcus, Halobiforma, Natronobacterium, Natronorubrum, Natrinema/Haloterrigena and Natronolimnobius formed a monophyletic group in all trees. In the RpoB′ protein tree, the alkaliphilic species Natrialba chahannaoensis, Natrialba hulunbeirensis and Natrialba magadii formed a tight group, while the neutrophilic species Natrialba asiatica formed a separate group with species of the genera Natronorubrum and Natronolimnobius. Species of the genus Natronorubrum were split into two groups in both the rpoB′ gene and protein trees. The most important advantage of the use of the rpoB′ gene over the 16S rRNA gene is that sequences of the former are highly conserved amongst species of the family Halobacteriaceae. All sequences determined so far can be aligned unambiguously without any gaps. On the other hand, gaps are necessary at 49 positions in the inner part of the alignment of 16S rRNA gene sequences. The rpoB′ gene and protein sequences can be used as an excellent alternative molecular marker in phylogenetic analysis of the Halobacteriaceae.

The effectiveness of detected quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and molecular markers associated with them in tree fruit breeding is measured by the percentages of the variance associated with detected QTL effects accounting for not phenotypic variance, but genetic variance of the trait. The genetic variance can be obtained by subtracting environmental variance from the phenotypic variance. Once accurate environmental variance components are obtained for a given selection field, environmental variances under any number of replications and measurement repetitions can be estimated. We estimated environmental variance components of fruit ripening date measured by days in a Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) breeding field in the National Institute of Fruit Tree Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. We estimated variance among fruits within a tree (σf2) as 25.6, among trees within a genotype (σt2) as 0.2, among years (σy2) as 9.4, associated with genotype × year interaction (σgy2) as 7.9, and associated with tree × year interaction (σty2) as 1.2. Because σf2 was the largest environmental variance component, increasing the number of fruit evaluated would most effectively reduce the environmental variance, and tree replication would not because of very small σt2 and σty2. The 95% confidence limit of a genotypic value was ± 10 days in the evaluation of five fruits on a single tree in a year and ± 7 days over 2 years. Broad-sense heritability in a family, each offspring in which was evaluated using five fruits on a single tree in a single year, was estimated at 0.83 for three full-sib families analyzed.

Genomic selection is now being used at an accelerating pace in many plant species. This review first discusses the factors affecting the accuracy of genomic selection, and then interprets results of existing plant genomic selection studies in light of these factors. Differences between genomic breeding strategies for self-pollinated and open-pollinated species, and between-population level v. within-family design, are highlighted. As expected, more training individuals, higher trait heritability and higher marker density generally lead to better accuracy of genomic breeding values in both self-pollinated and open-pollinated plants. Most published studies to date have artificially limited effective population size by using designs of bi-parental or within-family structure to increase accuracies. The capacity of genomic selection to reduce generation intervals by accurately evaluating traits at an early age makes it an effective tool to deliver more genetic gain from plant breeding in many cases.

A great deal of both scholarly and public attention has been paid to questions of nature versus nurture in understanding identity and family construction in adoptees, yet much less attention has been given to the ways that power shapes the social reproduction of families through adoption. In this feminist interdisciplinary self-reflexive ethnographic research, I enter the world of online genealogy sites to critically explore the social practice of constructing a family tree as an adoptee. I explore genealogy as a culturally and historically specific representation of patriarchal heteronormative whiteness. I argue that adoptees’ liminal locations between socially understood categories of nature and nurture embedded in online family heritage websites make evident the ways that genealogical templates and stories reproduce mainstream family ideology through the erasure of “illegitimacy”. I consider what I found in my adoptive family history, critically exploring my “legitimate” relationship to my family in relation to the “illegitimate” (and unrecognized) relationship between my family and an enslaved child transferred as property between family members in 1813. This research makes visible power inequalities governing family reproduction at macro levels by exploring the contradictions and slippages regarding family “legitimacy” in micro level online genealogical constructions of adoptees’ family trees.

Zhou, Y., Li, J., Korban, S. S. and Han, Y. 2013. Apple SSRs present in coding and noncoding regions of expressed sequence tags show differences in transferability to other fruit species in Rosaceae. Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 183–190. Simple sequence repeat markers derived from expressed sequence tags (ESTs) are referred to as eSSRs. To develop molecular markers for non-model plants in Rosaceae, we investigated the transferability of apple eSSRs across seven fruit trees, belonging to four genera and 11 species of the Rosaceae family, including peach, quince, pear, loquat, apricot, cherry, and plum. Of the 98 apple eSSRs tested, 86 successfully amplified PCR products in at least one of the fruit tree species. Five apple eSSRs produced amplicons in more than five fruit tree species, and were deemed as a widely transferable Rosaceae marker set. Frequency of transferability of apple eSSRs across all seven fruit trees of Rosaceae varied widely among genera and species, with an average transferability of 29.0%. Overall, apple eSSRs transferred more easily to peach and pear than to plum and loquat. Interestingly, apple eSSRs present in coding sequences (CDS) showed higher levels of transferability to other fruit trees than those present in noncoding or untranslated regions (UTRs). Interestingly, apple eSSRs present in 5'UTRs showed lower frequencies of transfer than those present in 3'UTRs. The latter finding suggested that 5'UTRs might have diverged more rapidly than 3'UTRs in Rosaceae.

Abstract A recent study of New World orioles (Icterus spp.), which traced a large number of plumage characters onto a mitochondrial DNA phylogeny, reported high frequencies of evolutionary convergence and reversal of plumage characters (Omland and Lanyon 2000). Although those results are consistent with other smaller scale studies that have documented plumage homoplasy, the mitochondrial genome is inherited as a single linkage group, so mitochondrial data represent only one gene tree. The mitochondrial (mt) DNA tree may not reflect the true evolutionary history of a lineage; therefore, it remains possible that the plumage characters could reflect the true species phylogeny. Other rapidly evolving regions of DNA can provide independent phylogenetic hypotheses useful for evaluating mitochondrial gene trees. A novel phylogenetic marker, a region of the nuclear gene ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) spanning from exon 6 to exon 8, was sequenced in 10 oriole species. The resultant nuclear gene tree reconstructs the same three major oriole clades as the mtDNA tree (Omland et al. 1999), supporting the conclusion that plumage evolution in the New World orioles has been highly homoplastic. Although most phylogenetic studies that have employed introns report greatest resolution at the genus or family level, ODC appears to offer some degree of phylogenetic resolution for infrageneric analyses. However, that intron has clearly not sorted to monophyly within or between closely related species.

The paper aims to examine how the wives of men with dementia experience their lives and how they perceive support from the society. The paper also aims to highlight the family care consultants´ work and views on support for families of people with dementia. Three spouses of people with dementia and three family care consultants were interviewed and the results were analyzed using Antonovsky's (1991) three theoretical concepts; comprehensibility, manageability and meaningfulness that comes from his theory Sense of coherence. The results show that the three wives whose men suffered from dementia spend most of their time, effort and energy on their husbands. They do not have time to think about their own needs and what support they feel they could use for themselves. They do not think about themselves as caregivers, they are spouses. Family care consultants are well aware of the importance of meeting and see the relatives in their lives, and denounces the importance of a support designed individually. Family care consultants understand that the most important and the best support society can provide a family care giver is that their close ones are well taken care of and given good care.

AbstractThis case study shares the results and lessons learned from agroforestry practices to restore a degraded and abandoned landscape, the production of seedlings of native and endemic tree species for forest restoration, and a trial of autochthones species transplantation at the village level in Madagascar. Awareness-raising and facilitation carried out by the NGO team on landscape changes and their effects on local people’s lives, food and natural resources, were the initial drivers of this process. A farmer led the landscape restoration experimentation by taking part of his poor, degraded land that had been long abandoned, and giving the green light to use it as a ‘farmer field school’. The community decided to keep the other side of the field untouched to enable comparison. Community members learned from each other by periodically sharing experiences. Community capacity-building on family accounting, production and harvest management helped community members to make decisions regarding the choice of crops and landscaping types suited to their needs. The community started to see results from the third year and increased the landscaped areas to boost future production. Some native trees like Harina (Bridelia tuleasneana), a highly preferred tree usually harvested from the rainforest for building materials, adapted very well to the village. The villagers learned to plant them rather than harvest them from the natural forest. The commitment, patience and courage of the community, and their immense pride in what they have achieved, created a cascading effect leading to sustainability.

AbstractLifted (family-based) static analysis by abstract interpretation is capable of analyzing all variants of a program family simultaneously, in a single run without generating any of the variants explicitly. The elements of the underlying lifted analysis domain are tuples, which maintain one property per variant. Still, explicit property enumeration in tuples, one by one for all variants, immediately yields combinatorial explosion. This is particularly apparent in the case of program families that, apart from Boolean features, contain also numerical features with large domains, thus giving rise to astronomical configuration spaces.The key for an efficient lifted analysis is a proper handling of variability-specific constructs of the language (e.g., feature-based runtime tests and $$\texttt {\#if}$$ # if directives). In this work, we introduce a new symbolic representation of the lifted abstract domain that can efficiently analyze program families with numerical features. This makes sharing between property elements corresponding to different variants explicitly possible. The elements of the new lifted domain are constraint-based decision trees, where decision nodes are labeled with linear constraints defined over numerical features and the leaf nodes belong to an existing single-program analysis domain. To illustrate the potential of this representation, we have implemented an experimental lifted static analyzer, called SPLNum$$^2$$ 2 Analyzer, for inferring invariants of C programs. An empirical evaluation on BusyBox and on benchmarks from SV-COMP yields promising preliminary results indicating that our decision trees-based approach is effective and outperforms the baseline tuple-based approach.

I explore family-making in three distinct regions of the country in the early years of the twenty-first century. I use as a lens a series of same-sex marriage performances in 2004 in San Francisco, California; Bernalillo, New Mexico; and Iowa City, Iowa, exploring my interviewees’ differing relationships to these local claims for legal same-sex marriage. I explore the ways lesbian mothers negotitate lack of access to the range of social protections, benefits, and privileges that come with legal marriage at federal, state, and local levels through a reproductive justice lens. This comparative regional emphasis demonstrates stratification between mothers living in different states, with access to different levels of legal protection. At the same time, it also makes evident stratification among mothers of different racial-ethnic identities, tribal identities, and socioeconomic statuses living in the same state that are connected to long histories of settler colonialism, white supremacy, and patriarchy.

This chapter asks why individuals participate in terrorism. It looks at their characteristics and considers whether or not we can infer something about their motivation, the causes behind their participation, from their characteristics and family backgrounds. The chapter argues that poor economic conditions do not seem to motivate people to participate in terrorist activities. This holds true in cases from both the societal and the individual level, the latter of which is this chapter's focus. This chapter describes research conducted at the country level, discussing the characteristics of countries that are either havens for terrorists or targets of terrorists.

This chapter reveals the attitudes and practices of Mann and Ross towards the issues of women and gender. It argues both that they welcomed women into the labour and socialist movements and also valued women’s contributions in the domestic, reproductive and productive spheres. As such they did not articulate the patriarchal attitudes so common among their male labour-movement contemporaries. Rather they embraced the cause of ‘full’ or ‘true’ emancipation for women. Yet at the same time they did not advocate either the abolition of the nuclear family or ‘free love’. Ross, in common with most Australian labour activists, articulated a highly racialised and racist view of ‘womanhood’. During the interwar period Mann continued to advocate the full emancipation of women and opposed racism. But he was also a member of an organisation, the Communist Party of Great Britain, which, despite its professed goals to ‘transcend the division of the sexes’, was dominated by men and ‘masculinist’ attitudes and practices. For both men women’s and feminist concerns played second fiddle to those of class. This chapter makes a new contribution to the literature on gender, class and race.

This chapter examines the challenges of, and opportunities afforded by, undertaking research with families. The home is normally regarded as an intensely private place, and it is rare for a non-family member to be given insights into family practices, allegiances, and ruptures. The chapter then outlines the study's mixed-methods approach, which combines a multigenerational questionnaire with numerous conversations with parents and grandparents, as well as a family tree mapping exercise. The study combines these methods to explore the extent to which the 'relational, embedded and connected' nature of everyday life contributes to the inheritance or abandonment of particular forms of civic engagement. The chapter also introduces the study participants. Although predominantly white, the families vary significantly in terms of their household make-up and socioeconomic circumstances. The chapter concludes with some caveats that should help one to contextualise and interpret the empirical research presented in the following chapters.

The Mongolic languages constitute a compact language family with limited written history. Given the paucity of decisive shared features such as sound laws, it has been relatively hard to set up a Mongolic family tree. Owing to the steady increase in the number of sufficiently studied Mongolic languages and dialects in the past 60 years, Mongolists have reached a rough consensus. This chapter will provide a brief overview of published opinions and a survey of phonological, morphological, and lexical arguments traditionally used in classification. In addition, it will attempt to make use of irregular, not easily repeated, developments as an alternative avenue to fine-tune the classification.

This chapter discusses family group conferences (FGCs) and marginalised communities. FGCs offer an alternative and more sustainable approach to working with families who are marginalised or socially excluded. Used in the right way, and with due regard paid to the culture and context in which families are living, FGCs are a powerful and effective intervention. The danger is that practitioners and services believe that it is automatically culturally competent, and they need to be aware that it operates as a framework that embraces culture if true partnerships are formed with families and they are empowered to make choices about the way that the model works for them. In order to do this, practitioners must be able to have conversations with families about their cultural beliefs, values, and practices and work with them to ensure that the FGC embodies this. Furthermore, FGCs have the potential to strengthen and build communities and social capital.

The beginning of the third chapter discusses and fully present 496 biographies of Jewish physicians, followed by the biographies of 111 Jewish pharmacists (apothecaries, perfumers and druggists). It also deals with related issues, such as potion makers and commercial aspects of drugs. Making up a third group are the dynasties of Jewish practitioners, a phenomenon that will be explained and discussed. Forty-nine dynasties consisting of 139 practitioners will be presented, including the biographies of the members and in most cases a chart of the family tree, along with detailed discussion of the dynasties, their role in the Jewish communities and their relationship with the Muslim administrations and rulers throughout the relevant periods.

This concluding chapter explains that Hammer Films is a true icon of cinema, not only in Britain, but internationally. While the great 'family' studio of the past has gone, Hammer CEO Simon Oakes states that he and his team 'have a family growing here, that's just starting', and there are clearly thematic repetitions across the twenty-first century oeuvre. However, while the old films stuck to very particular conventions, eventually to the point of unoriginality for the sake of profit, Oakes's team have produced a series of individually distinct films, aside from their generic similarity. These new Hammer horrors may not yet have attained the same cult status, and they are clearly products of the contemporary globalised industry, but this certainly does not make them lesser films, and in The Woman in Black (2012) the company scored a bona fide international hit. With much larger budgets, Hammer is now able to indulge in more sophisticated projects.

ARBOTOM® 3-D tree tomograph is a non-destructive decay-sensing instrument based on measurements in standing trees. The accuracy of ARBOTOM® 3-D tree tomograph in detecting decay was evaluated for 703 standing trees in 27 Norway spruce (Picea abies) stands. Trees were measured at three different heights, 0 m, 1 m, and 2 m above the ground. Sections were later inspected for the presence of decay by increment borings and wood croscuts. A system of stochastic differential equations and multivariate normal copula density function were used to develop decay detecting rule. In the present study, the Vasicek stochastic process was employed to analyze propagation velocity data of the stress wave that diffuses through the wood of damaged and healthy tree stems in standing trees. Ornstein–Uhlenbeck family stochastic processes offer a possibility of capturing important distributional differences between damaged and healthy trees stress wave velocity datasets and make the model flexible to internal decay of a tree stem. The study reveals that the Vasicek type stochastic process is a possible candidate for statistical classification of waveforms. After the conditional probability density functions to ratio of difference maximal and minimal propagation velocities to minimal and maximal propagation velocity were established, a bivariate normal copula distribution model was constructed. The results are implemented in the symbolic computational language MAPLE.

Abstract Due to its finite size and the large centrifugal load, the fir-tree root is highly stressed, which leads to the possible early failure of the gas turbine and steam turbine. To find an optimized fir-tree root is an important issue for the design of the turbine structures. In this paper, a superellipse-based design optimization approach is proposed for the fir-tree root. Rather than the straight line and arc used in literature, the combination of the superellipse curve and line are employed to characterize the fir-tree root since the superellipse curve represents a large family of curves with limited parameters, which makes the design optimization easy and economic. For the design optimization, the objective function is to minimize the peak stress, which is a typical min-max problem with possible severe iterative oscillation and subsequent convergence difficulty. To avoid this problem, a P-norm aggregation function is proposed. The superellipse parameters are defined as design variables, while the stress concentration factor and the stress at root neck are specified as optimization constraints. With the P-series fir-tree root design as example, it is proved that our approach is effective to find the optimized configuration with better stress distribution and lower stress concentration.

The formulation of a product family requires extensive knowledge about the product market space and also the technical limitations of a company’s engineering design and manufacturing processes. We present a methodology to significantly reduce the computational time required to achieve an optimal product portfolio by eliminating the need for an exhaustive search of all possible product concepts. This is achieved through a data mining decision tree technique that generates a set of product concepts that are subsequently validated in the engineering design level using multi-level optimization techniques. The final optimal product portfolio evaluates products based on the following three criteria: 1) The ability to satisfy customer’s price and performance expectations (based on predictive model) defined here as the feasibility criterion. 2) The feasible set of products/variants validated at the engineering level must generate positive profit that we define as the optimality criterion. 3) The optimal set of products/variants should be a manageable size as defined by the enterprise decisions makers and should therefore not exceed the product portfolio limit. The strength of our work is to reveal the tremendous savings in time and resources that exist when data mining predictive techniques are applied to the formulation of an optimal product portfolio. Using data mining tree generation techniques, a customer response data set of 40,000 individual product preferences is narrowed down to 46 product family concepts and then validated through the multilevel engineering design response of feasible architectures. A cell phone example is presented and an optimal product portfolio solution is achieved that maximizes company profit, while concurrently satisfying customer product performance expectations.

A significant amount of research has established that product platform planning is effective for the development of multiple products and management strategy for companies in today’s market. However, there are still significant challenges in planning and the realization of product families and platforms. This is particularly true for determining family and platform architectures—imperative assets in companies in order to pursue competitive advantages. It is a challenging task because individual customization of products generally competes with the goal of maximizing platform commonality. To address this challenge, this paper introduces a graphical computer-based modeling environment to support product design teams in configuring modular product families. In the modeling environment, a product family can be decomposed into its products, modules, and functions. Also, interfaces among the product components can be elaborated by defining the relationship types (fundamental, redundant, and operational). Further elaboration can be achieved by defining an appropriate set of module drivers from four different perspectives: financial, customer, design processes, and organizational culture/IT. These features facilitate modeling of a product family at multiple levels of abstraction as capturing design drivers, reasoning and goals. The application of the modeling environment is illustrated with a family of coffee-makers. It is demonstrated how the proposed modeling method offers a comprehensive representation and understanding of product family planning by integrating multiple perspectives on modular architecting. Moreover, a matrix-based analysis option is provided for design teams to view the relationships between the technical functions and the forms, and the design goals and the customer requirements in a preliminary manner.

A finales del siglo XIX, la fotografía se convirtió en el pasatiempo perfecto de las clases altas gracias a los avances técnicos que transformaron el medio. Se calcula que en el Madrid de entresiglos existían no menos de mil fotógrafos amateurs y hasta más de tres mil en Barcelona. A medida que avanzaron los años, el aparato fotográfico pasó a ser un objeto común, hasta tal punto que, pasada la primera mitad del siglo XX, cualquier familia de clase media contaba con una cámara en sus hogares. Este hecho propició la progresiva acumulación de imágenes fotográficas y condicionó el destino de muchas de ellas: el olvido.Entrado el siglo XXI, y ante la imposición de generar cada vez más material dentro del marco de la iconosfera, nos afanamos por rescatar imágenes del pasado condenadas al silencio gracias, entre otros factores, a la reciente preocupación por la memoria, la imposición de la llamada cultura digital y el auge de los estudios visuales, tratando de hacer justicia a aquellos nombres obviados en la resbaladiza Historia de la fotografía. En los últimos años hemos asistido a la puesta en valor del trabajo de fotógrafos desconocidos. El caso más sonado ha sido el de la fotógrafa americana Vivian Maier, aunque en el ámbito nacional también hemos visto resurgir las obras de fotógrafos que han puesto en relieve esta disyuntiva, como Virxilio Vieitez, Luis Ramón Marín, Milagros Caturla o Ximo Berenguer.La denominada fotografía vernácula genera cada vez mayor interés entre los aficionados y teóricos de la fotografía, como Robert Flynn Johnson, conservador jefe de la Fundación Achembach para las Artes Gráficas de San Francisco, dado su carácter utilitario, doméstico y heterotópico, siguiendo a Clément Chéroux. La escasa atención que suscita la autoría de estas imágenes silenciosas, silenciadas, nos obliga a respondernos a una pregunta que aparece repetidamente. ¿Cuál es el factor que verdaderamente determina que una fotografía ingrese en el olimpo de las obras maestras?En esta línea camina la presente comunicación, cuyo objetivo fundamental es cuestionar los paradigmas que rigen la noción misma del valor fotográfico y su propia naturaleza ambivalente; preguntándonos dónde se encuentran los límites entre lo válido y lo excluido, reformularemos la idea de un archivo fotográfico vivo, que se hace extensible a la Historia como disciplina, una disciplina viva que continúa reescribiéndose.

Highly selective removal of Cesium and Strontium is critical for waste treatment and environmental remediation. Cesium-137 is a beta-gamma emitter and Strontium-90 is a beta emitter with respective half-lives of 30 and 29 years. Both elements are present at many nuclear sites. Cesium and Strontium can be found in wastewaters at Washington State’s Hanford Site, as well as in wastestreams of many Magnox reactor sites. Cesium and Strontium are found in the Reactor Coolant System of light water reactors at nuclear power plants. Both elements are also found in spent nuclear fuel and in high-level waste (HLW) at DOE sites. Cesium and Strontium are further major contributors to the activity and the heat load. Therefore, technologies to extract Cesium and Strontium are critical for environmental remediation waste treatment and dose minimization. Radionuclides such as Cesium-137 and Strontium-90 are key drivers of liquid waste classification at light water reactors and within the DOE tank farm complexes. The treatment, storage, and disposal of these wastes represents a major cost for nuclear power plant operators, and comprises one of the most challenging technology-driven projects for the DOE Environmental Management (EM) program. Extraction technologies to remove Cesium and Strontium have been an active field of research. Four notable extraction technologies have been developed so far for HLW: solvent extraction, prussian blue, crystalline silicotitanate (CST) and organic ion-exchangers (e.g., resorcinol formaldehyde and SuperLig). The use of one technology over another depends on the specific application. For example, the waste treatment plant (WTP) at Hanford is planning on using a highly-selective organic ion-exchange resin to remove Cesium and Strontium. Such organic ion-exchangers use molecular recognition to selectively bind to Cesium and Strontium. However, these organic ion-exchangers are synthesized using multi-step organic synthesis. The associated cost to synthesize organic ion-exchangers is prohibitive and seriously limits the scope of applications for organic ion-exchangers. Further issues include resin swelling, potential hydrogen generation and precluding final disposal by vitrification without further issues. An alternative to these issues of organic ion-exchangers is emerging. Inorganic ion-exchangers offer a superior chemical, thermal and radiation stability which is simply not achievable with organic compounds. They can be used to remove both Cesium as well as Strontium with a high level of selectivity under a broad pH range. Inorganic ion-exchangers can operate at acidic pH where protons inhibit ion exchange in alternative technologies such as CST. They can also be used at high pH which is typically found in conditions present in many nuclear waste types. For example, inorganic ion-exchangers have shown significant Strontium uptake from pH 1.9 to 14. In contrast to organic ion-exchangers, inorganic ion-exchangers are not synthesized via complex multi-step organic synthesis. Therefore, inorganic ion-exchangers are substantially more cost-effective when compared to organic ion-exchangers as well as CST. Selective removal of specified isotopes through ion exchange is a common and proven treatment method for liquid waste, yet various aspects of existing technologies leave room for improvement with respect to both cost and effectiveness. We demonstrate a novel class of inorganic ion-exchangers for the selective removal of cesium and strontium (with future work planned for uranium removal), the first of a growing family of patent-pending, potentially elutable, and paramagnetic ion-exchange materials [1]. These highly selective inorganic ion-exchangers display strong chemical, thermal and radiation stability, and can be readily synthesized from low-cost materials, making them a promising alternative to organic ion-exchange resins and crystalline silicotitanate (CST). By nature, these inorganic media lend themselves more readily to volume reduction (VR) by vitrification without the issues faced with organic resins. In fact, with a simple melting of the KMS-1 media at 650–670 deg. C (i.e., well below the volatilization temperature of Cs, Sr, Mn, Fe, Sb, etc.), a VR of 4:1 was achieved. With true pyrolysis at higher temperatures or by vitrification, this VR would be much higher. The introduction of this new family of highly specific ion-exchange agents has potential to both reduce the cost of waste processing, and enable improved waste-classification management in both nuclear power plants (for the separation of Class A from B/C wastes) and DOE tank farms [for the separation of low level waste (LLW) from high level waste (HLW)]. In conclusion, we demonstrate for the first time a novel inorganic ion-exchanger for the selective removal of Cesium and Strontium. These inorganic ion-exchangers are chemical, thermal and radiation stable. These inorganic ion-exchangers can be synthesized in a cost-effective way which makes them significantly more effective than organic ion-exchange resin and CST. Finally, new thermal options are afforded for their final volume reduction, storage and disposal.

Aim/Purpose: This paper provides the results of the preliminary analysis of the findings of an ongoing study that seeks to examine the social media use, cultural and political awareness, civic engagement, issue prioritization, and social activism of Gen Z students enrolled at four different institutional types located in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. The aim of this study is to look at the group as a whole as well as compare findings across populations. The institutional types under consideration include a mid-sized majority serving or otherwise referred to as a traditionally white institution (TWI) located in a small coastal city on the Atlantic Ocean, a small Historically Black University (HBCU) located in a rural area, a large community college located in a county that is a mixture of rural and suburban and which sits on the border of Maryland and Pennsylvania, and graduating high school students enrolled in career and technical education (CTE) programs in a large urban area. This exploration is purposed to examine the behaviors and expectations of Gen Z students within a representative American region during a time of tremendous turmoil and civil unrest in the United States. Background: Over 74 million strong, Gen Z makes up almost one-quarter of the U.S. population. They already outnumber any current living generation and are the first true digital natives. Born after 1996 and through 2012, they are known for their short attention spans and heightened ability to multi-task. Raised in the age of the smart phone, they have been tethered to digital devices from a young age with most having the preponderance of their childhood milestones commemorated online. Often called Zoomers, they are more racially and ethnically diverse than any previous generation and are on track to be the most well-educated generation in history. Gen Zers in the United States have been found in the research to be progressive and pro-government and viewing increasing racial and ethnic diversity as positive change. Finally, they are less likely to hold xenophobic beliefs such as the notion of American exceptionalism and superiority that have been popular with by prior generations. The United States has been in a period of social and civil unrest in recent years with concerns over systematic racism, rampant inequalities, political polarization, xenophobia, police violence, sexual assault and harassment, and the growing epidemic of gun violence. Anxieties stirred by the COVID-19 pandemic further compounded these issues resulting in a powder keg explosion occurring throughout the summer of 2020 and leading well into 2021. As a result, the United States has deteriorated significantly in the Civil Unrest Index falling from 91st to 34th. The vitriol, polarization, protests, murders, and shootings have all occurred during Gen Z’s formative years, and the limited research available indicates that it has shaped their values and political views. Methodology: The Mid-Atlantic region is a portion of the United States that exists as the overlap between the northeastern and southeastern portions of the country. It includes the nation’s capital, as well as large urban centers, small cities, suburbs, and rural enclaves. It is one of the most socially, economically, racially, and culturally diverse parts of the United States and is often referred to as the “typically American region.” An electronic survey was administered to students from 2019 through 2021 attending a high school dual enrollment program, a minority serving institution, a majority serving institution, and a community college all located within the larger mid-Atlantic region. The survey included a combination of multiple response, Likert scaled, dichotomous, open ended, and ordinal questions. It was developed in the Survey Monkey system and reviewed by several content and methodological experts in order to examine bias, vagueness, or potential semantic problems. Finally, the survey was pilot tested prior to implementation in order to explore the efficacy of the research methodology. It was then modified accordingly prior to widespread distribution to potential participants. The surveys were administered to students enrolled in classes taught by the authors all of whom are educators. Participation was voluntary, optional, and anonymous. Over 800 individuals completed the survey with just over 700 usable results, after partial completes and the responses of individuals outside of the 18-24 age range were removed. Findings: Participants in this study overwhelmingly were users of social media. In descending order, YouTube, Instagram, Snapchat, Twitter, Facebook, Pinterest, WhatsApp, LinkedIn and Tik Tok were the most popular social media services reported as being used. When volume of use was considered, Instagram, Snapchat, YouTube and Twitter were the most cited with most participants reporting using Instagram and Snapchat multiple times a day. When asked to select which social media service they would use if forced to choose just one, the number one choice was YouTube followed by Instagram and Snapchat. Additionally, more than half of participants responded that they have uploaded a video to a video sharing site such as YouTube or Tik Tok. When asked about their familiarity with different technologies, participants overwhelmingly responded that they are “very familiar” with smart phones, searching the Web, social media, and email. About half the respondents said that they were “very familiar” with common computer applications such as the Microsoft Office Suite or Google Suite with another third saying that they were “somewhat familiar.” When asked about Learning Management Systems (LMS) like Blackboard, Course Compass, Canvas, Edmodo, Moodle, Course Sites, Google Classroom, Mindtap, Schoology, Absorb, D2L, itslearning, Otus, PowerSchool, or WizIQ, only 43% said they were “very familiar” with 31% responding that they were “somewhat familiar.” Finally, about half the students were either “very” or “somewhat” familiar with operating systems such as Windows. A few preferences with respect to technology in the teaching and learning process were explored in the survey. Most students (85%) responded that they want course announcements and reminders sent to their phones, 76% expect their courses to incorporate the use of technology, 71% want their courses to have course websites, and 71% said that they would rather watch a video than read a book chapter. When asked to consider the future, over 81% or respondents reported that technology will play a major role in their future career. Most participants considered themselves “informed” or “well informed” about current events although few considered themselves “very informed” or “well informed” about politics. When asked how they get their news, the most common forum reported for getting news and information about current events and politics was social media with 81% of respondents reporting. Gen Z is known to be an engaged generation and the participants in this study were not an exception. As such, it came as no surprise to discover that, in the past year more than 78% of respondents had educated friends or family about an important social or political issue, about half (48%) had donated to a cause of importance to them, more than a quarter (26%) had participated in a march or rally, and a quarter (26%) had actively boycotted a product or company. Further, about 37% consider themselves to be a social activist with another 41% responding that aren’t sure if they would consider themselves an activist and only 22% saying that they would not consider themselves an activist. When asked what issues were important to them, the most frequently cited were Black Lives Matter (75%), human trafficking (68%), sexual assault/harassment/Me Too (66.49%), gun violence (65.82%), women’s rights (65.15%), climate change (55.4%), immigration reform/deferred action for childhood arrivals (DACA) (48.8%), and LGBTQ+ rights (47.39%). When the schools were compared, there were only minor differences in social media use with the high school students indicating slightly more use of Tik Tok than the other participants. All groups were virtually equal when it came to how informed they perceived themselves about current events and politics. Consensus among groups existed with respect to how they get their news, and the community college and high school students were slightly more likely to have participated in a march, protest, or rally in the last 12 months than the university students. The community college and high school students were also slightly more likely to consider themselves social activists than the participants from either of the universities. When the importance of the issues was considered, significant differences based on institutional type were noted. Black Lives Matter (BLM) was identified as important by the largest portion of students attending the HBCU followed by the community college students and high school students. Less than half of the students attending the TWI considered BLM an important issue. Human trafficking was cited as important by a higher percentage of students attending the HBCU and urban high school than at the suburban and rural community college or the TWI. Sexual assault was considered important by the majority of students at all the schools with the percentage a bit smaller from the majority serving institution. About two thirds of the students at the high school, community college, and HBCU considered gun violence important versus about half the students at the majority serving institution. Women’s rights were reported as being important by more of the high school and HBCU participants than the community college or TWI. Climate change was considered important by about half the students at all schools with a slightly smaller portion reporting out the HBCU. Immigration reform/DACA was reported as important by half the high school, community college, and HBCU participants with only a third of the students from the majority serving institution citing it as an important issue. With respect to LGBTQ rights approximately half of the high school and community college participants cited it as important, 44.53% of the HBCU students, and only about a quarter of the students attending the majority serving institution. Contribution and Conclusion: This paper provides a timely investigation into the mindset of generation Z students living in the United States during a period of heightened civic unrest. This insight is useful to educators who should be informed about the generation of students that is currently populating higher education. The findings of this study are consistent with public opinion polls by Pew Research Center. According to the findings, the Gen Z students participating in this study are heavy users of multiple social media, expect technology to be integrated into teaching and learning, anticipate a future career where technology will play an important role, informed about current and political events, use social media as their main source for getting news and information, and fairly engaged in social activism. When institutional type was compared the students from the university with the more affluent and less diverse population were less likely to find social justice issues important than the other groups. Recommendations for Practitioners: During disruptive and contentious times, it is negligent to think that the abounding issues plaguing society are not important to our students. Gauging the issues of importance and levels of civic engagement provides us crucial information towards understanding the attitudes of students. Further, knowing how our students gain information, their social media usage, as well as how informed they are about current events and political issues can be used to more effectively communicate and educate. Recommendations for Researchers: As social media continues to proliferate daily life and become a vital means of news and information gathering, additional studies such as the one presented here are needed. Additionally, in other countries facing similarly turbulent times, measuring student interest, awareness, and engagement is highly informative. Impact on Society: During a highly contentious period replete with a large volume of civil unrest and compounded by a global pandemic, understanding the behaviors and attitudes of students can help us as higher education faculty be more attuned when it comes to the design and delivery of curriculum. Future Research This presentation presents preliminary findings. Data is still being collected and much more extensive statistical analyses will be performed.