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Academic literature on the topic 'Far Eastern Bureau'
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Journal articles on the topic "Far Eastern Bureau"
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Khisamutdinova, Natalia V. "First Archivists in the Russian Far East." Herald of an archivist, no. 2 (2018): 331–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2018-2-331-342.
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The article studies the creation of the first archival organization in Primorye, the Primorye Regional Archival Committee. It was due to the efforts of professors of the history and philology faculty (later, part of the Far Eastern State University), one of the first higher education institutions in the Russian Far East, established in Vladivostok in 1918 by the inteligentsia escaping the Civil War. The article attempts to identify and systematize the scattered papers of departmental archives in order to promote the development of the archiving and the study of the region. The research has revealed several factors that contributed to the emergence of archiving in the Far East, one of them large-scale migration during the Civil War with predominance of educated and enterprising people. After receiving the status of scientific institution, the Primorye Regional Archival Committee (later, the Primorye Province Archival Bureau) reviewed, collected, and described documents in major departmental archives of the region, thus laying the foundation of archiving in the Russian Far East, and, moreover, identified historical artifacts, thus providing a headstart for archaeologists and ethnographers. The first archivists laid down professional foundations for archival studies in the Far East. Their methodological recommendations published in the Bulletin of the Primorie Regional Archival Committee (Izvestiya Primorskoi oblastnoi arkhivnoi komissii) or separately haven’t yet lost their significance. Promulgation of archiving and public involvement in the search for valuable historical records and objects provide an example of skill and efficacy. These activities were all the more significant since they started on a voluntary basis, with no official support or funding. The article draws on publications and materials from the personal archive of A. P. Georgievsky (1888–1955), archivist and educator. New materials help to clarify the first archivists’ biographical data and to assess the significance of their activities in identifying and collecting data about the history of the Far East and for further development of its archives.
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Gold, Thomas B. "New Shanghai: The Rocky Rebirth of China's Legendary City. By Pamela Yatsko. [New York: John Wiley, 2001. viii+298pp. Hard cover ISBN 0-471-84352-0; paperback ISBN 0-471-47915-2.]." China Quarterly 170 (June 2002): 477–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009443902230284.
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As an admitted Shanghai chauvinist, I look forward to reading books dealing with the city where I studied more than two decades ago, particularly ones such as this which promise a rather comprehensive overview of the Shanghai scene at the turn of the millennium. Pamela Yatsko served as Far Eastern Economic Review bureau chief there in the mid-to-late 1990s, and obviously knows the city and its people well. She shared, as I did, their frustration throughout the 1980s as they watched cities such as Hong Kong become world economic powers (spearheaded by Shanghainese refugees), and backwaters such as Shenzhen, which barely existed until the 1980s, attract global attention for their explosive growth. And she cannot avoid being struck by the rapidity with which Shanghai rebuilt itself once Beijing gave the green light after Deng Xiaoping's 1992 visit.
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Thapa, Arjun K. "An Assessment of Household’s Out of Pocket Healthcare Payment and Impoverishment in Nepal: Evidence from Nepal Living Standard Survey III." Journal of Development and Social Engineering 3, no. 1 (December 2, 2017): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jdse.v3i1.27956.
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Despite Government of Nepal’s effort of universalizing basic free health care services and other demand side financing health schemes, there is an ongoing debate regarding equity in health service coverage, availability and high out of pocket payment. So this study intends to assess out of pocket payment and its associated factors and its implication on impoverishment. A cross sectional descriptive study was designed which is based on Nepal Living Standard Survey III 2010/11, a rich and well representative secondary data of Central Bureau of Statistics, National Planning Commission Nepal. The information about individuals who reported out of pocket healthcare payment was extracted from 28,747 individuals (or 7,020 households) of the survey. An individual from a household is considered as the unit of study. The major findings of the study show that age, caste ethnicity, place of residence, ecological belt and development region have statistically significant association with OOP payment. Due to OOP expenditure near about 3 percent of people are falling below the poverty line. The impoverishment rate is high among people residing in rural areas (3.4%), Terai belt (3.4%) and Eastern development region (3.7%). Higher impoverishment level in Terai and Eastern development region where health facilities are fairly available in comparison to remote Mountain belt, low developed Far west and Mid-west only signifies low availability and utilization of health services. So there is a need to address lacunae in fair coverage and utilization of health services across the country along with impoverishment.
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Litten, Frederick S. "The Noulens Affair." China Quarterly 138 (June 1994): 492–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741000035852.
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The arrest in Shanghai of Hilaire Noulens and his “wife” (their real names were Yakov Rudnik and Tatyana Moiseenko, see below), members of the Communist International's (Comintern) apparat in East Asia, the seizure of a cache of documents concerning the Far Eastern Bureau (FEB) of the Comintern and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), the subsequent trial of the Noulens by the Chinese authorities, and the interest taken in the case by numerous Communist-led organizations and fellow-travelling intellectuals was a cause célèbre in the early 1930s, in the foreign community in China as well as in Europe and North America. Despite having been compared to the notorious Sacco-Vanzetti case, and having been nearly as spectacular and important as the 1927 raid on the Soviet Embassy in Peking, the Noulens Affair as a whole has not been the subject of any reliable study.
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Shishkin, Vladimir I. "Ataman G.M. Semyonov’s Failed Political Zigzag: August 1920." Herald of an archivist, no. 1 (2018): 193–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2018-1-193-206.
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The publication introduces into scientific use six unique documents concerning political actions of G. M. Semenov in August 1920 and analyses them. At the time Semyonov was formally Commander-In-Chief of all armed forces and Field Ataman of all Cossack troops of the Russian Eastern outskirts. He presented himself as a successor to Admiral Alexander Kolchak, Supreme Ruler of Russia and Leader of the counter-revolution in the Russian Far East. Documents were deposited in the State Archive of the Russian Federation (fond of the Council of People’s Commissars) and in the State Archives of the Novosibirsk Region (fond of the Siberian Bureau of the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) and that of the Siberian Revolutionary Committee). Five out of six documents have been classified and unavailable to researchers for decades. The article reviews Soviet and post-Soviet historiography on Semyonov’s biography, military and political activities, noting an abundance of publications of all genres and a great variety of opinions on key issues, and concludes that a further widening of the source base is necessary for an adequate representation of the Ataman as a political actor and to explain ‘the phenomenon of Semyonov’.’ The publication serves this end and shows a surprising side of Semyonov. The documents contain information communicated by Semyonov to the Bolshevik leaders though different channels: on the Ataman’s intent to avoid participation in formation of the Far Eastern Republic, to come over to the Soviets, and even to join the Red Army in order to fight Japan. He explained his shift of stance from anti-Soviet to pro-Soviet as born from his patriotism and inspired by General Aleksei Brusilov’s example. However, these arguments did not deceive the Bolshevik leaders, experienced politicians as they were; they understood that Semyonov’s ‘zigzag’ was brought about by forfeited Japanese support. The reply of the Red Army Leader L. D. Trotsky shattered Semyonov’s illusions: amnesty was only possible if he arrived in Moscow accompanied by the appointees of the Siberian Revolutionary Committee chairman. Semyonov’s initiative prompted Bolshevik leaders to redouble their efforts to combat propaganda in areas controlled by the Ataman. Soviet press and democratic newspapers of the Far East informed the population how the Ataman requested Trotsky to let him join the Red Army, thus tarnishing Semyonov’s reputation. The Ataman’s scam was in vain, and, moreover, put him on the back foot.
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Streets-Salter, Heather. "The Noulens Affair in East and Southeast Asia." Journal of American-East Asian Relations 21, no. 4 (November 26, 2014): 394–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18765610-02104006.
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In June 1931, British authorities in Singapore arrested a Comintern operative using the name Joseph Ducroux. An address book found on his person then led the Shanghai Municipal Police to Hilaire Noulens and his wife, both Comintern agents, who were collectively in charge of funneling all monies and communications between the Comintern, the Chinese Communist Party, and Communist organizations throughout East Asia. The arrest of the Noulens, and the material found in their apartments, compromised hundreds of Communists and their international networks in East and Southeast Asia. The case materials themselves, found in British, French, and Dutch archives, expose the ways the Comintern’s Far Eastern Bureau used Soviet capital and an international cast of characters to combat European imperialism in East and Southeast Asia during the interwar period. Although these efforts suffered from serious weaknesses, European colonial administrators nevertheless worried constantly about the specter of an all-powerful Soviet machine bent on world domination. Their response was cross-colonial collaboration to undermine and destroy the Comintern’s activities in the region. This article explores the circumstances surrounding the Noulens Affair, as it came to be known, to argue that the global struggle between communism and anti-communism that marked the years of the Cold War after 1945 cannot be adequately understood without reference to this earlier, interwar period.
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Voyevodina, Lidiya, and Lyudmila Medvedeva. "Public-Private Partnership as an Instrument for Developing Reclamation Parks." Regionalnaya ekonomika. Yug Rossii, no. 2 (August 2019): 135–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/re.volsu.2019.2.14.
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The aim of the paper is to study the prerequisites for creating reclamation parks taking into account Russian and foreign experience in developing park structures, to identify the difference of reclamation parks from the existing forms of infrastructural entities and to suggest the mechanism of budgetary investment refunding with the use of the agent-based modeling method. The paper studies the main provisions of the concept of creating reclamation parks. They are considered as a new form of the interaction between farmers on reclaimed lands which is designed to increase the area of reclaimed lands and to ensure higher productivity of the crops grown on these lands and sustainability of agriculture on the basis of soil fertility preservation and increase. The article proposes a new definition of “reclamation water park” term. The paper analyzes the types of reclamation parks taking into account the specificity of the Siberian and Far Eastern Federal Districts. The authors propose variants of budgetary investment refunding using the experience of the US Bureau of Reclamation in budgetary refund of water supply projects implemented by this organization. According to the developed conception of reclamation parks there may be several options for refunding public investments. Using the assumptions made in the paper, the payback period for a water reclamation project at different levels of budget investment refunding was calculated. The payback period without deferral of refunds at the discount rate of 8 % was as follows. It was the longer than 50 years at 10 % profit per year; 14 years at 15 % profit per year; 9 years at 20 % profit per year, and 6 years at 30 % profit per year. When the period of the deferral of refunds was 5 years, the payback period was longer than 50 years, 48, 22, and 14 years respectively for every case.
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Rodionova, Kseniia I. "Harbin’s Religious Life: Christians of Evangelical Faith (Pentecostals): 1930s–40s." Herald of an archivist, no. 3 (2021): 755–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2021-3-755-766.
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The article addresses the activities of the Russian community of Christians of Evangelical Faith (Pentecostals) in Harbin and other stations of the Chinese Eastern Railway (CER). It is based on documents from the fonds R–830 "Main Bureau for affairs of Russian emigrants in Manchuria (BREM)" and R–831 "Society for the Unity of the Peoples in the Manchurian Empire ‘Kio-Va-Kai’(1932–45),” stored in the State Archive of the Khabarovsk Krai (GAKhK) and previously unintroduced into scientific use, and also on confessional and emigrant periodicals. The study aims to reconstruct the general picture of religious life of the Russian Pentecostal population of Manchuria. It reflects the growing interest in the history of Protestant churches. According to the Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat), there are over one thousand Pentecostal religious organizations in Russia; thus, they are the most widespread Protestant denomination in the country. Therefore, the history of the development of the Russian community of Pentecostal Christians is of great scientific interest. The researchers’ interest in Pentecostalism in Harbin is associated with the activities of the prominent preacher Nikolai Ivanovich Poysti. The history of Pentecostal community in Manchuria has not yet become a subject of special research. The work has used classical methods of historical research: historical-genetic, comparative-historical methods, and method of periodization. The study identifies reasons for and factors of the emergence and spreading of the Pentecostal group in Harbin. Various aspects of relationship of the Church of Christians of Evangelical Faith (Pentecostals) with the puppet state of Manchukuo are touched upon. The article presents new conclusions concerning the history of the Pentecostal church. The Pentecostal community in Harbin was the first Russian Pentecostal church in the Far East. Despite its vigorous activities, the Pentecostal church in Harbin was inferior in numbers to many other Protestant denominations due to such reasons as absence of an experienced leader after 1935, cessation of funding in 1941, massive departure of the Russian population throughout the period of its functioning, and its late appearance in the region in comparison with other churches. These factors also led to the schism of the church in 1941, which resulted in the division of both the flock and the clergy.
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Turkina, Anna G., Oleg Shukhov, Ekaterina Chelysheva, Irina Nemchenko, Anna Petrova, Anastasiya Bykova, Andrey Zaritskey, et al. "PF-114 Mesylate, a Novel Third Generation ATP-Competitive BCR-ABL Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor: First Safety and Efficacy Data from a Phase I Study in Patients with CML with Failure of Prior TKI Therapy." Blood 130, Suppl_1 (December 7, 2017): 895. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v130.suppl_1.895.895.
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Abstract Background: PF-114 mesylate is a novel third generation oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) that blocks native and mutated Bcr-Abl isoforms, including the gatekeeper mutant T315I, which is uniformly resistant to all approved first- and second generation TKIs. At the present time extensive pre-clinical studies of PF-114, including mechanism of action, kinase profiling, in vitro and in vivo efficacy, safety pharmacology, ADME, and toxicology studies in mice, rats and dogs have been completed and supported initiation of phase I clinical trial of PF-114 mesylate in patients with chronic or accelerated phase Ph+ CML who are resistant to at least one of the second generation TKIs or intolerant to previous treatment with TKIs or who have T315I mutation in the BCR-ABL gene (NCT02885766). Methods: The trial represents a classical 3+3 design of dose escalation till the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) followed by the expanded cohorts planned for dose(s) below the MTD. The total expected enrollment is 44 patients. Escalating doses of single-agent PF-114 mesylate were administered orally on a continuous once daily (QD) dosing schedule. Treatment continued until disease progression, unacceptable toxicity, consent withdrawal, or death. The primary objective was to study the dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) occurring in cycle 1 of treatment and determine the MTD. Secondary objectives included safety, anti-CML activity (based on hematologic, cytogenetic, and molecular assessments), pharmacodynamic and pharmacogenetic properties. Adverse events (AEs) were assessed and graded according to NCI-CTCAE v4.03. Results: At data cutoff, 4-dose cohorts - 50 mg, 100 mg, 200 mg and 400 mg have completed cycle 1 and 500 mg cohort has started cycle 1 of treatment. Overall 18 patients (8 males) had been treated at the following QD doses: 50 mg (n = 1), 200 mg (n = 5), 400 mg (n = 11), 500 mg (n = 1), and the MTD has not yet been reached. A total of 7 patients with T315I mutation were included into the trial thus far. Median age was 50.5 years (range, 32-66 years). Median time from diagnostics to treatment was 11.5 years (range, 16-1 years) All patients had baseline Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status 0-1. Patients were heavily pretreated; 9 (50%) had received ≥ 3 prior TKIs, 6 (33%) had received 2 prior TKIs and 3 (17%) patients with T315I had received 1 prior TKI. In 11 patients, treatment is ongoing at doses 200-500 mg QD, with median duration of exposure of 8 months (range, 2-12 months), and 7 patients discontinued (disease progression [n = 5], AEs [n = 2]). Preliminary data suggest PF-114 pharmacokinetics is dose-proportional. At the end of cycle 1 of study therapy, no drug-related adverse events greater than grade 1 in severity were observed in patients treated at the 50 mg, 100 mg and 200 mg dose levels. At the dose of 400 mg QD, a single DLT case of grade 3 erythematous rash was observed. Most common grade 2/3 AEs on 400 mg QD were dermatologic toxicity (4/11), neutropenia (1/11). No deterioration of the ankle-brachial index (ABI), which is being prospectively measured, or vascular occlusive events were observed so far. The patient with recurrent pleural effusions on previous treatment with dasatinib did not reveal effusions after 11 cycle of therapy; the patient with ischemic stroke on previous treatment with nilotinib did not reveal cardio-vascular events after 9 cycles. To date, no SAEs have been reported. Overall, during the period of 3 cycles, major cytogenetic response (CyR) have been obtained in 4 of 11 patients who completed 3 cycles (2 cases of complete CyR in and 2 cases of partial CyR). Of those patients who revealed cytogenetic response two patients have T315I mutation. Pharmacodynamic and pharmacogenetic assessments are underway. Conclusion: PF-114 mesylate exhibits antitumor activity in a heavily pretreated subgroup of patients with resistant forms of CML including cases with T315I mutation. The evaluation of the safety profile continues. The dose escalation stage of the current phase 1 study continues, while the including of patients into the expanded cohorts with doses below the MTD has already started. Disclosures Chelysheva: Fusion Pharma LLC: Consultancy. Nemchenko: Fusion Pharma LLC: Consultancy. Zaritskey: Janssen: Consultancy; Novartis: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau. Shuvaev: Fusion Pharma LLC: Consultancy. Novikov: Fusion Pharma LLC: Employment. Shulgina: Fusion Pharma LLC: Employment. Chilov: Fusion Pharma LLC: Employment, Patents & Royalties.
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Andreev, Alexander Alekseevich, and Anton Petrovich Ostroushko. "SHAMOV Vladimir Nikolaevich (1882-1962). To the 135th of the birthday." Vestnik of Experimental and Clinical Surgery 10, no. 2 (September 23, 2017): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.18499/2070-478x-2017-10-2-176.
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Shamov, Vladimir Nikolaevich (1882-1962) – an outstanding Soviet surgeon, neurosurgeon, transfuziolog, academician of the USSR (1945), honored scientist of the RSFSR and the Ukrainian SSR, General-Lieutenant of medical service, laureate of the Lenin prize (1962); awarded the order of Lenin (twice), red banner (twice), red banner, red Star and medals of the USSR. Born may 22, 1882 in Menzelinsk, Ufa governorate (now Tatarstan). In 1908 he graduated from the Military medical Academy. In 1911 he defended his doctoral thesis on the topic: "the importance of physical methods for surgery of malignant tumors".
From 1914 to 1923 V. N. Shamov – senior assistant in the Department of Fedorov. In 1919 he received isohemagglutinins serum for the determination of blood groups and for the first time the country produced a blood transfusion given group membership. In 1923, V. N. Shamov was elected as head of the Department of surgery of the Kharkov medical Institute and the surgical clinic of the Ukrainian Institute of experimental medicine. In 1926, he reported he developed a method of complete isolation from neural connections of the small intestine, derived under the skin, and transferring it to the blood supply of the subcutaneous vessels. In 1928, V. N. Shamov proposed and successfully conducted the transfusion of cadaveric blood. In 1930, he organized the second in the USSR and in the world Institute of blood transfusion and emergency surgery, and became its Director. In 1935 he was awarded the title of honored Worker of science. In the years 1939-1958 V. N. Shamov headed the Department of hospital surgery of the Military medical Academy, he was the scientific Director of the Leningrad Institute of blood transfusion (1939-1941). During world war II – General-Lieutenant of medical service, Deputy chief surgeon of the red Army, in 1945 – the chief surgeon of the Supreme command of the far Eastern front. In October 1945, he was elected a full member of the USSR AMS. Since 1947 – was also the Director of the Leningrad research neurosurgical Institute them. A. L. Polenov, surgeon-in-chief of the RSFSR. Since 1958 Professor-consultant of the Military medical Academy. In 1962, V. N. Shamov became a laureate of the Lenin prize for development and introduction in practice of the method of preparation and use fibrinoliticescoy blood.
N. Shamov for the first time in the country performed periarterial sympathectomy and surgery choroidal plexuses of the ventricles of the brain; developed method pregrading plasty of the esophagus isolated loop of the small intestine, raised the question of limitation contraindications for surgical interventions in the elderly. He was one of the first applied with the purpose of anesthesia, controlled hypotension and hypothermia anesthesia gas nitrous oxide, etc.; successfully completed one-step pankreatoduodenektomiyu in pancreatic cancer; described the clinical picture of tumors of cortex and medulla of the adrenal glands.
V.N. Shamov was a member of the Board of the all-Union society of surgeons and the International Association of surgeons, Chairman of the Surgical society. N.I.Pirogov, the Chairman of the organizing Bureau of the 24th all-Union Congress of surgeons, member of the scientific medical Council of Ministry of health of the USSR. More than 20 of his students became heads of departments of medical Universities. V. N. Shamov awarded the order of Lenin twice red banner (twice); the red banner of Labour, red Star, medals of the USSR. Died V.N. Shamov in Leningrad on 30 March 1962.
In memory of academician V. N. The Shamov in St. Petersburg on the building of the Military medical Academy and Neurosurgical Institute. Professor A. L. Polenov installed a memorial plaque, a bust of Lieutenant General of medical service V. N. Shamova installed in the courtyard of the St. Petersburg blood transfusion center, one of the streets of the city of Menzelinsk were named after academician V. N. Shamova.
Books on the topic "Far Eastern Bureau"
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Hydrick, Blair D. A guide to the microfilm edition of Confidential U.S. State Department specialfiles: Korea, 1950-1957 : lot files 55-D-128, Records of the Bureau of Far Eastern Affairs, Records relating to the Korean War, 1950-1952 : 58-D-643 and 59-D-407, Records of the Office of Northeast Asian Affairs (Korea), 1952-1957. Bethesda, MD: University Publications of America, 1990.
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Affairs, United States Congress House Committee on Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on Asian and Pacific. Establishment of a South Asia Bureau at the Department of State: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Asian and Pacific Affairs of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundredth Congress, first session, March 10, 1987. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1988.
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Kaplan, Robert D. The Arabists: The romance of an American elite. New York: Free Press, 1993.
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Cumhuriyet'in eğitim anlayışı, Lozan'da yabancı okullar ve Bursa Amerikan Kız Koleji'nin misyonerlik davası. Zeytinburnu, İstanbul: Kum saati, 2011.
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(Editor), Robert Lester, and James Henry Shields (Editor), eds. Confidential U.s. State Department Special Files: Lot Files : Bureau Of Far Eastern Affairs, Subject Files Of The Vietnam Working Group, 1963-1966, Lot Files 67d54, 68d84, 69d67, 70d102, 70d232. LexisNexis, 2004.
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1960-, Murphy Gregory, Hydrick Blair, United States. Dept. of State., and University Publications of America (Firm), eds. Confidential U.S. State Department special files.: Lot files 55-D-128, Records of the Bureau of Far Eastern Affairs, Records relating to the Korean War, 1950-1952 : 58-D-643 and 59-D-407, Records of the Office of Northeast Asian Affairs (Korea), 1952-1957. Bethesda, MD: University Publications of America, 1990.
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British and Japanese Military Leadership in the Far Eastern War, 1941-45. Routledge, 2012.
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Brian, Bond, and Tachikawa Kyōichi 1966-, eds. British and Japanese military leadership in the Far Eastern War, 1941-45. Portland, Oregon: Frank Cass, 2004.
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Roodenberg, Jacob. Ilipinar: A Neolithic Settlement in the Eastern Marmara Region. Edited by Gregory McMahon and Sharon Steadman. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.013.0044.
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This article discusses findings from excavations at Ilıpınar, whose environment was advantageous for an economy based on crop cultivation and stock breeding. Founded at the start of the sixth millennium BCE as a settlement with a handful of houses centered around a spring, it gradually expanded into a village covering one hectare until it was deserted 500 years later. Afterward the mound was used as a burial ground in the second quarter of the fourth millennium BCE (Late Chalcolithic), the second quarter of the third millennium BCE (Early Bronze Age), and in the sixth–seventh centuries CE (Early Byzantine). Moreover there were traces of ephemeral habitation during these intervals. The total occupation deposit measured more than seven meters, the total surface nearly three hectares.
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Kaplan, Robert D. The Arabists: The Romance of an American Elite. Free Press, 1993.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Far Eastern Bureau"
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Osterberg, John. "U.S. Bureau of Reclamation Distributed Database Applications." In Data Sharing for International Water Resource Management: Eastern Europe, Russia and the CIS, 229–38. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1209-5_19.
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Kornicki, Peter. "The Backroom Boys—and Girls." In Eavesdropping on the Emperor, 125–50. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197602805.003.0006.
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After finishing their course at the Bedford Japanese School in 1942, some people were sent out to the Wireless Experimental Centre in Delhi, which was the equivalent to Bletchley Park in India and which also absorbed cryptographers from the Far East Combined Bureau after the fall of Singapore. The Wireless Experimental Centre was primarily concerned with monitoring communications connected with the Burma Campaign and the Japanese attempted invasion of India. Meanwhile, the members of the Women’s Royal Naval Service who had been working at the Far East Combined Bureau in Singapore, and who had been the first British servicewomen to be posted overseas, were transferred to Kilindini Naval Base near Mombasa, where the British Eastern Fleet was based after having been forced to leave its base on Ceylon (Sri Lanka). In 1944, as the tide of the war was turning, the Eastern Fleet returned to Ceylon: one of the troopships, SS Khedive Ismail, was torpedoed by a Japanese submarine and this led to the largest single loss of Allied servicewomen and of African troops in the war, including some of the Wrens.
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Steinberg, Paul F. "Keep the Change." In Who Rules the Earth? Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199896615.003.0015.
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On a fall morning in 1980, Pitzer College freshman George Somogyi walked out of his dormitory, looked up, and froze in his tracks. In front of him was something incredible. An enormous mountain, over 10,000 feet tall, stretched up to the sky in the near distance. What made this sight so bizarre is that the mountain wasn’t there before. Somogyi had been at college for three months and had never laid his eyes on Mount Baldy, a five-million-year-old formation that stands just a few miles from this campus on the eastern edge of Los Angeles County, because it was shrouded in smog so thick that it obscured the view for months at a time. Air pollution is a problem well known to the people of Los Angeles. In the 1970s their city became an icon of urban air pollution, as photos of brown haze choking downtown LA circulated worldwide. The air was so hazardous that people were hospitalized by the thousands. Yet today the air around Los Angeles, while far from perfect, is markedly improved. The amount of smog has been sliced in half since the 1970s, even as the population has doubled in size. More impressive still, the amount of particulate pollution—the small dust particles that lodge deep in the lungs and are especially harmful to human health—has been reduced to one-fifth the levels experienced in 1955. How did a change of this magnitude come about? This physical transformation was precipitated by a political transformation, as the people of Los Angeles joined together and fought for new rules to clean up the air. Beginning in the 1940s, citizens demanded that city officials look into the causes of the problem, which were not obvious at the outset. Their efforts led to the creation of the Los Angeles Bureau of Smoke Control in 1945. Soon the movement spread throughout California, where in 1947 state legislators passed the Air Pollution Control Act—a full quarter century before national policymakers adopted similar legislation.
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Searle, Mike. "Extruding Indochina: Burma, Vietnam, Yunnan, Thailand." In Colliding Continents. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199653003.003.0017.
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Geographically, Indochina consists of the South East Asian countries Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam. Geologically, Indochina includes all the land bounded by two very large-scale strike-slip faults—the Sagaing fault, which runs down the length of Burma, and the Red River fault, which extends more than 1,100 kilometres from the south-eastern corner of Tibet south-east through Yunnan and North Vietnam to Hanoi and the Gulf of Tonkin. Both faults are active, and show that Indochina is moving south-east relative to both the Burma micro-plate to the west and the South China block north of the Red River fault. The unresolved questions were how far Indochina was extruding away from the India–Asia collision zone and when these faults became active. The eastern margin of the Indian plate lies along the Burma–Andaman– Sumatra–Java trench, where the Indian oceanic plate is subducting beneath the great island arc chain of Indonesia. Behind the island arc, a new oceanic basin has formed in the past 5 million years, with basaltic ocean crust forming along a small active spreading centre in the Andaman Sea. The northern extension of the Andaman trench extends into the Arakan-Yoma Hills of western Burma, but the nature and location of the transition from oceanic lithosphere beneath the Bay of Bengal to continental lithosphere in Burma is poorly known. In the south of Burma, where the Irrawaddy River drains into the Andaman Sea, a vast delta has built up with over 10 kilometres’ thickness of sediments eroded off the mountains of Burma. The Sagaing fault continues offshore and is connected to the young oceanic spreading centre in the Andaman Sea. In northern Burma the fault passes close to the cities of Meiktyla and Mandalay and then splays into several branches that terminate in the Jade belt and other mountain ranges that ripple northwards towards the eastern Himalayan syntaxis. Burma is a hauntingly beautiful country of serene landscapes, golden pagodas, green rice fields, range upon range of distant hills, teak forests, and wide muddy rivers. It is also a land of great mineral riches.
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Smallman-Raynor, Matthew, and Andrew Cliff. "Asia and the Far East: Emerging and Re-emerging Diseases." In War Epidemics. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198233640.003.0020.
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In the last chapter, our consideration of camp epidemics ended with an examination of a strange and debilitating illness that, prior to World War II, was hardly known to medical science—Q fever or ‘Balkan grippe’. Historically, Q fever is one of many seemingly ‘new’ diseases that have suddenly and unexpectedly erupted into military conciousness. In Chapter 2, for example, we saw how maladies such as the mysterious English sweating sickness, along with venereal syphilis, typhus fever, and yellow fever, appeared—ostensibly for the first time—in association with wars of the fifteenth, sixteenth, and seventeenth centuries. More recently, trench fever (World War I, 1914–18), scrub typhus (World War II, 1939–45) and Korean haemorrhagic fever (Korean War, 1950–3) provide twentieth-century examples of the emergence phenomenon (Macpherson et al., 1922–3; Philip, 1948; Gajdusek, 1956). At the same time, wars have also served to fuel the epidemic re-emergence of many classical diseases, of which human plague (Vietnam War, 1964–73), visceral leishmaniasis (Sudanese Civil War, 1956–), and diphtheria (Tajikistan Civil War, 1992–) are recent instances (Velimirovic, 1972; Seaman et al., 1996; Keshavjee and Becerra, 2000). In the present chapter, we develop the theme of war and disease emergence and re-emergence, taking selected conflicts and diseases in the Asian and Far Eastern theatres to provide examples. We begin in Sect. 9.2 by locating war within the broader conceptual framework of emerging and re-emerging diseases. Subsequent sections examine the wartime emergence of three zoonoses which, on their novel appearance in deployed western troops, prompted a series of landmark epidemiological investigations into the diseases concerned: scrub typhus among Allied forces in Burma–India during World War II (Sect. 9.3) and Japanese encephalitis and Korean haemorrhagic fever in the UN Command during the Korean War (Sect. 9.4). We then turn to the wartime re-emergence of classical diseases, illustrating the theme with reference to US troops (malaria) and Vietnamese civilians (human plague) during the Vietnam War (Sect. 9.5). The chapter is concluded in Section 9.6.
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Worster, Donald. "An End to Ecstasy." In Wealth of Nature. Oxford University Press, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195092646.003.0014.
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Back in the halcyon days of 1951, when the United States was entering its golden years of wealth and power and proclaiming that this was the American Century, there seemed no limit to what we could do with nature. Were some climates too hot? We could air-condition them. Were some too cold? We could thaw them out or raise tomatoes under glass. Were some too dry? We could, through hydraulic engineering, make them over into a veritable Eden of delights. In that year a Time magazine reporter traveled to the arid West to write about “the endless frontier” being won there by the engineers of the Bureau of Reclamation. They promised to develop enough water to redeem fifty million acres from aridity, enough acres to feed the equivalent of a whole new nation the size of France or Germany. And the engineers were not in the least reluctant to say what pleasure they got out of the work: “We enjoy pushing rivers around,” they told the reporter. Whether the pushing had any real direction, any clear sense of ends, was secondary; they (and by extension, we Americans) were a people who enjoyed dominating nature and we would look for rationales later. In a spirit of what the magazine called “engineering ecstasy,” almost every river in the western part of the country came under control and was made to raise alfalfa, fruit, and cotton. Our agricultural base shifted abruptly westward into the desert, and eastern and midwestern farmers suffered substantial damage to their fortunes. By the last agricultural census, the West counted over 45 million irrigated acres, producing one-fourth of the nation’s annual farm market sales. Though it irrigated only a small percentage of that acreage, the Bureau of Reclamation was unexcelled among water pushers for ambition and scale. It was the Bureau that had erected some of the biggest dams ever: Hoover, Grand Coulee, Shasta, Glen Canyon, Teton, Navajo, Flaming Gorge, etc., the clearest, brightest expressions we had of our national drive to conquer the land. But the big dams were more than that.
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Saipio, Jarkko. "The Emergence of Cremations in Eastern Fennoscandia: Changing Uses of Fire in Ritual Contexts." In Cremation and the Archaeology of Death. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798118.003.0020.
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Since the 1980s, a rapid increase in the number of Mesolithic and Neolithic cremation burials discovered has prompted a substantial re-evaluation of the position of cremation as a prehistoric mortuary ritual in northern Eurasia. Sporadic but persistent appearances of cremation in a wide variety of cultural contexts from early Mesolithic to late Neolithic have undermined the traditional models seeing cremation and inhumation as two radically different ways to treat the deceased. In studies of north-western Europe, from British Isles to southern Scandinavia, it is now widely recognized that inhumation and cremation co-existed in many Mesolithic and Neolithic cultures traditionally treated as textbook cases of mortuary practices emphasizing the corporeal integrity of the deceased. Importantly, the unexpected appearances of cremation are only one part of a wider challenge to the traditional assumption of dominance of primary burial in Mesolithic and non-megalithic Neolithic cultures of northern Europe. One important aspect of this challenge are finds of scattered burnt and unburned human bones in Mesolithic and Neolithic cultural layers, suggesting that articulated pit inhumations may actually represent exceptional cases (e.g. Hallgren 2008; Larsson 2009). North-eastern Europe still remains a white area in regional studies of pre- Bronze Age appearances of cremation in northern Europe. This border generally coincides with the language barrier between Germanic languages and various ‘eastern’ languages in terms of local archaeological research traditions. On the other hand, the border also roughly coincides with many genuine differences in archaeological record. Therefore, there is an obvious danger that differences in archaeological research histories and differences in archaeological phenomena become intermingled, creating ill-founded generalizations and assumptions. This chapter examines the earliest known cases of cremation in Eastern Fennoscandia, the area consisting of Finland, the Kola Peninsula, and Russian Karelia (Fig. 11.1). It is currently the easternmost part of northern Europe where confirmed cases of Mesolithic and Neolithic cremation have appeared so far. Such cases are currently few and little studied but they have a potential to redefine the whole study of prehistoric mortuary rituals in the area. In most of Eastern Fennoscandia acidic soil usually does not preserve any unburned bone material older than about a thousand years.
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Włodarczak, Piotr. "/ Schyłek epoki kamienia i początki epoki brązu w okolicach Igołomi i Wawrzeńczyc The end of the Stone Age and the beginning of the Bronze Age in the vicinity of Igołomia and Wawrzeńczyce." In Kartki z dziejów igołomskiego powiśla, 93–114. Wydawnictwo i Pracownia Archeologiczna PROFIL-ARCHEO, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33547/igolomia2020.06.
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The borderland of the Vistula Plain and the Proszowice Plateau is part of the loess zone extending mainly to the north of the Vistula River, known for numerous discoveries of archaeological sites from the Eneolithic period and the early Bronze Age. The state of reconnaissance of settlement is far from satisfactory here. From the final Eneolithic period primarily cemeteries of the Corded Ware culture (around 2800–2300 BC) are known. Falling within this age range is probably the only burial mound in the area, in Igołomia, which yielded a niche grave of the Corded Ware culture within the eastern part of its cover. Another cemetery was investigated in Rudno Górne, where niche graves of the culture in question were found dug into the embankments of Funnel Beaker culture megalithic graves from the middle Eneolithic period. From the early Bronze Age, the richest and most cognitively significant sites of the Mierzanowice culture (around 2200–1600 BC) are concentrated on loess hills rising above the valleys of Ropotek and Rudnik. They are both cemeteries and large settlements. Particularly valuable results were obtained during research on the cemetery in Szarbia, where as many as 44 graves were found. These findings enable the reconstruction of funeral rite rules from the early Bronze Age.
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Barker, Graeme. "Central and South Asia: theWheat/Rice Frontier." In The Agricultural Revolution in Prehistory. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199281091.003.0010.
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This chapter intentionally overlaps with Chapter 4 in its geographical scope, as there is no clear boundary between South-West and South Asia. Western Asiatic landforms—mountain ranges, alluvial valleys, semi-arid steppe, and desert—extend eastwards from the Iranian plateau beyond the Caspian Sea into Turkmenistan in Central Asia, and there are similar environments in South Asia from Baluchistan (western Pakistan) and the Indus valley into north-west India as far east as the Aravalli hills (Fig. 5.1). Rainfall increases steadily moving eastwards across the vast and immensely fertile alluvial plains of northern India. The north-east (Bengal, Assam, Bhutan) is tropical, with tropical conditions also extending down the eastern coast of the peninsula and up the west coast as far as Bombay. Today the great majority of the rural population of the region lives by agriculture, though many farmers also hunt game if they have the opportunity. The ‘Eurasian’ farming system predominates in the western part of the region: the cultivation of crops sown in the winter and harvested in the spring (rabi), such as barley, wheat, oats, lentils, chickpeas, jujube, mustard, and grass peas, integrated with animal husbandry based especially on sheep, goats, and cattle. A second system (kharif ) takes advantage of the summer monsoon rains: crops are sown in the late spring at the start of the monsoon and harvested in the autumn. Rice (Oryza sativa) is the main summer or kharif crop (though millets and pulses are also key staples), grown wherever its considerable moisture needs can be met, commonly by rainfall in upland swidden systems and on the lowlands by flooding bunded or dyked fields in paddy systems. The systems are referred to as ‘dry’ and ‘wet’ rice farming respectively. Rice is the primary staple in the eastern or tropical zone receiving the greatest amount of summer monsoon rain. This extends from the Ganges (Ganga) valley eastwards through Assam into Myanmar (Burma) and East Asia. There are something like 100,000 varieties of domesticated Asian rice, but the main one grown in the region is Oryza indica. A wide range of millets is also grown as summer crops in rain-fed systems throughout the semi-arid tropical regions of South Asia, including sorghum or ‘great millet’, finger millet, pearl or bullrush millet, proso or common millet, foxtail millet, bristley foxtail, browntopmillet, kodo millet, littlemillet, and sawamillet.
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Abulafia, David. "Copper and Bronze, 3000 BC–1500 BC." In The Great Sea. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195323344.003.0009.
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The development of prehistoric societies has always been viewed from one of two perspectives: a diffusionist approach, now largely out of fashion, which attributes the arrival of new styles and techniques to migration and trade; or an emphasis on the factors within a society that fostered change and growth. Alongside the tendency to look for internal explanations of change, interest in the ethnic identity of settlers has faded. Partly this reflects an awareness that easy identification of ‘race’ with language and culture bears no relation to circumstances on the ground: ethnic groups merge, languages are borrowed, important cultural traits such as burial practices mutate without the arrival of newcomers. Equally, it would be an error to see all social change as the result of internal developments merely enhanced by the effects of growing trade: the lightly populated shores and islands of the prehistoric Mediterranean provided broad spaces within which those in search of food, exiled warlords or pilgrims to pagan shrines could create new settlements far from home. If there were earlier settlers, the newcomers intermarried with them as often as they chased them away or exterminated them, and the language of one or the other group became dominant for reasons that are now beyond explanation. The Cyclades became the home of a rich and lively culture, beginning in the early Bronze Age (roughly 3000 BC onwards). The main islands were by now all populated; villages such as Phylakopi on Melos were thriving; on several islands small villages developed out of an original core of a couple of small homesteads. The obsidian quarries were still visited, and copper was available in the western Cyclades, whence it reached Crete; Cycladic products continued to flow outwards, though in quite precise directions: to the southern Aegean, but not, for some reason, northwards, suggesting that the opening of the seas was still partial and dependent on what other regions could offer the Cycladic islanders. The islanders appear to have imported little into their villages; very few eastern products have been found on excavated sites on the Cyclades.
Reports on the topic "Far Eastern Bureau"
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Hostetler, Steven, Cathy Whitlock, Bryan Shuman, David Liefert, Charles Wolf Drimal, and Scott Bischke. Greater Yellowstone climate assessment: past, present, and future climate change in greater Yellowstone watersheds. Montana State University, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15788/gyca2021.
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The Greater Yellowstone Area (GYA) is one of the last remaining large and nearly intact temperate ecosystems on Earth (Reese 1984; NPSa undated). GYA was originally defined in the 1970s as the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, which encompassed the minimum range of the grizzly bear (Schullery 1992). The boundary was enlarged through time and now includes about 22 million acres (8.9 million ha) in northwestern Wyoming, south central Montana, and eastern Idaho. Two national parks, five national forests, three wildlife refuges, 20 counties, and state and private lands lie within the GYA boundary. GYA also includes the Wind River Indian Reservation, but the region is the historical home to several Tribal Nations. Federal lands managed by the US Forest Service, the National Park Service, the Bureau of Land Management, and the US Fish and Wildlife Service amount to about 64% (15.5 million acres [6.27 million ha] or 24,200 square miles [62,700 km2]) of the land within the GYA. The federal lands and their associated wildlife, geologic wonders, and recreational opportunities are considered the GYA’s most valuable economic asset. GYA, and especially the national parks, have long been a place for important scientific discoveries, an inspiration for creativity, and an important national and international stage for fundamental discussions about the interactions of humans and nature (e.g., Keiter and Boyce 1991; Pritchard 1999; Schullery 2004; Quammen 2016). Yellowstone National Park, established in 1872 as the world’s first national park, is the heart of the GYA. Grand Teton National Park, created in 1929 and expanded to its present size in 1950, is located south of Yellowstone National Park1 and is dominated by the rugged Teton Range rising from the valley of Jackson Hole. The Gallatin-Custer, Shoshone, Bridger-Teton, Caribou-Targhee, and Beaverhead-Deerlodge national forests encircle the two national parks and include the highest mountain ranges in the region. The National Elk Refuge, Red Rock Lakes National Wildlife Refuge, and Grays Lake National Wildlife Refuge also lie within GYA.
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Nowlan, G. S., and C. R. Barnes. Thermal maturation of paleozoic strata in eastern Canada from Conodont Colour Alteration Index (CAI) data with implications for burial history, tectonic evolution, hotspot tracks and mineral and hydrocarbon exploration. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/122453.
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