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Blattner, Charlotte E. "Tackling Concentrated Animal Agriculture in the Middle East through Standards of Investment, Export Credits, and Trade." Middle East Law and Governance 10, no. 2 (August 2, 2018): 141–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763375-01001005.
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Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Qatar are the main investors in farm animal production outside their territory, prompting a mass-adoption of concentrated animal feeding operations in investment-importing states like Iran and Pakistan. Global actors like the International Finance Corporation and the Food and Agriculture Organization espouse the Middle Eastern states’ investment strategy by generously supporting it with direct payments and feed. Because intensified animal agricultural production systems are known to cause environmental pollution, threaten public health and food security, and pose a moral hazard for animals, this article makes use of existing cross-border relationships to the Middle East to counter the growing agricultural trend towards intensification. Specifically, the article examines whether and how international investment standards, export credit standards, bilateral investment treaties, and bilateral free trade agreements can be used to encourage responsible investment and trade flows that factor in the interests of animals.
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Rajan, Raghuram, and Rodney Ramcharan. "The Anatomy of a Credit Crisis: The Boom and Bust in Farm Land Prices in the United States in the 1920s." American Economic Review 105, no. 4 (April 1, 2015): 1439–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20120525.
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Does credit availability exacerbate asset price inflation? Are there long-run consequences? During the farm land price boom and bust before the Great Depression, we find that credit availability directly inflated land prices. Credit also amplified the relationship between positive fundamentals and land prices, leading to greater indebtedness. When fundamentals soured, areas with higher credit availability suffered a greater fall in land prices and had more bank failures. Land prices and credit availability also remained disproportionately low for decades in these areas, suggesting that leverage might render temporary credit-induced booms and busts persistent. We draw lessons for regulatory policy. (JEL E31, G21, G28, N22, N52, Q12, Q14)
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Dyer, Alan W. "Credit Access and Urban Regeneration in the United States." Advanced Engineering Forum 11 (June 2014): 344–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.11.344.
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A key objective of the Commercial Local Urban Districts (CLUD) project is to explore different ways in which local economic activity can serve as a catalyst for urban regeneration. One approach to realizing this objective is to examine the linkages between local commercial activity and the broader urban environment, including various types of public private partnerships and their role in fostering local economic development (Weissbourd and Bodini, 2005). In particular, it is widely accepted among economists that a healthy commercial sector depends, among other things, on a reliable system for the creation and distribution of credit. One of the questions motivating the research agenda of CLUDs is whether or not it is possible to devise economic growth strategies centered on local and regional initiatives rather than on global and national ones. The reason for emphasizing local and regional economic growth strategies is that the overall goal of CLUDs is to explore new tools for local urban regeneration broad enough to be applied in a variety of cultural and historical milieus, yet sensitive enough to capture the unique qualities of different locales.
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Tallaksen, Joel E., Curtis Reese, and Michael H. Reese. "Cropping System Fuel Use for a Diversified Farm in the Midwestern United States." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 35, no. 4 (2019): 503–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.13326.
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Abstract. A significant effort is currently underway to reduce farming inputs and their associated environmental impacts. These efforts use data-driven research techniques, such as life cycle assessment, which rely on up-to-date and situationally specific information. In cropping systems, tractor fuel use data is an important component for evaluating sustainability. The currently available tractor fuel consumption data may not be particularly accurate for sustainability analysis of cropping activities as it relies on engineering estimates or is more than 30 years old. As part of an on-farm energy use and sustainability project, tractor fuel consumption was monitored for four years on a western Minnesota research farm during the cultivation and harvest of corn, soybeans, oats, and alfalfa. We were interested in how our findings compared with published studies and the magnitude and reasons for potential differences. The results indicate that there was considerable variation in fuel use for the same field operations during the four years of observation at the site studied. The average fuel use in this study also showed some variation with published data. The variation was likely due to previously noted impacts of different soil types, equipment deployed, and tractor operations on fuel consumption. Accurate sustainability metrics are increasingly important as they are beginning to be used for developing regulations and policy for agriculture and agricultural products. The findings suggest that in order to ensure accuracy when analyzing cropping sustainability, fuel use data should be representative of the specific farming systems, equipment, and methods being examined. Keywords: Agricultural sustainability, Agronomy, Cropping systems, Life cycle assessment, Midwestern United States, Tractor fuel.
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Damas de Matos, Ana, and Daniel Parent. "Canada and High-Skill Emigration to the United States: Way Station or Farm System?" Journal of Labor Economics 37, S2 (July 2019): S491—S532. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/703257.
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WESLEY, IRENE V., SAUMYA BHADURI, and ERIC BUSH. "Prevalence of Yersinia enterocolitica in Market Weight Hogs in the United States†." Journal of Food Protection 71, no. 6 (June 1, 2008): 1162–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-71.6.1162.
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Pigs are the major animal reservoir for Yersinia enterocolitica strains, which are potentially pathogenic for humans. The goals of this study were (i) to estimate the individual animal and on-farm prevalences of Y. enterocolitica in hogs based on tonsil samples collected during National Animal Health Monitoring System Swine 2002 study and (ii) to use these data with data previously published for fecal samples to determine on-farm risk factors for Y. enterocolitica. Tonsil swabs (1,218) and fecal samples (2,847) were collected on 124 farms located in the top 17 pork-producing states. Ten percent of tonsils (122 of 1,218 samples) were positive in irgasan-tiracillin-chlorate (ITC) enrichment broth by real-time PCR, but only 5.6% of samples (68 of 1,218) were positive after subculture on the more selective cefsulodin-irgasan-novobiocin (CIN) agar. For tonsils, the on-farm prevalence based on real-time PCR detection of the ail gene in ITC enrichment broth cultures was 32% (32 of 100 premises sampled); the prevalence based on subculture in CIN agar was 19.6% (20 of 102 premises). Results of bacteriological isolation and real-time PCR analysis of tonsils and feces were combined to estimate prevalence (individual animal and farm), which was subsequently correlated with 40 farm management practices. Four factors and their accompanying odds ratios (ORs) were identified in the final regression model: location in a central state (OR =0.3), vaccination for Escherichia coli (OR = 3.0), percentage of deaths due to scours (OR = 3.5), and presence of meat or bone meal in grower-finisher diet (OR = 4.1).
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McDermott, John. "Book Review: How Credit Money Shapes the Economy: The United States in the World System." Review of Radical Political Economics 31, no. 3 (September 1999): 146–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/048661349903100316.
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Hanson, J. D., John Hendrickson, and Dave Archer. "Challenges for maintaining sustainable agricultural systems in the United States." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 23, no. 04 (July 4, 2008): 325–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170507001974.
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AbstractDuring the 20th century, US agriculture underwent vast transformations. The number of farmers has decreased, more farmers are relying on off-farm income, agriculture's proportion of the US GDP has declined, and a minority of non-metro counties in the US are farming dependent. Agriculture's evolution will continue and we have identified key trends and future challenges to effectively manage our changing agricultural system. Eight current trends in US agriculture were identified. These included: (1) increased land degradation; (2) competing land uses; (3) focus on single ecosystem service; (4) increase in farm size; (5) movement toward commercialization; (6) genetic engineering; (7) global markets; and (8) changing social structure. Future trends likely to affect agriculture include: (1) diminishing and increasingly volatile farm incomes; (2) reduced government involvement in food regulation; (3) continued transition from farming to agribusiness; (4) land-use will become a major issue; (5) increasing animal protein consumption in the US; (6) increased public input on livestock production practices; (7) increasing urbanization of historically rural US counties; (8) increased public concern over food safety; (9) increased medicinal production from agriculture; (10) new tastes, markets and opportunities will emerge. We further postulated that future challenges facing US agriculture might include: (1) competitive pressures; (2) sustainable development; (3) resource conservation; and (4) research and development. Integrated agricultural systems may be flexible enough to address these challenges. However, robust principles will be needed to design adaptable integrated agricultural systems. We present a nonexclusive list of preliminary principles under the four general categories of (1) economics and economic policies; (2) environmental; (3) social and political; and (4) technological.
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Nadolnyak, Denis A., Stanley M. Fletcher, and Valentina M. Hartarska. "Southeastern Peanut-Production Cost Efficiency Under the Quota System: Implications for the Farm-Level Impacts of the 2002 Farm Act." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 38, no. 1 (April 2006): 213–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800022173.
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In the article, stochastic frontier analysis of peanut-production efficiency in the Southeastern region of the United States is conducted with a view of assessing the likely farm-level impacts of the 2002 Farm Act. Results indicate that, although quota ownership did not significantly impact inefficiency, it is likely that limitations on the quota's transferability to areas with better growing conditions were a significant cause of inefficiency. The acreage shifts and improved yields following the passage of the 2002 Farm Act support this conclusion. Certain farm characteristics, such as farm size and operator's education and age, were also important for efficiency.
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Rajan, Raghuram, and Rodney Ramcharan. "The Anatomy of a Credit Crisis: The Boom and Bust in Farm Land Prices in the United States in the 1920s." Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2012, no. 62 (2012): 1–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17016/feds.2012.62.
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Herman, Linda L., Paula J. Willoughby, Max D. Koenigsberg, Sharon Ward, and Cary C. McDonald. "A Comparison of EMS Continuing Education for Paramedics in the United States." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 11, no. 4 (December 1996): 292–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00043156.
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AbstractObjective:To determine characteristics of continuing education programs for paramedics in large metropolitan areas, and to make recommendations for changes in the Chicago Emergency Medical Services (EMS) system.Design:A survey of 95 metropolitan areas from each state in the United States.Participants:EMS medical directors, coordinators, and administrators.Results:The survey population included 56 respondents. Within this group, 23% were from areas of 1 million people or more, 61% in areas with populations of 100,000 to 1 million and 16% from areas populated by < 100,000 people. Several system types were represented in the survey. In the systems surveyed, 98% mandate didactic continuing education requirements. Clinical continuing education was required by 34% of the systems. Ten systems (18%) awarded continuing education hours for documented in-field experience. This method did not have a specific structure by the majority of users. Both written and skills testing were used by most EMS systems to evaluate paramedic competency. No statistically significant differences (p >0.05) could be found among population subgroups or EMS system types when evaluating the use of these various methods.Conclusion:EMS systems primarily use didactic sessions to meet their continuing education requirements. Nearly half of the systems requiring clinical continuing education use in-field credit to fulfill these requirements. In-field credit systems are poorly developed to date. This mechanism may be an effective alternative to usual clinical experiences for paramedics and deserves further investigation.
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Santoso, Yohanes William. "Penyebab Krisis Finansial Global tahun 2008: Kegagalan Financial Development dalam Mendorong Pertumbuhan dan Stabilitas Ekonomi." Jurnal Hubungan Internasional 11, no. 1 (November 1, 2018): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jhi.v11i1.5853.
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The Global Financial Crisis has raised questions for economists on the causes of the issue and how to prevent similar case in the future. One of the causes of the crisis was a large and rapid increase of credit accumulation in the United States (US) on the period of 2000 to 2007. While according to the theory of Financial Development, credit is one of the indicator that shows the ongoing national financial system. Credit includes the access get credit and the ability of financial institution to lend credit. Both can be seen in the United States, proved by the ease of access to home loans and increasing amount of subprime mortgages. In accordance with the theory of financial development, the US economy should had experienced growth and stability. However, the rapid increase of credit accumulation in US has led to instability and crisis. The anomaly proves the failure of Financial Development and encourage the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to review the theory and prove its relevance in explaining economic growth and stability.
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Ahrendsen, Bruce L. "The global financial crisis: Implications for capital to agribusiness." Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce 6, no. 1-2 (June 30, 2012): 59–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.19041/apstract/2012/1-2/7.
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The global economy has continued to experience lingering effects of the global financial crisis that began in 2007. Although attention was initially given to the liquidity crisis and survival of some the world’s largest corporations and institutions, the financial crisis is likely to have long-lasting implications for agribusiness. As the world slowly recovers from the crisis, another round of problems are emerging as governments and international institutions attempt to unwind the positions they took in an effort to prevent the global economic bubble from bursting. Perhaps the most problematic factor for businesses is access to capital in sufficient amounts and at affordable rates. Governments and institutions, particularly in the United States (U.S.) and the European Union, have increased their financial obligations as the result of activities taken to curtail the economic crisis. These financial obligations and the associated financial risks place pressure on financial markets and tend to restrain the availability of capital and increase the cost of capital for businesses. However, the U.S. agricultural credit market has not experienced problems to the same extent as general business (commercial and industrial) and real estate credit markets have. In general, U.S. farm businesses have a strong balance sheet, adequate repayment capacity, sufficient amount of assets to offer collateral for loans, and reasonable profits. Thus, U.S. farm businesses have had an ample supply of credit at relatively low interest rates.
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HARVEY, ROGER B., ROBERT E. DROLESKEY, CYNTHIA L. SHEFFIELD, THOMAS S. EDRINGTON, TODD R. CALLAWAY, ROBIN C. ANDERSON, DAMON L. J. DRINNON, RICHARD L. ZIPRIN, H. MORGAN SCOTT, and DAVID J. NISBET. "Campylobacter Prevalence in Lactating Dairy Cows in the United States†." Journal of Food Protection 67, no. 7 (July 1, 2004): 1476–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-67.7.1476.
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The objective of the present study was to determine the prevalence of intestinal Campylobacter in lactating dairy cows from various regions of the United States. Participating commercial dairy farms were chosen at random and were part of a national survey to determine E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella prevalence in dairy cows. Farms had no previous history of Campylobacter problems. Fecal samples were collected rectally from 720 cows on farms in the northeast (four farms), in the desert southwest (three farms), and in the Pacific west (two farms). A minimum of 60 fecal samples per visit were collected from each farm. Thirty isolates were analyzed using the RiboPrinter Microbial Characterization System to obtain ribosomal RNA patterns. Twenty isolates were tentatively identified as Campylobacter jejuni, two as Campylobacter coli, three as Campylobacter spp., and five as unknown. Individual single-visit farm prevalence ranged from 0 to 10%. The disk diffusion method, employing 11 antibiotics, was used to test the antibiotic sensitivities of 27 of the isolates. Eight isolates were resistant to two or more antibiotics, 13 isolates were resistant to one antibiotic, and 6 were totally susceptible. Under the conditions of this study, the authors conclude that Campylobacter prevalence in lactating dairy cows in the United States is low, there is no difference in prevalence on the basis of geographical location, the predominant species is C. jejuni, and that the majority of these isolates are sensitive to antibiotics.
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Steuerle, C. Eugene. "Policy Watch: Tax Credits for Low-Income Workers with Children." Journal of Economic Perspectives 4, no. 3 (August 1, 1990): 201–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.4.3.201.
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The most important tax credits available to low-income households with children are the earned income tax credit (EITC), the child tax credit, and the child and dependent care tax credit (hereafter, child-care credit). Only the EITC and the child-care credit exist in current law in the United States. This note will discuss some equity and efficiency implications of four commonly stated purposes of these credits within the tax/transfer system: greater progressivity, adjustments for the presence of children, greater choice among goods and services, and greater work incentives for low-income individuals.
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Ryczkowski, Maciej. "Macroeconomic effects of unconventional balance sheet policies in the United States and The Euro area." Panoeconomicus 67, no. 5 (2020): 627–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan170910023r.
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Post Great Recession vector autoregression analysis revealed that the reserves? creation of the European Central Bank (ECB) until 2015 had an impact on the perceived credit risk that was either statistically insignificant or opposite to the expected one. The ECB?s unconventional measures returned the real GDP growth merely to an equilibrium of nil growth. In the United States, unconventional balance sheet policies of the Federal Reserve System (the Fed) significantly increased the real GDP by between 3.2% and 5.3% and reduced the initial rise of the perceived credit risk. We argue that the plausible reason for the discrepancy between the Fed and the ECB?s outcomes were the contrasting goals of both central banks. The major conclusion is that creation of money by the central bank may support the economy after a crisis, but it cannot deliver long-run prosperity. The positive effects of balance sheet policies were found to be short-lasting.
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Alavi, Hamed. "Autonomy Principle and Fraud Exception in Documentary Letters of Credit, a Comparative Study between United States and England." International and Comparative Law Review 15, no. 2 (December 1, 2015): 47–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/iclr-2016-0035.
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Abstract Despite the fact that Documentary Letters of Credit are involved in process of International Trade for many centuries, but their legal personality is very new and their life span is much shorter than their existence. In the middle of Eightieth Century, Lord Mansfield introduced legal aspects of LC operation for the first time to the Common Law System. Later, International Chamber of Commerce started to codified regulations regarding international operation of Documentary Letters of Credit in 1933 under the title of Uniform Customs and Practices for Documentary Letters of Credit and updated them constantly up to current date. However, many aspects of LC operation including fraud are not codified under the UCP which subjects them to national laws. Diversified nature of National Laws in different countries can be source of confusion and problem for many businessmen active in international operation of Documentary Letters of Credit. Such differences are more problematic in Common Law countries as a result of following precedent. For Example, legal aspects of International LC transactions under British Law are only based on case law, however, American Law addresses Letter of Credit Operation under Article 5 of Unified Commercial Code. Due to important role of English and American law in practice of international trade, current paper will try to compare their approach to autonomy principle of in LC operation, fraud rule as a recognized exception to it and search for answer to following questions what is definition of fraud, and what are standards of proof for fraud in LC operation, under English and American law?
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Andy Hartanto, Joseph, and Sulaksono Sulaksono. "The notary’s responsibility toward the authenticity of credit bank guarantees in Indonesia." Banks and Bank Systems 14, no. 2 (July 1, 2019): 164–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/bbs.14(2).2019.14.
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This paper provides an overview of the law and a statute regarding the notary’s responsibility toward the authenticity of credit bank guarantee in Indonesia, and compares them with those of other nations, including the United States of America and Germany. This study uses a combination of primary and secondary sources to assess the current state of the notary responsibility situation regarding banks and the financial lending world in general and employs a normative or doctrinal approach that views laws as a system of norms. The functions of notaries in Indonesia are different from those performed by notaries in some other countries, the notaries play different roles and participate in many formalities: a) a function in credit banking bind guarantees that not only allow people to feel comfortable with their transactions, but also increase public trust in the whole banking system; b) personal and material guarantees. In transacting any deeds, including credit bank guarantees, the notary is responsible for the authenticity of the physical, formal and material aspects of the deed; c) the binding of collateral objects; d) a function in binding banking credit guarantees. Also, notaries have the risk of illegal jurisdiction of a banking credit guarantee deed. Notaries in Indonesia have different roles compared to other countries, including the United States of America and Germany. Notaries play an important role in increasing economic growth, especially through their responsibility for the authenticity of credit bank guarantees activity and they add to the overall body of knowledge.
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White, Michelle J. "Bankruptcy Reform and Credit Cards." Journal of Economic Perspectives 21, no. 4 (November 1, 2007): 175–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.21.4.175.
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From 1980 to 2004, the number of personal bankruptcy filings in the United States increased more than five-fold, from 288,000 to 1.5 million per year. By 2004, more Americans were filing for bankruptcy each year than were graduating from college, getting divorced, or being diagnosed with cancer. In 2005, the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act (BAPCPA) became law. It made bankruptcy law much less debtor-friendly. Personal bankruptcy filings fell to 600,000 in 2006. This paper explores why personal bankruptcy rates rose, and will argue that the main reason is the growth of “revolving debt”—mainly credit card debt. It explains how the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act (BAPCPA) of 2005 altered the conditions of bankruptcy. Finally, this essay considers the balances that need to be struck in a bankruptcy system and how the U.S. bankruptcy system strikes these balances in comparison with other countries. I argue that a less debtor-friendly bankruptcy policy should be accompanied by changes in bank regulation and truth-in-lending rules, so that lenders have a greater chance of facing losses when they supply too much credit or charge excessively high interest rates and fees.
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Glover, Lisa. "Creditworthy: A History of Consumer Surveillance and Financial Identity in America by Josh Lauer." Journal of Intellectual Freedom and Privacy 2, no. 3-4 (April 9, 2018): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/jifp.v2i3-4.6482.
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In September of 2017 Equifax, one of the three major consumer credit reporting agencies in the United States, announced its system security had been breached and confidential consumer information may have fallen into the hands of hackers. Although reports of system intrusions are released almost daily, this breach was of particular significance: sensitive data, including personal, identifying and financial data, was compromised for an estimated 143 million consumers in the United States. Just this week, Equifax further disclosed another 15 million client records were breached in the United Kingdom. Any consumer who has received credit of any kind is familiar with the big three credit reporting agencies—Equifax, TransUnion, and Experian—as these agencies house the financial identities American consumers. With such vast data stores, credit reporting agencies are prime and potentially profitable targets for hackers. All the information a hacker needs to steal a financial identify of a victim resides in the agencies’ files. Clearly, credit reporting agencies play a critical role in the financial marketplace. How these agencies became the powerful guardians and suppliers of consumer financial information is the topic of Josh Lauer’s book, Creditworthy: A History of Consumer Surveillance and Financial Identity in America. This is the first book authored by Lauer, who is an associate professor of media studies at the University of New Hampshire with specialties in media history and theory, communication technology, consumer and financial culture, and surveillance. Lauer relates in great detail how we moved from a society of relationships and human interaction to one of faceless data designed to symbolize character and reputation. Lauer’s history takes us from a time when Americans desired access to goods and services more than they valued confidentiality, to the financial privacy concerns of these surveillance systems today.
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Burke, J. M., R. M. Kaplan, J. E. Miller, T. H. Terrill, W. R. Getz, S. Mobini, E. Valencia, M. J. Williams, L. H. Williamson, and A. F. Vatta. "Accuracy of the FAMACHA system for on-farm use by sheep and goat producers in the southeastern United States." Veterinary Parasitology 147, no. 1-2 (June 2007): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.03.033.
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ANGELO, K. M., A. L. NISLER, A. J. HALL, L. G. BROWN, and L. H. GOULD. "Epidemiology of restaurant-associated foodborne disease outbreaks, United States, 1998–2013." Epidemiology and Infection 145, no. 3 (October 18, 2016): 523–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268816002314.
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SUMMARYAlthough contamination of food can occur at any point from farm to table, restaurant food workers are a common source of foodborne illness. We describe the characteristics of restaurant-associated foodborne disease outbreaks and explore the role of food workers by analysing outbreaks associated with restaurants from 1998 to 2013 reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance System. We identified 9788 restaurant-associated outbreaks. The median annual number of outbreaks was 620 (interquartile range 618–629). In 3072 outbreaks with a single confirmed aetiology reported, norovirus caused the largest number of outbreaks (1425, 46%). Of outbreaks with a single food reported and a confirmed aetiology, fish (254 outbreaks, 34%) was most commonly implicated, and these outbreaks were commonly caused by scombroid toxin (219 outbreaks, 86% of fish outbreaks). Most outbreaks (79%) occurred at sit-down establishments. The most commonly reported contributing factors were those related to food handling and preparation practices in the restaurant (2955 outbreaks, 61%). Food workers contributed to 2415 (25%) outbreaks. Knowledge of the foods, aetiologies, and contributing factors that result in foodborne disease restaurant outbreaks can help guide efforts to prevent foodborne illness.
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Baber, Jessica, Tryon Wickersham, Sara Place, and Al Rotz. "161 Effects of management strategies on environmental footprints of cow-calf production in the United States." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_4 (November 3, 2020): 130–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa278.239.
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Abstract Estimates of beef cattle production’s national and regional cradle to farm grate environmental impacts have been quantified. As baseline footprints are now established, cow-calf dietary and production management strategies can be evaluated for their capacity to reduce environmental impacts. Accordingly, our objective was to quantify environmental changes from implementing management strategies in cow-calf production. Ten management strategies were identified, with each related to animal performance, feed management, or pasture management. Each strategy was incorporated into a representative cow-calf operation for each of 6 major regions of beef production in the United States and simulated with the Integrated Farm System Model (IFSM) using local soil and climate data. A combined strategy was also identified based on results of the individual strategies, which was simulated with IFSM. Farm-gate life cycle assessment was used to estimate carbon (C) footprint, fossil energy use, blue water use, and total reactive nitrogen (N) loss for all production systems and strategy combinations. Averages of each environmental metric for the cow-calf sector were based on weighted averages of regional cow inventory data. Averaged across all strategies, the reduction in C footprint was 4.1% and fossil energy use was reduced 3.5% for the cow-calf sector. Improved feed efficiency (8.0%) and terminal cross (7.1%) strategies reduced C footprint to a greater extent than other strategies simulated (2.0%). Fossil energy use was reduced by 8.3, and 6.5% from improved feed efficiency and terminal cross strategies, respectively. Early weaning increased C footprint, fossil energy use, blue water use, and reactive N loss by 13.8, 17.8, 20.2, and 12.7%, respectively. The combined strategy, including improved feed efficiency, improved fiber digestion, calf implant use, increased weaning rate, reduced cow body weight, and terminal cross strategies, reduced C footprint (18%), fossil fuel use (18%), blue water use (23%), and reactive N loss (15%).
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White, Robin R. "198 Beef cattle support system modeling." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_2 (November 1, 2020): 68–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz397.160.
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Abstract A model is a tool used to study the dynamics of a system when investigations on the system itself are difficult because of scope, scale, sensitivity, or other complexities. Beef cattle production in the United States is at least a 2- to 4-phase process, consisting of economic, social, environmental, and biological relationships. As such, modeling is a logical strategy to handle many research questions focused on systems responses of beef cattle production systems. There are a number of modeling tools that can be used to research beef cattle production settings, including but not limited to: nutrient requirement models, pasture models, farm system models, and life cycle assessments. Life cycle assessments are the broadest category of models and typically fall under the umbrella of static, deterministic, empirical models that encompass the entirety of the beef production system from manufacture of the inputs through production of the outputs. There are a number of life cycle assessments of beef cattle production systems and comparison of the outcome of these models is a strategy to discern how changes in one aspect of the production system affect all downstream processes. Farm system models can assess an individual economic enterprise or an entirety of a beef production system and typically are dynamic, mechanistic models of the interactions between cattle and their external environments. Several researchers have also established deterministic, empirical farm system models, or hybrids of these two model types. Pasture models can be independent of or tightly linked with farm system models. Most pasture models are dynamic, mechanistic models; however, deterministic, empirical models also exist. Pasture models typically seek to model plant/soil/water interactions. Finally, animal response models and nutrient requirement models can be used to represent animal/feed/management interactions. These models can be dynamic or static, deterministic or mechanistic.
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Dzyublyuk, Oleksandr. "UNCONVENTIONAL MEASURES OF MONETARY POLICY: EXPERIENCE OF THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM OF THE UNITED STATES." JOURNAL OF EUROPEAN ECONOMY 16, no. 3 (2017) (2017): 341–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/jee2017.03.341.
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The preconditions, causes and peculiarities of the global financial and economic crisis created the basis for the withdrawal of central banks from their traditional limited range of instruments of monetary influence on the economy and the transition to the active use of unconventional monetary policy measures. The Federal Reserve was the first central bank which used the unconventional measures of monetary policy as a key factor in overcoming the recession and bringing the US economy to a sustainable growth path. The traditional instruments of monetary regulation during the period of aggravation of financial crisis on the money markets turned out complete ineffective, that had the destructive consequences for the economy. That is why so important is the analysis of the reasons for this ineffectiveness and the necessity of use of unconventional instruments. The practical mechanism of using such unconventional instruments of the Fed includes such as large-scale asset purchases and FOMC’s forward guidance about intentions. And it is hard to underestimate the role of these tools in the withdrawal of the American economy from the state of recession. Also important are innovative credit policy programs that have been used by the Federal Reserve during the period of growing crisis, in terms of increasing the effective ness of its impact on the financial stabilization of the banking system, providing markets with liquidity and stimulating domestic demand. The use of unconventional monetary policy instruments aims to achieve a wide range of strategic goals that include not only price stability but also economic growth and low unemployment. Thus, based on the powerful influence of the Fed’s monetary policy on the dynamics of the main economic parameters, it is expedient to apply a dual mandate in formulating the strategic goals of the central bank.
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Horback, Kristina. "284 Prop 12 and Its Implications for Future On-farm Animal Welfare in the United States." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2021): 8–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab054.013.
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Abstract California’s Proposition 12, also known as the Farm Animal Confinement Initiative, will go into full effect starting in January 2022. This measure changes the minimum space requirement for egg-laying hens, calves raised for veal, and breeding sows within the state of California. These changes include housing that provides 1 to 1.5 square feet of floor space per hen within a cage-free system, 43 square feet of floor space per veal calf, and 24 square feet of floor space per sow. In addition, Proposition 12 would require producers to move the sows from gestation pens into farrowing crates for a maximum of 5 days before they are due to farrow. This measure also prohibits producers outside of California from importing their eggs, veal, or pork into the state unless they meet these minimum housing requirements. The goal of these requirements is to ensure that they animal can lie down, stand up, turn around, and fully extend their limbs without touching the sides of their stalls or another animal. While the intent of this new housing requirement may allow for a greater freedom of movement, animal welfare concerns are still prominent for group housing. For breeding sow, such concerns include injuries caused by social aggression, and, abnormal or harmful behaviors related to feed restriction. These welfare concerns can be addressed when considerations are given to the group composition (e.g., age and size of sows), pen mixing practices (e.g., pre or post breeding), feeding schedule [e.g., collective (trough, floor fed) or individual (electronic sow feeding, free access stalls)], and, pen structural quality (e.g., flooring, enrichment). Given that California represents approximately 15 percent of the American pork market, this measure will have considerable economic and ethical implications related to barn renovations, animal care staff training, and husbandry practices for the entire U.S. pork industry.
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Ward, Brian, Powell Smith, Susan James, Zachary Stansell, and Mark Farnham. "Increasing Plant Density in Eastern United States Broccoli Production Systems to Maximize Marketable Head Yields." HortTechnology 25, no. 3 (June 2015): 330–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.25.3.330.
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Increased demand for fresh market crown-cut broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) has led to increased production along the eastern seaboard of the United States. Maximizing broccoli yields is a primary concern for quickly expanding eastern markets. Thus, a plant density study was carried out in Fall 2012 and 2013 using the hybrid cultivar Emerald Crown on a commercial farm in Summerton, SC, and in Fall 2013 using ‘Emerald Crown’ and another hybrid, ‘Durapak 19’, on a research farm in Charleston, SC. The objective was to determine the effect of variable within-row spacings of 4, 6, and 8 inches (using a system with double rows spaced 12-inches apart) on marketable yields and quality in the three environments. Our results indicated that increasing plant density by reducing within-row spacing to 4 inches significantly increased overall yield per hectare over the 6- and 8-inch spacing treatments at two of three environments. Stem diameter and average head weight were unaffected by plant density; however, heads harvested from plots with the highest plant densities had significantly (P < 0.01) lower bead uniformity in the Summerton 2012 trial, and significantly (P < 0.05) larger bead size in the two trials conducted in 2013. In general, the highest total marketable yields were from the 4-inch within-row spacing, but increased competition at the highest density may increase the risk of plants producing heads with lower quality characteristics. With the increased risk of producing lower quality marketable heads along with the increased production costs associated with the 4-inch spacing, yield and head quality attributes may be optimized at the 6-inch within-row spacing.
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Small, Ian M., and David L. Wright. "Sustainability Aspects of Precision Agriculture for Row Crops in Florida and the Southeast United States." EDIS 2020, no. 5 (November 2, 2020): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-ag186-2020.
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Precision agriculture or site-specific management is a knowledge-based technical management system, where sensing, information technologies, and mechanical systems enable sub-field crop management that can help optimize farm profits and minimize agriculture's impact on the environment. This technology has been developed over several decades through private sector and university research efforts, with new technologies and applications available every year. Information about a field can be obtained and continuously updated to refine management strategies or solve production issues through the season. Stated another way, it is the determination of optimal inputs needed for profitable production. This article discusses precision agriculture, recent developments in technology and factors to consider when adopting these technologies, particularly as they relate to row crop production in Florida.
Original publication date October 2002. Revised July 2006, October 2013, December 2016. September 2020 revision by Ian Small
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Ascough, James C., Eihab M. Fathelrahman, and Dana L. Hoag. "Using Response Surface Methodology for Economic and Environmental Trade-offs at the Farm Level." Air, Soil and Water Research 6 (January 2013): ASWR.S11697. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/aswr.s11697.
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United States farmers typically spend over $10 billion annually on commercial fertilizer. Chemical inputs such as nitrogen (N) are essential for maintaining crop yields; however, farmers often apply excessive N inputs as an insurance policy. Nitrogen fertilizer consumption in the U.S. quadrupled from 3 million metric tons in 1961 to over 12 million metric tons in 2004, and per ha N fertilizer use quadrupled. Increase in N use has been associated with the impairment of U.S. streams, lakes, and aquifers. The objective of this research study was to develop an integrated farm-level economic/environmental risk framework for trade-off analysis between farm profitability and environmental externalities (impacts). Results indicated that there was no single point of optimal trade-off between farm profitability and the environment. Additionally, trade-offs between farm profit and environmental impacts varied significantly depending on the choice of cropping or tillage system.
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Garbrecht, Jurgen D., and Jeanne M. Schneider. "Climate forecast and prediction product dissemination for agriculture in the United States." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 58, no. 10 (2007): 966. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar06191.
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A wealth of climate forecast information and related prediction products are available, but impediments to adoption of these products by ranchers and farmers in the Unites States remain to be addressed. Impediments for agricultural applications include modest forecast skill, limited climate predictability, inappropriate forecast scale for site-specific applications, difficulties in interpretation of probabilistic forecasts by farmers and integration into agricultural decision systems, uncertainty about the value and effect of forecast information in multi-variable decision system, and generally low frequency of relevant forecasts. Various research institutions have conducted case studies of climate effects on agricultural production systems, particularly effects of historical ENSO signals in the south-eastern United States. Several studies addressed risk and economic values of seasonal climate forecasts, and others bridged the gap between current forecasting software and products and agricultural applications. These studies attest to the availability and suitability of forecast and impact-prediction software, as well as derived products for agricultural applications. Yet, little attention has been given to operational and application-specific prediction products for general agricultural use, and to an effective and affordable delivery system that reaches and resonates with the agricultural end-user (a prerequisite for adoption). The two latter impediments are the focus of this paper. Two existing approaches, the top-down and the participatory end-to-end approach for development and delivery of prediction products, are reviewed. A third approach, the hybrid approach, is emphasised and uses the top-down approach for climate forecast delivery and a participatory approach for development and delivery of farm-specific prediction information for the agricultural end-user. Suitability of such prediction products for agricultural applications and constraints to successful adoption are also discussed.
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Knust, Michaela, Olaf Zawacki-Richter, and Anke Hanft. "Organisation and Management of Continuing Higher Education: Findings of a Comparative Study in Six Countries from a German Perspective." Journal of Adult and Continuing Education 14, no. 2 (November 2008): 132–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/jace.14.2.3.
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An international comparison study investigated the organisation and management of continuing higher education (CHE) in Germany, Finland, France, the United Kingdom, Austria and the United States of America. CHE is compared on the system level (boundaries between traditional study programmes and CHE, linking of CHE and vocational training, accessibility openness of the HE system, and recognition of prior learning), the institutional level (type of organisation, cooperation between centralised and decentralised units, and implementation of lifelong learning), as well as on the programme level (use of ECTS-credit points, duration of courses, e-learning, and corporate programmes) in order to derive potentials for CHE and to identify decisive factors of success. The main results are reported in this article.
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Baber, Jessica, Tryon Wickersham, Sara Place, and Al Rotz. "160 Effects of cow-calf management strategies on environmental footprints of beef cattle production in the United States." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_4 (November 3, 2020): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa278.238.
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Abstract As baseline environmental footprints of beef cattle production are established, mitigation strategies through cow-calf dietary and production management can be evaluated. Our objective was to quantify environmental benefits obtained by beef cattle production through implementation of cow-calf management strategies. Ten cow-calf management strategies were identified related to animal performance, feed management, or pasture management. Each strategy was incorporated into 20 representative beef cattle production systems and simulated with the Integrated Farm System Model (IFSM) using local soil and climate data. A combined strategy was identified based upon the results of individual strategies, which was also simulated with IFSM. Farm-gate life cycle assessment was used to estimate carbon (C) footprint, fossil energy use, blue water use, and total reactive nitrogen (N) loss for all production systems and strategy combinations. Averages of each environmental metric for the cow-calf sector were based on weighted averages of regional cow inventory data. National estimates of environmental impacts were based upon number of cattle represented by each production system. Feed efficiency, terminal cross sires, and reduced cow body size strategies had greatest effect on C footprint (reductions of 1.31, 1.15, and 0.71 kg CO2e/kg CW, respectively from a baseline of 16.34 kg CO2e/kg CW). Calving season, reduced cow body size, and improved fiber digestion increased fossil energy use (7.8%), while improved feed efficiency and calf implant use reduced fossil energy use (7.4%). Blue water use was reduced by a greater extent from improved feed efficiency (4.6%) and reduced cow body size (5.3%) compared to other strategies (0.6%). Total reactive N loss was reduced by 7.0 and 6.9% through improved feed efficiency and reduced cow body size, respectively. Combining strategies reduced C footprint (18.2%), fossil energy use (18.6%), blue water use (18.9%), and reactive N loss (16.2%).
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Minkoff-Zern, Laura-Anne. "Challenging the Agrarian Imaginary: Farmworker-Led Food Movements and the Potential for Farm Labor Justice." Human Geography 7, no. 1 (March 2014): 85–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/194277861400700107.
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This article addresses the need for more engagement between the alternative food movement and the food labor movement in the United States. Drawing on the notion of agrarian imaginary, I argue for the need to break down divides between producer and consumer, rural and urban, and individual and community based approaches to changing the food system. I contend that farmworker-led consumer-based campaigns and solidarity movements, such as the Coalition of Immokalee Workers’ (CIW) current Campaign for Fair Food, and The United Farmworkers’ historical grape boycotts, successfully work to challenge this imaginary, drawing consumers into movement-based actions. Based on ethnographic fieldwork with farmworkers and farmworker advocates in California and Florida, this research illustrates the possibilities for alternative food movement advocates and coalitions to build upon farmworker-led campaigns and embrace workers as leaders.
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Beam, A. L., D. D. Thilmany, R. W. Pritchard, L. P. Garber, D. C. Van Metre, and F. J. Olea-Popelka. "Distance to slaughter, markets and feed sources used by small-scale food animal operations in the United States." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 31, no. 1 (April 28, 2015): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170514000441.
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AbstractDistances to common production and marketing supply chain destinations may vary, and this has economic and animal health implications for small-scale food animal operations. Proximity to these destinations can affect the economic viability and marketing decisions of small-scale operations and may represent significant barriers to sustainability. Data were collected using a cross-sectional survey conducted by the US Department of Agriculture's (USDA) National Animal Health Monitoring System in 2011 using a stratified systematic sample of 16,000 small-scale (gross annual farm sales between US$10,000 and 499,999) operations from all 50 states. A total of 7925 food-animal operations were asked about the farthest one-way distance (in miles) to slaughter facilities, destinations where they sold animals or products, and feed sources. Across all small-scale operations, 95% of operations reported the farthest distance animals or products were transported for sale was 241 km (150 miles) or less. For distance to slaughter facilities, 95% of operations reported the farthest distance was 145 km (90 miles) or less. For feed shipped by a supplier, 95% of operations reported the farthest distance was 322 km (200 miles) or less. The 95th percentile for distance increased as farm sales increased, indicating larger operations were more likely to travel long distances. The results of this study are an important benchmark for understanding the economic and animal health implications of long transportation distances for operations that are small and/or focused on direct marketing.
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Nisbet, Elizabeth, Heather A. McKay, and Sara Haviland. "The Emergence of Local Practices in a Devolved Workforce Investment System: Barriers and Possibilities for Enhancing Degree Completion." Economic Development Quarterly 31, no. 3 (July 17, 2017): 183–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0891242417719831.
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Former President Obama’s 2020 Goal for the United States to have the highest proportion of college graduates in the world required that both new and disengaged college students attain degrees. The workforce development system could assist the latter by supporting credit-bearing education as training. Its ability to address this need depends on the controlled devolved structure established by the Workforce Investment Act of 1998, which allows states and local workforce investment areas to set priorities and make a range of choices bounded by federal constraints. Analyzing interview data with frontline staff, case managers, and leadership in workforce systems in four states, the authors identify obstacles and opportunities for supporting degree completion. Three federal Workforce Investment Act mandates are particularly influential: individual training accounts, eligible training provider lists, and emphasis on demand occupations. The authors also model factors such as local partnerships and staff knowledge that can mediate how policy and practice shape local workforce investment area support for college.
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Garcia, Matt. "Ambassadors in Overalls." Boom 1, no. 4 (2011): 31–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/boom.2011.1.4.31.
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In “Ambassadors in Overalls: Mexican Guest Workers and the Future of Labor,” Matt Garcia explores this the legacy of the Bracero Program, a bilateral agreement initiated in 1942 between the United States and Mexico that invited male Mexican nationals to do mostly farm labor in California and throughout the rest of the nation. Presumed to have ended in 1964, Garcia explores how guest worker programs of this type have continued to the present in multiple forms and in numerous countries. In the United States, they are often proposed as a solution to the problem of our broken immigration system in spite of a record of failure to ensure safe and fair working conditions for participants. Increasingly, Garcia argues, these programs are shaping the way we all live, work, and belong in this world.
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Nikitin, L. V. "U.S. CITIES IN THE GLOBAL BANKING SYSTEM (1970s - 2010s)." Вестник Удмуртского университета. Социология. Политология. Международные отношения 4, no. 1 (April 7, 2020): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2587-9030-2020-4-1-83-92.
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Based on statistical data and other information, the article traces how the place of the United States of America in the world banking system was changing over the course of several decades. Such monitoring is carried out simultaneously at two levels: both in relation to the country as a whole, and to its most important cities. Research begins at the turn of the 1960s-1970s and extends to the present (the choice of the starting chronological point is determined by the fundamental shifts in the world economy that took place during that period, as well as by the emergence in 1970 of accessible and reliable statistical reports of an international scale). The set of quantitative indicators reflecting the ups and downs in the history of American banking business is considered in parallel with similar data for the main competing forces, namely Western Europe, Japan and China. The measurements show that in the 1970s and 1980s the share of the United States in the global banking was usually declining. The centre of credit activity then moved to Japan and partly to Europe. Such shifts were explained by both the relatively slow development of the US economy and a number of legal restrictions that American banks faced within their own country. Reforming of the national financial sector, carried out in several stages during the 1980s - 1990s, yielded contradictory but mostly positive results. From 1994-1995, US shares in the global banking began to rise, and then stabilized at relatively high levels. The American successes, for all their moderation, seemed to be a significant achievement, given that even the most powerful newest factor, the enormously fast strengthening of China, could not block them. Positive changes for the United States were connected with the ability to modernize national legislation rather flexibly and quickly, as well as with the maintenance of significant internal competition between cities (in comparison with the more monopolized banking areas of Europe and the largest Asian countries).
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Gravett, Willem. "Sentenced by an algorithm — Bias and lack of accuracy in risk-assessment software in the United States criminal justice system." South African Journal of Criminal Justice 34, no. 1 (2021): 31–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.47348/sacj/v34/i1a2.
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Developments in artificial intelligence and machine learning have caused governments to start outsourcing authority in performing public functions to machines. Indeed, algorithmic decision-making is becoming ubiquitous, from assigning credit scores to people, to identifying the best candidates for an employment position, to ranking applicants for admission to university. Apart from the broader social, ethical and legal considerations, controversies have arisen regarding the inaccuracy of AI systems and their bias against vulnerable populations. The growing use of automated risk-assessment software in criminal sentencing is a cause for both optimism and scepticism. While these tools could potentially increase sentencing accuracy and reduce the risk of human error and bias by providing evidence-based reasons in place of ‘ad-hoc’ decisions by human beings beset with cognitive and implicit biases, they also have the potential to reinforce and exacerbate existing biases, and to undermine certain of the basic constitutional guarantees embedded in the justice system. A 2016 decision in the United States, S v Loomis, exemplifies the threat that the unchecked and unrestrained outsourcing of public power to AI systems might undermine human rights and the rule of law.
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Adiguzel, Guldehen. "Credit Quality of Trade Receivables and Its Impact on Cash Holdings and Firm Value." International Journal of Business Administration 12, no. 2 (March 10, 2021): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijba.v12n2p88.
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This paper aims to define a variable that indicates the credit quality of trade receivables and test its impact on corporate cash holdings and corporate value. Based on a sample of publicly listed firms from the United States, we provide evidence that as the credit quality of trade receivables deteriorates, firms tend to keep higher levels of cash. This finding is in line with the precautionary motive for holding cash. Additionally, when trade receivables credit quality gets worse, corporate value is reduced. In all regressions, we treat trade receivable policy variables as endogenous because of concerns regarding omitted variables bias. Moreover, we provide the first large-sample US evidence about the negative and non-linear impact of investment in trade receivables on corporate value. We utilize system GMM in all estimations. The major contribution of this study to the accounting and trade credit literature is the introduction of a variable that aims to denote the credit quality of trade receivables and the empirical evidence about the impact of deterioration in trade receivables credit quality on cash holdings and corporate value. This study also extends the literature by delivering the first large-sample evidence for the US regarding the nature of the relationship between investment in trade receivables and corporate value.
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Avila, Laura, Johannes Scholberg, Nancy Roe, and Corey Cherr. "Can Sunn Hemp Decrease Nitrogen Fertilizer Requirements of Vegetable Crops in the Southeastern United States?" HortScience 41, no. 4 (July 2006): 1005D—1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.4.1005d.
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Increased dependency of conventional agriculture on inorganic fertilizers and fossil fuels may hamper long-term sustainability of agricultural production. Sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea) was tested during summer in a Community Supported Agriculture vegetable crop operation located in Southeast Florida, from 2003 to 2005. Farm system components included sunn hemp (SH) vs. a conventional fallow during summer, tomato (Lycopersicon esculentus) and pepper (Capsicum annum) during winter and spring sweet corn (Zea mays). Tomato and pepper were fertilized with 0, 67, 133, 200 kg N/ha (2003) vs. 0,100, 200 kg N/ha (2004/05). Sweet corn received 133 or 200 kg N ha (2003) vs. 100 kg N/ha (2004/05). Average SH biomass was 3.7 Mg/ha. In 2003 tomato yields following SH without supplemental N were similar to fallow, with 200 kg N/ha. By the third year, tomato and pepper yields in SH plots were 25% and 26% higher, respectively. Conventional pepper amended with 200 kg N/ha had only 8% higher yields than treatments amended with 100 kg N ha and CC. Overall, sweet corn had low yields, but yields increased if the preceding tomato/pepper crop received higher N rates. In 2003, sweet corn fertilized with 200 kg N/ha following a SH-fall vegetable crop produced 17% higher marketable yields compared to the fallow treatment. During 2004 and 2005, sweet corn within the SH-non-fertilized tomato system produced 29% higher yields compared to a similar conventional system. Results show that, in this rotation, both fall vegetable crops and sweet corn yield benefit from residual N fertilizer. Mineralization of SH may thus not only benefit the immediately following crop, but its effects can be seen later during the year.
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Kariya, Takeaki, Yoshiro Yamamura, and Koji Inui. "Empirical Credit Risk Ratings of Individual Corporate Bonds and Derivation of Term Structures of Default Probabilities." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 12, no. 3 (July 23, 2019): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm12030124.
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Undoubtedly, it is important to have an empirically effective credit risk rating method for decision-making in the financial industry, business, and even government. In our approach, for each corporate bond (CB) and its issuer, we first propose a credit risk rating (Crisk-rating) system with rating intervals for the standardized credit risk price spread (S-CRiPS) measure presented by Kariya et al. (2015), where credit information is based on the CRiPS measure, which is the difference between the CB price and its government bond (GB)-equivalent CB price. Second, for each Crisk-homogeneous class obtained through the Crisk-rating system, a term structure of default probability (TSDP) is derived via the CB-pricing model proposed in Kariya (2013), which transforms the Crisk level of each class into a default probability, showing the default likelihood over a future time horizon, in which 1545 Japanese CB prices, as of August 2010, are analyzed. To carry it out, the cross-sectional model of pricing government bonds with high empirical performance is required to get high-precision CRiPS and S-CRiPS measures. The effectiveness of our GB model and the S-CRiPS measure have been demonstrated with Japanese and United States GB prices in our papers and with an evaluation of the credit risk of the GBs of five countries in the EU and CBs issued by US energy firms in Kariya et al. (2016a, b). Our Crisk-rating system with rating intervals is tested with the distribution of the ratings of the 1545 CBs, a specific agency’s credit rating, and the ratings of groups obtained via a three-stage cluster analysis.
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Winsten, J. R., A. Richardson, C. D. Kerchner, A. Lichau, and J. M. Hyman. "Barriers to the adoption of management-intensive grazing among dairy farmers in the Northeastern United States." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 26, no. 2 (November 29, 2010): 104–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170510000426.
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AbstractThis paper uses recent survey results from almost 1000 dairy producers in northeastern US to analyze farmers’ perceptions of barriers to the adoption of rotational grazing [management-intensive grazing (MIG)] as a means for feeding their dairy herds. The survey found that approximately 13% of dairy producers in the region were using MIG during the 2006 growing season. Approximately 40% of farmers surveyed were using a confinement feeding operation where the milking herd does not graze at all and close to 47% were using a traditional system that involved some pasture forage for the milking herd. Regardless of the popular sentiment that increased information and technical assistance is needed in the field, producers more frequently report a series of other barriers as being greater obstacles to the adoption of MIG. Farmers using confinement feeding tended to see each of the barriers presented as being more significant obstacles than did other farmers. Farmers with higher debt ratios and higher milk production per cow were more likely to view the financially related barriers (decreased milk production per cow, cash flow and farm profits) as significant obstacles.
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Marine, Sasha C., Sivaranjani Pagadala, Fei Wang, Donna M. Pahl, Meredith V. Melendez, Wesley L. Kline, Ruth A. Oni, et al. "The Growing Season, but Not the Farming System, Is a Food Safety Risk Determinant for Leafy Greens in the Mid-Atlantic Region of the United States." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81, no. 7 (January 23, 2015): 2395–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00051-15.
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ABSTRACTSmall- and medium-size farms in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States use varied agricultural practices to produce leafy greens during spring and fall, but the impact of preharvest practices on food safety risk remains unclear. To assess farm-level risk factors, bacterial indicators,Salmonella enterica, and Shiga toxin-producingEscherichia coli(STEC) from 32 organic and conventional farms were analyzed. A total of 577 leafy greens, irrigation water, compost, field soil, and pond sediment samples were collected.Salmonellawas recovered from 2.2% of leafy greens (n= 369) and 7.7% of sediment (n= 13) samples. There was an association betweenSalmonellarecovery and growing season (fall versus spring) (P= 0.006) but not farming system (organic or conventional) (P= 0.920) or region (P= 0.991). No STEC was isolated. In all, 10% of samples were positive forE. coli: 6% of leafy greens, 18% of irrigation water, 10% of soil, 38% of sediment, and 27% of compost samples. Farming system was not a significant factor for levels ofE. colior aerobic mesophiles on leafy greens but was a significant factor for total coliforms (TC) (P< 0.001), with higher counts from organic farm samples. Growing season was a factor for aerobic mesophiles on leafy greens (P= 0.004), with higher levels in fall than in spring. Water source was a factor for all indicator bacteria (P< 0.001), and end-of-line groundwater had marginally higher TC counts than source samples (P= 0.059). Overall, the data suggest that seasonal events, weather conditions, and proximity of compost piles might be important factors contributing to microbial contamination on farms growing leafy greens.
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Olivia, Denindah. "Legal Aspects of Artificial Intelligence on Automated Decision-Making in Indonesia." Lentera Hukum 7, no. 3 (November 23, 2020): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/ejlh.v7i3.18380.
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This paper analyzes the importance of Indonesia's comprehensive legal framework on automated decision-making empowered by Artificial Intelligence, comparing it to the European Union, the United States, and China. Specifically, this paper inquires about the status quo of the legal protection of automated decision-making In Indonesia. The analysis highlights profiling in an automated decision-making system with the following discussion about personal data protection. In this context, the European Union's member states set out the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) that prohibits automated decision-making to a certain extent. In the United States, the practice of automated decision-making is rather usual. Simultaneously, China takes an exceptional measure instead and develops this automation through a social credit system. The analysis concludes that Indonesia has weak legal protection towards personal data and profiling, which later becomes the basis in facilitating automated decision-making. The provision of automated decision-making and profiling is the absolute bare minimum to Indonesia's Personal Data Protection Bill due to insufficient legal certainty. In the end, it is paramount for lawmakers to consider a comprehensive regulation on automated decision-making by adopting the European Union's GDPR framework.
KEYWORDS: Artificial Intelligence, Automated Decision-Making, Personal Data Protection.
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Olivia, Denindah. "Legal Aspects of Artificial Intelligence on Automated Decision-Making in Indonesia." Lentera Hukum 7, no. 3 (November 23, 2020): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/ejlh.v7i3.18380.
Full textAbstract:
This paper analyzes the importance of Indonesia's comprehensive legal framework on automated decision-making empowered by Artificial Intelligence, comparing it to the European Union, the United States, and China. Specifically, this paper inquires about the status quo of the legal protection of automated decision-making In Indonesia. The analysis highlights profiling in an automated decision-making system with the following discussion about personal data protection. In this context, the European Union's member states set out the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) that prohibits automated decision-making to a certain extent. In the United States, the practice of automated decision-making is rather usual. Simultaneously, China takes an exceptional measure instead and develops this automation through a social credit system. The analysis concludes that Indonesia has weak legal protection towards personal data and profiling, which later becomes the basis in facilitating automated decision-making. The provision of automated decision-making and profiling is the absolute bare minimum to Indonesia's Personal Data Protection Bill due to insufficient legal certainty. In the end, it is paramount for lawmakers to consider a comprehensive regulation on automated decision-making by adopting the European Union's GDPR framework.
KEYWORDS: Artificial Intelligence, Automated Decision-Making, Personal Data Protection.
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Ceylan, Halil, Shiyun Wang, Sunghwan Kim, Kasthurirangan Gopalakrishnan, Lev Khazanovich, and Shongtao Dai. "Impact of farm equipment loading on low-volume concrete road structural response and performance." Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 10, no. 4 (December 15, 2015): 325–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bjrbe.2015.41.
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The rapid increase in farm equipment size in the United States of America agricultural industry has raised significant concerns regarding its impact on the low-volume road infrastructure. The study described in this paper investigated the impact of heavy farm equipment (or agricultural vehicle) on the structural behaviour of rigid pavement system. A series of full-scale traffic tests were conducted at the Minnesota’s Cold Weather Pavement Testing Facility (more commonly known as MnROAD) on two existing low-volume rigid pavement sections: (1) to study the effects of agricultural vehicle and weights, traffic wander pattern, pavement structure, and environmental factors on rigid pavement responses (deflections, strains and stresses), and (2) to compare these responses with those of a standard 356 kN (80 kips) five-axle, semi-trailer truck for assessing relative rigid pavement damage caused by heavy farm equipment. Numerical analyses were also carried out for rigid pavement fatigue damage estimations by simulating field test conditions. The Finite Element Model was able to predict rigid pavement responses under complicated heavy agricultural farm equipment loading. The study findings revealed that seasonal change, traffic wander, vehicle loading/configurations, pavement thickness, slab length and modulus of subgrade support are all important factors to be considered in designing rigid pavement subjected to heavy farm equipment loading. The use of tandem or tridem axles is recommended for all farm equipment because those axles help to distribute the load and minimize rigid pavement damage.
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Justin, Grant A., Benjamin L. Custer, Jane B. Ward, Marcus H. Colyer, Stephen G. Waller, and Gary L. Legault. "Global Health Outreach by United States Ophthalmology Residency Programs: Understanding of Host Country Systems-Based Practice." Military Medicine 184, no. 11-12 (April 30, 2019): e642-e646. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usz100.
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Abstract Introduction For medical residents, global health outreach is the first experience of learning how to develop partnerships with foreign medical systems. The overall objective of this project was to develop an overview of global health programs in U.S. ophthalmology residencies. The investigation focused on characterizing the goals and services offered, the didactics taught to residents, and the program director’s understanding of systems-based practice gained in the host country. Materials and Methods An online survey was sent to all U.S. ophthalmology residency program directors. The two outcome measures of the study were characterization of global health outreach and didactics completed by U.S. ophthalmology residency programs and review of program director understanding of host country systems of care. Results Twelve program directors of 117 (10.26%) answered the survey. 100% of programs from the Department of Defense responded. Countries served included Ecuador, Panama, Honduras, Dominican Republic, India, Tanzania, Nepal, Bhutan, Guatemala, Micronesia, Haiti, Mongolia, Bolivia. Sixty five percent worked at a free-standing public hospital. Many programs offered resident participation with only 41.87% giving residents ACGME credit. Most programs (91.67%) offered fewer than 5 hours of global health didactics. When program directors were asked about their knowledge of host country systems of care, most noted understanding of the hospital functions like the referral system, transitions of care, hospital funding, and medical supply chain, but not of the perception of patients with chronic or congenital ophthalmic diseases, host country general or ophthalmic medical education, patient research safeguards and host country malpractice system. Conclusion From the small sample of program directors, Ophthalmology residency program global health outreach varies in faculty and resident participation, and in goals and services offered. In addition, there was a wide variation in ophthalmology program director understanding of host country systems of care.
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Fan, Hong, and Hongjie Pan. "The Effect of Shadow Banking on the Systemic Risk in a Dynamic Complex Interbank Network System." Complexity 2020 (May 18, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3951892.
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After the financial crisis triggered by the subprime mortgage crisis in the United States in 2008, many scholars believed that the unstable transmission of shadow banking business in the banking system is the main factor causing financial turmoil. This paper proposes a dynamic complex interbank network system model with shadow banking in which the dynamic complex interbank network system differs from the traditional banking network and is formed by the interrelated business between shadow banks and commercial banks to explore the effect of shadow banking on the systemic risk. The results show that the existence of shadow banking will increase the systemic risk, accelerate the speed of bankruptcy of banks, reduce the survival ratio of banks, and increase the strength of central bank assistance. The smaller the number of shadow banks in the system, the higher the degree of credit connection among commercial banks and the smaller the systemic risk.
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Tang, Lin, Jian Zhang, Micheal Simpson, Ami Arthur, Heather Grams, Yadong Wang, and Carrie Langston. "Updates on the Radar Data Quality Control in the MRMS Quantitative Precipitation Estimation System." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 37, no. 9 (September 1, 2020): 1521–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-19-0165.1.
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AbstractThe Multi-Radar-Multi-Sensor (MRMS) system was transitioned into operations at the National Centers for Environmental Prediction in the fall of 2014. It provides high-quality and high-resolution severe weather and precipitation products for meteorology, hydrology, and aviation applications. Among processing modules, the radar data quality control (QC) plays a critical role in effectively identifying and removing various nonhydrometeor radar echoes for accurate quantitative precipitation estimation (QPE). Since its initial implementation in 2014, the radar QC has undergone continuous refinements and enhancements to ensure its robust performance across seasons and all regions in the continental United States and southern Canada. These updates include 1) improved melting-layer delineation, 2) clearance of wind farm contamination, 3) mitigation of corrupt data impacts due to hardware issues, 4) mitigation of sun spikes, and 5) mitigation of residual ground/lake/sea clutter due to sidelobe effects and anomalous propagation. This paper provides an overview of the MRMS radar data QC enhancements since 2014.
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Johnson, Andrew. "Economic Déjà vu." Pitt Political Review 11, no. 1 (October 13, 2017): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/ppr.2014.42.
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The recent recession that swept through this and many countries worldwide had many causes, one of which was low interest rates in the United States. Loose monetary policy pursued by former Chairman of the Federal Reserve Alan Greenspan was a major component of the housing crash and following recession. Furthermore, the Fed’s current monetary policy is extremely similar to policy pursued before the 2008 recession. The current system of monetary policy implemented in the U.S., necessitating that credit and debt expand forever, is a dangerous and potentially disastrous policy to be pursuing. Unless a change takes place, the American economy could experience another — and possibly worse — recession in the near future.