Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Far side of the world'

Football violence was a rare phenomenon in France until the nineteen eighties. Harsh economic times coupled with the challenges of unemployment brought a different type of fanatic to football stadia. To vent their frustration about the economic difficulties of their time, some fans found an easy scapegoat: the increasing number of African immigrants in France. These fans, known as hooligans, have become organized and can be found supporting most major French football clubs, disrupting what once was a relatively tranquil national pastime. This thesis traces their development in France, looks at what they borrowed from Italian and English fan groups, and suggests how their organization is now uniquely French.

Side-Channel Attacks (SCAs) have become a realistic threat to implementations of cryptographic algorithms. By utilizing the unintentionally leaked side-channel information during the execution of a cryptographic algorithm, it is possible to bypass the theoretical strength of the algorithm and extract its secret key. Recently, far-field electromagnetic (EM) emissions have been used in SCAs to extract keys from mixed- signal chips used in wireless communication protocols (such as Bluetooth). In such type of chips, the EM leakage is mixed with radio carrier and accidentally amplified by the antenna. Attacks exploiting such far-field EM side-channels may succeed over a much longer distance than the attacks based on near-field EM side-channels. Therefore, it is necessary to further investigate far-field EM side channels.In this thesis, we perform far-field EM side-channel attacks using two techniques: correlation and template analysis. We analyse an Arm Cortex-M4 microprocessor implementation of Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)-128 with a Bluetooth module on different distances up to 50cm. We first evaluate how the inter-chip diversity and the distance can affect the attack efficiency of template analysis. Our current results show that a template constructed using traces from one device captured at distance d can recover the secret key from 4,000 traces from the d device captured at the same distance d. However, if the distance is changed, or if traces are captured from different devices, the attack fails. This shows that it is not sufficient to build a template based on traces captured from a single device at a fixed distance. In addition, we present a pre- processing technique for allocating leakage points, which can significantly improve the attack efficiency of correlation analysis.
Side channel attacks har blivit ett realistiskt hot mot implementering av kryptografiska algoritmer. Genom att använda den oavsiktligt läckta sidokanalinformationen under exekveringen av en kryptografisk algoritm är det möjligt att kringgå algoritmens teoretiska styrka och extrahera dess hemliga nyckel. Nyligen har EM-utsläpp från fältfält använts i SCAsför att extrahera nycklar från blandade signalchips som används i trådlösa kommunikationsprotokoll (t.ex. Bluetooth). I en sådan typ av chips blandas EM-läckan med radiobäraren och förstärks av misstag av antennen. Attacker som utnyttjar sådana långtgående EM-sidokanaler kan lyckas på mycket längre avstånd än attackerna baserade på EM-sidokanaler nära fältet. Därför är det nödvändigt att ytterligare undersöka EM-sidokanalanalyser från fältet. I denna avhandling utför vi EM-sidokanalanalys med fältfält med två tekniker: korrelationsanalys och mallanalys. Vi analyserar en Arm Cortex-M4-mikroprocessorimplementering av AES med en Bluetooth-modul inbäddad på kortet på olika avstånd upp till 50 cm från den mottagande antennen. Vi utvärderar först hur mångfalden mellan chip och avståndet kan påverka attackeffektiviteten för mallanalys. Våra nuvarande resultat visar att en mall konstruerad med spår från en enhet fångad på avstånd d från den mottagande antennen kan återställa den hemliga nyckeln från 4K spår från samma enhet som fångats på samma avstånd d från den mottagande antennen. Om avståndet ändras eller om spår från en annan enhet analyseras misslyckas dock attacken. Detta visar att det inte är tillräckligt att bygga en mall baserad på spår från en enda enhet fångad på ett fast avstånd från den mottagande antennen. Dessutom presenterar vi en förbehandlingsteknik för allokering av läckagepunkter i spåren och visar att den kan förbättra attackeffektiviteten för korrelationsanalysen betydligt.

CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO
A partir da análise da trajetória do pintor paulista Paulo Pasta (1959-), o presente trabalho busca examinar as condições de sustentabilidade da pintura, como gênero, na contemporaneidade. Para tanto, vale-se das noções de memória e corpo, utilizando-as como eixos conceituais capazes de expressar a articulação, presente na obra do artista, da persistência da tradição moderna à identificação de aberturas estratégicas de vivências espaço-temporais mais afeitas à sensibilidade do sujeito contemporâneo.
Through the analysis of the career of São Paulo painter Paulo Pasta (1959 -), this work aims to examine the conditions of sustainability of painting as a genre in contemporaneity. To that end, it uses the notions of memory and body as conceptual axes able to express the articulation - present in this artist work - of the modern tradition persistence in the identification of such strategic openings as to allow for space-time experiences more congruous to the contemporary sensitivity.

Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is a widely accepted encryption algorithm used in Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices such as Bluetooth devices. Although the implementation of AES is complicated enough, attackers can still acquire the cryptographic information generated from the AES execution to perform Side-Channel Attack (SCA). There are two commonly used types of SCA, which are power based attack and Electromagnetic (EM) based attack. However, the acquisition of both power traces and EM near-field traces require close physical contact to the victim devices, which is difficult to attack a well-protected system. In this thesis, we exploit the far-field EM propagation property and train several Deep Learning (DL) models to attack tinyAES algorithm implemented on the victim Bluetooth chip nRF52832 mounted on Nordic nRF52 DK at the distance up to 50cm. To simulate the real attacking scenario, we train our DL models on one nRF52 DK at 30cm and attack another same board at the distance 5cm, 15cm, 30cm and 50cm respectively in an office environment. We restrict the number of attacking traces to 7000. The key byte of all of cases can be recovered successfully by Convolution Neuron Network (CNN) and the best test only need 1848 traces. Our contributions are: (1).We prove it is feasible to attack Bluetooth chip running AES at variation distance by DL; (2).We compare our DL model performance with the classical correlation analysis and find correlation analysis takes far more traces than DL; (3).We propose several countermeasures to protect against the far-field EM SCA.
Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) är en allmänt accepterad krypteringsalgoritm som används i Internet-of-Things (IoT) -enheter som Bluetooth-enheter. Även om implementeringen av AES är tillräckligt komplicerad kan angriparna fortfarande förvärva den kryptografiska informationen som genererats från AES-utförandet för att utföra Side-Channel Attack (SCA). Det finns två vanligt förekommande typer av SCA, som är kraftbaserad attack och elektro-magnetisk (EM) baserad attack. Emellertid kräver förvärv av både strömspår och EM-fältspår nära fysisk kontakt med offeranordningarna, vilket är omöjligt att attackera ett välskyddat system. I den här avhandlingen utnyttjar vi EM-förökningsegenskapen för fjärrfältet och utbildar flera Deep Learning (DL) -modeller för att attackera litenAES- algoritm implementerad på offret Bluetooth-chip nRF52832 monterat på Nordic nRF52 DK på avståndet upp till 50 cm. För att simulera det verkliga angreppsscenariot utbildar vi våra DL-modeller på en nRF52 DK vid 30 cm och attackerar en annan samma skiva på avståndet 5 cm, 15 cm, 30 cm respektive 50 cm i en kontorsmiljö. Vi begränsar antalet attackerande spår till 7000. Nyckelbyte i alla fall kan framgångsrikt återvinnas av Convolution Neuron Network (CNN) och det bästa testet behöver endast 1848 spår. Våra bidrag är: (1). Vi bevisar att det är möjligt att attackera Bluetooth-chip som kör AES på variation avstånd av DL; (2). Vi jämför våra DL-modellprestanda med den klassiska korrelationsanalysen och finner korrelationsanalys tar mycket fler spår än DL;(3). Vi tillhandahåller flera motåtgärder mot EM-SCA.

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Entidades esportivas tais quais clubes, federações, ONGs (Organizações Não Governamentais) e outras formas de organizações esportivas não lucrativas se tornaram organizações de interesse público mundial e não podem mais ser consideradas como fenômenos meramente locais, sendo reconhecidas tanto em mercados tradicionais (como Europa) ou mercados emergentes como Brasil, China e Índia e novas praças para o futebol como a América do Norte. Entre tanto, a grande disparidade entre clubes que pertencem aos principais mercados do futebol (chamados de “Big Five – Alemanha, Espanha, França, Inglaterra e Itália) representa um potencial de distanciar-se de equipes de outras ligas que pode afetar a capacidade de estes outros times investir além de seus mercados originais. O objetivo esta pesquisa é identificar os principais fatores para a internacionalização de uma equipe de futebol brasileira, por meio da abordagem teórica de redes estratégicas e visão institucional e identificar a dinâmica entre estes fatores, por meio da proposição de um modelo conceitual que descreve o desempenho de Organizações Esportivas Não Lucrativas. A revisão da literatura revela que os laços e conexões que permitem acesso a recursos inimitáveis, corridas de aprendizado e tornarse líder ou estar em posição estratégica em determinada rede estratégica são os principais fatores para a formação de uma rede visando a internacionalização de determinada entidade esportiva. Para atingir este objetivo, esta pesquisa foi realizada por meio de uma pesquisa exploratória qualitativa em estudo de caso único, utilizando a organização Sport Club Corinthians Paulista como objeto, com dados coletados via entrevistas semiestruturadas com 15 (quinze) atores-chave da organização (entre gestores e ex-gestores, jornalistas e parceiros de negócio). Os principais achados da pesquisa e o modelo proposto ao final desta pesquisa consideram a capacidade de aquisição de recursos de terceiros e as capacidades organizacionais internas como vetores do desempenho superior, além do tamanho da organização, sua imagem ou reputação além de fatores institucionais são fatores relevantes para a internacionalização de uma organização esportiva em redes estratégicas. Como contribuição teórica, organizações com marcas ou imagem superiores à média são fatores relevantes para a criação ou entrada em uma rede estratégica. Em relação à contribuição gerencial, destaca-se uma sequência de fatores que viabilizam a internacionalização de uma organização esportiva que visa audiência global.
Sports entities such as clubs, federations, NGOs (Non-Governmental Organizations), and other forms of nonprofit sports organizations (NPSOs) can no longer be considered as local phenomenon to become organizations known broadly all over the world and public interest and awareness can be perceived not only in Brazilian market, as in traditional markets (such as European audience) and on emerging markets as China and India, new markets to football such as North America. However, the great disparity among clubs that belong to the called “Big Five” (English, French, German, Italian and Spanish Leagues) has potential to develop such a great distance to teams from other leagues that can have an effect on these teams capacity to invest beyond their original markets. The objective of this research is to identify the main factors for Brazilian football team internationalization by strategic networks and institutional view approaches by proposing a conceptual model which describes NPSO’s performance. Literature review reveals that ties and connections to inimitable resources, learning races and being a leader or to be in an important position in network are main factors for network formation in order to achieve internationalization. For that purpose it was adopted a qualitative exploratory research in single case study, with a Brazilian NPSO, Sport Club Corinthians Paulista – in this research called Corinthians, data was collected by in depth-interviews with fifteen key respondents. These depth-interviews were conducted with Corinthians’ management, business partners, as well as sports management journalists from major Brazilian media companies. At the end of this research it is proposed a performance model for nonprofit sports organizations, which considers the resource acquisition capacity, internal capabilities as antecedents to its performance. Main findings revealed that resource acquisition capabilities, organization`s size, brand and image reputation, in addition of institutional environmental are relevant factors for internationalization by networks. As a theoretical contribution, firms having strong brand and image reputation with resources that will strength network are an important factor for a firm entering a network or to form one. Regarding managerial perspective, a main contribution is to propose a sequence of factors for sports organizations aiming to achieve global audience.

Transport systems employing small sized vehicles and operated under an informal institutional structure are the essence of unconventional wisdom of urban transport planning in the Third World. The minibus is one of the many types of unconventional passenger carriers which primarily originate from indigenous technology. In the Far East, minibuses play a crucial role in moving commuters in large urban areas. Using minibuses in urban passenger transport services is interesting phenomena in urban transport planning in both developed and developing countries. Being small the minibus can ply along narrow streets often seen in crowded residential quarters and thus provide users with a high level of accessibility to trip ends. Furthermore, providers of minibus transport services are profitable, associated with small scale business and informal organizational structure and, more interestingly, often under private ownership. The minibus system in Beijing is one of the most recent public transport systems established in the Far East. It is distinctive in that the providers can be financially viable under state ownership and in large fleets. This study examines the system's service style, ownership pattern and organizational structure which are thought to have influenced the undertakings' financial performance. The findings suggest that neither ownership nor institutional structure contributes directly to profitability. The main factors for financial viability rest upon the self-reliance and entrepreneurship within the industry, which stimulates labour efficiency of the crews. Besides, the 'near-monopolistic' market and the limited total supply serving a huge population, also create opportunities for providers to charge high fares. On the basis of the findings, the study recommends that, in order to encourage the passenger transport business, a competitive market mechanism should be developed within the industry, with the participation of all sectors. The major outcome of this study is the building of a model of transport planning for developing cities. The essence of the model is that in low-income countries, cheap labour is an important resource which should be utilized fully in substitution for expensive imported technology, and that the use of modern technology should follow the affordability of the citizens and the condition of economic development. In conclusion, the study confirms that the unconventional transport wisdom is an appropriate approach that should be given proper weight, especially in the developing world.

Thesis (M. Phil.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2002.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 85-90). Also available in electronic version. Access restricted to campus users.

Thesis advisor: David Hollenbach
This dissertation starts by noting a tension in Catholic Social Teaching between the right of certain persons to immigrate, and the right of polities to control their borders, and seeks to find a way to resolve that tension. In a first moment, we ask whether the "right to immigrate" made sense only before the mass international migration movements starting around 1980, and before "globalisation", and whether polities today are morally justified in adopting increasingly harsh immigration restriction measures unilaterally. After rejecting this hypothesis by using an interdisciplinary analysis of the changes in the phenomenon of human mobility in recent decades, we propose another hypothesis to resolve the tension. We claim that the two rights are not "absolute" rights, and must be kept in tension. Which one of them trumps the other in concrete situations is determined partly by a set of (moral) priority rules, and partly through political discernment via fair democratic processes (which are always necessary so as to formulate concrete policies which require the consent of the governed). The rest of this dissertation provides a well-documented argument in favour of this second hypothesis, and in the process, we formulate a number of priority rules which help activists and policy makers, qua citizens and qua Christian disciples, adjudicate between rights claims based on the right to immigrate and the right to political sovereignty. The work also includes a systematic and historical presentation of Catholic Social Teaching on migration, a case study on immigration and emigration in Malta, a diachronic analysis of concepts related to human mobility in the Hebrew Bible, a philosophical reflection on Political Sovereignty in a "globalising" world, and a virtue ethics approach to the notions of solidarity, hospitality and kinship
Thesis (STD) — Boston College, 2013
Submitted to: Boston College. School of Theology and Ministry
Discipline: Sacred Theology

Previous research into sporting events and broadcast commentary have been consistent in showing that there are clear differences in prevalence of commentary topics when a commentator is describing a male athlete and a female athlete. Among these differences are sexualized and ambivalent language towards female athletes, gender marking, and language that suggests male athlete superiority to that of female athletes. Although sporting events such as the Summer and Winter Olympics and NCAA Men's and Women's Basketball Championship games have repeatedly been sites for exploration, the world's largest single-event sporting competition, the World Cup, remains relatively untouched. Keeping this in mind, using a systematic content analysis, this thesis analyzed the broadcast commentary provided by play-by-play and color commentators in FIFA World Cup and FIFA Women's World Cup final matches to discern whether or not the sex of the athlete competing resulted in a difference in the descriptive evaluations employed by commentators. Findings of this study revealed that there were few differences in the prevalence of descriptive evaluations based on the gender of the athletes competing. Implications of the results and recommendations for future research into broadcast commentary and World Cup final matches are addressed.
Master of Arts
Previous research into the role of broadcast commentary in sporting events has shown that not only are there differences in what sports commentators say about male and female athletes, but also in how often specific types of commentary occur. Through the examination of pinnacle athletic competitions, findings have revealed a higher frequency of sexualized and contradictory language towards female athletes, an increase in gender marking, and language that suggests the superiority of male athletes to that of female athletes, among other things. Despite the wide range of athletic competitions that have garnered research attention, one event that has remained relatively ignored is the FIFA World Cup. Because of this, by examining the broadcast commentary provided during FIFA World Cup and FIFA Women’s World Cup final matches, this study looked to discover if the sex of the athlete competing impacted how often certain evaluation types occurred during game action. Findings showed that there were few differences in the prevalence of these evaluations based on the sex of the athlete competing. In addition to discussing the findings of this study, recommendations for future research are also addressed.

This film is an autobiographical documentary which tells the story of the process of documenting the filmmaker's trip to his land of heritage. As his plans for his journey and film begin to go awry, he begins to question the entire process of trying to connect with nation and place.

The historical record of landslide occurrence is by far the most important data for assessing landslide risk. The objective of this study is to utilise archive imagery for assessing the probability of landslide occurrence and provide a quantitative landslide risk framework for geo tourism destination in Dorset. Within this study, risk analysis focuses on the risk to loss of life and injury. To calculate landslide risk, landslide inventories were prepared using the analysis of different archive imagery, the spatial and temporal probabilities of potentially damaging events, as well as the visitor exposure, considering also vulnerabilities, were determined. As risk is context-dependant and socially constructed, visitors’ risk perception was also investigated in this study. Results from risk analysis allow for establishing how well the landslides are recorded in the archive sources, to what extent the landslide inventories can be used to determine the frequency of landslide occurrence, and the significance of landslide inventories as a preliminary step for landslide risk assessment.

When a person drives a truck into the middle of a crowd celebrating Bastille Day in Nice, horrifying images, and witnessing stories is spread around the world. The Swedish nationwide evening tabloid newspaper Aftonbladet publishes the story during one week on their Facebook page, resulting in thousands of comments. This paper examines the interactive audience responses on social media towards the encounter of suffering caused in the Nice attack, 14th July 2016. Using framing analysis in combination with a qualitative content analysis the study focuses on 702 comments provided on Aftonbladets Facebook wall. This study analyses the opinions towards suffering visible in the material during the first days of the attack. Frame theory and media witnessing are used as theoretical framework. The analysis reveals four frames: the moral conflict frame where people criticize the witnessing by media, the reality conflict frame where people emphasizes suffering as a global issue, the justice conflict frame where suffering is discussed in terms compassion as something you deserve, and the emotional frame where people’s feelings of witnessing suffering is in focus. Previous research says that audiences are more likely to feel compassion towards victims if they can see themselves in them and/or if there is a short cultural and spatial distance between them, and this study has come to the same conclusion. However, this study contributes with knowledge about how the social media users negotiate compassion (the justice conflict frame and reality conflict frame) and focus on the questions of ethics when it comes to distant suffering (the moral conflict frame and emotional frame).

This study considers the history of trauma, both as a psychiatric concept and as a diagnosis, and its social and cultural representation from a transnational perspective after WWII. The intellectual evolution of trauma was determined by various medical, social and cultural variables, institutions, and people who wielded influence in the postwar world order as well as diverse local contexts. This thesis focuses on the globalisation and localisation of such concept and diagnosis shaped by international and local mental health experts at the World Health Organization and the National Taiwan University Hospital. Through the efforts of these experts, trauma not only became one of the most globally diffused psychiatric diagnoses, but also a hyperbole appropriated by Taiwanese psychiatrists to account for extreme forms of social suffering. Studies have criticised the universality and the Anglo-American-centred approach to the history of traumatic psychiatry. Scholars have also begun to explore transnational histories of psychiatry by systematically comparing or tracing the diffusion routes of psychiatric topics. Their methods of enquiry and problems solved, however, differ. My research analyses a disparate collection of evidence at the level of international organisations and from local aspects, allowing not only a critical reconsideration of trauma in the trend of global medicine, but also its reception, contestation and appropriation in the non-Western contexts. Guided by the works of medical historians, literary critics and cultural anthropologists, this project combines archival research with oral history interviews to challenge the existing historical accounts of trauma, and provide evidence of the limited capacity of globalised psychiatric norms and their reception and appropriation beyond the imagination of world citizenship. It argues that such scientific artefacts were not only produced through mutual reference between Eastern and Western experiences, but also measures of instrumental rationality employed by postwar internationalists to engineer their modernity in the Global South.

This thesis casts a new light on the role of Southeast Asia in the ancient Indian Ocean World. It brings together data and approaches from archaeology and historical linguistics to examine cultural and language contact between Southeast Asia and South Asia, East Africa and the Middle East. The interdisciplinary approach employed in this study reveals that insular Southeast Asian seafarers, traders and settlers had impacted on these parts of the world in pre-modern times through the transmission of numerous biological and cultural items. It is further demonstrated that the words used for these commodities often contain clues about the precise ethno-linguistic communities involved in their transoceanic dispersal. The Methodology chapter introduces some common linguistic strategies to examine language contact and lexical borrowing, to determine the directionality of loanwords and to circumvent the main caveats of such an approach. The study then proceeds to delve deeper into the socio-cultural background of interethnic contact in the Bay of Bengal and the Indian Ocean as a whole, focusing on the oft-neglected Southeast Asian contributions to the cultural landscape of this region and addressing the nature of pre-modern contact between Southeast Asia and the different parts of the Indian Ocean Word. Following from that, the last three chapters look in-depth at the dispersal of respectively Southeast Asian plants, spices and maritime technology into the wider Indian Ocean World. Although concepts and their names do not always neatly travel together across ethno-linguistic boundaries, these chapters demonstrate how a closer examination of lexical data offers supportive evidence and new perspectives on events of cultural contact not otherwise documented. Cumulatively, this study underlines that the analysis of lexical data is a strong tool to examine interethnic contact, particularly in pre-literate societies. Throughout the Indian Ocean World, Southeast Asian products and concepts were mainly dispersed by Malay-speaking communities, although others played a role as well.

This thesis is about the children of former Far East prisoners of war (FEPOWs): their memories of childhood, how they fashioned those memories in adulthood, and the relationship between the two. The FEPOW experience reverberated through postwar family life, and continued to shape the lives of participants across the intervening decades. Although a great deal is now known about the hardships suffered by the men, captivity had a deep and enduring impact on their children, but their history is rarely heard, and poorly understood. In Roots of Remembrance I investigate the lives of these children through in-depth interviews, using a psychosocial approach to both interviews and analysis. By tracing intergenerational transmission through the life course, I show that the memory practices of the children of Far East POWs had psychosocial roots in the captivity experiences of their fathers. For some, childhood was coloured by overt physical or psychological trauma; for others, what passed as a ‘normal’ upbringing led later to a pressing desire to discover more about their fathers’ wartime histories. My research demonstrates the need for a more nuanced and holistic approach to understanding intergenerational trauma transmission within this particular group. I argue that participants made creative use of memory practices across the course of their lives to revisit, review and reconstruct their relationships with their fathers, in order to reach an accommodation with their childhood memories. Findings include the value of attachment theory in understanding the associations between childhood experience and later memory practices, the role of the body and other implicit means of transmitting trauma, and the need for a greater awareness of the impact of cumulative and complex trauma within these families. Finally, I conclude that the psychosocial methodology enabled me to access areas of subjectivity and intersubjectivity that might otherwise have remained in the shadows.

This thesis attempts to give an account of how Whitehall planned Britain's withdrawal from extra-European commitments in the years 1959-1968, demonstrating that foreign policy development was essentially a cross-departmental process, involving a synthesis of views articulated by the Treasury, Board of Trade, Ministry of Defence, Colonial Office, Commonwealth Relations Office, as well as the Foreign Office. More specifically, the thesis is concerned with the direct effects of the interplay of different departmental policies on British retrenchment from Africa, the Middle East, and the Far East. Most accounts of how ministers and officials approached the subject of withdrawal from international commitments lack any substantive analysis of documentary evidence, a fact attributable to the 'thirty-year rule'. Many academic works also contain a reference to 'delusions of grandeur' as the main explanation as to why Whitehall guided a tentative course in extracting Britain from its remaining overseas obligations. By examining Whitehall's attempts to review future policy, usually on an inter-departmental basis, this thesis questions the commonly held assumption that an outdated imperial sentiment permeated the political establishment until economic reality, namely the devaluation of sterling in November 1967, forced Britain to confront the fragility of its position. Developing and expanding upon previous scholarship, this thesis makes a contribution to historical knowledge by providing the first sustained and unified study of how the highest echelons of Whitehall framed Britain's long-term strategic aims in the late 1950s and 1960s. This thesis is a contribution to administrative, diplomatic and military history, and provokes a number of questions. To what extent, for example, did economic considerations inform the decisions of leading policy-makers? Did a misjudgment over the strength of British 'power' lead to the pursuit of inappropriate foreign policy objectives? How was foreign policy affected by defence policy? What influence did the Treasury exert over high foreign policy? Did the influence of civil servants vary according to policy issues and the personalities involved? In what ways did the views of the departments responsible for economic matters differ from those in charge of defence policy on the priority attached to military expenditure? To what extent did the Foreign Office and Ministry of Defence disagree on matters regarding Britain's overseas commitments and possessions? In answering such questions, this thesis casts new light on how Whitehall, between 1959 and 1968, reduced the scope of Britain's international commitments, redirecting the central thrust of British foreign policy away from extra-European commitments towards Europe.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the constructed vision of social reality that the Sweden Democrats define and thus defend and legitimizes through their climate and environmental policy. With a focus on the power relations that are constitutive of the Sweden Democrats' definition of social reality, the intention is to clarify the Sweden Democrats' position on the issue of climate change and to make visible what underlies their actions concerning the ratification of the Paris Agreement. To achieve the purpose, critical discourse analysis is used as a method where political documents concerning the Sweden Democrats' climate, environment, and energy policy during the period 2018-2021 constitute the empirical material. The results show that the Sweden Democrats' definition of climate change is both ambiguous and ambivalent, where Sweden's self-image and Swedish interests are prioritized over climate measures. The result also shows that the Sweden Democrats' definition of climate change is constituted by underlying power relations to preserve the power of the nation-state and the subordinate position of developing countries. One conclusion that can be drawn is to reduce the Sweden Democrats to just being climate change deniers is to simplify because their attitude to climate change is characterized by ambivalence and self-interest rather than skepticism and denial. Another conclusion is that the Sweden Democrats' attitude to climate change is more about defending and preserving existing power relations and less about questioning the existence of climate change. A third conclusion that can be drawn is that the Sweden Democrats' action regarding the Paris Agreement is more about opposing a social change that entails increased equality and about legitimizing the nation state's continued relevance in a globalized world, and less about opposing the content and implementation of the Paris Agreement.

This thesis describes the implementation and evaluation of a modular approach for generating 2D side-scroller game levels from a procedurally generated 3D world. Manually generating large amounts of game levels can take considerable amounts of time, and it maybe desirable to automate this process, using procedural content generation. The problem with using procedural content generation is that it is hard to generate coherent game levels. We implement a modular pipeline which, given a set of heightmaps, generates a 3Dworld. From this world, 2D game levels are generated by pathing and extracting terrain features which influence the content in the game levels. The resulting 2D game levels will, using our approach, have a coherent and logical look. The game levels themselves do not contain any interesting gameplay. Instead they rely on a game level designer to add gameplay elements. The resulting modular implementation is considered a success, it proves that it is possible to generate 2D game levels from a procedurally generated 3Dworld, using the features of that world.

The Tuoba's success in the making of the Northern Wei as a conquest dynasty in fifth century northern China will be argued in this thesis as a result of their ability to cross between the traditions and practices of the Chinese sphere and those of the Eurasian steppe, through the construction of a "dual presence" in the Pingcheng period (398-494 CE). A negotiation of material culture in this formative phase of state-building allowed for new notions of kingship, dynastic identity, and representations of daily life to be (re)created. This was manifested separately through the application of mountain-side stone sculptures, tomb repertoires, as well as the conception of Pingcheng as a capital city. The material cultural expressions explored in this thesis reflect significant changes in the socio-cultural atmosphere at this point in history. In effect, these ritual, funerary, and commemorative discourses wove together to create new notions of "Chineseness" in fifth century northern China. In the following discussion, we will come to recognize the Tuoba’s maintenance of a "dual presence", not only as "Son of Heaven" to the conquered subjects, but also carrying over practices that befit a Khagan in the Central Asian tradition, as an act of ingenuity.

Face aux atrocités perpétrées par les armées allemandes et japonaises, les Alliés en viennent à la même conclusion durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale : la meilleure réponse à la barbarie se situe dans une justice exemplaire. Châtier les plus hauts dignitaires nazis et japonais est jugé de la plus haute importance. Ces idéaux élevés de justice se trouvent pourtant être vite compromis avec les réalités d’après-guerre. Invitée par les États-Unis à juger les grands criminels de guerre japonais, la France accepte de participer au Tribunal militaire international pour l’Extrême-Orient. De mai 1946 à décembre 1948, vingt-huit prévenus comparaissent devant un collège de juges de onze nationalités différentes pour répondre de leurs responsabilités dans la guerre du Pacifique. La présence de la France à ce procès est motivée par des enjeux politiques : le nouveau gouvernement français espère reconquérir l’Indochine ; ce procès international lui offre une scène inattendue pour affirmer son prestige en Extrême-Orient. Mais les délégués français vont se comporter de manière imprévisible à Tokyo. À partir de sources inédites, cette thèse se propose de suivre leur engagement en faveur d’une justice internationale. Elle apporte ainsi une nouvelle perspective sur le procès de Tokyo et sur l’histoire de la justice transitionnelle
Alarmed by the magnitude of the atrocities perpetrated in Europe and in Asia, the Allies demonstrated their resolve to punish those responsible for such acts in 1945. From 1945 to 1948, prominent members of Nazi Germany and the Japanese Empire were prosecuted at the Nuremberg and the Tokyo International Military Trials. In Japan, the United States invited France to participate in the Tokyo trial. This trial offered her an unexpected opportunity to build prestige in the Far East; during World War II, France had lost her richest colony, Indochina, and hoped to regain it. France wanted to prove that she was a nation of rights in Asia where decolonization was gaining ground. But it is hardly surprising that her delegates did not protect the national interest. On the contrary, they just wished to improve the fairness of the Tokyo trial. Based on unpublished sources, this thesis aims to understand their commitment to international justice. It sheds new light on the Tokyo trial and on the history of transitional justice

The nature of trials, tests, and temptation in the Epistle of James has been extensively debated in New Testament scholarship. However, scholarship has underexamined the tension between the author’s mitigation of divine agency in testing ( Jas 1:13–14) and the author’s appeal to well-known biblical testing narratives such as the creation account (1:15– 18), the Binding of Isaac ( Jas 2:21–24), and the Trials of Job ( Jas 5:9–11). is juxtaposition between the author’s theological apologetic and his biblical hermeneutic has the potential to reveal either the author’s theological incoherence or his rhetorical and hermeneutical creativity. With these tensions of divine agency and biblical interpretation in mind, this dissertation compares the Epistle of James against other examples of ancient Jewish interpretation, interrogating two points of contact in each Jewish work: their portrayals of the cosmic drama of testing, and their resulting biblical hermeneutic. The dissertation assembles a spectrum of positions on how the divine, satanic, and human roles of testing vary from author to author. These variations of the dramatis personae of the cosmic drama exercise a direct influence on the reception and interpretation of the biblical testing narratives. When the Epistle of James is examined in a similar light, it reveals a cosmic drama especially dependent on the metaphor of the divine law court. Within this cosmic drama, God stands as righteous judge, and in the place of divine prosecutor stand the cosmic forces indicting both divine integrity and human religious loyalty. These cosmic and human roles have a direct impact on James’ reading of biblical testing narratives. Utilising an intra-canonical hermeneutic similar to that found in Rewritten Bible literature, the Epistle appeals to a constructed ‘Jobraham’ narrative in which the Job stories mitigate divine agency in biblical trials such as those of Abraham, and Abraham’s celebrated patience rehabilitates Job’s rebellious response to trial. In conclusion, by closely examining the broader exegetical discourses of ancient Judaism, this project sheds new light on how the Epistle of James responds to theological tensions within its religious community through a hermeneutical application of the dominant biblical narratives of Job’s cosmic framework and Abraham’s human perfection.

Castration has a long temporal and geographical span. Its origins are unclear, but likely lie in the Ancient Near East around the time of the Secondary Products Revolution and the increase in social complexity of proto-urban societies. Due to the unique social and gender roles created by castrates’ ambiguous sexual state, human castrates were used heavily in strongly hierarchical social structures such as imperial and religious institutions, and were often close to the ruler of an imperial society. This privileged position, though often occupied by slaves, gave castrates enormous power to affect governmental decisions. This often aroused the jealousy and hatred of intact elite males, who were not afforded as open access to the ruler and virulently condemned castrates in historical documents. These attitudes were passed down to the scholars and doctors who began to study castration in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, affecting the manner in which castration was studied. Osteometric and anthropometric examinations of castrates were carried out during this period, but the two World Wars and a shift in focus meant that castrate bodies were not studied for nearly eighty years. Recent interest in gender and sexuality in the past has revived interest in castration as a topic, but few studies of castrate remains have occurred. As large numbers of castrates are referenced in historical documents, the lack of castrate skeletons may be due to a lack of recognition of the physical effects of castration on the skeleton. The synthesis and generation of methods for more accurate identification of castrate skeletons was undertaken and the results are presented here to improve the ability to identify castrate skeletons within the archaeological record.

Doutoramento em Bioquímica
Os polissacarídeos são os componentes maioritários dos grãos de café verde e torrado e da bebida de café. Os mais abundantes são as galactomananas, seguindo-se as arabinogalactanas. Durante o processo de torra, as galactomananas e arabinogalactanas sofrem modificações estruturais, as quais estão longe de estar completamente elucidadas devido à sua diversidade e à complexidade estrutural dos compostos formados. Durante o processo de torra, as galactomananas e arabinogalactanas reagem com proteínas, ácidos clorogénicos e sacarose, originando compostos castanhos de alto peso molecular contendo nitrogénio, designados de melanoidinas. As melanoidinas do café apresentam diversas atividades biológicas e efeitos benéficos para a saúde. No entanto, a sua estrutura exata e os mecanismos envolvidos na sua formação permanecem desconhecidos, bem como a relação estrutura-atividade biológica. A utilização de sistemas modelo e a análise por espectrometria de massa permitem obter uma visão global e, simultaneamente, detalhada das modificações estruturais nos polissacarídeos do café promovidas pela torra, contribuindo para a elucidação das estruturas e mecanismos de formação das melanoidinas. Com base nesta tese, oligossacarídeos estruturalmente relacionados com a cadeia principal das galactomananas, (β1→4)-Dmanotriose (Man3), e as cadeias laterais das arabinogalactanas, (α1→5)-Larabinotriose (Ara3), isoladamente ou em misturas com ácido 5-Ocafeoilquínico (5-CQA), o ácido clorogénico mais abundante nos grãos de café verde, e péptidos compostos por tirosina e leucina, usados como modelos das proteínas, foram sujeitos a tratamento térmico a seco, mimetizando o processo de torra. A oxidação induzida por radicais hidroxilo (HO•) foi também estudada, uma vez que estes radicais parecem estar envolvidos na modificação dos polissacarídeos durante a torra. A identificação das modificações estruturais induzidas por tratamento térmico e oxidativo dos compostos modelo foi feita por estratégias analíticas baseadas principalmente em espectrometria de massa, mas também em cromatografia líquida. A cromatografia de gás foi usada na análise de açúcares neutros e ligações glicosídicas. Para validar as conclusões obtidas com os compostos modelo, foram também analisadas amostras de polissacarídeos do café obtidas a partir de resíduo de café e café instantâneo. Os resultados obtidos a partir dos oligossacarídeos modelo quando submetidos a tratamento térmico (seco), assim como à oxidação induzida por HO• (em solução), indicam a ocorrência de despolimerização, o que está de acordo com estudos anteriores que reportam a despolimerização das galactomananas e arabinogalactanas do café durante a torra. Foram ainda identificados outros compostos resultantes da quebra do anel de açúcares formados durante o tratamento térmico e oxidativo da Ara3. Por outro lado, o tratamento térmico a seco dos oligossacarídeos modelo (individualmente ou quando misturados) promoveu a formação de oligossacarídeos com um maior grau de polimerização, e também polissacarídeos com novos tipos de ligações glicosídicas, evidenciando a ocorrência de polimerização através reações de transglicosilação não enzimática induzidas por tratamento térmico a seco. As reações de transglicosilação induzidas por tratamento térmico a seco podem ocorrer entre resíduos de açúcares provenientes da mesma origem, mas também de origens diferentes com formação de estruturas híbridas, contendo arabinose e manose como observado nos casos dos compostos modelo usados. Os resultados obtidos a partir de amostras do resíduo de café e de café instantâneo sugerem a presença de polissacarídeos híbridos nestas amostras de café processado, corroborando a ocorrência de transglicosilação durante o processo de torra. Além disso, o estudo de misturas contendo diferentes proporções de cada oligossacarídeo modelo, mimetizando regiões do grão de café com composição distinta em polissacarídeos, sujeitos a diferentes períodos de tratamento térmico, permitiu inferir que diferentes estruturas híbridas e não híbridas podem ser formadas a partir das arabinogalactanas e galactomananas, dependendo da sua distribuição nas paredes celulares do grão e das condições de torra. Estes resultados podem explicar a heterogeneidade de estruturas de melanoidinas formadas durante a torra do café. Os resultados obtidos a partir de misturas modelo contendo um oligossacarídeo (Ara3 ou Man3) e 5-CQA sujeitas a tratamento térmico a seco, assim como de amostras provenientes do resíduo de café, mostraram a formação de compostos híbridos compostos por moléculas de CQA ligadas covalentemente a um número variável de resíduos de açúcar. Além disso, os resultados obtidos a partir da mistura contendo Man3 e 5-CQA mostraram que o CQA atua como catalisador das reações de transglicosilação. Por outro lado, nas misturas modelo contendo um péptido, mesmo contendo também 5-CQA e sujeitas ao mesmo tratamento, observou-se uma diminuição na extensão das reações transglicosilação. Este resultado pode explicar a baixa extensão das reações de transglicosilação não enzimáticas durante a torra nas regiões do grão de café mais ricas em proteínas, apesar dos polissacarídeos serem os componentes maioritários dos grãos de café. A diminuição das reações de transglicosilação na presença de péptidos/proteínas pode dever-se ao facto de os resíduos de açúcares redutores reagirem preferencialmente com os grupos amina de péptidos/proteínas por reação de Maillard, diminuindo o número de resíduos de açúcares redutores disponíveis para as reações de transglicosilação. Além dos compostos já descritos, uma diversidade de outros compostos foram formados a partir dos sistemas modelo, nomeadamente derivados de desidratação formados durante o tratamento térmico a seco. Em conclusão, a tipificação das modificações estruturais promovidas pela torra nos polissacarídeos do café abre o caminho para a compreensão dos mecanismos de formação das melanoidinas e da relação estrutura-atividade destes compostos.
Polysaccharides are the major components of green and roasted coffee beans, and coffee brew. The most abundant ones are galactomannans, followed by arabinogalactans. During the roasting process, galactomannans and arabinogalactans undergo structural modifications that are far to be completely elucidated due to their diversity and complexity of the compounds formed. During the roasting process, galactomannans and arabinogalactans react with proteins, chlorogenic acids, and sucrose, originating high molecular weight brown compounds containing nitrogen, known as melanoidins. Several biological activities and beneficial health effects have been attributed to coffee melanoidins. However, their exact structures and the mechanisms involved in their formation remain unknown, as well as the structure-biological activity relationship. The use of model systems and mass spectrometry analysis allow to obtain an overall view and, simultaneously, detailed, of the structural modifications in coffee polysaccharides promoted by roasting, contributing to the elucidation of the structures and formation mechanisms of melanoidins. Based on this thesis, oligosaccharides structurally related to the backbone of galactomannans, (β1→4)-D-mannotriose, and the side chains of arabinogalactans, (α1→5)-Larabinotriose, alone or in mixtures with 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, the most abundant chlorogenic acid in green coffee beans, and dipeptides composed by tyrosine and leucine, used as models of proteins, were submitted to dry thermal treatments, mimicking the coffee roasting process. The oxidation induced by hydroxyl radicals (HO•) was also studied, since these radicals seem to be involved in the modification of the polysaccharides during roasting. The identification of the structural modifications induced by thermal and oxidative treatment of the model compounds was performed mostly by mass spectrometry-based analytical strategies, but also using liquid chromatography. Gas chromatography was used in the analysis of neutral sugars and glycosidic linkages. To validate the conclusions achieved with the model compounds, coffee polysaccharide samples obtained from spent coffee grounds and instant coffee were also analysed. The results obtained from the model oligosaccharides when submitted to thermal treatment (dry) or oxidation induced by HO• (in solution) indicate the occurrence of depolymerization, which is in line with previous studies reporting the depolymerization of coffee galactomannans and arabinogalactans during roasting. Compounds resulting from sugar ring cleavage were also formed during thermal treatment and oxidative treatment of Ara3. On the other hand, the dry thermal treatment of the model oligosaccharides (alone or when mixed) promoted the formation of oligosaccharides with a higher degree of polymerization, and also polysaccharides with new type of glycosidic linkages, evidencing the occurrence of polymerization via non-enzymatic transglycosylation reactions induced by dry thermal treatment. The transglycosylation reactions induced by dry thermal treatment can occur between sugar residues from the same origin, but also of different origins, with formation of hybrid structures, containing arabinose and mannose in the case of the model compounds used. The results obtained from spent coffee grounds and instant coffee samples suggest the presence of hybrid polysaccharides in these processed coffee samples, corroborating the occurrence of transglycosylation during the roasting process. Furthermore, the study of mixtures containing different proportions of each model oligosaccharide, mimicking coffee bean regions with distinct polysaccharide composition, subjected to different periods of thermal treatment, allowed to infer that different hybrid and non-hybrid structures may be formed from arabinogalactans and galactomannans, depending on their distribution in the bean cell walls and on roasting conditions. These results may explain the heterogeneity of melanoidins structures formed during coffee roasting. The results obtained from model mixtures containing an oligosaccharide (Ara3 or Man3) and 5-CQA and subjected to dry thermal treatment, as well as samples derived from spent coffee grounds, showed the formation of hybrid compounds composed by CQA molecules covalently linked to a variable number of sugar residues. Moreover, the results obtained from the mixture containing Man3 and 5-CQA showed that CQA acts as catalyst of transglycosylation reactions. On the other hand, in the model mixtures containing a peptide, even if containing 5-CQA and subjected to the same treatment, it was observed a decrease in the extent of transglycosylation reactions. This outcome can explain the low extent of non-enzymatic transglycosylation reactions during roasting in coffee bean regions enriched in proteins, although polysaccharides are the major components of the coffee beans. The decrease of transglycosylation reactions in the presence of peptides/proteins can be related with the preferential reactivity of reducing residues with the amino groups of peptides/proteins by Maillard reaction, decreasing the number of reducing residues available to be directly involved in the transglycosylation reactions. In addition to the compounds already described, a diversity of other compounds were formed from model systems, namely dehydrated derivatives formed during dry thermal treatment. In conclusion, the identification of the structural modifications in coffee polysaccharides promoted by roasting pave the way to the understanding of the mechanisms of formation of melanoidins and structure-activity relationship of these compounds.

碩士
臺南藝術學院
博物館學研究所
92
Museum displays are designed with the goal to achieve effective communication and provide a learning experience on a specific subject. If the fundamental attitude of display design can incorporate and consider the various elements of storytelling narrative, this can positively affect and bridge the distance between the exhibitions with its intended audience. Films, by its essential definition, are not the same as museum displays. However, the medium of film also exhibits the physical differentiations, narrative qualities and limitations through its screen dimensions within the real-world spatiality. This research paper aims to investigate and make a comparative analysis of the styles and characteristics between these two divergent forms of narrative foundations in the hopes of arriving at the median of between the fundamental spectatorships for museum displays and films. This research paper involves the examination of two individual sets of proposed questions. The first concerns with the rethinking of the modes of museum displays and film narratives respectively. The latter considers the possibility of aesthetic transition and exploration of their narrative forms. Aside from analyzing and providing related references to in order to understand the communicative and comprehensive qualities of narrative, as well as providing the narrative prototypes of museum displays and films, I also further analyze museum displays and film screening examples to articulate the inherent limitations and characteristics of museum displays in its narrative mode. This research project proposes the possibility of applying the aesthetic narrative strategies utilized in film in the design of a museum display. By incorporating methods such as utilizing scripts in the design of a museum displays, as well as the careful consideration of spatial and methods of display design, a more imaginative realization and dynamic experience could be possible.

碩士
逢甲大學
應用數學研究所
83
Griggs 與Yeh 在一九九０年首先對簡單圖形(simple graphs)提出L(2 ,1)-labelling 的問題。若我們給定一個正數d，令G=(V,E)為一個簡單圖 形，L(2d,d)-labelling為一個非負實值函數f:v→[0,∞]使得在圖形中相 鄰的兩點x,y，其函數值差不小於 2d即|f(x)-f(y)|不小於2d，而若是x,y 距離為2時，則其函數值差不小於d|f(x)-f(y)|不小於d。他們並且已証明 了對任何L(2d,d)-labelling問題能被縮減到僅考慮非負整數值函數之 L(2, 1)-labelling。此著色數L(2,1)-labellingnumber(或L(2,1)- number)稱為λ(G)為最小整數k，使得G上有一L(2,1)-labelling f，使得 當v屬於V時 f(v)有最大值k。　　在本文中，我們把原先在距離一與距離 二上的條件稍做修改，考慮一個新的著色稱為L(1,2)-labelling。 L(1,2)-labelling為一個非負整數值函數f：v →[0,∞]使得若圖形中相 鄰的兩點x,y則|f(x)-f(y)|不小於1，若是x,y在圖形中距離為2則|f(x)- f(y)|不小於2。我們將它的著色數L(1, 2)-labelling number定義為■( G)最小整數m，使得圖形G上有一L(1,2)- labelling f使得當v屬於V時f( v)有最大值m。這樣的修改有些類似補集的概念，然而並非如此。首先我 們考慮許多基本圖形的■值，然後找出含最大度數(Maximum degree)圖形 之■值的上界，並舉出二種■值接近此上界的圖形，同時也考慮直徑為二 之圖形(Diameter Two Graphs)的■值，並將■與λ在path，cycle， wheel，tree等基本圖形及直徑為二之圖形與Inci- dent Graph， Polarity Graph 上作一比較。

The Clementine Mission acquired the first global compositional data for the Moon. Five discrete wavelengths (415, 750, 900, 950, 1000 nm) span the ultraviolet-visible spectrum. Using this data, I have performed a systematic study of the mare deposits on the far side of the Moon, between 80' east and 80' west longitude. The major study areas are the Australe, Marginis, Moscoviense, Orientale, Smythii, and South Pole-Aitken basins. Mare basalt deposits within these basins or regions around them are characterized by their volume, age, chemistry and geologic setting. The integration of this information yields information concerning the thermal history, lateral and vertical heterogeniety of the mantle, and conditions at the time of eruption for far side mare deposits. Furthermore, this information provides constraints for models that discribe lunar volcanism and the composition of the mantle. Volcanism on the Moon's far side was not as protracted or as voluminous as on the near side. However, multiple episodes of volcanism are recognized in each of the major basins studied. Brief periods of volcanism occurred in degraded basins such as Campbell, Compton, Freundlich-Sharnov and Mendel-Rydberg and the isolated deposit Kohlshutter. The average iron and titanium composition of far side basalt deposits is lower relative to basalt deposits on the near side. Impact mixing has more efficiently contaminated the lower volume mare deposits with highlands material. Very high-Ti basalts, like those at Apollo 11 and 17 landing sites, are absent. Late stage moderately high-Ti units (4-6 wt.% $\rm TiO\sb2)$ are located in the Moscoviense, South Pole-Aitken and Australe basins. My interpretation of these data is that the proposed thicker far side crust has prevented very high-Ti basalts from erupting onto the surface of the far side of the Moon. A simple stratified mantle with high-Ti late cumulates situated above low-Ti early cumulates does not explain the observed distribution of late stage, moderately high-Ti basalt units on the far side.

It is received wisdom that Britain and France played the leading role in overseas expansion in the eighteenth century while the German lands lacked both a central political authority and colonies of their own. We know from the work of scholars such as Susanne Zantop that German intellectuals were fascinated by encounters with non-European cultures, and German genres of travel writing, popular drama, and the philosophy of history all manifest an obsession with thinking about forms of cultural difference. In many cases, such efforts are wrought with ambivalence. The German world traveler Georg Forster is torn between the passionate admiration for a paradise-like Tahiti and the judgment of Tahiti as uncivilized. August von Kotzebue, Germany's most popular playwright around 1800, wrote dramas set in the New World and other exotic locales. In his Bruder Moritz (1791, Brother Moritz), the protagonist seeks to educate the child-like Arabs at the same time as he criticizes his aunt's racial condescension as lacking empathy. In Johann Gottfried Herder's philosophy of history, sympathy for the slaves in European colonies is accompanied by a belief in European cultural superiority. In all these examples, there is more at stake than the fantasies of German colonial rule that Zantop called our attention to a decade ago. My dissertation targets precisely the equivocal nature of the German colonial imagination around 1800 and suggests a different reading strategy.

Postcolonial scholarship has critiqued the ways in which visions of European cultural and racial superiority supported the expansion of colonialism. Recently, scholars have also foregrounded how European culture gave rise to a critique of colonial atrocity. My dissertation, however, stresses the co-existence of both Eurocentrism and the critique of colonial violence and understands this seeming contradiction as a response to the challenge from cultural and colonial difference. I identify emotion or the mode of sentimentalism as the channel through which the alleged cultural otherness questions both colonial violence and European superiority with universal claims. In my analysis, non-Europeans are not only the colonized or the oppressed but also regain their agency in co-constructing a distinct vision of global modernity.

The dissertation concerns itself with both canonical works and popular culture. I first explore Georg Forster's highly influential travelogue Reise um die Welt (1777/1778, A Voyage Round the World), documenting the interplay between Enlightenment anthropology and the impact of South Pacific cultures. Kotzebue's cross-cultural melodramas imagine different orders of love, sexuality, and marriage and challenge the noble form of bourgeois tragedy as theorized by Friedrich Schiller. Contested by Immanuel Kant, Herder's universal history inaugurates a new logic of organizing different cultures into an organic ongoing process of historical development and, at the same time, articulates cultural relativism as a paradigm shift. My reading strategy through cultural and colonial difference unearths the pivotal roles which the impulses from the non-European world played in the construction of German culture around 1800.

By acknowledging both Eurocentrism and anticolonial critiques in these German texts, this dissertation stresses the impact of cultural otherness on the architecture of German thought through sentimentalism and provides both historically and theoretically differentiated understandings of the German colonial imagination in the global eighteenth century.

Dissertation

This dissertation avers that the transpacific circulation of narrative artefacts - travel accounts, letters, relaciones, and illustrated codices- enabled the emergence of a new global history that departs from the ancient tradition of universal history. In the late 16th and early 17th centuries, Iberian missionaries and historians began to incorporate into their histories and chronicles of the Indies sources and material dealing with China, Japan and other regions of the Far East. The dissertation argues that this transpacific interaction enabled historians to produce synchronic modes of writing that were emancipated from ancient narrative models. To develop this argument, the dissertation examines how historians and missionaries gradually separated the reading of ancient books from their own modern experience of narrating the Far East. By incorporating sources and material produced mainly in Macau and Manila, scholars not only imported new knowledge related to East and Southeast Asia into the Iberian and European world, but they also transformed the genre of general and universal histories of the Indies developed during the 16th century in the New World. Instead of considering the gradual integration of America with Eurasia and Africa to be the main and only fact that defined the emergence of a new global history, this dissertation argues that it was the discovery of the Far East from the West Indies that enabled historians to create forms of writing global histories that departed from the tradition of universal history. The dissertation puts into dialogue coexisting models and methods of composing global histories that emerged in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. To do so, I examine the emergence of narratives that integrated the Far East into historical genres developed in the West Indies during the 16th century. In this part, I explore the writings of scholars who wrote about the Far East by projecting a perspective that emerged from their production developed in the West Indies: Martín de Rada (1533-78), Francisco Hernández (1517-1587), Juan González de Mendoza (1540-1617), José de Acosta (1540-1600), the authors of the Boxer codex (ca. 1590), Adriano de las Cortes (1577-1629), and Antonio de León Pinelo (1595-1660). Furthermore, the dissertation analyzes the emergence of global modes of writing by focusing on the writings of Jesuits who arrived in the Far East from the oriental Portuguese route, such as Matteo Ricci (1552-1610), Diego de Pantoja (1571-1618), and Nicolas Trigault (1577-1628). These correlated productions incorporated the Far East into the narratives of the Iberian world by redefining categories associated with the Orient and reformulating methods of historical writing. By building a corpus of sources that refer to the arrival of Iberians to the Far East, this dissertation advances the thesis that the creation of systems of exchange and the transpacific circulation of relaciones, letters, and codices made possible and shaped new forms of composing global histories in the early modern Iberian world.

The major aim of this research was to resolve the following question: What are the key processes affecting the concentrations, mobility and bioavailability of traffic-derived metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni, Zn, Pd and Pt) in roadside environments in a section of the wet-dry tropics in northern Australia? Specific areas investigated included the Kuranda Range Road, northwest of the city of Cairns; the Captain Cook Highway at the base of the Kuranda Range Road; and adjoining streams and grassed fields. The Kuranda Range Road traverses World Heritage-listed rainforest and the Queensland Department of Main Roads plans to upgrade the road from two lanes to four. Materials analysed in the study comprised bedrock, road sediments, road runoff waters, stream sediments, roadside topsoils, and grasses. Additionally, background stream sediment, stream water, topsoil and grass samples were collected away from roads. Geochemical analyses of the road sediments from the Kuranda Range Road revealed variable total metal concentrations (median values: 0.19 mg/kg Cd, 41.7 mg/kg Cu, 53.3 mg/kg Pb, 38.8 mg/kg Ni, 852 mg/kg Zn, 0.035 mg/kg Pd, 0.086 mg/kg Pt). Moreover, the studied road sediments exhibited metal enrichment (Ni excepted) relative to background stream sediments (maximum enrichment factors: Cd 1.8x, Cu 1.5x, Pb 6.8x, Zn 17.3x, Pd 49.5x, Pt 82x). Partial (citrate dithionite) and sequential (as per the method of Tessier et al. 1979) extractions were performed on the road sediments to examine their metal host sites. The results demonstrated that approximately 35 % to 95 % of the sediments’ metal content was accommodated by acid (HF-HNO3-HClO4)-insoluble fractions, likely residual silicates. However, significant (p<0.01) positive correlations between the Corg and Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn concentrations in the road sediments pointed to metal hosting by an organic source, most likely tyre rubber shreds. The extraction techniques revealed that metals associated with tyre rubber are not readily removed by extraction reagents. Hence, other methods, including correlation analyses between metal concentrations and Al, Mn, Fe and Corg values, are necessary to accurately interpret metal hosting within road sediments. Chemical analyses were performed to evaluate the mobility of Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni and Zn within road runoff waters on the Kuranda Range Road. Maximum Cu, Pb and Zn levels in filtered (<0.45 μm) road runoff waters taken in November 2004 (after a prolonged absence of rainfall) were 8x, 6x and 12x greater than their respective highest values in samples acquired in February 2003 and January 2004 (following heavy rainfall). Such temporal metal distribution data for road runoff waters suggest that large volumes of rainfall in wet-dry tropical regions are capable of mobilising high levels of metals from road surfaces during the initial flushing event (i.e. the ‘first flush’). Furthermore, laboratory leaching and ponding experiments conducted on road sediments indicated that a small proportion of the total heavy metal content (<10 %) of road sediments is readily dissolved in distilled water. In the leach tests, aqueous Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn concentrations showed a pronounced ‘first flush’ effect (i.e. metal values were much higher in the first few samples than in the remaining leachates). To explore the dispersion of metals from road surfaces, stream sediments from Avondale Creek (intersecting the Kuranda Range Road) were analysed for their total metal contents and Pb isotopic ratios (208Pb/206Pb, 207Pb/206Pb, 208Pb/204Pb and 206Pb/204Pb). The results revealed: a) elevated total Pb (29.6 mg/kg) and Pt (0.025 mg/kg) concentrations in the sediments collected downstream of the road compared to sediments upstream of the road (Pb = 7.3 mg/kg, Pt = 0.006 mg/kg); and b) non-radiogenic Pb isotopic signatures (characteristic of Broken Hill Pb used in petrol) in sediment samples downstream of roads relative to background stream sediments. The results likely reflect contamination of the catchment by road sources. The verification of metal contamination within Avondale Creek triggered an investigation into the bioavailability of traffic-derived metals. This involved an assessment of the uptake of soil-hosted metals by a grass species (Melinis repens), growing adjacent to the Kuranda Range Road. Median total metal concentrations in topsoils collected adjacent to the road were much higher than median total metal values in topsoils taken 5 metres from the road edge. In the M. repens grass specimens, Cu, Pb, Ni and especially Zn concentrations were elevated in roots acquired from immediately adjacent to the Kuranda Range Road. M. repens clearly has the ability to incorporate high concentrations of trace elements when growing on contaminated roadside soils, particularly Zn and to a lesser degree Cu, Pb and Ni. Additionally, extractions using a DTPA-CaCl2-TEA-HCl (DTPA) solution revealed a significant positive correlation (p<0.01) between soil-DTPA and root Zn levels in the roadside M. repens samples. This indicates that the DTPA reagent is a rudimentary indicator of Zn to the roots of this grass species. Metal concentrations in M. repens samples grown in road sediments as part of a greenhouse experiment, were similar to the values exhibited by the field specimens. Moreover, the metal levels extracted from the road sediments by an EDTA-NH4HCO3 solution were commensurate with DTPA-extractable values, indicating that both of these solutions target similar metal fractions in road sediments. The final research phase examined remediation measures for road runoff waters on the planned Kuranda Range Road Upgrade. A treatment selection process identified dissolved metals as the most significant category of pollutants because of their high lability and potential toxicity. Site constraints, including the close proximity of the road to sensitive water catchments, indicated that at-source pollutant attenuation will be the most effective remediation option for the road upgrade. Thus, existing at-source primary treatment measures (e.g. trash racks); secondary technologies (including sand filters); and tertiary structures (such as biofilters) were identified as the most suitable treatment options for the Kuranda Range Road Upgrade. Few tertiary treatment devices exist for road runoff waters (the StormFilter is an exception). Hence, this research explored the capacity of commonly-available materials, including mushroom compost and bentonite, to remove dissolved metals from road sediment leachates. In laboratory experiments conducted in this project, mushroom compost and bentonite displayed strong capacities to reduce dissolved heavy metal concentrations in road sediment leachates (Pb and Zn removal over 80 %). Both materials were very fast-acting (<5 minutes) in achieving metal attenuation. It is envisaged that these adsorptive materials have the potential to be included into structures (such as sand filter beds) that can achieve tertiary treatment of road runoff waters on the upgraded Kuranda Range Road. Overall, this research demonstrated that annual wet-dry climate cycles control the concentrations, mobility and bioavailability of traffic-derived metals in roadside corridors in the tropics. Metals accumulate in roadside sediments and soils during the prolonged ‘dry season’ from April to October, and are mobilised by road runoff waters over the ‘wet season’ (November to March). Mobile metals are bioavailable to organisms living adjacent to roads. Consequently, remediation strategies that can reduce the dispersal of these contaminants into natural environments are important in road design and maintenance in the tropics. The use of adsorptive materials such as bentonite in sand filter beds is presented as one such remediation option.

碩士
中山醫學大學
醫學研究所
104
Introduction: All-oral direct-acting agent dual therapy with Daclatasvir plus Asunaprevir (DCV+ASV) achieved high sustained virological responses (SVR) in genotype 1b (GT-1b) HCV patients in the HALLMARK-DUAL1 study and Phase 3 Japanese study2,3. DCV + ASV is approved in several countries including Taiwan in March, 2016, Japan, Korea, and Latin America, Eastern Europe. In this study, real-world experience of DCV+ASV dual therapy in HCV GT-1b patients was reported. Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of DCV+ASV therapy in GT-1b HCV infected Taiwanese patients in real-world. Method: Fifty GT-1b HCV infection patients received dual therapy were enrolled at two hospitals in central Taiwan. Five patients (10%) were excluded due to existence of baseline resistance-associated variants (RAVs). Outcomes from 27 patients, who had received 24 weeks dual therapy and been followed up for 24 weeks after end of treatment, were recorded and analyzed. Sustained virologic response at post-treatment week 12 and week 24(SVR12/SVR24) and safety profiles were evaluated. The results were compared with those from HALLMARK-DUAL study. Result: In the real-world group, the mean age was 57 years old ( male/female: 5/ 4); 63% (17/27) patients had advanced liver fibrosis or compensated cirrhosis; 56% patients were treatment-experienced. Virologic response(defined as HCV RNA < LLOQ )at week 4 was 89% (24/27) in the real-world group and74% (477/643) in phase 3 clinical trial group. SVR12 rate was higher than the phase 3 clinical trial group (93 % vs. 84%). SVR12 rates were100% (12/12), 89% (8/9) and 83% (5/6)in treatment-naive, ineligible/intolerant and non-responder patients, respectively. Patients with advanced liver disease or cirrhosis, experience of previous treatment, and higher baseline viral load (HCV RNA ≥ 800,000 IU/mL) had lower SVR 12. The results were similar to those from phase 3 study. Common adverse events included dizziness ( 3/27), pyrexia ( 1/27) and fatigue ( 1/27).There were neither SAE nor AE leading to treatment discontinuation occurred. Conclusion: Daclatasvir plus Asunaprevir were well-tolerated and resulted in a higher SVR rate in the Taiwanese real-world GT-1b HCV patients without baseline NS5A RAVs.

This thesis is an investigation into the nature of the 'postmodern' narrative strategies and fictional methods in the work of two British Catholic writers. The work of David Lodge and Muriel Spark is here taken as an example ofthe 'Catholic novel'. In order to determine ifthe overlap ofpostmodern. and Christian-influenced narrative strategies constitutes more than a convergence or coincidence of formal concerns, narrative form in these novels is analyzed in the light of neo-Tho mist and Tho mist aesthetics, a traditional Catholic Christian theory of the arts. The 'postmodern' in these 'Christian' texts becomes largely a coincidence of terminology. Narrative forms which can be classified as 'postmodern' can also be categorized using the terminology of Thomas Aquinas. The apparent similarities betray radically divergent metaphysical presuppositions, however. The nature of the Catholic 'difference' lies in the way postmodern forms are used to challenge the metaphysical bases of those forms.
English Studies
M.A. (English)

Between 1921 to 1941, Canada and Japan were close trading partners. The end of World War II provided the two countries with the opportunity to resume their former economic relationship. However, Japan was a defeated country, lacking in resources and credit, and subject to the Occupation led by the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers. In contrast, Canada was left with a strong economy and political independence. In 1945, Canada was invited to participate in the Far Eastern Advisory Commission that later became the Far Eastern Commission in 1946. In August 1946, Canada established a Liaison Mission at its former Legation in Tokyo. Using archival material, this study explores how trade was conducted between 1945-1951 and explains how Canada and Japan redeveloped their economic relationship during the challenging years of Occupied Japan.