Academic literature on the topic 'Farm Credit System (United States.)'
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Journal articles on the topic "Farm Credit System (United States.)"
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Blattner, Charlotte E. "Tackling Concentrated Animal Agriculture in the Middle East through Standards of Investment, Export Credits, and Trade." Middle East Law and Governance 10, no. 2 (August 2, 2018): 141–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763375-01001005.
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Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Qatar are the main investors in farm animal production outside their territory, prompting a mass-adoption of concentrated animal feeding operations in investment-importing states like Iran and Pakistan. Global actors like the International Finance Corporation and the Food and Agriculture Organization espouse the Middle Eastern states’ investment strategy by generously supporting it with direct payments and feed. Because intensified animal agricultural production systems are known to cause environmental pollution, threaten public health and food security, and pose a moral hazard for animals, this article makes use of existing cross-border relationships to the Middle East to counter the growing agricultural trend towards intensification. Specifically, the article examines whether and how international investment standards, export credit standards, bilateral investment treaties, and bilateral free trade agreements can be used to encourage responsible investment and trade flows that factor in the interests of animals.
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Rajan, Raghuram, and Rodney Ramcharan. "The Anatomy of a Credit Crisis: The Boom and Bust in Farm Land Prices in the United States in the 1920s." American Economic Review 105, no. 4 (April 1, 2015): 1439–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20120525.
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Does credit availability exacerbate asset price inflation? Are there long-run consequences? During the farm land price boom and bust before the Great Depression, we find that credit availability directly inflated land prices. Credit also amplified the relationship between positive fundamentals and land prices, leading to greater indebtedness. When fundamentals soured, areas with higher credit availability suffered a greater fall in land prices and had more bank failures. Land prices and credit availability also remained disproportionately low for decades in these areas, suggesting that leverage might render temporary credit-induced booms and busts persistent. We draw lessons for regulatory policy. (JEL E31, G21, G28, N22, N52, Q12, Q14)
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Dyer, Alan W. "Credit Access and Urban Regeneration in the United States." Advanced Engineering Forum 11 (June 2014): 344–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.11.344.
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A key objective of the Commercial Local Urban Districts (CLUD) project is to explore different ways in which local economic activity can serve as a catalyst for urban regeneration. One approach to realizing this objective is to examine the linkages between local commercial activity and the broader urban environment, including various types of public private partnerships and their role in fostering local economic development (Weissbourd and Bodini, 2005). In particular, it is widely accepted among economists that a healthy commercial sector depends, among other things, on a reliable system for the creation and distribution of credit. One of the questions motivating the research agenda of CLUDs is whether or not it is possible to devise economic growth strategies centered on local and regional initiatives rather than on global and national ones. The reason for emphasizing local and regional economic growth strategies is that the overall goal of CLUDs is to explore new tools for local urban regeneration broad enough to be applied in a variety of cultural and historical milieus, yet sensitive enough to capture the unique qualities of different locales.
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Tallaksen, Joel E., Curtis Reese, and Michael H. Reese. "Cropping System Fuel Use for a Diversified Farm in the Midwestern United States." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 35, no. 4 (2019): 503–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.13326.
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Abstract. A significant effort is currently underway to reduce farming inputs and their associated environmental impacts. These efforts use data-driven research techniques, such as life cycle assessment, which rely on up-to-date and situationally specific information. In cropping systems, tractor fuel use data is an important component for evaluating sustainability. The currently available tractor fuel consumption data may not be particularly accurate for sustainability analysis of cropping activities as it relies on engineering estimates or is more than 30 years old. As part of an on-farm energy use and sustainability project, tractor fuel consumption was monitored for four years on a western Minnesota research farm during the cultivation and harvest of corn, soybeans, oats, and alfalfa. We were interested in how our findings compared with published studies and the magnitude and reasons for potential differences. The results indicate that there was considerable variation in fuel use for the same field operations during the four years of observation at the site studied. The average fuel use in this study also showed some variation with published data. The variation was likely due to previously noted impacts of different soil types, equipment deployed, and tractor operations on fuel consumption. Accurate sustainability metrics are increasingly important as they are beginning to be used for developing regulations and policy for agriculture and agricultural products. The findings suggest that in order to ensure accuracy when analyzing cropping sustainability, fuel use data should be representative of the specific farming systems, equipment, and methods being examined. Keywords: Agricultural sustainability, Agronomy, Cropping systems, Life cycle assessment, Midwestern United States, Tractor fuel.
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Damas de Matos, Ana, and Daniel Parent. "Canada and High-Skill Emigration to the United States: Way Station or Farm System?" Journal of Labor Economics 37, S2 (July 2019): S491—S532. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/703257.
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WESLEY, IRENE V., SAUMYA BHADURI, and ERIC BUSH. "Prevalence of Yersinia enterocolitica in Market Weight Hogs in the United States†." Journal of Food Protection 71, no. 6 (June 1, 2008): 1162–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-71.6.1162.
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Pigs are the major animal reservoir for Yersinia enterocolitica strains, which are potentially pathogenic for humans. The goals of this study were (i) to estimate the individual animal and on-farm prevalences of Y. enterocolitica in hogs based on tonsil samples collected during National Animal Health Monitoring System Swine 2002 study and (ii) to use these data with data previously published for fecal samples to determine on-farm risk factors for Y. enterocolitica. Tonsil swabs (1,218) and fecal samples (2,847) were collected on 124 farms located in the top 17 pork-producing states. Ten percent of tonsils (122 of 1,218 samples) were positive in irgasan-tiracillin-chlorate (ITC) enrichment broth by real-time PCR, but only 5.6% of samples (68 of 1,218) were positive after subculture on the more selective cefsulodin-irgasan-novobiocin (CIN) agar. For tonsils, the on-farm prevalence based on real-time PCR detection of the ail gene in ITC enrichment broth cultures was 32% (32 of 100 premises sampled); the prevalence based on subculture in CIN agar was 19.6% (20 of 102 premises). Results of bacteriological isolation and real-time PCR analysis of tonsils and feces were combined to estimate prevalence (individual animal and farm), which was subsequently correlated with 40 farm management practices. Four factors and their accompanying odds ratios (ORs) were identified in the final regression model: location in a central state (OR =0.3), vaccination for Escherichia coli (OR = 3.0), percentage of deaths due to scours (OR = 3.5), and presence of meat or bone meal in grower-finisher diet (OR = 4.1).
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McDermott, John. "Book Review: How Credit Money Shapes the Economy: The United States in the World System." Review of Radical Political Economics 31, no. 3 (September 1999): 146–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/048661349903100316.
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Hanson, J. D., John Hendrickson, and Dave Archer. "Challenges for maintaining sustainable agricultural systems in the United States." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 23, no. 04 (July 4, 2008): 325–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170507001974.
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AbstractDuring the 20th century, US agriculture underwent vast transformations. The number of farmers has decreased, more farmers are relying on off-farm income, agriculture's proportion of the US GDP has declined, and a minority of non-metro counties in the US are farming dependent. Agriculture's evolution will continue and we have identified key trends and future challenges to effectively manage our changing agricultural system. Eight current trends in US agriculture were identified. These included: (1) increased land degradation; (2) competing land uses; (3) focus on single ecosystem service; (4) increase in farm size; (5) movement toward commercialization; (6) genetic engineering; (7) global markets; and (8) changing social structure. Future trends likely to affect agriculture include: (1) diminishing and increasingly volatile farm incomes; (2) reduced government involvement in food regulation; (3) continued transition from farming to agribusiness; (4) land-use will become a major issue; (5) increasing animal protein consumption in the US; (6) increased public input on livestock production practices; (7) increasing urbanization of historically rural US counties; (8) increased public concern over food safety; (9) increased medicinal production from agriculture; (10) new tastes, markets and opportunities will emerge. We further postulated that future challenges facing US agriculture might include: (1) competitive pressures; (2) sustainable development; (3) resource conservation; and (4) research and development. Integrated agricultural systems may be flexible enough to address these challenges. However, robust principles will be needed to design adaptable integrated agricultural systems. We present a nonexclusive list of preliminary principles under the four general categories of (1) economics and economic policies; (2) environmental; (3) social and political; and (4) technological.
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Nadolnyak, Denis A., Stanley M. Fletcher, and Valentina M. Hartarska. "Southeastern Peanut-Production Cost Efficiency Under the Quota System: Implications for the Farm-Level Impacts of the 2002 Farm Act." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 38, no. 1 (April 2006): 213–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800022173.
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In the article, stochastic frontier analysis of peanut-production efficiency in the Southeastern region of the United States is conducted with a view of assessing the likely farm-level impacts of the 2002 Farm Act. Results indicate that, although quota ownership did not significantly impact inefficiency, it is likely that limitations on the quota's transferability to areas with better growing conditions were a significant cause of inefficiency. The acreage shifts and improved yields following the passage of the 2002 Farm Act support this conclusion. Certain farm characteristics, such as farm size and operator's education and age, were also important for efficiency.
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Rajan, Raghuram, and Rodney Ramcharan. "The Anatomy of a Credit Crisis: The Boom and Bust in Farm Land Prices in the United States in the 1920s." Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2012, no. 62 (2012): 1–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17016/feds.2012.62.
Full textBooks on the topic "Farm Credit System (United States.)"
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Office, General Accounting. Farm Credit Administration: Safety and soundness oversight of the Farm Credit System. Washington, D.C: U.S. General Accounting Office, 2002.
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Office, General Accounting. Farm Credit System: Farm Credit Administration effectively addresses identified problems : report to congressional committees. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1994.
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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Government Operations. Farm Credit Administration's role in the system's crisis: Twenty-ninth report. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1986.
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A review of credit availability in rural America: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Livestock, Rural Development, and Credit of the Committee on Agriculture, House of Representatives, one Hundred Thirteenth Congress, second session, June 25, 2014. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2014.
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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Banking and Financial Services. Farm Credit Administration's National Charter Initiative: Hearing before the Committee on Banking and Financial Services, U.S. House of Representatives, One Hundred Sixth Congress, second session, October 3, 2000. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2001.
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Office, General Accounting. Farm Credit Administration: Analysis of administrative expenses and funding through assessments : report to the ranking minority member, Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C: GAO, 2001.
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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry. Current financial condition of the Farm Credit System: Hearing before the Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry, United States Senate, Ninety-ninth Congress, second session, September 17, 1986. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1986.
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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee on Courts and Administrative Practice. Farm Credit System: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Courts and Administrative Practice of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, One Hundredth Congress, first session ... Des Moines, IA, August 26, 1987. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1989.
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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry. Examination of the financial condition of the Farm Credit System: Hearings before the Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry, United States Senate, Ninety-ninth Congress,first session, October 31 and Nobember 1, 1985. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1986.
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United, States Congress House Committee on Agriculture Subcommittee on Conservation Credit and Rural Development. Review of farm credit issues: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Conservation, Credit, and Rural Development of the Committee on Agriculture, House of Representatives, One hundred first Congress, second session, March 7, 1990. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1991.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Farm Credit System (United States.)"
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Quinn, Sarah L. "Credit as a Tool of Statecraft." In American Bonds, 69–87. Princeton University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691156750.003.0004.
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This chapter shows how Progressives returned to the issue of farm credit distribution in the early 1900s and drew on European precedents to reframe credit allocation as a way for the central government to help people help themselves. American Progressives thus replaced their earlier, more radical farm credit politics with a more moderate vision of government-supported credit as an inexpensive way of supporting self-help. The chapter then considers the Federal Farm Loan Act (FFLA). Compared with other hallmarks of Progressive Era state building, the FFLA seems relatively unimportant. Nevertheless, it was a turning point in the use of selective credit as a tool of federal statecraft in the United States. The FFLA provided federal credit on a national level that was administered through public–private partnerships and bolstered by tax expenditures. By tracing the lead-up to this policy, one can see how Progressives forged a new array of cultural and organizational approaches to federal credit that would later proliferate across policy arenas.
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Priest, Claire. "Conclusion." In Credit Nation, 166–68. Princeton University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691158761.003.0011.
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This concluding chapter explains how the history of the laws and legal institutions underlying the colonial credit economy speaks to the history of American democracy and capitalist society. The rise of representative government was closely connected with the ownership of property — both land and slaves — in the history of the United States. In colonial British America, democracy originated in assemblies of property owners often at odds with the policies of royally appointed governors. These first representative legislatures viewed the protection of property interests as a principal role of government. At the same time, however, the credit system promoted the growth of slavery. Property held in slaves was a central underpinning of colonial American credit markets; mortgages on slaves were used to purchase yet more slaves. Indeed, the economic prosperity that better access to credit made possible for White Americans rested in part on the increased suffering of enslaved Africans.
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Bytheway, Simon James, and Mark Metzler. "Bases of Credit." In Central Banks and Gold. Cornell University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501704949.003.0001.
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This introductory chapter provides a background of central banks. A century ago, when the Federal Reserve System was first established in the United States, central banks based their own creation of money and credit on their holdings of gold. These two institutional practices—central banking, and the use of gold as monetary reserves—were the bases of the world's first truly globalized credit system. This global system was originally centered in London, with the Bank of England at the center of the center. Today, the actions of central banks continue to move economies, perhaps even more than they did a century ago. Gold-backed currencies are a thing of the past, but central banks nonetheless remain the biggest owners of gold, while gold markets seem to have an ongoing monetary significance.
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Nantz, Karen S., and Norman A. Garrett. "Issues in Using Web-Based Course Resources." In Electronic Services, 1771–79. IGI Global, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-61520-967-5.ch108.
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Education over the Internet is going to be so big it is going to make e-mail usage look like a rounding error. John Chambers, Cisco Systems, New York Times, November 17, 1990 Web-based courses (Mesher, 1999) are defined as those where the entire course is taken on the Internet. In some courses, there may be an initial meeting for orientation. Proctored exams may also be given, either from the source of the Web-based course or off-site at a testing facility. The Internet-based course becomes a virtual classroom with a syllabus, course materials, chat space, discussion list, and e-mail services (Resmer, 1999). Navarro (2000) provides a further definition: a fully interactive, multimedia approach. Current figures indicate that 12% of Internet users in the United States use the Internet to take an online course for credit toward a degree of some kind (Horrigan, 2006). That number is indicative of the rapid proliferation of online courses over the past several years. The Web-enhanced course is a blend with the components of the traditional class while making some course materials available on a Web site, such as course syllabi, assignments, data files, and test reviews. Additional elements of a Web-enhanced course can include online testing, a course listserver, instructor-student e-mail, collaborative activities using RSS feeds and related technologies, and other activities on the Internet. One of the biggest concerns about Web-based courses is that users will become socially isolated. The Pew Internet and America Life Project found that online communities provide a vibrant social community (Horrigan, Rainie, & Fox, 2001). Clearly, students are not concerned or feel that other benefits outweigh the potential drawbacks. According to government research (Waits and Lewis, 2003), during the 2000-2001 academic year alone, an estimated 118,100 different credit courses were offered via distance education (with the bulk of that using Internet-based methods) by 2- and 4-year institutions in the United States. Over 3 million students were registered in these courses. Navarro (2000) suggests that faculty members are far more likely to start by incorporating Internet components into a traditional course rather than directly offering Web-based courses. These Web-enhanced courses might be considered the transition phase to the new paradigm of Internet-based courses. Rich learning environments are being created, with a shift from single tools to the use of multiple online tools, both to enhance traditional courses and to better facilitate online courses (Teles, 2002).
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Lynch, John Roy. "Financing State Reconstruction." In Reminiscences of an Active Life, edited by John Hope Franklin, 81–88. University Press of Mississippi, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781604731149.003.0011.
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This chapter illustrates that in addition to the election of three United States senators, the legislature had some very important work before it. A new public school system had to be inaugurated and put into operation, thus necessitating the construction of school houses throughout the state, some of them, especially in the towns and villages, to be quite large and of course expensive. All of the other public buildings and institutions in the state had to be repaired, some of them rebuilt, all of them having been neglected and some of them destroyed during the progress of the late war. In addition to this, the entire state government in all of its branches had to be reconstructed and so reorganized as to place the same in perfect harmony with the new order of things. To accomplish these things money was required; but there was none in the treasury. The government had to be carried on, therefore, on a credit basis—that is, by the issuing of notes or warrants based upon the faith or credit of the state.
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Sloman, Peter. "New Labour’s Tax Credits, 1997–2010." In Transfer State, 177–202. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813262.003.0007.
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The thirteen years of Labour government between 1997 and 2010 may come to be seen by future historians as the zenith of the British transfer state, when—in contrast to other western countries—the increase in fiscal redistribution which took place during the 1980s and early 1990s was sustained and deepened. Inspired by the Earned Income Tax Credit in the United States, Gordon Brown created a complex system of income-related tax credits, which formed a central part of New Labour’s strategy for ‘making work pay’ and eliminating child poverty. For the first time, the Treasury came to see itself as a social welfare agency, using tax credits and other instruments to achieve explicit distributional objectives. This chapter provides a detailed account of the development of tax credits, and shows how administrative difficulties and tensions between rhetoric and reality hampered Brown’s efforts to build public support for the system.
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Araújo, Kathleen. "Danish Wind Power: Alternating Currents." In Low Carbon Energy Transitions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199362554.003.0010.
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According to Michael Zarin, Director of Government Relations with Vestas Wind Systems, there is nothing “alternative” about wind power anymore (Biello, 2010). After all, wind generation is the most cost-effective option for new grid-connected power in markets like Mexico, South Africa, New Zealand, China, Turkey, Canada, and the United States (Renewable Energy Policy Network [REN21], 2016). At 433 GW of cumulatively installed capacity in 2015 worldwide, more than half was added in the past 5 years (REN21, 2016). This technology may be used by individuals, communities, and utilities. It can be grid-connected or off- grid, and be used onshore or offshore. This chapter examines the influences and evolution of the Danish wind transition, highlighting how ingenuity and often less-obvious incremental advances produced a world-class industry. It reveals how citizens can be important catalysts of energy system change. The case also indicates that innovations can emerge in practices and policy, not just technology, science or industry. Denmark is a cultural and traditional technology leader for modern wind power. This country of roughly 5.6 million people and GDP of approximately $65 billion in 2016 (ppp) (Central Intelligence Agency [CIA], n.d.) is where today’s dominant, wind turbine design was established and where state-of-the art wind technology testing centers are based. It is also the site of the first, commercial-scale offshore wind farm, built in 1991. Denmark has a world-class hub for wind energy technology (Megavind, 2013; State of Green, 2015; Renewable Energy World, 2016). Top-ranked companies like Vestas, LM Wind Power, Siemens Wind Power, A2SEA, and MHI Vestas Offshore Wind are among those that base core parts of their global operations in Denmark. A close network of wind engineers and their professional affiliates drives the industry, which includes ancillary services and subcomponent supplies. Wind energy technology also represents one of Denmark’s top-ranked exports (United Nations Comtrade, n.d.). Currently, Denmark has more wind power capacity per person than does any other country in the world (REN21, 2017). This Northern European nation is on track to derive 50% of its electricity from wind power by 2020.
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James, Estelle. "Public Subsidies for Private and Public Education: The Dutch Case." In Private Education. Oxford University Press, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195037104.003.0012.
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The possibility of “privatizing” education and other quasi-public services has been widely discussed in the United States today, and in other chapters of this volume. Policies such as a voucher or tax credit system, which would give public subsidies to private schools, are examples of privatization proposals. Many people feel that such policies would bring variety, choice, consumer responsiveness, and greater efficiency to our schools. Others fear that they would increase social segmentation, damage the public schools, and enable wealthy people to receive a better education for their children privately, but (partially) at the public expense. To expore these issues, this chapter examines the experience of the Netherlands, a country which, in effect, has had a voucher system in education for many years. In Holland, education and most health and social services are financed by the government but delivered by private nonprofit organizations, often religious in nature. As shall become evident below, the Dutch educational system avoids many of the possible pitfalls of privatization. This is due partially to particular mechanisms the Dutch have adopted to avoid these problems, which could conceivably be replicated here, and partially to broader structural features of the Dutch educational system and its role within society, which could not readily be replicated. The chapter proceeds as follows: The first section summarizes the historical background of the public-private division of responsibility for education in the Netherlands. The policy of privatization is seen as a response to diverse tastes about education, stemming from basic cultural (religious) differences, in a political setting where no one group was in a position to impose its preferred product variety on the others. This is consistent with a hypothesis I am testing in a multicountry study: that degree of reliance on private provision of quasi-public goods is positively related to cultural (particularly religious and linguistic) heterogeneity in democratic societies. It also is relevant to the discussions, found in several previous chapters, of why families choose private schooling.
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Bonner, Thomas Neville. "Changing Student Populations in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century." In Becoming a Physician. Oxford University Press, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195062984.003.0016.
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By the turn of the twentieth century, the drive to make medicine more scientific and comprehensive and to limit its ranks to the well prepared had had a profound effect on student populations. Almost universally, students were now older, better educated, more schooled in science, less rowdy, and able to spend larger amounts of time and money in study than their counterparts in 1850 had been. Their ranks, now including a growing number of women, were also likely to include fewer representatives of working- and lower-middle-class families, especially in Britain and America, than a half-century before. Nations still differed, sometimes sharply, in their openness to students from different social classes. The relative openness of the German universities to the broad middle classes, as well as their inclusion of a small representation of “peasantry and artisans,” wrote Lord Bryce in 1885, was a sharp contrast with “the English failure to reach and serve all classes.” The burgeoning German enrollments, he noted, were owing to “a growing disposition on the part of mercantile men, and what may be called the lower professional class, to give their sons a university education.” More students by far from the farm and working classes of Germany, which accounted for nearly 14 percent of medical enrollment, he observed, were able to get an advanced education than were such students in England. A historic transformation in the social makeup of universities, according to historian Konrad Jarausch—from “traditional elite” to a “modern middle-class system”—was taking place in the latter nineteenth century. In France, rising standards in education, together with the abolition of the rank of officiers de santé—which for a century had opened medical training to the less affluent—were forcing medical education into a middle- class mold. In the United States, the steeply rising requirements in medicine, along with the closing of the least expensive schools, narrowed the social differences among medical students and brought sharp complaints from the less advantaged. The costs of medical education in some countries threatened to drive all but the most thriving of the middle classes from a chance to learn medicine.
Conference papers on the topic "Farm Credit System (United States.)"
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Turner, Sarina D. O., and Timothy C. Y. Chan. "Examining the LEED Rating System Using Approximate Inverse Optimization." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-93116.
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The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) rating system is the most recognized green building certification program in North America. In order to be LEED certified, a building must earn a certain number of points, which are obtained through achieving certain credits or design elements. Prior to LEED version 3, each credit was worth one point. In this study, we develop an inverse optimization approach to examine how building designers intrinsically valued design elements in LEED version 2. Due to the large dimensionality of the inverse optimization problem, we develop an approximation to improve tractability. We apply our method to 18 different LEED-certified buildings in the United States. We find that building designers did not value all credits equally and that other factors such as cost and certification level play a role in how the credits are valued. Overall, inverse optimization may provide a new method to assess historical data and support the design of future versions of LEED.
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Lader, Pål, David Kristiansen, Østen Jensen, and David W. Fredriksson. "Experimental Study on the Interaction Between the Net and the Weight System for a Gravity Type Fish Farm." In ASME 2013 32nd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2013-11048.
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The escape of salmon from aquaculture farms is considered a major problem for the industry. Structural failure is the dominating cause for escapes. One major issue is the contact, and subsequent abrasion between the sinker tube chain and the net, which has caused several large-scale escapes over the past years. Model tests were performed in a tow tank at the United States Naval Academy to investigate at which combinations of waves and current the net deforms and comes in contact with the sinker tube chain. A model in scale 1:40 was used to represent a fish cage with a circumference of 120 meters and net depth of 40 meters. Building a physical model of such a compliant structure is inherently difficult, so particular attention was given to similarity issues. With the physical modelling approach, two different net design and four different weighting systems were tested. The experiments showed that the sinker tube with the fixed connection to the net performs better than individual weights both for cylindrical and conical nets. For cylindrical nets exposed to current only contact occurred at a velocity of 0.3 m/s when using weights and at a velocity of 0.5 m/s when using either the fixed or sliding sinker tube. The results for conical nets exposed to waves and current were less consistent. Weights (contact at 0.3 m/s) performed better than a sinker tube with sliding connection (contact due to waves only) but not as good as a fixed sinker tube (contact at 0.3 m/s). When exposed to waves and current contact occurred at a higher velocity and over a smaller area when using the conical net compared to the conventional cylindrical. For cylindrical nets contact occurred when exposed to waves alone, whereas for conical nets contact occurred at current velocities of 0 m/s, 0.15 m/s, and 0.3 m/s for the weights, the sliding sinker tube, and the fixed sinker tube respectively.
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Kibira, Deogratias, and Guodong Shao. "Modeling of U.S. Corn Ethanol Industrial Growth." In ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2011-54030.
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The production capacity of corn ethanol as a transportation fuel is experiencing rapid growth in the United States. The demand is driven by increased prices of gasoline, government mandates, incentives, desire for cleaner fuels, and the need to be more self-reliant in energy sources. Continued strong growth of the corn ethanol industry will depend on profitability by both suppliers and producers. This in turn will be influenced by several factors such as demand, government incentives, feedstock availability and prices, processing plant capacity, and efficient farm and ethanol processing technologies. How and to what extent will the projected growth of the corn ethanol industry in the United States be influenced by some or all of these factors? We use system dynamics modeling to construct a causal-loop structure of the corn ethanol industry and stock and flow diagrams to explore how possible changes in projected factors and growth indicators will affect the industry. Currently, planners and researchers explore various energy supply options by the year 2030. Using system dynamics modeling, this paper explores different possible growth scenarios of the industry for the next twenty years.
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Amirjanyan, Armen, Tsolak Malakyan, and Jae Jo. "Sensitivity Analysis of 200 mm LOCA at Armenian NPP Unit 2." In 12th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone12-49390.
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This paper presents the results of sensitivity analyses of a loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA) with equivalent diameter of 200 mm on a cold leg at Armenian Nuclear Power Plant (ANPP) Unit 2. ANPP is a six-loop WWER-440/270 model of Russian design. Analyses performed for the Technical Assignment for WWER-440/270 reactors showed that this reactor had high safety margins with 100 mm LOCA, which may allow increasing the safety level for the maximum design base LOCA. To demonstrate the adequacy of the safety margin with equivalent diameter of 200 mm using the existing high-pressure injection (HPI) system, analyses of LOCAs with break sizes of the equivalent diameter of 200mm in the primary side were previously performed with highly conservative assumptions using the RELAP5 code (Mod3.2.2β). Results of this study were reported at ICONE 11. The results of LOCA analyses with highly conservative assumptions showed that the acceptance criteria were not exceeded in the cases of a surge line break and equivalent break on a hot leg. However, calculations for a break with equivalent diameter of 200 mm on a cold leg showed that the cladding temperature reached 1235 °C, narrowly exceeding the safety limit mentioned in acceptance criteria (1204 °C), and prompted to conduct additional sensitivity studies with slightly relaxed conservative assumptions. At ANPP, there are two trains of HPI systems with two diesel generators on each train and one additional generator in the reserve state. Each train of diesel generators supplies power to two HPI pumps. However, in the current ANPP configuration, only one HPI pump in each train is automatically switched on to diesel generators in case of a station blackout. Therefore, the previous analysis of LOCA with highly conservative assumptions took credit for only two HPI pumps available after station blackout (i.e., two of diesel generators and reserve diesel generator are not available). The current ANPP modernization plan includes automatic starts of four HPI pumps. For this sensitivity analysis we took credit for one additional HPI pump (namely, three HPI pumps all together). As in the previous calculations, a loss of off-site power was assumed at the moment of accident beginning and simultaneous reactor scram: diesel generators were assumed to be available 20 seconds after the off-site power loss. The results of this sensitivity calculation of LOCA with equivalent diameter of 200 mm on a cold leg show that the cladding temperature stayed far below the safety limit. The peak cladding temperature was 850°C, well below that of the original study (1235°C) and the safety limit in the acceptance criteria (1204°C).
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Schmaltz, Kevin. "Bio-Generated Greenhouse Heating Project." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-41979.
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A 30′ × 60′ greenhouse is being installed on the Western Kentucky University Agriculture Department campus farm that will be heated during winter by energy captured during the decomposition of leaves into compost. The bio-generated heat collection and distribution system was designed, and is currently being built and tested by undergraduate mechanical engineering students at WKU. Currently, the WKU Agriculture Department takes all leaves collected by the city of Bowling Green, processing and selling the resulting compost. While the leaves are composting, a temperature of over 150 °F is reached in the center of the leave piles. Student teams have designed and are installing a water piping system below the leaves to capture the waste heat and deliver the water to a root-zone heating system in the greenhouse. The design also includes a subsurface storage tank and auxiliary heating system to extend the capacity of the heating system. It is intended that WKU Agriculture will be able to operate the greenhouse for educational purposes throughout the year, and also provide the design to regional farmers who currently have greenhouses but cannot afford to heat them during Kentucky winters. This paper will detail the design of the heat collection system below the composting leaves, including sizing calculations and experimental verification, to permit uninterrupted composting activities. The root-zone heating system design will also be covered, including sizing calculations of the piping installation within sand beds in the greenhouse. The overall system control, energy storage and supplemental heating will also be discussed. The goal of the project has been to evaluate the feasibility of a cost-effective agricultural heating system for use in moderate climates throughout the United States.
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Radulovic, Ana. "FINANCIAL CRISES AND STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ECONOMY." In 6th International Scientific Conference ERAZ - Knowledge Based Sustainable Development. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eraz.2020.99.
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Economic structures are a major cause of long-term growth or stagnation. Different economic structures have different ranges of structural learning, innovation, and different effects on income distribution, which are key determinants of economic performance. Through theory about economic structures it is explained why institutions work differently in space and time. This paper shows using a case study in the United States, that the source of recent financial crises rests on the structural characteristics of the economy. Constant deindustrialization is increasing inequality, and a debt-intensive credit boom has emerged to offset the deflationary effects of this structural change. The strong application of the austerity system in Europe and other parts of the world, even after the evidence points to less frugal policies, illustrates the theory of power it has over public policy. The economic structure should be put at the center of analysis, to better understand the economic changes, income disparities and differences in the dynamics of political economy through time and space. This paper provides a critical overview of the rapidly developing comparative studies of institutions and economic performance, with an emphasis on its analytical and political implications. The paper tries to identify some conceptual gaps in the literature on economic growth policy. Emphasis is placed on the contrasting experiences of East Asia and Latin America. This paper argues that the future investments in this field should be based on rigorous conceptual difference between the rules of the game and the game, and between the political and institutional, embedded in the concept of management. It also emphasizes the importance of a serious understanding of the endogenous and distributive nature of institutions and steps beyond the narrow approach of property law relations in management and development. By providing insights from the political channels through which institutions affect economic performance, this paper aims to contribute to the consolidation of theoretically based, empirically based and relevant to policy research on political and institutional foundations of growth and prosperity.
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Lin, Zhongjie. "Vertical Urbanism: Re-conceptualizing the Compact City." In 2016 ACSA International Conference. ACSA Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.intl.2016.26.
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Although the term “compact city” appears frequently in academic accounts on sustainable urbanism as well as in professional descriptions of planning projects, it is often used in a general manner to indicate such ideas as high density, mixed uses, walkability, and transit oriented development, all linking to the common principles of New Urbanism. Unfortunately this misses some important points, as the concept of compact city possesses the power to generate dynamic urban forms, utilize cutting-edge technologies, address pressing environmental issues, and respond to distinctive geographical and cultural contexts, thus challenging conventional notions of urbanism. The awareness of the limitations of the current practice leads to the introduction of Vertical Urbanism as an alternative discourse on the compact city responding proactively to the state of contemporary metropolises characterized by density, complexity, and verticality. The reinvented concept of Vertical Urbanism moves away from the Modernist notion promoting tall buildings as dominant urban typology to explore physically interactive and socially engaged forms addressing the city as a multi-layered and multi-dimensioned organism. Informed by complex systems ranging from underground mass transit to futuristic ecology of vertical urban farm, this experimental urban design approach envisions a holistic organization of infrastructure, space, and ecology ina three-dimensional framework. This paper derives from a series of urban design research studios under the common theme of Vertical Urbanism conducted in four different cities in the United States and China during 2010-2014 and recently shifted to Rio de Janeiro in Brazil. These studio stook on various sites and design questions such as urban infrastructure, transit system, and urban waterfront redevelopments, testing the concept in different geographic and cultural settings. Sensitivity to locality in both ecological and cultural terms was emphasized across these studios although the schemes often engaged speculative and innovative modes of design production. This paper examines a number of issues around the urban design approach of Vertical Urbanism, including the drive for density and vitality, the relationship between horizontal and vertical dimensions, space of flow and scalar shift, as well as ecological and social adaptability of mega forms; but above all, it tries to explore the capacity of global urban tactics in providing localized design solutions.
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Rao, Ramana K., Brian L. Stormwind, Ishrat Chaudhuri, and Marcus Garcia. "Multiple Pathway Health Risk Assessment and Multimedia Environmental Monitoring Programs for a Municipal Waste Resource Recovery Facility in Maryland." In 12th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec12-2207.
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Following a 1986 decision by Montgomery County in Maryland to construct a municipal waste resource recovery facility near the town of Dickerson, the local community expressed concern regarding the potential human health effects from air emissions of dioxins and trace metals released through the stack of the proposed facility. To address this concern, the County conducted health risk studies and ambient monitoring programs before and after the facility became operational. The purpose of the health risk studies was to determine potential cancer and non-cancer risks to the nearby residents from the operations of the facility. The purpose of the ambient monitoring programs was to determine if any changes would occur in the ambient levels of certain target chemicals in the environmental media, and if such changes can be attributed to the operations of the facility. Accordingly, the County conducted a multiple pathway health risk assessment in 1989 prior to the construction of the facility. The pre-operational health risk assessment was based on estimated stack engineering parameters and available stack emissions data from municipal waste resource recovery facilities that were operating in the United States, Canada and Europe during the 1980’s. The health risk assessment used established procedures that were accepted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) and many state agencies at that time. The Montgomery County Resource Recovery Facility (RRF) became operational in the spring of 1995. The facility is equipped with the state-of-the-art air pollution control (APC) equipment including a dry scrubber-fabric filter baghouse system to control organics and trace metals, ammonia injection system to control nitrogen oxides, and activated carbon injection system to control mercury. In 2003, the County retained ENSR International to update the 1989 health risk assessment study. In the 2003 operational-phase update, as-built engineering data and measured stack emissions data from a total of eighteen quarterly stack emissions tests were used. The study was conducted in accordance with the U.S. EPA’s Human Health Risk Assessment Protocol for Hazardous Waste Combustion Facilities published in 1998 [1], and an Errata, published in 1999 [2]. Both the 1989 study and the 2003 study demonstrated that there is a very low chance (less than one chance in a million) for occurrence of cancer and no adverse non-cancer health effects to the nearby community as a result of exposure to facility-related emissions. The multi-media ambient monitoring programs were conducted in abiotic and biotic environmental media. These programs included an air-monitoring component and a non-air monitoring component. The pre-operational phase of the air media and non-air media monitoring was conducted in 1994–1995. The pre-operational program was designed to produce baseline data for target chemicals in both air and non-air media. The operational-phase air media monitoring was conducted in 1997 and 2003. The operational-phase non-air media monitoring was conducted in 1997 and 2001. Target chemicals monitored in both air and non-air media included polychlorinated dioxins and furans (PCDDs/PCDFs) and selected toxic metals (arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, and nickel). The non-air media included crops, farm pond surface water and fish tissue, and cow’s milk. The ambient levels of target chemicals monitored in the operational phase of the facility (1997, 2001 and 2003) demonstrated no measurable difference from the ambient levels of these chemicals monitored in the pre-operational phase (1994–95) of the facility, in both the air media and non-air media. The results of the health risk studies and ambient monitoring programs demonstrate that municipal waste combustion facilities that are equipped with the state-of-the-art air pollution control equipment pose no significant health risk to the population.
Reports on the topic "Farm Credit System (United States.)"
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Rajan, Raghuram, and Rodney Ramcharan. The Anatomy of a Credit Crisis: The Boom and Bust in Farm Land Prices in the United States in the 1920s. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w18027.
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Financial Stability Report - September 2015. Banco de la República, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-estab-fin.sem2.eng-2015.
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From this edition, the Financial Stability Report will have fewer pages with some changes in its structure. The purpose of this change is to present the most relevant facts of the financial system and their implications on the financial stability. This allows displaying the analysis more concisely and clearly, as it will focus on describing the evolution of the variables that have the greatest impact on the performance of the financial system, for estimating then the effect of a possible materialization of these risks on the financial health of the institutions. The changing dynamics of the risks faced by the financial system implies that the content of the Report adopts this new structure; therefore, some analyses and series that were regularly included will not necessarily be in each issue. However, the statistical annex that accompanies the publication of the Report will continue to present the series that were traditionally included, regardless of whether or not they are part of the content of the Report. In this way we expect to contribute in a more comprehensive way to the study and analysis of the stability of the Colombian financial system. Executive Summary During the first half of 2015, the main advanced economies showed a slow recovery on their growth, while emerging economies continued with their slowdown trend. Domestic demand in the United States allowed for stabilization on its average growth for the first half of the year, while other developed economies such as the United Kingdom, the euro zone, and Japan showed a more gradual recovery. On the other hand, the Chinese economy exhibited the lowest growth rate in five years, which has resulted in lower global dynamism. This has led to a fall in prices of the main export goods of some Latin American economies, especially oil, whose price has also responded to a larger global supply. The decrease in the terms of trade of the Latin American economies has had an impact on national income, domestic demand, and growth. This scenario has been reflected in increases in sovereign risk spreads, devaluations of stock indices, and depreciation of the exchange rates of most countries in the region. For Colombia, the fall in oil prices has also led to a decline in the terms of trade, resulting in pressure on the dynamics of national income. Additionally, the lower demand for exports helped to widen the current account deficit. This affected the prospects and economic growth of the country during the first half of 2015. This economic context could have an impact on the payment capacity of debtors and on the valuation of investments, affecting the soundness of the financial system. However, the results of the analysis featured in this edition of the Report show that, facing an adverse scenario, the vulnerability of the financial system in terms of solvency and liquidity is low. The analysis of the current situation of credit institutions (CI) shows that growth of the gross loan portfolio remained relatively stable, as well as the loan portfolio quality indicators, except for microcredit, which showed a decrease in these indicators. Regarding liabilities, traditional sources of funding have lost market share versus non-traditional ones (bonds, money market operations and in the interbank market), but still represent more than 70%. Moreover, the solvency indicator remained relatively stable. As for non-banking financial institutions (NBFI), the slowdown observed during the first six months of 2015 in the real annual growth of the assets total, both in the proprietary and third party position, stands out. The analysis of the main debtors of the financial system shows that indebtedness of the private corporate sector has increased in the last year, mostly driven by an increase in the debt balance with domestic and foreign financial institutions. However, the increase in this latter source of funding has been influenced by the depreciation of the Colombian peso vis-à-vis the US dollar since mid-2014. The financial indicators reflected a favorable behavior with respect to the historical average, except for the profitability indicators; although they were below the average, they have shown improvement in the last year. By economic sector, it is noted that the firms focused on farming, mining and transportation activities recorded the highest levels of risk perception by credit institutions, and the largest increases in default levels with respect to those observed in December 2014. Meanwhile, households have shown an increase in the financial burden, mainly due to growth in the consumer loan portfolio, in which the modalities of credit card, payroll deductible loan, revolving and vehicle loan are those that have reported greater increases in risk indicators. On the side of investments that could be affected by the devaluation in the portfolio of credit institutions and non-banking financial institutions (NBFI), the largest share of public debt securities, variable-yield securities and domestic private debt securities is highlighted. The value of these portfolios fell between February and August 2015, driven by the devaluation in the market of these investments throughout the year. Furthermore, the analysis of the liquidity risk indicator (LRI) shows that all intermediaries showed adequate levels and exhibit a stable behavior. Likewise, the fragility analysis of the financial system associated with the increase in the use of non-traditional funding sources does not evidence a greater exposure to liquidity risk. Stress tests assess the impact of the possible joint materialization of credit and market risks, and reveal that neither the aggregate solvency indicator, nor the liquidity risk indicator (LRI) of the system would be below the established legal limits. The entities that result more individually affected have a low share in the total assets of the credit institutions; therefore, a risk to the financial system as a whole is not observed. José Darío Uribe Governor