Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Farfalla'

Obiettivo di questo elaborato è quello di provvedere alla elaborazione dei dati geometrici necessari alla modellazione dei condotti di aspirazione e scarico di un motore 4 cilindri turbo benzina ad iniezione diretta (GDI) disponibile a banco prove. I dati sperimentali raccolti sono stati elaborati e sintetizzati, con lo scopo di fare avvicinare il più possibile le caratteristiche del modello a quelle del sistema a banco (cercando dunque di rendere il modello il più veritiero possibile). In primo luogo, saranno descritte le principali caratteristiche dei motori a combustione interna, con particolare enfasi rivolta ai componenti ed ai processi che caratterizzano i motori turbo GDI. In un secondo momento, sarà descritto come si è proceduto nella raccolta dei dati necessari alla modellazione e nell’elaborazione degli stessi. Il software cui l’elaborazione dei dati necessari alla modellazione è stata rivolta è GT-Suite, prodotto da Gamma Technologies e largamente utilizzato dalla maggior parte delle aziende del settore automotive.

Lo scopo del lavoro di tesi è la progettazione della valvola di testa di un sommergibile. La valvola di testa si trova alla sommità di un tubo di grosse dimensioni (lo snorkel) che serve per l’incameramento dell’aria all’interno del sottomarino. La valvola deve impedire l’ingresso dell’acqua in alcune situazioni e agevolarne l’ingresso in altre. È importante che i tempi di apertura e chiusura siano brevi proprio per impedire l’ingresso anomalo di acqua in certi casi. La valvola sarà installata su un sistema snorkel già esistente e dunque sarà necessario rispettare alcuni vincoli dimensionali. Inoltre dovrà essere ad attuazione elettromeccanica, mentre tradizionalmente l’attuazione è idraulica. Ci si propone la progettazione completa della valvola vagliando le diverse soluzioni possibili, nel rispetto delle specifiche richieste che saranno esposte in seguito.

La presente tesi, sviluppata internamente presso il Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale DIN dell’Università di Bologna, si occupa dello studio, della simulazione, dello sviluppo e della valutazione teorica delle prestazioni di un sistema di iniezione innovativo di nuova concezione destinato a motori endotermici alternativi a combustione interna a benzina con iniezione diretta in camera (GDI). L’obiettivo della tesi è quello di presentare inizialmente una panoramica delle potenziali soluzioni tecniche che, ad oggi, possono essere adottate sui motori a iniezione diretta benzina con lo scopo di ridurre le emissioni, come previsto dalle normative vigenti. Inoltre si è cercato di quantificare e analizzare il beneficio che ogni soluzione tecnica riesce ad ottenere in termini di risparmio carburante e di efficienza. L’attività di ricerca si conclude con la presentazione e l’analisi dei risultati di una metodologia d’iniezione della carica per un motore GDI ad alte prestazioni. Tutti i fenomeni fisici coinvolti sono stati eseguiti con calcoli svolti anteriormente e poi convalidati al calcolatore. L’analisi numerica delle caratteristiche di miscelazione dello spray evidenziano la grande importanza che ha avuto la mia idea nei processi fluidodinamici interni nella camera di combustione del motore.

El objetivo del presente proyecto es el análisis completo y la propuesta de traducción al castellano de la obra literaria "Ali di farfalle", perteneciente al ámbito de la literatura infantil y juvenil. El libro, escrito por el autor italiano Giampiero Pizzol, narra la historia del patriarca bíblico Noé, que deberá transmitir la existencia de la vida eterna a los animales posdiluvianos. El proyecto consta de cuatro capítulos: el primero presenta un profundo estudio de la obra de Pizzol, concentrándose en el análisis de sus elementos paratextuales, contenido, temas, finalidad y estilo literario. De la misma manera, este primer capítulo incluye una entrevista al autor italiano, en la que se ahonda en su carrera teatral y literaria, así como en el porqué de ciertas decisiones estilísticas y argumentales tomadas a lo largo de la obra. Por su parte, el segundo capítulo conforma un marco teórico sobre la literatura infantil y juvenil, prestando especial atención a sus posibles definiciones, su traducción y su posición en el panorama literario actual. En el tercer capítulo se presenta la traducción al castellano de "Ali di farfalle", a la que sigue el cuarto y último capítulo con el comentario de la misma. Este análisis profundiza en los aspectos más relevantes en los que se ha intervenido a lo largo del proceso de traducción, como son la metodología, el título, las ilustraciones, la puntuación, el léxico, la fraseología, los juegos de palabras o los poemas. Por último, el proyecto termina con unas conclusiones que resumen los contenidos tratados y una opinión sobre el mundo de la traducción actual.

This thesis is focused on using data mining in Business Intelligence solution. The goal of this thesis is implementation of data mining in Business Intelligence solution. Integration of these technologies is posible to obtain synergic effect. The thesis is made in context of academic project Farfalia and results are used in the project. The goal of project is to create component for a new form of reporting and that is using data mining as a tool for data analysis. The benefit of the implementation is automatic browsing of multidimensional data cube / multidimensional data model to find interesting KPI trends, interesting patterns or anomalies in the data. Tasks of data mining are realized by analytic models that are created in this thesis. These models are prepared in R language. Developed scripts of models are universal and after their adjustment by constraints of specific project are useable in any BI solution.

This thesis described the isolation and structure elucidation of secondary metabolites from three medicinal plants selected on the basis of their traditional use in the treatment of infectious diseases. The work also focused on the evaluation of the plant extracts and some of the isolated compounds for activity in vitro against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Compounds obtained in suffient yield were further tested for activity in vitro against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. A total of 27 pure compounds and two mixtures were isolated from the three plants investigated: Arctium lappa, Tussilago farfara and Verbascum thapsus. Phytochemical investigation of the aerial parts of A. lappa led to the isolation of four terpenoids (taraxasterol, taraxasterol acetate, isololiolide and melitensin), two steroids (sitosterol/stigmasterol mixture and daucosterol), three flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol and kaempferol-3-O-glucoside), two phenolic acids or derivatives (caffeic acid and 1, 3-dicaffeoylquinic acid) and one alkane (n-nonacosane). Isololiolide, melitensin, kaempferol-3-O-glucoside and n-nonacosane are reported for the first time from this species, and daucosterol and kaempferol are first reported from the aerial parts of this plant. Phytochemical investigation of T. farfara aerial parts led to the isolation of a monoterpene lactone (loliolide), two steroids (sitosterol/stigmasterol mixture and daucosterol), three flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol and kaempferol-3-O-glucoside), and six phenolic acids or derivatives (p-coumaric acid, p-coumaric acid/4-hydroxybenzoic acid mixture, caffeic acid, 3, 4-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 4, 5-dicaffeoylquinic acid and methylcaffeate). Among them, loliolide is reported for the first time from this species. The aerial parts of V. thapsus afforded two pheophorbides (pheophorbide A and pheophorbide A ethyl ester), two pheophytins (pheophytin A and pheophytin B), one steroid (a-spinasterol), one known flavonoid (luteolin), one phenylethanoid glycoside (verbascoside), three simple pheonolic acids (trans-cinnamic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid) and one fatty acid (1-monoacylglycerol). All compounds, except for a-spinasterol, luteolin and verbascoside, are reported for the first time from this species. a-Spinasterol is first reported from the aerial parts of this plant. When screened for activity against M. tuberculosis in the SPOTi assay, A. lappa n-hexane extract and dichloromethane phase of methanol extact, and T. farfara n-hexane and ethyl actate extracts were active at MICs of 62.5 μg/mL; A. lappa ethyl acetate extract and T. farfara methanol extract were active at MICs of 125 μg/mL; V. thapsus ethyl acetate extract was active at the concentration of 250 μg/mL. Among the tested compounds isolated from active extracts, p-coumaric acid displayed the highest activity (MIC=31.3 (So(Bg/mL, 190.7 μM); p-coumaric acid/4-hydroxybenzoic acid mixture showed good activity (MIC=62.5 μg/mL); sitosterol/stigmasterol mixture exhibited moderate activity (MIC=125 μg/mL); loliolide, caffeic acid and trans-cinnamic acid revealed weak activity (MICs=250 μg/mL, or 1273.9, 1387.6 and 1687.4 μM, respectively). This is the first time that the antitubercular acitivity of A. lappa, T. farfara and V. thapsus has been investigated. The anti-TB activity of all tested compounds is also first reported in the SPOTi assay. When initially screened for activity against M. tuberculosis in the MABA assay at the highest concentrations of 25 or 50 μg/mL, all plant extracts and tested compounds were identified as inactive at such concentrations. This is the first report of the screening of A. lappa, T. farfara and V. thapsus extracts and of all tested compounds in the MABA assay. Among the compounds screened for activity against Methicillin-resistant S. aureus, luteolin exhibited good activity with an MIC valueof 62.5 μg/mL (218.3 μM), and a-spinasterol had an MIC of 500 μg/mL. No other compound was active at the highest concentration (500 μg/mL) used in this assay. This is the first report of the investigation of the anti-MRSA activity of kaempferol, a-spinasterol, 1, 3-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3, 4-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 4, 5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 1-monoacylglycerol, pheophorbide A ethyl ester, pheophytin A, pheophytin B and verbascoside.

Les différentes plantes aromatiques, médicinales et d’épices sont une immense source de ressources naturelles et durables de composés avec des propriétés bénéfiques. Elles sont utilisées, depuis la préhistoire, comme aromatisants ou préservant des aliments ou comme traitement médicaux. Actuellement, certaines d’entre eux sont déjà cultivées commercialement pour utiliser ces propriétés. Néanmoins, il existe encore certaines plantes médicales et aromatiques qui ne sont pas encore valorisés et donc elles sont dénommées comme « plantes médiévales oubliées ». Par exemple, Calamintha grandiflora, Myrrhis odorata and Tussilago farfara correspondent à ce type de plantes et lesquelles seront considérées dans ce manuscrit. Afin de revaloriser ces plantes oubliées, la bioprospection est mise en place et laquelle permet la recherche, la collection de nouveaux composés bioactifs naturels et son utilisation dans les produits pharmaceutiques et cosmétiques, par exemple. De plus, la bioprospection permet analyser les profils chimiques de différentes plantes et définir une liste des composés phytochimiques associés à chaque plante. Ainsi, par exemple, au travers de l’analyse d’une plante spécifique, il est possible définir les différents types antioxydant existant ainsi que son quantité. Donc, cette plante peut utiliser comme une plante médicinale ou aromatique pour la consumation humaine afin d’absorber et neutraliser les radicaux libres ou la décomposition des peroxydes dangereux. L’apparition des plantes médicinales et aromatiques et leur composition dépend de nombreux facteurs, mais particulièrement, sur les conditions climatiques et le type de sol. La biogenèse des composés biologiquement actifs dépend de plusieurs facteurs : l’origine de la plante, la zone géographique, son génotype, phénotype et chémotype, ainsi que les fluctuations climatiques annuelles. La plupart des composés naturels possèdent plusieurs activités biologiques: antioxydants, antimicrobiens, anti-inflammatoires et autres. En conséquence, la comparaison des espèces végétales cultivées dans des sites géographiques différents afin d’évaluer leurs propriétés biologiques, il est une tâche intéressante et importante, en particulier, pour la valorisation de ces plantes pour leur culture commerciale. Par ailleurs, une autre tâche importante pour la valorisation est l’utilisation rationnelle des plantes dans toute sa totalité, c’est-à-dire, la valorisation de tout le produit avec le moins de déchets. Les déchets ou sous-produits obtenues lors que la transformation ou modification des transformer des matières premières des plantes peuvent représenter une ressource potentielle des antioxydants et d’autres substances importantes. Par exemple, les déchets produits pendant la distillation des plantes aromatiques pour la récupération de l’huile essentielle peuvent constituer jusqu’à 99,5 % des matières premières lesquels sont utilisés inefficacement ou ne sont pas utilisés. En effet, il y a des preuves croissantes que les composés non volatils présents dans ces résidus peuvent posséder diverses activités, qui pourraient être appliquées dans les aliments comme antioxydants et des additifs antimicrobiens pour la prévention de diverses maladies telles que le cancer, l’athérosclérose et des troubles neurologiques. De plus, en considérant les études récentes sur la fraction volatiles de plantes, traditionnellement appelées huiles essentielles, qui considère leurs propriétés antioxydant comme des substituts potentiels pour les antioxydants synthétiques. Il est possible utiliser (ou revaloriser) les sous-produits, qui sont obtenues après l’élimination de l’huile volatile par diverses techniques de distillation, afin de améliorer la faisabilité commerciale de la production de composés bioactifs de différents plantes
Aromatic, medicinal and spice plants are immense and sustainable resources of natural compounds with various beneficial properties; they have been used for food flavouring, preservation, nearly all-medicinal therapies, and other applications since prehistoric times. Some of these plants are now grown commercially to produce a variety of valuable ingredients. However, some medicinal and aromatic herbs, Calamintha grandiflora, Myrrhis odorata and Tussilago farfara among them, for various reasons have not found wider application and sometimes are referred to as the “forgotten plants”. Search of new natural bioactive compounds for nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and other products has led to the increase in bio-prospecting, i.e. collection, investigation and utilization of diverse biological resources; therefore, it is reasonable to revisit the “forgotten plants” in order to assess their applicability more systematically. Many medicinal and aromatic plants contain large amounts of antioxidants, such as polyphenols, which may play an important role in foods and human body in absorbing and neutralizing free radicals, quenching singlet and triplet oxygen, or decomposing hazardous peroxides. The occurrence of medicinal and aromatic plants and their composition depends on many factors, particularly on the climatic conditions and the type of soil. The biogenesis of biologically active compounds also depends on several factors: origin of the plant, geographical growing zone, its genotype, phenotype, and chemotype as well as annual climatic fluctuations. Most of natural compounds possess several biological activities: antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and others. Therefore, the comparison of the selected plant species grown in different geographical sites in order to assess their biological properties is an interesting and important task, particularly for the valorization of such plants for their commercial cultivation. Another important task for the valorization of less widely used plants is their rational processing following the rule “more valuable products and less waste”. The residues and/or by-products obtained during processing of raw plant materials may represent potential natural resources for antioxidants and other valuable substances. For instance, during distillation of aromatic plants for essential oil recovery the wastes may constitute up to 99.5% of the raw material, which currently are used rather inefficiently. There is increasing evidence that the nonvolatile compounds present in such residues may possess various activities, which might be applied in foods as antioxidant and antimicrobial additives and for preventing various diseases such as cancer, atherosclerosis and neurological disorders. The by-products of Calamintha grandiflora, Myrrhis odorata and Tussilago farfara from different origins, as it may be judged from the available literature, have not been studied until now. Furthermore, the variation of bioactive compounds from different origins is an important task both from the chemical point of view and for optimization of the production of bioactive functional ingredients. Therefore, these species, which sometimes are referred as «Medieval forgotten plants» growing in Lithuania and south of France, were selected in this study as candidates for the production of valuable ingredients and characterisation of their composition and properties, because in Medieval times these plants were the basis for food flavouring, preservation and nearly all-medicinal therapy until synthetic drugs were developed in the nineteenth century. However, very little information is known about the natural compounds present in these plants. Therefore, it is very important to analyse them and to assess their biological properties

Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de Ingeniero en Recursos Naturales Renovables
El funcionamiento de las Plantas de Tratamiento de Aguas Servidas (PTAS) provoca la emisión a la atmósfera de gases odorantes, que podrían afectar a las comunidades vecinas a éstas. Por ello, en el presente estudio se aplicó el modelo gaussiano de dispersión atmosférica ISC AERMOD para la simulación de olores, en base a las unidades de olor europeas definidas en la Norma Europea EN 13725:2003, a fin de evaluar eventos de olores en comunidades cercanas a la Planta de Tratamiento de Aguas Servidas La Farfana. Se trabajó con datos meteorológicos como dirección y velocidad de vientos, radiación global, temperatura, humedad relativa, precipitación, presión atmosférica, cobertura y altura de nubes. Además, de características topográficas representado por un Modelo Digital de Elevación de la zona y las características de las fuentes. En tanto, la cuantificación de las tasas emisiones de olor de las fuentes fue estimada a través de la técnica de olfatometría dinámica. Los resultados del modelo fueron comparados con mediciones en terreno de tipo sensorial (paneles de olor y monitoreo continuo). Estas simulaciones concordaron con ambas mediciones en terreno, generando mapas de olores entre las concentraciones de olores y los principales puntos receptores. Del mismo modo, la modelación se comparó con normativa internacional de países como Holanda, Alemania, Bélgica, España, entre otros; debido a la ausencia de normativa en Chile. Finalmente, se concluyó que la medición de emisiones de olor a través de olfatometría dinámica y el posterior uso de modelos de dispersión para la medición de la concentración del olor son herramientas eficaces para la realización de un estudio de olores en una zona en particular.
Wastewater treatment plants (PTWW) emit to the atmosphere, odorant gases that could affect the communities near them. This study was carried out to see how wastewater treatment plants affect the communities applying the Gaussian atmospheric dispersion modelling ISC AEROMOD for odour simulation, based on European odour units defined in the European norm EN 13725:2003 to evaluate odour situations in the communities near La Farfana wastewater treatment plant. The data considered for this study case was: meteorological weather such as wind speed and wind direction, global radiation, temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, atmospheric pressure, cloud cover and cloud height. Besides topographic characteristics represented by the Digital Elevation Model of the area and the characteristics of the sources. On the other hand, the quantification of the odour emission sources was calculated through the dynamic olfactometry technique. The results of the model were compared with measurements of sensorial type in the field (odour panels and continuous monitoring). These simulations agreed with both measurements in field, generating odour maps between odour concentration and the main receptive points. In the same way, the model was compared with the international norm in countries like Holland, Germany, Belgium, and Spain among others due to the lack of an odour norm in Chile. Finally, it was concluded that the measurement of odour emission through the dynamic olfactometry technique and later use of dispersion models to measure the concentration of odour are effective tools to carry out a research on odour in a particular area.

Seminario de Título entregado a la Universidad de Chile en cumplimiento parcial de los requisitos para optar al Título de Biólogo con mención en medio Ambiente.
Los humedales artificiales y restaurados han llegado a ser considerados como zonas de gran importancia para las aves migrantes; así, estos ecosistemas creados por el ser humano son rápidamente colonizados por las aves dado que generan hábitats alternativos. Sin embargo, estos no logran desarrollar completamente los procesos e interacciones que los humedales naturales generan. De ahí la necesidad de comprender las relaciones que existen entre su estructura y los procesos ecosistémicos en relación a los objetivos para los cuales son creados (e.g. conservación de aves). Los modelos conceptuales son herramientas que permiten visualizar las relaciones entre estructura y procesos de manera rápida y didáctica, pudiendo contribuir así a la gestíon pública y/o empresarial. El objetivo de este trabajo fue desarrollar un modelo teórico de la abundancia de la especie pato rinconero (Heteronetta atricapilla), ave parásita y de carácter parcialmente migratorio, y determinar cuáles son los principales factores que permiten determinar su abundancia en una laguna artificial localizada en La Farfana, localidad de la comuna de Maipú, Santiago, Chile. Para ello, se trabajó con los registros de la comunidad aviar de la laguna, las condiciones meteorológicas de la zona y las condiciones fisicoquímicas de la laguna entre los años 2011 y 2017; además se realizó una encuesta socio-ecológica a los trabajadores del lugar. Los resultados muestran que el ave en esta laguna presenta como principal factor de su abundancia el alimento presente, y que las especies comúnmente asociadas a su presencia, que corresponden a aves usadas como hospederos de sus huevos, no inciden en esta. Así, la especie presenta requerimientos diferentes en los ecosistemas utilizados como zonas de forrajeo; ello permite determinar el valor de humedales artificiales bien desarrollados en la ecología de especies de aves.
Artificial and restored wetlands have become zones of high importance for migratory birds; thus, these human-made ecosystems are rapidly colonized by birds since they provide alternative habitats. Yet, they do not develop the full processes and interactions of natural wetlands. Therefore, there is a need to understand the relations between their structure and ecosystem processes in relation to the objective of its creation (e.g. bird’s conservation). Conceptual models are tools that allow visualizing the relationships between structure and processes in a fast and didactic way, contributing to public and enterprising management. The objective of this work was to develop a theoretical model of the abundance of the bird species “pato rinconero” (Heteronetta atricapilla), a parasite and partially migratory species, and to determine the main factors of its abundance in an artificial lagoon located in La Farfana, locality within the Maipú commune, Santiago, Chile. The work was accomplished using the lagoon’s bird’s registry and its physical-chemical conditions between the years 2011 and 2017. Furthermore, a social-ecological survey was developed to the people working in the area. Results show that food abundance is the main factor explaining the abundance of the species in the lagoon, and that other species commonly associated to its abundance, corresponding to egg-hosting species, do not play a role. Consequently, the species show different requirements on ecosystems utilized as foraging areas; this allows to determine the value of well-developed artificial wetlands in the ecology of bird species.

碩士
國立成功大學
化學系
85
ABSTRACT THE BUDS OF TUSSILAGO FARFARA L.(COMPOSITAE) IS AN IMPORTANT AND WELL KNOWN TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE.IT IS USED FOR THE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC COUGH WITH PROFUSE PHLEGM AND HEMOPTYSIS, BRONCHITIS AND ASTHMATIC DISORDERS. FRACTIONATION AND CHROMATOGRAPHY OF THE METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF THE BUDS OF TUSSILAGO FARFARA L. AFFORED ELEVEN NEW SESQUITERPENOIDS: TUSSILAGOLIDE A~J, TUSSIFARLIDE-A；ONE NEW CHROMANONE: 1-(3,4-DIHYDRO-4-HYDROXY-2,2-DIMETHYL-2H-1- BENZOPYRAN-6-YL)ETHANONE; THREE NEW ALKALOIDS: TUSSILAGOLINE A~C, TOGETHER WITH FORTY-ONE KNOWN COMPOUNDS: 7β-(3''- ETHYLCROTONOYLOXY)-1α-(2-METHYLBUTYRYLOXY)-3,14-DEHYDRO-Z- NOTONIPETRANONE, 7β-(3''-ETHYLCROTONOYLOXY)-1α-(2- METHYLBUTYRYLOXY)-3,14-DEHYDRO-E-NOTONIPETRANONE,TUSSILANE,7 β-(3''-ETHYLCROTONOYLOXY)-14-HYDROXYNOTONIPETRANONE, 7β-( ANGELOYLOXY)-14-ACETOXYNOTONIPETRANONE, 7β-(SENECIOYLOXY)-14- ACETOXYNOTONIPETRANONE,1α,8-BISANGELOYLOXY-3β, 4-EPOXYBISABOLA-7(14), 10-DIENE, RESACETOPHENONE,VANILLIN, 3,4-DIHYDROXYBENZALDEHYDE, P-HYDROXYACETOPHENONE, METHYLPARABEN, SYRINGALDEHYDE, 1.2-DIHYDROXYSTYRENE,METHYL P-HYDROXYCINNAMATE, CAFFEIC ACID, TRANS-METHYLCAFFEATE, UMBELLIFERONE,SCOPOLETIN, ISOFRAXIDIN, 2,2-DIMETHYL -6-ACETYLCHROMAN-4-ONE, (S)-2, 2-DIMETHYL-6-(1-HYDROXYETHYLCHROMAN-4-ONE, , ISOQUERCITRIN, 3-HYDROXY-2-METHYLPYRIDINE, 5-HYDROXY-2-PYRIDINEMETHANOL, ADENOSINE, ADENINE, SODIUN CHLOROGENATE, METHYL CHLOROGENATE, METHYL-3,4-DICAFFEOYLQUINATE, METHYL 4,5-DICAFFEOYLQUINATE, METHYL 3,5-DICAFFEOYLQUINATE, 3,5-DICAFFEOYLQUINIC ACID, 4,5-DICAFFEOYLQUINIC ACID, β-SITOSTEROL, β-SITOSTERYL-β-D- GLUCOSIDE, AND 3-METHYL-β-LACTONE. THE STRUCTURE OF THESE COMPOUNDS WERE ELUDCIDATED BY SPECTROSCOPIC METHODS. MOREOVER,THE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF THESE COMPOUNDS ARE CURRENTLY UNDER PROCEEDING.

碩士
亞洲大學
生物科技學系碩士班
97
Tussilago farfara L. (farfarae flos, coltsfoot, Kuan Tong Hua), is a widely used traditional Chinese medicine. It is used for the treatment of chronic cough with profuse phlegm, hemoptysis, bronchitis and asthmatic disorders. In this study, we have investigated the hepatotoxic and carcinogenic pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) contained in the flower buds of Tussilago farfara L. collected from several towns in Taiwan. Two structural types of PAs were identified by GC/MS method: (1) senkirkine (10) and neosenkirkine (21) which are macrocyclic otonecine ester type; (2) senecionine (16) and integerrimine (20) which are macrocyclic retronecine esters type. Quantitation of the individual PAs was determined by linear regression curves. The methyl stearate (22) in two concentration ranges, 7.8-125 μg/mL and 100-800 μg/mL, was examined as an internal standard examined. The PAs were confirmed from plant's flowers by GC/MS analysis. Senkirkine is the major PA in Tussilago farfara L. (3.04-238.08 µg/g). This study will provide important information to public consumers regarding the health risk of intake Tussilago farfara L. containing PAs.

Les résistances bactériennes aux antibiotiques sont de plus en plus nombreuses et ce phénomène s’avère une préoccupation très importante de la communauté médicale. L’utilisation des antibiotiques commerciaux comme promoteurs de croissance animale est l’une des causes probables. La substitution de ceux-ci par des produits naturels antibactériens, tels que les huiles essentielles, est une alternative intéressante. En effet, les huiles essentielles sont largement connues pour leurs propriétés antimicrobiennes. Par contre, celles provenant de la forêt boréale ont rarement constitué un sujet d’étude. Les plantes qui la composent forment donc une banque potentielle de nouveaux promoteurs de croissance. C'est dans ce but que le Laboratoire d'Analyse et de Séparation des Essences Végétales (LASEVE) de l'Université du Québec à Chicoutimi a mis en place ce projet de recherche. Un criblage chimique et biologique a été effectué sur 17 plantes de la forêt boréale. Lors de ces travaux, ce sont Tussilago farfara (L.) et Tanacetum vulgare (L.) qui se sont démarqués pour leurs compositions chimiques particulières et leurs activités biologiques. Ces deux huiles sont actives contre E. coli (T. farfara : MIC90 = 1511 ± 85 μg; T. vulgare : MIC90 = 331 ± 7 μg) et S. aureus (T. farfara : MIC90 = 170 ± 11 μg; T. vulgare : MIC90 = 228 ± 22 μg). Afin d'identifier les molécules principalement responsables de ces activités antibactériennes, les compositions chimiques ont été analysées par chromatographie gazeuse. L’huile essentielle de T. farfara est composée de molécules aliphatiques (42%), de monoterpènes (32%), de sesquiterpènes (10 %) et d’acides gras (5 %). Les composés majoritaires sont le 1-nonène (40 %), l’α-phellandrène (26 %), le p-cymène (7 %), le 1,10-undecadiène (4%), l’acide dodécanoïque (2 %) ainsi que le 1-decène (1 %). L’activité antibactérienne contre E. coli de cette huile essentielle est expliquée par l’acide dodécanoïque (6,6 ± 0,4 μg), le 1-decène (11 ± 1 μg), l’α-phellandrène (12 ± 1 μg), le β-caryophyllène (24 ± 1 μg), le (E)-cyclodecène (25,8 ± 0,9 μg), le p-cymène (26,3 ± 3,1 μg), le tricosane (31 ± 2 μg) et le tétracosane (35 ± 4 μg). Contre S. aureus se sont le p-cymène et l’acide dodécanoïque, respectivement avec une MIC90 de 5,6 ± 0,2 μg et 6,0 ± 0,2 μg, qui sont, en partie, à l’origine de l’activité. Pour ce qui est de T. vulgare, l’huile est plutôt composée de monoterpènes (89 %) et de sesquiterpènes (6 %). La majeure partie étant constituée de camphre (30 %), de bornéol (10 %), de 1,8-cinéole (10 %), de camphène (7 %) et de l’acétate de bornyle (5 %). Ce sont l’α-phellandrène (10 ± 1 μg), le β-caryophyllène (16 ± 1 μg), l’acétate de bornyle (21 ± 1 μg), l’oxide de caryophyllène (21 ± 1 μg), le camphre (22 ± 1 μg) ainsi que le pcymène (26 ± 3 μg) qui expliquent l’activité de cette huile contre E. coli. L’activité contre S. aureus est, quant à elle, expliquée par le p-cymène (5,6 ± 0,2 μg) et le camphre (26,3 ± 3,1 μg). En conclusion, nos résultats montrent que la forêt boréale est une source d’huiles essentielles qui ont de propriétés antibactériennes. Elles pourraient être envisagées comme remplacement aux antibiotiques commerciaux actuellement utilisés comme facteur de croissance.