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1
Elshami, Omar Mohd Eltom. "A management information system for farm machinery management." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.240836.
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Saadoun, Tahar. "Agricultural machinery selection and scheduling of farm operations." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/27322.
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The procedure of calculating annual machinery ownership costs from the discounted cash flows of the mortgaged capital cost, the repair and insurance charges and the resale income is extended to include the effect of loan rate and loan period on interest charges, the effect of capital allowances taking account of the actual balancing charges at the end of the period of ownership, and the effect of tax relief on the interest charges, repair costs and insurance premiums. The concept of marginal holding cost is applied to determine the optimum ownership period. The selection of tractor- plough combinations is based on the prediction of soil characteristics such as moisture content, strength, and workability, all of which influencing the assessment of plough draught and tractor power. A number of filters are used to select the appropriate and realistic tractor /implement combinations with different sizes of fully mounted plough depending on the draught, and the speed of each selected gear of the tractor. For each acceptable combina- tion of tractor and fully mounted plough determined, the costing routine is used to calculate the annual costs. The branch and bound algorithm is suitable for mixed integer solutions to the farm machinery selection problem. Machinery sets are selected simultaneously with the chosen cropping pattern on a given land area. Machinery sets are matched correctly to the tractor sizes. Four sizes of tractor are available (45 kW, 61 kW, 74 kW and 94 kW,. Field operations take place in discrete time periods during which available work days are predicted from soil type and weather records for the specific site. Cereal and root crops are distinguished by optimum sowing and harvesting date. Discrete time periods are defined in relation to these optimal dates and give rise to overlapping operations for different crops. The calculation of probability levels for available work days when operations are subject to different criteria is discussed. A single arbitrary value of 75% probability for available work days is adopted in the linear programming model for the main part of the study. Two stage processes are used to simulate available work days in each time period. The patterns generated converge on the relative frequency pattern laid down by the generating process. The range of experience is wider than that contained in the short series of 24 years historical data. The simulation model generates results suitable for stochastic dominance ranking. In a simulation experiment on a 250 ha arable farm cropping cereals and potatoes, alternative solutions are obtained by integer linear programming, the solutions being ranked according to gross revenue. Annual costs of operating farm machinery are derived from a separate costing algorithm based on the annual hours of use which are determined by the size of the task and not by the sequence of work days. After deducting the annual costs of machinery operation, the cumulative net revenue curves cross and second order stochastic dominance ranking is used to identify the optimum (maximum profit) solution. The current study demonstrates the viability of the analytical procedures but further work is now required to reduce the computing time involved for the complete machinery selection procedure. Meanwhile, a commercial software package is prepared on the calculation of annual machinery ownership costs.
3
Bell, Paul Kevin Thomas. "The estimation of economic depreciation for Canadian farm machinery." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/24475.
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The objective of this thesis was to estimate the rate at which four types of farm machinery lose value in Canada. Specifically, Canadian data on used machinery prices was utilized to produce estimates of economic depreciation for two-wheel-drive tractors, combines, square balers and large round balers.
The data used in this thesis to make these estimates are special for two reasons. First of all, they represent the only extensive record of Canadian used farm equipment prices available. Most previous studies have based their estimates on American data, assuming that they apply equally well to the Canadian situation.
Secondly, these data record actual transactions in the used market and these transactions have been reported in an unaveraged format. This is valuable because information on options, horsepower, condition, and, most importantly, hours of use was retained for each machine. The availability of this information permitted richer and more specific estimates of depreciation. In particular, the inclusion of hours of use in the models enabled a distinction to be made in this thesis between the component of depreciation which is directly attributable to age and that component which is directly attributable to accumulated hours of use. It is felt that this distinction provides a beginning point for the study of depreciation due to simple "wear and tear", and that depreciation which is due to obsolescence and technological change.
As well, this thesis extensively reviewed the literature on depreciation in an effort to determine the best approach to follow. The method finally adopted was the "remaining value approach"; however, the thesis went further than the typical remaining value approach because an attempt was made to estimate the pattern as well as the rate of depreciation. This was done by initially adopting a functional form which was flexible enough to let the data "choose for themselves" between the commonly used depreciation rules of thumb (declining balance, straight-line and one-hoss-shay patterns). This was possible by using the Box-Tidwell procedure. This Box-Tidwell procedure when applied to the extensive tractor data indicated that tractors in Canada follow a declining balance (geometric) pattern of depreciation. This was taken as support for the adoption of semi-log models to estimate depreciation. The main findings of this thesis are, first, that depreciation rates vary among assets (from approximately 9% for tractors to nearly 16% for large round balers), and, secondly, that these rates are less than those allowed by the government for tax purposes. It was concluded that this generosity on the part of the government would be acceptable if it applied equally to all depreciable assets, but the divergence in depreciation rates found in this thesis indicate that generous blanket depreciation charges give more advantage to some than to others.Land and Food Systems, Faculty of
Graduate
4
Yule, Ian J. "A decision support system for farm machinery budgeting and selection." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.242352.
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5
Nagaoka, Alberto Kazushi [UNESP]. "Desenvolvimento e avaliação do desempenho de um equipamento para ensaio dinâmico de rodado agrícola individual." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/101930.
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nagaoka_ak_dr_botfca.pdf: 2279820 bytes, checksum: 149eef5c845342281d3c5d15503e3456 (MD5)O principal objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver, instrumentar e avaliar o desempenho de um equipamento para ensaio de pneus agrícolas acoplado a um trator, acionado pela sua tomada de potência, com a finalidade de ensaiar dinâmica e individualmente pneus em condição de campo e avaliar o efeito da passagem do pneu no solo. O equipamento foi desenvolvido no Núcleo de Ensaios de Máquinas e Pneus Agrícolas (NEMPA), pertencente ao Departamento de Engenharia Rural da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas da Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), situado no município de Botucatu. Os dados obtidos nas calibrações e nos ensaios foram ajustados pelo método de regressão e os dados do experimento foram analisados considerando-se o delineamento experimental em blocos, no esquema de parcelas subdivididas, tendo nas parcelas os pneus e nas subparcelas as cargas, com cinco repetições. Os valores de índice de cone do solo foram analisados considerando-se o delineamento experimental em blocos, no esquema de parcelas subsubdivididas, e tendo na parcela os pneus, na subparcela as cargas e na subsubparcela as camadas, com cinco repetições. Os resultados do experimento foram interpretados estatisticamente, por meio da análise de variância, adotando-se o nível de significância de 5% e pelo teste de comparação de médias de Tukey. Foram realizados ensaios com variações de velocidades de 0 a 14 km/h, patinagens de 3% a 34%, diâmetros de pneus de 1250 mm a 1722 mm, larguras de pneus de 500 mm a 602 mm e cargas verticais de 5.000 N a 24.000 N. Para estes valores não foram observados danos ao equipamento. O comprimento mais adequado da parcela para os ensaios de campo foi de 20m com freqüência de aquisição de 1Hz. O equipamento permitiu avaliar o desempenho dinâmico de pneus, em condições de solo agrícola, pista asfáltica e comparar diferentes tipos de pneus...
The main objective of this research was to develop, to instrument and to evaluate the performance of a Single Wheel Testing Equipment, linked to a tractor and motioned by the power take off (PTO) with the purpose of dynamically testing individual tires in field and laboratory conditions. The equipment was developed in Agricultural Machinery and Tire Testing Center (NEMPA), Rural Engineering Department of Agronomic Science College, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu County. The obtained calibration and test data were adjusted using regression method and the experiment data were analyzed considering an experimental design in split plot blocks, with the tire in the parcels and the load tire in the subparcels, with five repetitions. The cone index values were analyzed considering the same experimental design, with the tire in the parcels, the tire load in the subparcels, and the soil layers in the subsubparcels, with five repetitions. The experiment results were statistically interpreted by means of variance analysis, adopting 5% of significance level and using Tukey average test comparison. The tests were realized varying the forward speed from 0 to 14 km/h, the slip from 3% to 34 %, the tire diameter from 1,250 mm to 1,722 mm, the tire width from 500 mm to 602 mm, and the tire loads from 5,000 to 24,000 N. The device worked very well and it was not observed damages or failures for all tested situations. The most adequate parcel length obtained on the field tests was 20 m, using the acquisition frequency of 1 Hz. The equipment permitted to evaluate tire dynamic performance on agricultural field conditions, asphalt track and to compare different tire types as a function of inflation pressure, slip, rolling radius, and tire load. The equipment evaluated individuality the tested tire and have an eletronic date colect system, providing agility and practicity in the tests...(Complete abstract, click electronic access below)
6
Faller, Douglas. "Degradation of farm work and resistance to deskilling in the Canadian prairies, the case of farm machinery." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0010/MQ35834.pdf.
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7
Worley, Stacy K. "Bearing failure detection in farm machinery using low-cost acoustic techniques." Thesis, This resource online, 1994. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06302009-040529/.
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8
Nagaoka, Alberto Kazushi. "Desenvolvimento e avaliação do desempenho de um equipamento para ensaio dinâmico de rodado agrícola individual /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/101930.
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Orientador: Kléber Pereira LançasBanca: Ulisses Rocha Antuniassi
Banca: João Eduardo Guarnetti Santos
Banca: Marcos Milan
Banca: Haroldo Carlos Fernandes
Resumo: O principal objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver, instrumentar e avaliar o desempenho de um equipamento para ensaio de pneus agrícolas acoplado a um trator, acionado pela sua tomada de potência, com a finalidade de ensaiar dinâmica e individualmente pneus em condição de campo e avaliar o efeito da passagem do pneu no solo. O equipamento foi desenvolvido no Núcleo de Ensaios de Máquinas e Pneus Agrícolas (NEMPA), pertencente ao Departamento de Engenharia Rural da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas da Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), situado no município de Botucatu. Os dados obtidos nas calibrações e nos ensaios foram ajustados pelo método de regressão e os dados do experimento foram analisados considerando-se o delineamento experimental em blocos, no esquema de parcelas subdivididas, tendo nas parcelas os pneus e nas subparcelas as cargas, com cinco repetições. Os valores de índice de cone do solo foram analisados considerando-se o delineamento experimental em blocos, no esquema de parcelas subsubdivididas, e tendo na parcela os pneus, na subparcela as cargas e na subsubparcela as camadas, com cinco repetições. Os resultados do experimento foram interpretados estatisticamente, por meio da análise de variância, adotando-se o nível de significância de 5% e pelo teste de comparação de médias de Tukey. Foram realizados ensaios com variações de velocidades de 0 a 14 km/h, patinagens de 3% a 34%, diâmetros de pneus de 1250 mm a 1722 mm, larguras de pneus de 500 mm a 602 mm e cargas verticais de 5.000 N a 24.000 N. Para estes valores não foram observados danos ao equipamento. O comprimento mais adequado da parcela para os ensaios de campo foi de 20m com freqüência de aquisição de 1Hz. O equipamento permitiu avaliar o desempenho dinâmico de pneus, em condições de solo agrícola, pista asfáltica e comparar diferentes tipos de pneus...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The main objective of this research was to develop, to instrument and to evaluate the performance of a Single Wheel Testing Equipment, linked to a tractor and motioned by the power take off (PTO) with the purpose of dynamically testing individual tires in field and laboratory conditions. The equipment was developed in Agricultural Machinery and Tire Testing Center (NEMPA), Rural Engineering Department of Agronomic Science College, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu County. The obtained calibration and test data were adjusted using regression method and the experiment data were analyzed considering an experimental design in split plot blocks, with the tire in the parcels and the load tire in the subparcels, with five repetitions. The cone index values were analyzed considering the same experimental design, with the tire in the parcels, the tire load in the subparcels, and the soil layers in the subsubparcels, with five repetitions. The experiment results were statistically interpreted by means of variance analysis, adopting 5% of significance level and using Tukey average test comparison. The tests were realized varying the forward speed from 0 to 14 km/h, the slip from 3% to 34 %, the tire diameter from 1,250 mm to 1,722 mm, the tire width from 500 mm to 602 mm, and the tire loads from 5,000 to 24,000 N. The device worked very well and it was not observed damages or failures for all tested situations. The most adequate parcel length obtained on the field tests was 20 m, using the acquisition frequency of 1 Hz. The equipment permitted to evaluate tire dynamic performance on agricultural field conditions, asphalt track and to compare different tire types as a function of inflation pressure, slip, rolling radius, and tire load. The equipment evaluated individuality the tested tire and have an eletronic date colect system, providing agility and practicity in the tests...(Complete abstract, click electronic access below)
Doutor
9
Lindgren, Magnus. "Engine exhaust gas emissions from non-road mobile machinery : effects of transient load conditions /." Uppsala : Dept. of Biometry and Engineering, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2004. http://epsilon.slu.se/a481.pdf.
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Smith, Benjamin. "Factors affecting the annual unit sales volume of combines in the United States." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/35264.
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Master of AgribusinessDepartment of Agricultural Economics
Allen M. Featherstone
In the United States, accurately predicting the agricultural industry’s future demand for new farm machinery is a complicated, challenging and ever-changing issue. To compound the matter; as the size of large farm machinery continues to increase, the annualized sales volume is decreasing over time. This thesis also finds that recent mandates applicable to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) diesel engine emission compliance and the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) Section 179 tax code may help with forecasting the demand for farm machinery on an annual basis. This thesis evaluates factors that affect the annual unit demand of combines in the United States. Due to the lack of published literature on this specific topic, a survey of John Deere dealership sales professionals who have had recent experience selling new combines to farmers was used. This perspective brings to light factors that impact industry demand for new combines. This study results in an empirical regression model with independent variables based on the survey results. A thorough understanding of the independent variables can aid in predicting the future demand for combines. This work indicates that forty years of historical data proves to provide enough variability such that statistically significant variables are identified to accurately predict future sales. Statistically significant factors that affect the annual unit sales volume of combines in the United States include: Interest Rate, Net Cash Income, IRS Section 179 Tax Code, Planted Acres and Combine Capacity. Future industry demand is predicted by applying forecasted estimates to the model’s applicable independent variables.
11
Mensing, Michelle. "Farm management implications of uncertainty in the number of days suitable for fieldwork in corn production." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/35386.
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Master of AgribusinessDepartment of Agricultural Economics
Terry Griffin
Weather uncertainty plays a large role in farm management decisions. Changes in weather trends or increased variability during the growing season may alter the optimal farm management choices regarding machinery purchases, crop allocation to available acreage, varietal trait selection, and crop management practices. These farm management decisions impact the expected length of time available from planting to harvest. The dates that farmers most actively plant and harvest crops changes from year to year based on annual weather patterns that affect the number of days suitable to conduct fieldwork. This research analyzed corn planting and harvest progress, as well as the number of days suitable for fieldwork in Iowa, Kansas, and Missouri. Variability of days suitable for fieldwork across crop reporting districts within each state was reported. The total number of days suitable for fieldwork during the ‘most active’ planting and harvest weeks in each state were then analyzed to determine if increasing or decreasing trends exist and estimated as ordinary least squares (OLS) regression. The outcomes presented in this research indicated a statistically significant decreasing trend in days suitable for spring planting in Iowa, and positive trend in Missouri during fall harvest. However, no statistically significant trends were observed in Kansas for either time period. Farm management implications were examined in relation to the results of the days suitable for fieldwork analysis, specifically regarding machinery sizing decisions. Profit maximizing producers must manage machinery such that they are not over-equipped, but have adequate equipment capacity to plant and harvest all acreage within the available days suitable for fieldwork. Results of these analyses are directly of interest to farmers desiring to optimally equip their farms, agricultural lenders providing farmers with financing of equipment, and equipment manufacturers.
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Sari, Pelin. "Preliminary Design And Construction Of A Prototype Canola Seed Oil Extraction Machine." Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12607357/index.pdf.
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Growing energy demand in the world force people to investigate alternative energy sources. Unlike coal or other fossil fuels, renewable energy sources are promising for the future. Especially, seed oils are effectively used as energy sources such as fuel for diesel engines. The scope of this study is to develop an oil extraction machine specific to canola seed.
In this study, seed oil extraction methods have been investigated and various alternatives for the extraction machine have been considered. For continuous operation, oil extraction with a screw press is evaluated as the most appropriate solution. Four different prototypes have been designed and manufactured. According to the results of testing of prototypes, they have been modified and gradually improved to increase oil extraction efficiency. The working principle of the selected screw press based on the rotation of a tapered screw shaft mounted inside a grooved vessel. The screw shaft is a single square-threaded power screw having an increasing root diameter from inlet to exit while the outside diameter of the screw shaft is 66 mm. Seeds are taken into the system at the point where the depth of the screw thread is maximum. Then they are pushed forward by the threads on the rotating screw shaft and pass through inside the vessel. So, the fed seeds are compressed as they move to the other side of the vessel. Recovered oil escapes from high pressure zone and drains back. The oil is drained out from the oil drainage holes that are machined on high pressure zone of the vessel. Besides, the cake is extruded at the end of the vessel and the screw shaft. The cake thickness is adjustable by the axial movement of the screw shaft. By adjusting the cake thickness, different pressures can be obtained.
During the experiments, it is observed that four main features affect the oil recovery rate. These are the geometry of the grooves inside the vessel, the taper angle of the screw shaft, the operating temperature and the rotational speed. With the final prototype, an oil recovery efficiency of 62.5% has been achieved at 40 rpm with 15 kg/h seed capacity. Since the oil content of the seed is taken as 40%, oil recovery rate of the developed oil extraction machine is 3.75 kg/h. This efficiency is determined for a 0.8 mm cake thickness at 1.1 kW motor ower.
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Balaban, Murat. "Noise Source Identification And Adoption Of Proper Noise Control Strategies On Wheeled Tractors." Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12611838/index.pdf.
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This thesis is aimed at identifying the noise sources of a wheeled tractor to reduce the noise levels below the legislative limits by controlling noise sources through proper methodologies.
The study focuses firstly on identifying the noise sources of a wheeled tractor by using proper noise source identification techniques. These techniques can be summarized as sound intensity measurements, sound power level determination studies and spectral analysis of the noise data acquired in the
tests. Simple sound intensity mapping techniques are used and the intensity contour maps are generated to identify the noise sources.
Most important and effective noise sources are identified and the critical noise sources are focused to apply appropriate noise control strategies not only at the prototype production stages but also at the early design stages.
Consequently, upon consideration of both structure-borne and flow-induced noise, the pass-by noise level and the operator&rsquos ear noise levels of the tractor are reduced by nearly 3 dB (A) through application of proper noise control strategies.
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Wilkerson, Lee Pagens. "A Solution for Commodity Field Hauling with Self-Unloading Semi-Trailers." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2006. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/1157.
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Commodity hauling of bulk goods is a growing enterprise that has expanded from hauling agricultural products to hauling many other bulk products. Commodity trailers are used to haul agricultural products from storage facilities to processing plants. These trailers are designed for highway use but are frequently required to work in field conditions as well. In many cases this environment overstresses these trailers and results in permanent irreparable damage. In addition to the structural problems of these trailers, the current systems for unloading the bulk produce from these trailers have serious inadequacies. While functional, the currently used chain and non-chain driven belt discharge devices are expensive and often problematic, requiring frequent maintenance and replacement. Furthermore, the discharge device also causes damage to the produce. This thesis provides innovative solutions to these two key problems and introduces a completely new trailer design that can be used for both field and road conditions. The main chassis of the trailer has a framework of ribs supported by two I-beams. This unique rib design combined with the main I beams act as large vertebra, which results in a rigid underbody that maintains flexibility and strength. Special consideration was taken while creating this design to account for dynamic loading on soft muddy soils or uneven surfaces while still maintaining the desired lightweight trailer characteristics. In addition to the improved trailer frame and body design, a simple and effective device for unloading bulk products was constructed. The new design-a belt-over-chain system-is actually two separate systems performing one job in unison with different characteristics and speeds. The system works by means of a hydraulic orbit motor that actuates the drive chains into motion. The weight of bulk commodities on the chain presses the unattached conveyor belt against the chain and cross-members, creating friction, which advances the conveyor belt. This thesis solves two of the problems associated with hauling bulk produce from the field to the storage facility and sets the groundwork for improving the hauling capabilities used to move commodities from the field. Finally, this thesis introduces a new commodity self-unloading trailer for hauling produce, which has a belt system that preserves quality and a body design that provides trailer longevity.
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Jesuino, Paulo Roberto 1956. "Desempenho de um trator agrícola em função do desgaste das garras dos pneus e das condições superficiais do solo /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/90646.
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Resumo: Esse trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de comparar o desempenho de um trator equipado com pneus diagonais novos e pneus diagonais desgastados, em três condições de superfície: pista com solo mobilizado, pista com cobertura vegetal e pista com solo firme. Foi utilizado o delineamento experimental em faixas, sendo que em cada faixa (pista) foram dispostos os tratamentos em blocos ao acaso, com um arranjo fatorial de 2x4, definidos pelos dois conjuntos de pneus diagonais (novos e desgastados) e quatro condições de deslocamento, distinguidas pela mudança de marcha do trator, totalizando oito tratamentos, com três repetições cada, perfazendo 72 unidades experimentais. Foram coletados os dados para o cálculo da velocidade de deslocamento, patinagem das rodas traseiras e dianteiras do trator e consumo horário de combustível. Também foram coletados os dados de força de tração, sendo calculada a potência disponível na barra de tração em função da velocidade de deslocamento. Foi utilizado como carro dinamométrico a Unidade Móvel de Ensaio na Barra de Tração - UMEB, pertencente ao Núcleo de Ensaios de Máquinas e Pneus Agroflorestais - NEMPA, do Departamento de Engenharia Rural da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas - FCA da UNESP, Campus de Botucatu - SP. Os resultados mostraram que tanto as condições dos pneus quanto as condições do solo interferiram na capacidade do trator em desenvolver força de tração, sendo o 2 pior desempenho obtido na pista com solo mobilizado. O melhor desempenho do trator foi na pista com solo firme; porém, na pista com cobertura vegetal ocorreram as melhores condições de força de tração do trator em relação ao solo mobilizado, mostrando que a presença da cobertura vegetal entre o rodado e o solo interferiu diretamente na relação rodado/solo. Na pista com solo mobilizado os resultados mostraram que a velocidade foi a menor... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrôncio abaixo)Abstract: The objective of this work was to compare the performance of a tractor equipped with used and new bias-ply tires, operating in three surface conditions: tillage soil, vegetal covered soil and firm soil. The experimental design were tracks and, in each track, treatments were disposed in blocks to the chance in a 2x4 factorial arrangement, defined by the two groups of tires (used and new bias-ply) and four speed conditions, distinguished by tractors gear change, totaling eight treatments, with three repetitions each, completing 72 experimental units. There were collected data to calculate: speed, front and rear tires slippage and fuel consumption. There were also collected data of traction strength to calculate available power at traction bar versus speed. The dynamometric car used was the Mobile Drawbar Test Unit - UMEB, owned by the Facility of Agricultural and Forestry Tires and Machines Assays (NEMPA) of Rural Engineering Department in the Agronomics Science College - FCA, UNESP, Botucatu campus. Results showed that both, tires and soil conditions, changed tractor capacity on developing traction strength. The worst performance was observed on the tillage soil. On the track with soil covered with vegetal residues, occurred better tractor traction strength conditions than on track with tillage soil, showing the presence of vegetal cover between tire and soil interfered directly on the tires/soil relation ship. 4 On the track with tillage soil, results showed that the forward speed was the lowest among the three soil conditions due to the front and rear tires slippage which is higher than vegetal covered and firm soil tracks. Fuel consumption results showed higher values on tilled tracks when comparing with firm and vegetal covered tracks. Data of available power at the drawbar were statistically equal on tilled and vegetal-covered soil tracks... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Orientador: Kléber Pereira Lanças
Coorientador: Antonio Gabriel Filho
Banca: Ulisses Rocha Antuniassi
Banca: Alberto Kazushi Nagaoka
Mestre
16
Rossi, Marco Antônio [UNESP]. "Análise ergonômica do ambiente de trabalho para operadores de tratores e colhedoras agrícolas." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/101959.
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rossi_ma_dr_botfca.pdf: 1978510 bytes, checksum: 3ccb830eb4adf611b4323655ceeb3092 (MD5)The introduction of new technologies in plantation fields, such as the use of tractors machines for agricultural activities, brought some problems to operators. The purpose of this research is to analyze the tractors and harvesters agricultural operator s working place in order to avoid security and health problems that the use of new technologies may bring to them. For this research, eight tractors and two harvesters agricultural with average power of 66kw were used. All ten agricultural machines belong to the Universidade Estadual Paulista, city of Botucatu, State of São Paulo, Brazil. The existing literature regarding to the diversity in ergonomics and agricultural tractors and harvesters was analyzed and discussed. Together with the ergonometry technical parameters and agricultural tractors and harvesters machines themselves, other researches were required such as those related to anthropometry, interface systems - information and action, human tiredness, noise, comfort - seats and conformities, biomechanics - control and handling, working environment and technology. At first, a demand analysis methodology was used by applying individual questionnaires to the operators of the agricultural machines in order to collect information, such as muscular and mental tiredness. The result of the demand analysis revealed the problem, and therefore, the need to apply an Ergonomic Analysis of the Work (AET) by using four approaches of this methodology. The approaches were: anthropometry, biomechanics, comfort and noise. In anthropometry, the method was applied by comparing the anthropometric measures to the measures of eight of the agricultural tractors machine 4 operators and two harvesters. In biomechanics the measures of control and handling location regarding two tractors and one harvester agricultural were taken, in that case, it was necessary a scientific method based on the existing... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
17
Jesuino, Paulo Roberto [UNESP]. "Desempenho de um trator agrícola em função do desgaste das garras dos pneus e das condições superficiais do solo." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/90646.
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jesuino_pr_me_botfca.pdf: 476686 bytes, checksum: b6b3eacddcfc45310d76d3ad06ae705f (MD5)Esse trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de comparar o desempenho de um trator equipado com pneus diagonais novos e pneus diagonais desgastados, em três condições de superfície: pista com solo mobilizado, pista com cobertura vegetal e pista com solo firme. Foi utilizado o delineamento experimental em faixas, sendo que em cada faixa (pista) foram dispostos os tratamentos em blocos ao acaso, com um arranjo fatorial de 2x4, definidos pelos dois conjuntos de pneus diagonais (novos e desgastados) e quatro condições de deslocamento, distinguidas pela mudança de marcha do trator, totalizando oito tratamentos, com três repetições cada, perfazendo 72 unidades experimentais. Foram coletados os dados para o cálculo da velocidade de deslocamento, patinagem das rodas traseiras e dianteiras do trator e consumo horário de combustível. Também foram coletados os dados de força de tração, sendo calculada a potência disponível na barra de tração em função da velocidade de deslocamento. Foi utilizado como carro dinamométrico a Unidade Móvel de Ensaio na Barra de Tração - UMEB, pertencente ao Núcleo de Ensaios de Máquinas e Pneus Agroflorestais - NEMPA, do Departamento de Engenharia Rural da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas - FCA da UNESP, Campus de Botucatu - SP. Os resultados mostraram que tanto as condições dos pneus quanto as condições do solo interferiram na capacidade do trator em desenvolver força de tração, sendo o 2 pior desempenho obtido na pista com solo mobilizado. O melhor desempenho do trator foi na pista com solo firme; porém, na pista com cobertura vegetal ocorreram as melhores condições de força de tração do trator em relação ao solo mobilizado, mostrando que a presença da cobertura vegetal entre o rodado e o solo interferiu diretamente na relação rodado/solo. Na pista com solo mobilizado os resultados mostraram que a velocidade foi a menor...
The objective of this work was to compare the performance of a tractor equipped with used and new bias-ply tires, operating in three surface conditions: tillage soil, vegetal covered soil and firm soil. The experimental design were tracks and, in each track, treatments were disposed in blocks to the chance in a 2x4 factorial arrangement, defined by the two groups of tires (used and new bias-ply) and four speed conditions, distinguished by tractor s gear change, totaling eight treatments, with three repetitions each, completing 72 experimental units. There were collected data to calculate: speed, front and rear tires slippage and fuel consumption. There were also collected data of traction strength to calculate available power at traction bar versus speed. The dynamometric car used was the Mobile Drawbar Test Unit - UMEB, owned by the Facility of Agricultural and Forestry Tires and Machines Assays (NEMPA) of Rural Engineering Department in the Agronomics Science College - FCA, UNESP, Botucatu campus. Results showed that both, tires and soil conditions, changed tractor capacity on developing traction strength. The worst performance was observed on the tillage soil. On the track with soil covered with vegetal residues, occurred better tractor traction strength conditions than on track with tillage soil, showing the presence of vegetal cover between tire and soil interfered directly on the tires/soil relation ship. 4 On the track with tillage soil, results showed that the forward speed was the lowest among the three soil conditions due to the front and rear tires slippage which is higher than vegetal covered and firm soil tracks. Fuel consumption results showed higher values on tilled tracks when comparing with firm and vegetal covered tracks. Data of available power at the drawbar were statistically equal on tilled and vegetal-covered soil tracks... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Silva, Paulo Roberto Arbex [UNESP]. "Semeadora-adubadora: mecanismos de corte de palha e cargas verticais aplicadas." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/101705.
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silva_pra_dr_botfca.pdf: 1456946 bytes, checksum: 8d38e454a4f1a63e94c67416addedfec (MD5)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Para o sistema de semeadura direta obter o sucesso desejado deve haver a seleção adequada dos componentes das semeadoras-adubadoras, entre os quais os mecanismos de corte de palha. Além disso, o estudo das características do solo e da cultura de cobertura implantada na área são importantes itens que definem a eficiência destas máquinas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho dos mecanismos de corte de palha de uma semeadora-adubadora em diferentes coberturas vegetais e cargas verticais aplicadas. Para a realização do trabalho foi utilizado um dinamômetro (anel ortogonal), projetado, construído e calibrado numa célula de carga padrão. Os experimentos de campo foram conduzidos na Fazenda Experimental Lageado, pertencente a Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas - Unesp de Botucatu, durante o ano agrícola de 2005-2006. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos ao acaso e esquema fatorial 3 x 4, com 4 repetições. Os trabalhos foram realizados com 3 diferentes mecanismos de corte de palha, sendo estes: disco liso (DL), disco corrugado (DC) e disco ondulado (DO), utilizando 4 diferentes cargas verticais, sendo estas: 750 (C1), 1500 (C2), 2250 (C3) e 3000 N (C4). Todos os tratamentos foram instalados em 5 diferentes coberturas de palha: milho, sorgo, aveia preta, triticale e nabiça. Os resultados mostraram que quanto maior a quantidade de matéria seca da cobertura vegetal, maior a demanda de forças horizontal e vertical. Quanto maior a carga vertical aplicada, maior a área de solo mobilizado; maiores são as forças horizontal, vertical e lateral; maior a profundidade de penetração dos discos no solo e menores são a força horizontal por profundidade de corte dos discos (profundidade específica) e a força horizontal por área de solo mobilizado. O disco de corte ondulado possibilita os maiores valores de área de solo mobilizado...
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Koyuncu, Atayil. "Acquisition Of Field Data For Agricultural Tractor." Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12607237/index.pdf.
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During the operations of an agricultural tractor, front axle and front axle support encounter the worst load conditions of the whole tractor. If the design of these components is not verified by systematic engineering approach, the customers could face with sudden failures. Erkunt Agricultural Machinery
Company, which is located in Ankara, has newly designed and manufactured the front axle support of its agricultural tractors. In this study, the design of 2WD (Wheel Drive) Erkunt Bereket Agricultural Tractor’
s front axle support has been verified by developing a verification method, which involves testing the tractor on a special test track and field and together with the computer aided engineering analysis, in order to prevent such failures in the lifetime of the tractor. For this purpose, a strain gage data acquisition system has been designed to measure the strain values on the component, while the tractor is operating on a test track and field. The locations of the strain gages have been determined by simulating the selected design load cases through finite element method. Measuring the maximum strains for the front axle support that have been experienced by the tractor while operating, the stress values have been calculated and the design safety has been investigated considering the material&
#8217
s tensile strength. Secondly, the fatigue life of the component regarding the acquired strain data has been predicted. These processes have led the company to verify the design of the front axle support.
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Albiero, Daniel. "Avaliação do preparo de solo empregando o sistema de cultivo conservacionista em faixas com 'paraplow¿ rotativo usando a analise dimensional." [s.n.], 2006. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/257151.
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Orientador: Antonio Jose da Silva MacielDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola
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Resumo: Este trabalho foi desenvolvido no campo experimental da Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola da UNICAMP e teve como objetivo avaliar o novo sistema de preparo de solo Conservacionista em Faixas com "Paraplow" Rotativo, dando ênfase para a aplicação em sistemas de plantio voltados para agricultura familiar. A avaliação foi dividida em três grupos: caracterização da ferramenta como conservacionista; caracterização geométrica da faixa bem preparada; e determinação da configuração operacional ótima para a agricultura familiar. Foi utilizada a técnica de análise dimensional que através do planejamento experimental à ela atrelado define o elenco dos principais parâmetros a serem medidos e importantes para as respectivas determinações, caracterizações e comprovações. Com estes parâmetros definidos, em um total de vinte e dois parâmetros foram realizados o experimento em campo em um delineamento experimental totalmente aleatório, onde foi realizado o experimento com oito tratamentos, onde cada tratamento disposto em uma linha experimental com cinco pontos de coletas de dados antes, e cinco pontos de coleta de dados após a passagem da ferramenta. Para este arranjamento foram feitas duas repetições para cada parâmetro totalizando dezesseis linhas experimentais, perfazendo um total de dez pontos avaliados para cada tratamento. Com os dados coletados foi possível realizar as análises através da: estatística descritiva básica, análise dimensional e análise de variância. Os resultados obtidos demonstram claramente que o "Paraplow" Rotativo é uma ferramenta de preparo de solo conservacionista. As avaliações operacionais indicam que esta ferramenta acoplada a um motocultor de 12 cv é adequada a utilização pela agricultura familiar, tendo capacidades de campo compatíveis com as necessidades das pequenas propriedades. Comparações entre as metodologias da Análise Dimensional e a Análise de Variância de uma via simples, demonstram a superioridade da Análise Dimensional em estudos de dinâmica do solo e avaliações de máquinas de preparo de solo
Abstract: This work was developed in the experimental field of Agricultural Engineering CoI: of State University of Campinas, and it had as objective to evaluate the new system of tillage in strip conservationist with Rotary "Paraplow", it was given emphasis for application in seeding systems appropriate for small fanns. The evaluation was divide( three groups: characterization of tool as conservationist; geometric characterization of st determination of operation configuration for small fanns. It was used the dimensional analysis method for to define the experimental plannin, having been determined which parameters should be measured. These parameters, in a tota twenty two, they were arrangement in a experimental design completely random, where t were realized the experiment with eight treatments, each treatment was allocated in experimental strip, with five points of obtaining data, before and after the action of the tI for these arrangement were made two repetitions for each parameter, totalizing sixt experimental strips, with ten point of obtaining data for each treatment. With these data it ' possible to realize the analysis through: descriptive statistical; dimensional analysis; . variance analysis. The results demonstrate that the Rotary "Paraplow" is a tool of soil till conservationist. The evaluations show that this tool coupled with tiller with 12 cv appropriated for small fanns, it have been compatible field capacity with the needs of sn fanns. Comparisons between the methodologies of dimensional analysis and the varia: analysis of one way, showed the superiority of the dimensional analysis in studies of ~ dynamics and evaluations of soil tillage machines
Mestrado
Maquinas Agricolas
Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola
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Bastos, Adriano Chaves. "Respostas dos grãos de mamona 'AL Guarany 2002' ao tratamento térmico visando ruptura e remoção do tegumento." [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/256870.
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Orientador: Antônio Carlos de Oliveira FerrazDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola
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Resumo: Atualmente o Brasil ocupa o terceiro lugar no ranking mundial na produção e extração do óleo de mamona (Ricinus communis L), correspondendo a 13,2%, depois da Índia e da China, primeiro e segundo maiores produtores, respectivamente. Os frutos de mamona, depois de colhidos, são secos e debulhados obtendo os grãos, os quais são armazenados para posteriormente serem encaminhados à extração do óleo. O processo de extração do óleo é realizado pela prensagem dos grãos íntegros: tegumento e endosperma. Este tegumento é pigmentado e abrasivo, desgastando precocemente os equipamentos e demandando processos adicionais de clarificação do óleo. A decorticação dos grãos para a retirada do tegumento, anterior à prensagem, poderia gerar uma economia no processo de extração. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o efeito da temperatura de secagem nas propriedades físico-mecânicas dos grãos de mamona da cultivar 'AL Guarany 2002', após os frutos serem secos e debulhados. Para tal determinação foram efetuados ensaios de compressão entre pratos planos, rígidos e paralelos nos grãos após os tratamentos de secagem, para as direções do comprimento e largura, obtendo-se a força máxima na ruptura do tegumento, energia na ruptura, deformação específica e rigidez. As temperaturas de secagem utilizadas foram de 40, 60, 80 e 100°C. Posteriormente, foram efetuadas avaliações do grau de ruptura do tegumento após os grãos serem submetidos à alta taxa de deformação utilizando-se equipamento projetado e construído para tal finalidade, denominado DIRADEL. Verificou-se nos ensaios de compressão que a secagem dos frutos de mamona a diferentes temperaturas influencia nas propriedades mecânicas dos grãos de mamona. Com o aumento da temperatura de secagem a força e a energia na ruptura do tegumento para a direção do comprimento reduziram-se e, inversamente, estes valores elevaram-se para a direção da largura. Os valores para a direção do comprimento oscilaram entre 55,52 a 63,11 N para a força máxima na ruptura do tegumento, 0,0169 a 0,0202 J para a energia, 4,03 a 4,48% para a deformação específica e 93,29 a 100,62 N.mm-1 para a rigidez. Para a direção da largura os valores oscilaram entre 58,46 a 70,02 N para a força máxima na ruptura do tegumento, 0,0281 a 0,0365 J para a energia, 9,10 a 11,10% para a deformação específica e 62,11 a 70,50 N.mm-1 para a rigidez. Nos ensaios a alta taxa de deformação, a deformação especifica de 14% apresentou a maior porcentagem de grãos com ruptura total do tegumento e liberação do endosperma inteiro, independente da direção e do tratamento de secagem, sendo esta a deformação específica limite. A direção da largura demonstrou porcentagem de grãos com ruptura total do tegumento e endosperma inteiro inferior à posição do comprimento, independente do tratamento de secagem. O desempenho da decorticação dos grãos de mamona pode ser afetado com grãos secos a temperaturas acima de 60°C, pois a retirada excessiva de água do endosperma prejudica sua resistência deixando-o mais frágil. Secagens com temperaturas mais elevadas devem ocorrer com maior cautela se o intuito for a decorticação dos grãos
Abstract: Brazil currently occupies the third position in the world?s ranking production and extraction of castor oil (Ricinus communis L), corresponding to 13.2%, after India and China which are the first and second biggest producers, respectively. The fruits of castor bean, once harvested, are dried and threshed, and when the grains are obtained, they are stored for later transport to oil extraction. This process is done by pressing the intact grain, seed coat and endosperm. The seed coat is pigmented and abrasive, wearing the equipment earlier and requiring additional processes to clarify the oil, afterwards. The decortication of the grain for seed coat removal, prior to pressing, could generate savings in the extraction process. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of drying temperature on physico-mechanical properties of castor beans, cultivar 'AL Guarany 2002', after the fruits were dried and threshed. For such determination, compression tests were made between flat, rigid and parallel plates on the grains, after the drying treatments, to the directions of length and width, obtaining the maximum force at rupture of the seed coat, energy at break, specific deformation and stiffness. The drying temperatures used were 40, 60, 80 and 100 °C. The grains were evaluated based on the degree of disruption of the tegument after the beans are exposed to high strain rate using equipment designed and built for this purpose, called DIRADEL. It was found in compression test that castor fruits dried at different temperatures was influenced by the mechanical properties of castor beans. With the increase of drying temperature, the strength and energy to break the seed coat along the length is reduced and, conversely, these values rose to the width direction. Values for the direction of the length ranged from 55,52 to 63,11 N for the maximum force at rupture of the seed coat, from 0,0169 to 0,0202 J for energy, 4,03 to 4,48% for the specific deformation and from 93,29 to 100,62 N.mm-1 for stiffness. For the width direction, values ranged from 58,46 to 70,02 N for the maximum force at rupture of the seed coat, from 0,0281 to 0,0365 J for energy, 9,10 to 11,10% for the specific deformation, 62,11 to 70,50 N.mm-1 for stiffness. In the experiments at high strain rate, specific deformation of 14%, had the highest percentage of grains with total rupture of the seed coat and endosperm full release, regardless of direction and drying treatment, which is the specific deformation limit. The width direction showed the percentage of grains with total rupture of the seed coat and endosperm lower whole length of the position, regardless of the drying treatment. The performance of the decortication of castor beans can be affected by dry grains at temperatures above 60°C, because the excessive withdrawal of water from the endosperm, affecting their resistance and making it more fragile. Drying at higher temperatures should be done with greater caution when decorticating the grains
Mestrado
Maquinas Agricolas
Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola
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Silva, Marcelo José da 1987. "Processo de aplicação de fluidos em profundidade com mínima mobilização do solo." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/256796.
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Orientadores: Paulo Sérgio Graziano Magalhães, Henrique Coutinho Junqueira FrancoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola
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Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi o desenvolvimento de um processo para aplicação localizada de adubo líquido em cana-soca na camada subsuperficial do solo. Para tanto, foi desenvolvido um protótipo virtual de um dispositivo mecânico para atendimento de requisitos agronômicos, com mecanismo puncionador modelado e simulado dinamicamente em Matlab. Para acionamento do mecanismo composto por came de tambor, biela-manivela e puncionador utilizaram-se a potência disponibilizada pelas rodas de deslocamento. O protótipo confeccionado foi avaliado em laboratório, em operação realizada em caixa de solo. Na operação, a distância média entre punções foi de 306 mm, com profundidade média de 94 mm, contemplando desse modo os requisitos do projeto. A força de reação do solo durante a perfuração do solo foi mensurada por célula de carga instalada no puncionador. Verificou-se que a velocidade de perfuração do puncionador influenciou na força de reação do solo e torque de acionamento da manivela. Na operação em caixa de solo, com velocidade de deslocamento de 0,66 m s-1 do conjunto e rotação de 13,6 rad s-1 para o mecanismo, a potência de acionamento estimada foi de 743 W. O processo desenvolvido para aplicação localizada de adubo líquido utilizando um mecanismo puncionador mostrou-se eficiente atendendo os requisitos determinados para a operação de adubação em cana-soca sem revolvimento do solo
Abstract: The objective of this work was to develop a process for localized application of liquid fertilizer on ratoon cane in the soil top layer. Hence, a virtual prototype of a mechanical device was developed to meet the agronomic requirements, with puncher mechanism dynamically modelled and simulated in Matlab. To drive the mechanism consistent of cam drum, crank shaft and puncher, the power provided by the displacement wheels was used. The prototype was evaluated in a laboratory soil bin. In evaluation, the average distance between punctures was 306 mm, with an average depth of 94 mm, thereby contemplating the project requirements. The ground reaction force during soil drilling was measured by a load cell installed in the puncher. It was found that the rate of drilling influence the ground reaction force and driven torque of the crank. In operation, with equipment displacement speed of 0.665 m s-1 and angular speed of 13.64 rad s-1 for the mechanism, the power required was estimated at 743 W. The process developed for localized application of liquid fertilizer using a puncher mechanism was efficient through requirements accomplishment of fertilization application in ratoon cane without soil disturbance
Mestrado
Maquinas Agricolas
Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola
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Allison, John T. Jr. "TWO ESSAYS ON INPUT SUBSTITUTION AND OPTIMAL DECISION MAKING IN CROP AND LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION SYSTEMS." UKnowledge, 2019. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/agecon_etds/80.
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The thesis presented consists of two essays that analyze input substitution and decision making in crop and livestock production systems. The first essay consists of a whole-farm analysis that sought to optimize feed mixes and enterprise combinations for an organic dairy operation in the Southeastern United States. This was accomplished through mathematical programming where whole-farm net returns were maximized, and total feed costs were minimized simultaneously for four milk production level cases. Additionally, the sensitivity of the system and break-even milk price were explored. Results suggest substitutability in ration components where an increase in supplemental feeds is justified by additional milk output and sales. The second essay utilizes econometric methods and hedonic modeling to explore factors that drive the price of row crop planters on the used machinery market. Factors relating to make, age, condition, planter specifications, sale type, spatial aspects, seasonality, and year of the sale were analyzed. Results suggest non-linear relationships for row number and age relative to price and interactions between variables make and age that imply varying depreciation depending on the manufacturer. An additional break-even analysis relating to pasture yields and planter purchase price was conducted to explore these primary concepts in further detail.
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Rossi, Marco Antônio 1963. "Análise ergonômica do ambiente de trabalho para operadores de tratores e colhedoras agrícolas /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/101959.
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Orientador: João Eduardo Guarnetti dos SantosBanca: Luiz Gonzaga Campos Porto
Banca: Marizilda dos Santos Menezes
Banca: Antonio Gabriel Filho
Banca: Jair Rosas da Silva
Abstract: The introduction of new technologies in plantation fields, such as the use of tractors machines for agricultural activities, brought some problems to operators. The purpose of this research is to analyze the tractors and harvesters agricultural operators working place in order to avoid security and health problems that the use of new technologies may bring to them. For this research, eight tractors and two harvesters agricultural with average power of 66kw were used. All ten agricultural machines belong to the Universidade Estadual Paulista, city of Botucatu, State of São Paulo, Brazil. The existing literature regarding to the diversity in ergonomics and agricultural tractors and harvesters was analyzed and discussed. Together with the ergonometry technical parameters and agricultural tractors and harvesters machines themselves, other researches were required such as those related to anthropometry, interface systems - information and action, human tiredness, noise, comfort - seats and conformities, biomechanics - control and handling, working environment and technology. At first, a demand analysis methodology was used by applying individual questionnaires to the operators of the agricultural machines in order to collect information, such as muscular and mental tiredness. The result of the demand analysis revealed the problem, and therefore, the need to apply an Ergonomic Analysis of the Work (AET) by using four approaches of this methodology. The approaches were: anthropometry, biomechanics, comfort and noise. In anthropometry, the method was applied by comparing the anthropometric measures to the measures of eight of the agricultural tractors machine 4 operators and two harvesters. In biomechanics the measures of control and handling location regarding two tractors and one harvester agricultural were taken, in that case, it was necessary a scientific method based on the existing... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor
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Cerri, Domingos Guilherme Pellegrino. "Agricultura de precisão em cana-de-açucar : instrumentação de uma colhedora, mapeamento da produtividade e de atributos do solo." [s.n.], 2005. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/257228.
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Orientador: Paulo Sergio Graziano MagalhaesTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola
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Resumo: A presente pesquisa visa instrumentar uma colhedora de cana-de-açúcar para obtenção de mapas de produtividade da cultura e ao mesmo tempo, avaliar e correlacionar os atributos físicos e químicos do solo com os dados de produtividade. Os mapas foram elaborados para uma área de 42 ha da Usina São João Açúcar e Álcool localizada em Araras, SP. O sistema de mapeamento de produtividade de cana-de-açúcar desenvolvido (SIMPROCANA) utiliza células de carga como instrumento de determinação do peso do material colhido e é capaz de mensurar o fluxo de rebolos que passa pela esteira antes de serem lançados ao veículo de transbordo. Estes dados, juntamente com as informações obtidas por um Sistema de Posicionamento Global (GPS) instalado na colhedora, permitem, com o auxilio de um Sistema de Informação Geográfica ¿ SIG, a elaboração de mapa digital que representa a superfície de produção para a área colhida. Este sistema foi testado em laboratório e em campo. O SIMPROCANA representou satisfatoriamente a variabilidade espacial da produtividade da cultura. O peso obtido por esse sistema, comparado com o da carga de cana na balança da usina, apresentou um erro médio de 0,96% com um máximo de 6,4%. O resultado deixa de ser satisfatório quando se compara o peso obtido pelo SIMPROCANA com aquele proveniente do transbordo pesado no campo. O erro médio associado nesse caso é aproximadamente dez vezes maior quando se faz a associação com o peso na balança da usina. Os mapas dos atributos físicos e químicos do solo (granulometria, macro e micronutrientes, acidez, densidade e resistência à penetração) foram confeccionados com base em duas amostragens em anos consecutivos. Na primeira, com o auxílio de um veículo amostrador, foram coletadas 170 amostras na área de 42 ha em uma malha regular de 50 x 50 m. Na segunda, coletou-se 49 amostras em malha de 100 x 100 m definida em base nos alcances máximos obtidos pela análise geoestatística da primeira amostragem. Os resultados da primeira amostragem foram correlacionados com a produtividade da cana-de-açúcar obtida pela pesagem dos transbordos em campo. Esse método alternativo de avaliação permitiu a utilização dos resultados da primeira amostragem, uma vez que a colhedora não estava devidamente instrumentada. Os dados da segunda amostragem foram relacionados ao mapa de produtividade obtido pelo SIMPROCANA. Os resultados das análises físicas e químicas usados para a construção dos modelos dos semivariogramas se ajustaram melhor para a malha de 50 x 50 m do que à de 100 x 100 m. As correlações entre produtividade e atributos do solo apresentaram valores baixos. Os maiores índices ocorreram para as variáveis cobre (0,55), altitude (-0,47%) e teor de argila (0,51%). Apesar dessas baixas correlações, foi possível recomendar uma aplicação variada de insumos baseando-se exclusivamente nas informações dos atributos químicos do solo. Simulações mostraram que os custos de aplicação em taxa variada de fertilizantes fosfatados e potássicos são praticamente 50% menores do que o valor calculado para a taxa fixa. Em relação à calagem não houve variação significativa nos custos de aplicação do calcário pelas duas maneiras
Abstract: The present research aims to instrument a sugarcane harvester in order to obtain the crop yield maps and, at the same time, evaluate and correlate the physical and chemical attributes of the soil using the yield data. In order to obtain these maps, an area measuring 42 ha located at São João Sugar and Alcohol Mill in Araras, São Paulo, Brazil. The yield mapping system of sugarcane crop developed (SIMPROCANA) uses load cells as an instrument to weighing the harvested material and it is capable to measure the flow passing by the matting before being launched to the transport vehicle. These data, together with the information obtained by a Global Positioning System (GPS) installed on the harvester, allow the elaboration of a digital map with the help of a Geographical Information System - GIS that represents the production on the surface for the harvested area. This system was tested under laboratory and field conditions. SIMPROCANA represented satisfactorily the spatial variability of the crop yield. The weight obtained by this system compared with that of sugarcane load in a mill's scale presented an average error of 0.96%, with a maximum of 6.4%. The result is not satisfactory anymore when it compares the weight obtained by using SIMPROCANA with that from the transportation vehicle weighed in the field. The average error associated in this case is around ten fold higher, when the association with the weight obtained in the mill's scale is performed. In relation to the making of map of physical and chemical attributes of soil (granulometry, macro and micronutrients, acidity, density, and resistance to penetration), two samplings were made in consecutive years. In the first sampling, 170 samples were collected in a 42 ha area in a regular grid of 50 x 50 m, helped by a sampler vehicle. In the second one, 49 samples in a 100 x 100 m grid defined by the maximum reaching obtained by geostatistics analysis performed at the first sampling. The results of the first sampling were correlated with the sugarcane yield obtained by means of weighing the transport vehicle in the field. This alternative method allowed the using of the results from the first sampling once the harvester was not properly instrumented. The data from the second sampling were related to the yield mapping obtained by using SIMPROCANA. The results of the physical and chemical analyses used for the construction of semivariograms models adjusted better at the 50 x 50 m grid when compared to that of 100 x 100 m. the correlations between the yield and the soil attributes presented lower values. The higher indexes occurred for the variable altitudes (- 0.47%), clay rate (0.51%), and copper (0.55). Despite these low correlations, it was possible to recommend a varied rate application of inputs based exclusively on the information obtained from the chemical attributes of the soil. Simulation tests showed that the application costs under a varied rate of phosphated and potash fertilizers are practically half of the value calculated for a fixed rate. In relation to the liming, there was not significative variation in the prices of lime application spread by both methods
Doutorado
Maquinas Agricolas
Doutor em Maquinas Agricolas
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Roque, Antoniane Arantes de Oliveira. "Controle de trafego em area cultivada com cana-de-açucar." [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/256924.
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Orientador: Zigomar Menezes de SouzaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola
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Resumo: Com a adoção da colheita mecanizada no sistema de manejo da cana-de-açúcar, surge a preocupação da compactação do solo e seus efeitos danosos nos atributos físicos do solo, com reflexos na produtividade da cultura. Uma recente técnica de manejo da mecanização agrícola denominada controle de tráfego representa uma alternativa para o cultivo de cana-de-açúcar, pois separa as zonas de tráfego daquelas em que há crescimento das plantas, concentrando a passagem de pneus em linhas delimitadas, podendo diminuir substancialmente a compactação do solo. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo estudar o efeito do controle de tráfego em áreas cultivadas com cana-de-açúcar na compactação do solo, no sistema de cana colhida mecanicamente sem queima (cana crua). O projeto foi desenvolvido em área cultivada com cana-de-açúcar com os seguintes tratamentos: 1- cana-de-açúcar com colheita mecanizada tradicional; 2- cana-de-açúcar com controle de tráfego - aumento de bitola; 3- cana-de-açúcar com controle de tráfego - aumento de bitola e piloto automático. Os atributos físico-hídricos do solo avaliados foram: análise granulométrica, densidade do solo, estabilidade de agregados, porosidade do solo, resistência do solo à penetração, teor de matéria orgânica, curva de retenção e intervalo hídrico ótimo nas profundidades de 0,00-0,10 m, 0,10-0,20 m e 0,20-0,30 m, em diferentes locais de coleta das amostras. O trabalho foi realizado dentro de um experimento trifatorial, com parcelas subsubdivididas no delineamento em blocos ao acaso. Os efeitos positivos devido ao uso do controle de tráfego em áreas cultivadas com cana-de-açúcar não foram identificados, conforme esperado pela hipótese deste trabalho. Verificou-se aumento da densidade do solo e diminuição do diâmetro médio ponderado, diâmetro médio geométrico e porcentagem de agregados > 2,0 mm, tanto em profundidade como da linha de plantio em direção ao rodado do trator. Os valores de macroporosidade diminuíram da linha de plantio em direção ao rodado e a microporosidade apresentou resultados inversos. As curvas de retenção de água demonstraram um aumento da disponibilidade de água em profundidade. O intervalo hídrico ótimo permitiu verificar que os manejos com controle de tráfego apresentaram uma melhor disponibilidade de água às culturas. Não se obteve diferença significativa entre as produtividades tanto entre manejos como entre anos
Abstract: The adoption of mechanized harvesting associated to the sugar cane handling system generates ground compaction which affects soil physical attributes and consequently crop productivity. The recent handling technique named traffic control is viewed as an alternative for sugar cane mechanization, in which traffic space is separated from plant growing spaces, concentrating the tires path in delimited lines, being able provide significant reduction of soil compactation. The present work had the objective of studying the effect of traffic control in areas cultivated with sugar cane supported by mechanical harvesting system with no straw burning practice (raw sugar cane). The project was developed in area cultivated with sugar cane including the following treatments: 1 - sugar cane with traditional mechanized harvesting; 2 - sugar cane with traffic control - augmented span; 3 - sugar cane with traffic control - augmented span and automatic driving. The evaluated soil physical-hydrological attributes included: grain sized analysis, soil density, aggregate stability, soil porosity, soil resistance topenetration, organic matter content, substances retention curves and optimal hydrological interval at the depths of 0.00-0.10 m, 0.10-0.20 m and 0.20-0.30 m, at different places of sample collection. The research work was carried under a tri-factorial experimental design, with parcels subdivided into random block-type delineation. The positive effects of traffic control in areas cultivated with sugar cane were not been identified, as it was expected and stated in the hypothesis of this research work. Increasing soil density and reduction of the weighed average particle diameter was verified, geometric average particle diameter and percentage of aggregates > 2.0 mm, in depth as well as on tractor tire path. Macroporosity values showed lower values on tractor tire path on the plantation line and microporosity presented inverse results. Water retention curves had demonstrated increasing values of available water at increasing depth values. The minimum limiting water range allowed verifying that the management systems with traffic control had presented better water availability to sugar cane crop. Significant productivity differences between management systems and growing years had not been observed
Mestrado
Agua e Solo
Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola
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Silva, Paulo Roberto Arbex 1972. "Semeadora-adubadora : mecanismos de corte de palha e cargas verticais aplicadas /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/101705.
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Orientador: Sérgio Hugo BenezBanca: Kléber Pereira Lanças
Banca: Silvio José Bicudo
Banca: Antonio Renan Berchol da Silva
Banca: Elcio Hiroyoshi Yano
Resumo: Para o sistema de semeadura direta obter o sucesso desejado deve haver a seleção adequada dos componentes das semeadoras-adubadoras, entre os quais os mecanismos de corte de palha. Além disso, o estudo das características do solo e da cultura de cobertura implantada na área são importantes itens que definem a eficiência destas máquinas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho dos mecanismos de corte de palha de uma semeadora-adubadora em diferentes coberturas vegetais e cargas verticais aplicadas. Para a realização do trabalho foi utilizado um dinamômetro (anel ortogonal), projetado, construído e calibrado numa célula de carga padrão. Os experimentos de campo foram conduzidos na Fazenda Experimental Lageado, pertencente a Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas - Unesp de Botucatu, durante o ano agrícola de 2005-2006. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos ao acaso e esquema fatorial 3 x 4, com 4 repetições. Os trabalhos foram realizados com 3 diferentes mecanismos de corte de palha, sendo estes: disco liso (DL), disco corrugado (DC) e disco ondulado (DO), utilizando 4 diferentes cargas verticais, sendo estas: 750 (C1), 1500 (C2), 2250 (C3) e 3000 N (C4). Todos os tratamentos foram instalados em 5 diferentes coberturas de palha: milho, sorgo, aveia preta, triticale e nabiça. Os resultados mostraram que quanto maior a quantidade de matéria seca da cobertura vegetal, maior a demanda de forças horizontal e vertical. Quanto maior a carga vertical aplicada, maior a área de solo mobilizado; maiores são as forças horizontal, vertical e lateral; maior a profundidade de penetração dos discos no solo e menores são a força horizontal por profundidade de corte dos discos (profundidade específica) e a força horizontal por área de solo mobilizado. O disco de corte ondulado possibilita os maiores valores de área de solo mobilizado... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrôncio abaixo)
Doutor
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Chisango, Future T. "Agricultural mechanization for sustainable agriculture and food security in Zimbabwe: a case of Bindura District in Mashonaland Central Province." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/348.
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A cardinal development goal of the Zimbabwean government is agricultural mechanization through the acquisition and use of tractors by arable crop farmers in communal and resettlement state land. This research project therefore aimed at investigating the impact of mechanization on agricultural productivity focusing on farmers in Bindura district of Zimbabwe who benefitted under the ongoing farm mechanization program. The existing land policy and the issue of technical efficiency in agricultural productivity are assumed to be the drivers of the program. It is likely that these key issues will constitute an important consideration in determining the sustainability of the mechanization policy. A multistage sampling technique was used to randomly select 90 farmers in the study area. The Cobb Douglas approach and Logistic regression were used to analyze data obtained from the respondents. Results revealed that tractor use was positively influenced by household size, access to extension services and crop output equivalent. Education, land area cultivated, stoniness negatively influenced the probability of adoption of mechanized farming. Furthermore, the technical efficiency estimate of adopter and nonadopters of mechanized farming showed no difference in their level of technical efficiency in agricultural productivity that was 64 percent on average. The level of observed inefficiency was increased by slope, stoniness and household size while age reduced technical inefficiency. It is recommended that government should consolidate the present gains arising from extension services. Also, environmental factors such as slope (topography) and stoniness, which constituted major disincentives in communal areas, could be overcome if government and farmers can identify and open up new areas of farmland for occupation by farmers.
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Douglass, James F. "Biomineralization of atrazine and analysis of 16S rRNA and catabolic genes of atrazine-degraders in a former pesticide mixing and machinery washing area at a farm site and in a constructed wetland." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1440373757.
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Garcia, Angel Pontin 1978. "Desenvolvimento de um sistema de controle eletro-mecanico para dosador de fertilizantes." [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/257061.
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Orientador: Nelson Luis CappelliDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola
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Resumo: A utilização do sistema de plantio direto, no Brasil, em grande escala fez com que fosse necessário o desenvolvimento de equipamentos específicos na implementação da cultura. Estes equipamentos são basicamente constituídos de diversos conjuntos mecânicos que realizam as operações de semeadura e dosagem de fertilizante. Contudo, os mecanismos, no que tange a aplicação de fertilizante, se mostram pouco precisos e de difícil regulagem de operação. Sistemas de acionamento elétrico e controle eletrônico seriam uma opção relevante na substituição de certos conjuntos mecânicos existentes de semeadora-adubadora. Os objetivos básicos deste trabalho foram: projetar, construir e avaliar um conjunto eletromecânico para dosagem de fertilizantes sólidos. O conjunto de aplicação de fertilizante projetado conta com um sistema controlador que tem a capacidade de variar a velocidade de rotação do motor elétrico conforme se modificam as condições de trabalho. O sistema possui um microcontrolador que, utilizando-se dos dados de velocidade e dos dados configurados pelo operador, é capaz de atuar na velocidade de rotação do motor de acionamento do dosador, com isso aplicando, de maneira controlada, o fertilizante no solo. Foi realizada a caracterização das propriedades físicas do fertilizante a fim de que os ensaios para definição do modelo matemático do dosador de fertilizantes pudessem ser feitos na bancada de teste. A modelagem matemática deste foi obtida por meio dos modelos: fatorial, central composto - linear e central composto ¿ quadrático. Para o monitoramento da taxa de aplicação do sistema de controle em tempo real foi desenvolvido um sistema de aquisição de dados. Este conta com um programa para a aquisição dos dados, desenvolvido em LabView 7. O sistema físico de aquisição foi constituído por uma célula de carga. O processamento dos dados teve por objetivo separar dos sinais originais apenas as informações desejadas sobre o processo. Com os parâmetros de projeto definidos pode-se desenvolver o programa de controle do sistema. O software foi escrito em linguagem C devido à maior facilidade de programação. No período de desenvolvimento do programa foi utilizado o software Proteus, para realizar simulações. Para maior facilidade no desenvolvimento do software optou-se em dividi-lo em partes menores. Posteriormente, com as partes desenvolvidas foi implementado todo o sistema em um único programa. Durante a realização do teste preliminar de avaliação do protótipo observou-se que o sinal de saída (PWM) apresenta uma componente de alta freqüência que pode influenciar no funcionamento do sistema de controle. Com o intuito de reduzir tal sinal alta freqüência foidimensionado um filtro do tipo passa-baixa. No teste estático o valor de desvio médio relativo (DRM) se apresentou adequado, com valores entre 0,8 e 11,4 % para o sistema operando com uma taxa de aplicação de 100 e 50 kg.ha-1 respectivamente. Por meio do teste dinâmico pôde-se verificar que o equipamento respondeu de forma adequada ao sinal de excitação. Desta forma, o sistema de controle atuou de forma rápida à possíveis variações de velocidade. O protótipo desenvolvido satisfez as condições pré-estabelecidas e se mostrou um equipamento robusto e de fácil operação. O aplicativo computacional desenvolvido conseguiu, de forma adequada, controlar o mecanismo de dosagem de fertilizante
Abstract: In Brazil, the use of no-tillage system in large-scale made with the development of a specific equipment in the implementation of the culture very necessary. These equipments are basically constituted of many mechanical sets that carry through the operations of seed plantation and fertilizer dosage. However, the mechanisms, which refer to the fertilizer application, showed less precision and more difficult regulation of operation. Systems of electric power demand and electronic control would be an excellent option in the substitution of some existing mechanical sets of sowing-fertilizer distributor. The basic goals of this study were to project, to construct and to evaluate an electromechanical set for dosage of solid fertilizers. The fertilizer set application project had a controlling system that had the capacity to change the speed of rotation of the electric engine as modifies the work conditions. The system has a microcontroller that, using the data of speed and the data configured by operator, is capable to act in the speed of rotation of the engine of power demand of the fertilizer, with this applying, in controlled way, the fertilizer in the ground. It was made the characterization of the physical properties of the fertilizer so that the assays for definition of the mathematical model of the fertilizer distributor could be made in the test table. The mathematical modeling of this was gotten by factorial, composed central office - linear and central composition ¿ quadratic models. For the monitoring of the application tax of the control system in real time it was developed a system of acquisition of data. This system had, initially, one program for the data acquisition, developed in LabView 7. The physical system of acquisition was constituted by a load cell. The processing of the data had the goal to separate from the original signals only the information desired about the process. With the defined project parameters the program of control of the system could be developed. Software was written in language C because it was easier for programming. In the period of development of the program it was used Proteus software, to carry through simulation. For easiness in the development of software, it was divided it in lesser parts. Later, with the parts developed the system was implemented in an only program. During the accomplishment of the evaluation preliminary test of the archetype, it was observed an exit signal (PWM) presents one component of high frequency that can influence in the functioning of the control system. With intention to reduce such high frequency signal, it was created a low-pass filter. In the static test the DRM value was 0,8 to 11,4 % for the operate system application rate of 100 e 50 kg.ha-1 respectively. In the dynamic test the equipment showed a suitable behavior with the excitation sign. The control system had a fast action with speed changes. The prototype developed fulfilled the initial conditions and were considered robust equipment for easy utilization. The software developed was succeed in controlling the fertilizer dosage
Mestrado
Maquinas Agricolas
Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola
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Brandt, André Anibal. "Carregamento estático e dinâmico e sua relação com tensão, deformação e fluxos no solo." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2009. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/3573.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorThe increased land use for food production is causing problems related to soil compaction in the different systems of land use, agricultural, livestock and forestry. Soil degradation caused by compression can often be irreversible is a global problem that is getting worse year after year, because the machines are showing an increase of its mass, but often have no proportional increase in the area of tire-soil contact. This study was conducted to evaluate the physical properties (density, porosity and air permeability), water (water permeability and soil water retention curve) and mechanical (compressibility, in situ stress measures) of three soils (Oxisols, Alfisols 1, and Alfisols 2): Oxisols with crops under no-tillage (NT) and native forest (NF), and Alfisols 1 and Alfisols 2 with crops under no-tillage (NT) and grassland (NG). The different times of loading (7.200 and 600 s) did not affect the preconsolidation pressure (σp) value in three soil layers (0.00-0.07, 0.10-0.15, 0.25-0.30, and 0.40-0.45 m). The σp in Oxisols and Alfisols was greater in the no-tillage soil, compared with the native forest and grassland in the layers of 0.00-0.07, 0.10-0.15 and 0.25-0.30 m, due to the traffic of agricultural machines. Thus, successive farm machinery traffic on no-tillage soil affects σp to deeper soil layers. In theory, such effect was expected in depth Oxisols, since soils with higher clay content pressure is transmitted to greater depths, thereby increasing the depth of compaction. The soil air permeability (ka) and saturated hydraulic conductivity (ks) were higher in Oxisols under native forest, with the largest macroporosity, especially in the uppermost soil layer, where soil drying had no effect on ka. The ks for Oxisols under NF was 754 mm h-1, which is the largest, whereas the smallest was 3 mm h-1 in the surface layer of NT. Measurements of pressure were made in situ with Soil Stress Transducer, SST. When traffic was conducted with the harvester, the highest pressures were measured in the layer 0.00-0.07 m of the Oxisols, and pressure was lower in the layer 0.40-0.45 m of the Ultisol 1, as expected, because in sandy soils the pressures are not transmitted to greater depths. These results show that the no-tillage of the soil can be affected significantly by soil compaction and that appropriate management systems should be used to maintain a balance of physical properties and flow of water and air in the soil.
O aumento do uso dos solos para a produção de alimentos vem causando problemas referentes à compactação nos diversos sistemas de exploração do solo, agrícola, pecuária e florestal. A degradação do solo causada pela compactação muitas vezes pode ser irreversível, sendo um problema mundial que vem se agravando ano após ano, pois as máquinas vêm apresentando aumento de sua massa, mas muitas vezes não têm aumento proporcional da área de contato pneusolo. Este estudo foi realizado para avaliar as propriedades físicas (densidade, porosidade e permeabilidade ao ar), hídricas (condutividade hidráulica do solo saturado e curva de retenção de água) e mecânicas (compressibilidade, tensão medidas in situ) de três solos (Latossolo, Argissolo 1 e Argissolo 2) sob dois usos: Latossolo plantio direto (PD) e mata nativa (MN); e Argissolo 1 e Argissolo 2 PD e campo nativo (CN). Os diferentes tempos de carregamento (7.200 e 600 s) não alteraram a pressão de preconsolidação (σp) nos três solos em quatro camadas (0,00-0,07, 0,10-0,15, 0,25-0,30 e 0,40-0,45 m). A σp no Latossolo e Argissolo foi maior no plantio direto, em comparação com a mata nativa e o campo nativo, nas camadas de 0,00-0,07, 0,10-0,15 e 0,25-0,30 m, fato esse devido ao tráfego das máquinas agrícolas. Assim, observa-se o sucessivo tráfego de máquinas sobre o solo no plantio direto altera a σp em camadas mais profundas. Em teoria, era esperado um efeito em profundidades no Latossolo devido à textura argilosa, em relação ao Argissolo 1 e Argissolo 2, uma vez que solos com maior teor de argila as pressões são transmitidas para profundidades maiores, aumentando desta forma a profundidade de compactação. A permeabilidade do solo ao ar (ka) e a condutividade hidráulica do solo saturado (ks) foram maiores no Latossolo sob mata nativa, com a maior macroporosidade, em particular na camada superior, onde o secamento não teve efeito sobre a ka. A ks para o Latossolo sob MN foi de 754 mm h-1, sendo esta a maior, e a menor foi de 3 mm h-1 para o PD na camada superior do solo. As medições das pressões in situ foram feitas com o Transdutor de Tensão no Solo (Soil Stress Transducer, SST). As maiores pressões foram medidas quando o tráfego foi realizado com a colhedora no Latossolo na camada de 0,00-0,07 m, e a menor pressão foi no Argissolo 1 na camada de 0,40-0,45 m, como era esperado, pois em solos arenosos as pressões não são transmitidas em maiores profundidades. Esses resultados demonstram que o plantio direto do solo pode ser alterado significativamente pela compactação do solo e que sistemas de manejo adequados devem ser utilizados para manter o equilíbrio das propriedades físicas e fluxos de água e ar no solo.
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Луциків, Іванна Василівна, Иванна Васильевна Луцикив, and I. V. Lutsykiv. "Активізація інноваційної діяльності у контексті стратегічного розвитку підприємств сільськогосподарського машинобудування." Thesis, Тернопільський національний технічний університет ім. Івана Пулюя, 2013. http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/2315.
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Робота виконана в Тернопільському національному технічному університеті імені Івана Пулюя Міністерства освіти і науки, молоді та спорту України.Захист відбувся “12” квітня 2013 р. о 10.30 год. на засіданні спеціалізованої вченої ради К 58.052.05 у Тернопільському національному технічному університеті імені Івана Пулюя за адресою: 46001, м. Тернопіль, вул. Білогірська, 2, зал засідань.
З дисертацією можна ознайомитися у бібліотеці Тернопільського національного технічного університету імені Івана Пулюя за адресою: м. Тернопіль,
вул. Руська, 56.Дисертаційну роботу присвячено дослідженню теоретичних основ та розробленню науково-методичних та практичних рекомендацій щодо забезпечення активізації інноваційної діяльності підприємств сільськогосподарського машинобудування у контексті їх стратегічного розвитку. У роботі уточнено та поглиблено понятійний апарат стосовно категорій “інновація”, “інноваційна діяльність”, “активізація інноваційної діяльності”. Розглянуто теоретико-методичні основи активізації інноваційної діяльності та визначено її концептуальні засади. Досліджено сучасний стан, тенденції та особливості розвитку інноваційної діяльності підприємств сільськогосподарського машинобудування; розроблено розширену класифікацію чинників впливу на інноваційну діяльність та визначено основні бар’єри її активізації. Удосконалено модель інноваційної діяльності підприємства. Запропоновано методичний підхід до оцінки рівня активізації інноваційної діяльності, який базується на комплексному аналізі та передбачає послідовну реалізацію семи взаємопов’язаних етапів. Розроблено методичний підхід та двовимірну матрицю позиціювання для вибору напрямків активізації інноваційної діяльності підприємств, що забезпечуватиме розвиток сільгоспмашинобудівного підприємства в потрібному напрямку з адекватною реакцією на зміни зовнішнього та внутрішнього середовища. Основні положення роботи впроваджені в практику діяльності вітчизняних підприємств сільськогосподарського машинобудування.
Диссертационная работа посвящена исследованию теоретических основ и разработке научно-методических и практических рекомендаций по обеспечению активизации инновационной деятельности предприятий сельскохозяйственного машиностроения в контексте их стратегического развития. В первом разделе “Теоретические основы активизации инновационной деятельности предприятий (стратегические аспекты проблемы)”. В работе уточнен и углублен понятийный аппарат относительно категорий “инновация”, “инновационная деятельность”, “активизация инновационной деятельности”. Рассмотрены теоретико-методические основы активизации инновационной деятельности и разработаны ее концептуальные положения. Обобщен мировой опыт и отечественная практика государственной поддержки инновационного развития предприятий. Во втором разделе “Анализ предпосылок активизации инновационной деятельности предприятий сельскохозяйственного машиностроения” проведен комплексный экономико-математический анализ деятельности предприятий сельскохозяйственного машиностроения на основе чего определены приоритетные направления стратегического развития отрасли; исследовано современное состояние, тенденции и особенности развития инновационной деятельности предприятий исследуемой отрасли; предложено расширенную классификацию факторов влияния на инновационную деятельность и определены основные барьеры ее активизации в разрезе как отечественных сельхозмашиностроительных предприятий так и отрасли в целом. В третьем разделе “Совершенствование методического обеспечения активизации инновационной деятельности предприятий сельскохозяйственного машиностроения в контексте их стратегического развития” усовершенствована модель инновационной деятельности предприятия, которая представлена в виде взаимосвязанных этапов, учитывающая условия внешней и внутренней среды организации и предусматривает включение процесса активизации в один из отдельных и важных этапов осуществления инновационной деятельности. Предложен методический подход к оценке уровня активизации инновационной деятельности, который базируется на комплексном анализе и предусматривает последовательную реализацию семи взаимосвязанных этапов, что позволяет оценить состояние инновационного потенциала на предприятии, эффективность и интенсивность его использования, готовность работников к осуществлению инновационной деятельности. Разработаны методический подход и двумерная матрица позиционирования для выбора направлений активизации инновационной деятельности предприятий, что обеспечить развитие сельхозмашиностроительных предприятий в нужном направлении с адекватной реакцией на изменения внешней и внутренней среды. Основные положения работы внедрены в практику деятельности отечественных предприятий сельскохозяйственного машиностроения.
PhD thesis is concerned with an investigation of theoretical foundations and development of scientifically methodic and practical recommendations on providing of activation of innovative activities of the farm machinery enterprises within the framework of its strategic development. Conceptual framework as to the categories of “innovation”, “innovative activities” and “activation of innovative activities” was specified and deepened in the thesis. Theoretically methodic foundations of the activation of innovative activities of enterprises were examined; its conceptual guidelines were developed. There was investigated current state, trends and peculiarities of development of innovative activities of the farm machinery enterprises. Expanded classification of influence factors on innovative activities was developed and the main barriers to its activation were defined. Model of sequence as to the pursuit of innovative activities of enterprises was refined. Evaluation technique of the level of activation as to the innovative activities was proposed, which is based on the complex analysis and covers successive realization of the seven interrelated stages. Methodic approach and two-dimensional positioning matrix were developed for selection of the optimal way of activation of innovative activities of enterprises, which will provide the development of the farm machinery enterprise in the right direction with an adequate response to changes of external and internal environment. Principal guidelines of the thesis were implemented into practice of activities of domestic enterprises of the farm machinery.
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Eckelkamp, Elizabeth A. "ON-FARM UTILIZATION OF PRECISION DAIRY MONITORING: USEFULNESS, ACCURACY, AND AFFORDABILITY." UKnowledge, 2018. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/animalsci_etds/86.
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Precision dairy monitoring is used to supplement or replace human observation of dairy cattle. This study examined the value dairy producers placed on disease alerts generated from a precision dairy monitoring technology. A secondary objective was calculating the accuracy of technology-generated disease alerts compared against observed disease events. A final objective was determining the economic viability of investing in a precision dairy monitoring technology for detecting estrus and diseases.
A year-long observational study was conducted on four Kentucky dairy farms. All lactating dairy cows were equipped with a neck and leg tri-axial accelerometer. Technologies measured eating time, lying time, standing time, walking time, and activity (steps) in 15-min sections throughout the day. A decrease of ≥ 30% or more from a cow’s 10-d moving behavioral mean created an alert. Alerts were assessed by dairy producers for usefulness and by the author for accuracy. Finally, raw information was analyzed with three machine-learning techniques: random forest, least discriminate analyses, and principal component neural networks.
Through generalized linear mixed modeling analyses, dairy producers were found to utilize the alert list when ≤ 20 alerts occurred, when alerts occurred in cows’ ≤ 60 d in lactation, and when alerts occurred during the week. The longer the system was in place, the less likely producers were to utilize alerts. This is likely because the alerts were not for a specific disease, but rather informed the dairy producer an issue might have occurred. The longer dairy producers were exposed to a technology, producers more easily decided which alerts were worth their attention.
Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and balanced accuracy were calculated for disease alerts that occurred and disease events that were reported. Sensitivity ranged from 12 to 48%, specificity from 91 to 96%, accuracy from 90 to 96%, and balanced accuracy from 50 to 59%. The high number of false positives correspond with the lack of usefulness producers reported. Machine learning techniques improved sensitivity (66 to 86%) and balanced accuracy (48 to 85%). Specificity (24 to 89%) and accuracy (70 to 86%) decreased with the machine learning techniques, but overall detection performance was improved. Precision dairy monitoring technologies have potential to detect behavior changes linked to disease events.
A partial budget was created based on the reproduction, production, and early lactation removal rate of an average cow in a herd. The cow results were expanded to a 1,000 cow herd for sensitivity analyses. Four analyses were run including increased milk production from early disease detection, increased estrus detection rate, decreased early lactation removal from early disease detection, and all changes in combination. Economic profitability was determined through net present value with a value ≥ $0 indicating a profitable investment. Each sensitivity analysis was conducted 10,000, with different numbers for key inputs randomly selected from a previously defined distribution. If either milk production or estrus detection were improved, net present value was ≥ 0 in 76 and 85% of the iterations. However, reduced early lactation removal never resulted in a value ≥ 0. Investing in precision dairy technology resulting in improved estrus detection rate and early disease detection was a positive economic decision in most iterations.
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Marquez, Astrid. "Use of multispectral data to identify farm intensification levels by applying emergent computing techniques." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/6232.
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Concern about feeding an ever increasing population has long been one of humankind’s most pressing problems. This has been addressed throughout history by introducing into farming systems changes allowing them to produce more per unit of land area. However, these changes have also been linked to negative effects on the socio economic and environmental sphere, that have created the need for an integral understanding of this phenomenon. This thesis describes the application of learning machine methods to induct a relationship between the spectral response of farms’ land cover and their intensification levels from a sample of farming of Urdaneta municipality, Aragua state of Venezuela. Data collection like this is a necessary first steep to implement cost-effective methods that can help policymakers to conduct succesful planing tasks, especially in countries such as Venezuela where, in spite of there being areas capable of agricultural production, nearly 50% of the internal food requirements of recent years have been satisfied by importations. In this work, farm intensification levels are investigated through a sample of farms of Urdaneta Municipality, Aragua state of Venezuela. This area is characterised by a wide diversity of farming systems ranging from crop to crop-livestock systems and an increasing population density in regions capable of livestock and arable farming, making it a representative case of the main tropical rural zones. The methodology applied can be divided into two main phases. First an unsupervised classification was performed by applying principal component analysis and agglomerative cluster methods to a set of land use and land management indicators, with the aim to segregate farms into homogeneous groups from the intensification point of view. This procedure resulted in three clusters which were named extensive, semi-intensive and intensive. The land use indicators included the percentage area within each farm devoted to annual crops, orchard and pasture, while the land management indicators were percentage of cultivated land under irrigation, stocking rate, machinery and equipment index and permanent and temporary staff ratio, all of them built from data held on the 1996- 1997 venezuelan agricultural census. The previous clusters reached were compared to the ones obtained by applying the learning machine method known as self-organizing map, which is also an unsupervised classification technique, as a way to confirm the groups’ existence. In the second stage, the learning machine known as kernel adatron algorithm was implemented seeking to identify the intensification level of Urdaneta farms from a landsat image, which consisted of two sequential steps: namely training and validation. In the training step, a predetermined number of instances randomly selected from the data set were analysed looking for a pattern to establish a relationship between the label and the spectral response in an iterative process which was concluded when the machine found a linear function capable of separating the two classes with a maximum margin. The supervised classification finishes with the validation in which the kernel adatron classifies the unseen samples by using a generalisation of the relationships learned while training. Results suggest that farm intensification levels can be effectively derived from multi-spectral data by adopting a machine learning approach like the one described.
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Boulanger, Isabelle. "Lillgrund Wind Farm Modelling and Reactive Power Control." Thesis, KTH, Elektriska energisystem, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-119256.
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The installation of wind power plant has significantly increased since several years due to the recent necessity of creating renewable and clean energy sources. Before the accomplishment of a wind power project many pre-studies are required in order to verify the possibility of integrating a wind power plant in the electrical network. The creation of models in different software and their simulation can bring the insurance of a secure operation that meets the numerous requirements imposed by the electrical system. Hence, this Master thesis work consists in the creation of a wind turbine model. This model represents the turbines installed at Lillgrund wind farm, the biggest wind power plant in Sweden. The objectives of this project are to first develop an accurate model of the wind turbines installed at Lillgrund wind farm and further to use it in different kinds of simulations. Those simulations test the wind turbine operating according to different control modes. Also, a power quality analysis is carried out studying in particular two power quality phenomena, namely, the response to voltage sags and the harmonic distortion. The model is created in the software PSCAD that enables the dynamic and static simulations of electromagnetic and electromechanical systems. The model of the wind turbine contains the electrical machine, the power electronics (converters), and the controls of the wind turbine. Especially, three different control modes, e.g., voltage control, reactive power control and power factor control, are implemented, tested and compared. The model is tested according to different cases of voltage sag and the study verifies the fault-ride through capability of the turbine. Moreover, a harmonics analysis is done. Eventually the work concludes about two power quality parameters.
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Skolthanarat, Siriya. "The Modeling and Control of a Wind Farm and Grid Interconnection in a multi-machine system." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28920.
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This dissertation focuses on the modeling and control of WECS (Wind Energy Conversion System) in a multi-machine system. As one of the fastest growing renewable energy resources, the trend of wind energy changes to variable speed wind turbines. The concept of the variable speed is based on the variable speed according to the instantaneous wind speed of wind turbines. Since the utility grid requires the stable frequency and magnitude voltages, there must be grid interconnection of the wind farm and the utility grid. The grid interconnection must support the concept of the variable speed wind turbines. Since each wind turbine locates in a different location in a wind site, it receives the different wind speed. Hence the grid interconnection must convert the variable frequency and magnitude output voltages of the wind turbines to a synchronous frequency and magnitude voltages associated to the grid.
With the new technologies of power semiconductor devices, the power converter can operate with high voltage, high current, and high switching frequency. This results in a higher power capacity of a wind farm. Nonetheless, the power converters generate harmonic distortions to the utility grid. The harmonic distortions components in the voltages and currents of the grid degrade the power quality. This results in the damage of electrical components in the power system such as capacitor banks, inductors, protection devices, etc. The harmonic distortions can be reduced with the technology of the multi-level inverter. It is required that the wind energy provides the real and reactive power control for frequency and voltage stability. In order to achieve the power control, the modeling and control of the power electronic grid interconnection is presented in this dissertation.
The grid interconnection is modeled with linearization techniques. The models in frequency domain in the form of transfer functions are used to design the compensators in the control system. The model is considered as a SISO (Single Input Single Output) system to design the compensators in SISO tool of MATLAB. The selected control system is current control that can control the real and reactive powers independently. Furthermore, since the grid interconnection is modeled separately for each sub-system, the control system is verified with integration of the sub-systems. The grid interconnection is modeled in Simulink and simulated in the PSCAD.
In reality, the power system is comprised of multi-machines. They affect the power system stability, reliability, and quality. The dynamic modeling of an aggregated wind farm with synchronous generator and grid interconnection in a multi-machine system is presented. The test system is a 10-bus system with three generators and three loads. The dynamic modeling involves the power flow calculations that determine the equilibrium points of the system. The system is modeled with differential equations of wind turbines, synchronous generators, and grid interconnection. The system is modeled in the time domain in state space form. The system characteristics can be determined by poles or eigen values obtained from the characteristic equations. Since the system is MIMO (Multi Input Multi Output) system, the optimal control theory is used to reduce the deviation of system behaviors during disturbances. The LQR (Linear Quadratic Regulator) is utilized to control the system with eigen value assignment method. Simulation results in Simulink are illustrated.Ph. D.
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Zhu, Biwen. "Visual Tracking with Deep Learning : Automatic tracking of farm animals." Thesis, KTH, Radio Systems Laboratory (RS Lab), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-240086.
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Automatic tracking and video of surveillance on a farm could help to support farm management. In this project, an automated detection system is used to detect sows in surveillance videos. This system is based upon deep learning and computer vision methods. In order to minimize disk storage and to meet the network requirements necessary to achieve the real-performance, tracking in compressed video streams is essential. The proposed system uses a Discriminative Correlation Filter (DCF) as a classifier to detect targets. The tracking model is updated by training the classifier with online learning methods. Compression technology encodes the video data, thus reducing both the bit rates at which video signals are transmitted and helping the video transmission better adapt to the limited network bandwidth. However, compression may reduce the image quality of the videos the precision of our tracking may decrease. Hence, we conducted a performance evaluation of existing visual tracking algorithms on video sequences with quality degradation due to various compression parameters (encoders, target bitrate, rate control model, and Group of Pictures (GOP) size). The ultimate goal of video compression is to realize a tracking system with equal performance, but requiring fewer network resources. The proposed tracking algorithm successfully tracks each sow in consecutive frames in most cases. The performance of our tracker was benchmarked against two state-of-art tracking algorithms: Siamese Fully-Convolutional (FC) and Efficient Convolution Operators (ECO). The performance evaluation result shows our proposed tracker has similar performance to both Siamese FC and ECO. In comparison with the original tracker, the proposed tracker achieved similar tracking performance, while requiring much less storage and generating a lower bitrate when the video was compressed with appropriate parameters. However, the system is far slower than needed for real-time tracking due to high computational complexity; therefore, more optimal methods to update the tracking model will be needed to achieve real-time tracking.Automatisk spårning av övervakning i gårdens område kan bidra till att stödja jordbruket management. I detta projekt till ett automatiserat system för upptäckt upptäcka suggor från övervaknings filmer kommer att utformas med djupa lärande och datorseende metoder. Av hänsyn till Diskhantering och tid och hastighet Krav över nätverket för att uppnå realtidsscenarier i framtiden är spårning i komprimerade videoströmmar är avgörande. Det föreslagna systemet i detta projekt skulle använda en DCF (diskriminerande korrelationsfilter) som en klassificerare att upptäcka mål. Spårningen modell kommer att uppdateras genom att utbilda klassificeraren med online inlärningsmetoder. Compression teknik kodar videodata och minskar bithastigheter där videosignaler sänds kan hjälpa videoöverföring anpassar bättre i begränsad nätverk. det kan dock reducera bildkvaliteten på videoklipp och leder exakt hastighet av vårt spårningssystem för att minska. Därför undersöker vi utvärderingen av prestanda av befintlig visuella spårningsalgoritmer på videosekvenser Det ultimata målet med videokomprimering är att bidra till att bygga ett spårningssystem med samma prestanda men kräver färre nätverksresurser. Den föreslagna spårning algoritm spår framgångsrikt varje sugga i konsekutiva ramar i de flesta fall prestanda vår tracker var jämföras med två state-of-art spårning algoritmer:. Siamese Fully-Convolutional (FC) och Efficient Convolution Operators (ECO) utvärdering av prestanda Resultatet visar vår föreslagna tracker blir liknande prestanda med Siamese FC och ECO. I jämförelse med den ursprungliga spårningen uppnådde den föreslagna spårningen liknande spårningseffektivitet, samtidigt som det krävde mycket mindre lagring och alstra en lägre bitrate när videon komprimerades med lämpliga parametrar. Systemet är mycket långsammare än det behövs för spårning i realtid på grund av hög beräkningskomplexitet; därför behövs mer optimala metoder för att uppdatera spårningsmodellen för att uppnå realtidsspårning.
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Peng, Y. "Novel robust control of damping oscillations in power systems with multi-machine wind farms." Thesis, University of the West of England, Bristol, 2014. http://eprints.uwe.ac.uk/22983/.
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With the growth in requirement for a high reliability of power supply, stability of the power system and the minimum requirement for control systems becomes more and more significant. The most popular way to solve the problem of stability is to install power system stabilizers (PSSs) on synchronous generators in related power systems. The conventional methods for designing PSS are generally based on the compensation approach for the phase and eigenvalue of the generator model. In recent decades, H-norm based robust PSS has been developed because of the system uncertainty of power grids. In another aspect, wind power has evolved into a significant renewable energy source and increased at an outstanding rate. Stability problems of power system with large wind farms became more and more challenging. Some wind plant modelling methods, for which PS Ss are not taken into consideration, have been developed and widely used in practical applications. The present study is concerned with a comprehensive power system stability analysis based on an improved H-nOl'ffi robust controller design method and a novel modelling approach for doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) wind turbines. Initially, one improved lemma, enhanced with LMI regional pole placement, is developed for linear matrix inequality eLMI) based H2/Hoo robust output feedback controller design. Robust PS Ss are designed based on the approach and they are tested in both single and multimachine systems. A novel DFIG wind turbine model is then built up and tested with the robust PSS in both single and multi-machine systems to see the oscillations damping ability. Finally, based on the robust PSS, a large multi-machine power system with wind parks is selected for a comprehensive stability analysis. Simulated examples and case studies are employed in this study to demonstrate the effect of new PS Ss. The simulation results clearly suggest that the proposed PSS can solve the stability problem of damping oscillations in power systems with large wind parks.
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Mahmod, Shad. "Deinterleaving pulse trains with DBSCAN and FART." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Avdelningen för systemteknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-379718.
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Studying radar pulses and looking for certain patterns is critical in order to assess the threat level of the environment around an antenna. In order to study the electromagnetic pulses emitted from a certain radar, one must first register and identify these pulses. Usually there are several active transmitters in anenvironment and an antenna will register pulses from various sources. In order to study the different pulse trains, the registered pulses first have to be sorted sothat all pulses that are transmitted from one source are grouped together. This project aims to solve this problem, using Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise (DBSCAN) and compare the results with those obtained by Fuzzy Adaptive Resonance Theory (FART). We aim to further dig into these methods and map out how factors such as feature selection and training time affects the results. A solution based on the DBSCAN method is proposed which allows online clustering of new points introduced to the system. The methods are implemented and tested on simulated data. The data consists of pulse trains from simulated transmitters with unique behaviors. The deployed methods are then tested varying the parameters of the models as well as the number of pulse trains they are asked to deinterleave. The results when applying the models are then evaluated using the adjusted Rand index (ARI). The results indicate that in most cases using all possible data (in this case the angle of arrival, radio frequency, pulse width and amplitudes of the pulses) generate the best results. Rescaling the data further improves the result and tuning the parameters shows that the models work well when increasing the number of emitters. The results also indicate that the DBSCAN method can be used to get accurate estimates of the number of emitters transmitting. The online DBSCAN generates a higher ARI than FART on the simulated data set but has a higher worst case computational cost.
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Marszalek, Michael Lukas [Verfasser], Urs [Akademischer Betreuer] Schmidhalter, Marco [Gutachter] Körner, Urs [Gutachter] Schmidhalter, and Senthold [Gutachter] Asseng. "Advancing digital farm management by machine learning and remote sensing / Michael Lukas Marszalek ; Gutachter: Marco Körner, Urs Schmidhalter, Senthold Asseng ; Betreuer: Urs Schmidhalter." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2021. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:91-diss-20210726-1581350-1-5.
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Hassen, Tariq. "Breakwater farm : an investigation into the potential for coastal agriculture and re-envisioning architecture as a machine that responds to and permits this migration." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/6088.
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Santos, Ruyter Ant?nio Bezerra dos. "Nas sombras da fam?lia coelho: a din?mica de uma domina??o pol?tica." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2013. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/13830.
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Previous issue date: 2013-12-16Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
As one of the most important cities in the state of Pernambuco, Petrolina is settled in the Pernabucanian backwoods, a place that still holds its own traditions and manners. Petrolina s economy is mainly based on primary activities. It s politics is run by Family groups which preserve themselves and remain in power, using the clientelism, which could be said as a give and get practice. That means that the suffrage is a currency to exchange benefits. The present study analyses facts occurred in the political history of the Coelho s Family, which still dominates the local Politics. They persist as heirs of the old system of Coronelism that is maintaining their power structuring a political machine, which is able to make them unbeatable for over fifty years. Despite of a family internal division, it benefits all of them, directly or indirectly. Based on empirical observation, we set a brief historical of the Coelho s family facts, in order to demonstrate the range of their power through the ancestry, which is to say we ve described the local political labyrinths. Our metodological choices were driven by the comprehensive sociology, through the Weberian ideal types, in order to find the answers for the historical, social and political conformation of the facts, in consonance with the reality. According to that, we ve studied the Coelho s political trajectory from 1968 to 2012, considering the election periods. Commonplace: where a new generation becomes active subjects on a new apprenticeship, moral and intellectual. After all, they are all family heirs
Como uma das mais importantes do Estado, Petrolina ? uma cidade do sert?o pernambucano encravada numa regi?o que ainda guarda tradi??es e costumes pr?prios. Sua economia ?, predominantemente, prim?ria. E a pol?tica ? movida por grupos familiares, que se sucedem no poder, mantidos pelas pr?ticas clientel?sticas, cuja tradu??o t?cita ? dando que se recebe . Ou seja, o voto ? a moeda de troca para a percep??o dos benef?cios. O Estudo analisa fatos da pol?tica na fam?lia Coelho e a sua persistente domina??o atrav?s dos herdeiros de um antigo sistema baseado no coronelismo, que d?o continuidade ao poder local com a estrutura??o de uma m?quina politica, capaz de faz?-los quase imbat?veis eleitoralmente durante mais de meio s?culo. Apesar de ter havido uma divis?o intrafamiliar, todos s?o beneficiados diretos e indiretamente. Atrav?s de observa??es emp?ricas estabelecemos um pequeno hist?rico que nos desse a ideia do alcance desse poder atrav?s dos ancestrais, que simplesmente v?o listando eventos que penetram nos labirintos das pr?ticas politicas locais. A presente pesquisa opta pela metodologia da sociologia compreensiva atrav?s dos tipos ideais de Max Weber, na busca de respostas para as forma??es hist?rica, social e pol?tica dos fatos, em conson?ncia com a realidade atual. Com base nisso, o recorte temporal contempla a trajet?ria pol?tica da fam?lia Coelho, nos per?odos eleitorais, entre os anos de 1986 e 2012. Lugar Comum: onde uma nova gera??o torna-se tamb?m sujeito de uma nova aprendizagem, moral e intelectual. Afinal de contas, eles s?o herdeiros familiares
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Knob, Marcelino João. "APLICAÇÃO DE TÉCNICAS DE AGRICULTURA DE PRECISÃO EM PEQUENAS PROPRIEDADES." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2006. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/7486.
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The adoption of precision agriculture techniques finds great limitation because of the high cost, not always guaranteeing the expected economic return. Among the consequence of this elevated cost it is the restriction use of this technology in small farmers, characterized by the family farm. The present work approaches a bibliographical study about the situation of the family farm in Brazil, pointing to regional focuses. In order to complement this study was made a diagnosis on the existing agricultural machines park and the mechanization used intensity in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, aiming a reflection about the role of the agricultural machine industries for small farmers. This work was dedicated to apply precision agriculture techniques in a small farmer where an area of 10,9 hectares was managed with precision agriculture tools and appropriate information technology to the socioeconomic farmer profile. In order to reach this general objective it was proposed the following specific objectives: a) to identify the horizontal spatial variability of the soil attributes through fertility maps; b) to apply fertilizers in different doses for each handling zones; c) to measure soil resistance to penetration and wheat leaf chlorophyll; d) to make yield map; e) to take note of production costs and to elaborate liquid revenue map for wheat culture; f) to evaluate performance of agricultural machines using GPS tracker. As some results, it was found horizontal spatial variability in soil for phosphorus and potassium and chlorophyll in wheat leaf; it was possible to apply different quantities of fertilizer using seeding and centrifugal broadcaster spreaders without automatic variable rate. In this area, the average of wheat yield was 2427 kg.ha-1, changing from 1915 to 3151 kg.ha-1. Considering the relationship between productivity and production costs, the liquid revenue varied from R$ 14,00 to 358,00 per hectare and had average of R$ 183,48 per ha. The individual crossing among digital models evidenced correlation of 48,6% between productivity and liquid revenue. In general way, precision agriculture tools can help the farmer to know better and more precisely each part of area destined to agricultural activity. It allows to increase the production efficiency through a better soil handling and rational use of the inputs, reducing costs, and other times, increasing productivity.A adoção de técnicas associadas à agricultura de precisão encontra grande limitação devido ao seu elevado custo implantação, nem sempre garantindo o retorno esperado. Entre as conseqüências deste elevado custo está a restrição do uso dessa tecnologia em pequenas propriedades, caracterizadas pela agricultura familiar. O presente trabalho inicialmente aborda um estudo bibliográfico sobre o retrato da situação da agricultura familiar no Brasil e apontando para enfoques regionais. Complementam este estudo um diagnóstico sobre a frota de máquinas agrícolas existente e os índices de mecanização nas diversas regiões do Rio Grande do Sul, levando à reflexão sobre o papel da indústria de máquinas agrícolas para pequenas propriedades. O trabalho foi dedicado à aplicação de técnicas de agricultura de precisão em uma pequena propriedade, onde se preocupou em gerenciar uma área de 10,9 hectares com ferramentas e tecnologia de informação mais adequada ao perfil agrosocioeconômico do produtor. Para atender este proposto, os objetivos específicos foram: a) identificar a variabilidade espacial horizontal dos atributos de solo através de mapas de fertilidade; b) aplicar fertilizantes em diferentes doses por zonas de manejo; c) medir resistência à penetração do solo e clorofila na folha de trigo; d) confeccionar mapa de produtividade; e) apontar os custos de produção e elaborar mapa de receita líquida da cultura do trigo; e f) avaliar o desempenho operacional das máquinas agrícolas através de rastreamento por GPS. Entre os principais resultados, encontrou-se variabilidade horizontal dos teores de fósforo e potássio no solo e de clorofila no trigo; foi possível aplicar diferentes doses de fertilizantes utilizando semeadora e distribuidor centrífugo de taxa fixa. A produtividade média de trigo na área foi de 2427 kg.ha-1, oscilando entre 1915 e 3151 kg.ha-1. Considerando a relação produtividade e custo, a receita líquida variou de R$ 14,00 a 358,00 por hectare e em média R$ 183,48 por ha. O cruzamento individual entre modelos digitais evidenciou correlação de 48,6% entre produtividade e receita líquida. De uma forma geral, as ferramentas de agricultura de precisão podem ajudar ao produtor a conhecer melhor e mais detalhadamente cada parcela de sua área destinada à atividade agrícola, permitindo aumentar a eficiência produtiva através do manejo e do uso racional dos insumos, diminuindo custos, e por vezes, aumentando a produtividade.
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Mohammadi, Mohammad Mehdi. "PREDICTION OF WIND TURBINE BLADE FATIGUE LOADS USING FEED-FORWARD NEURAL NETWORKS." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-444115.
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In recent years, machine learning applications have gained great attention in the wind power industry. Among these, artificial neural networks have been utilized to predict the fatigue loads of wind turbine components such as rotor blades. However, the limited number of contributions and differences in the used databases give rise to several questions which this study has aimed to answer. Therefore, in this study, 5-min SCADA data from the Lillgrund wind farm has been used to train two feed-forward neural networks to predict the fatigue loads at the blade root in flapwise and edgewise directions in the shape of damage equivalent loads.The contribution of different features to the model’s performance is evaluated. In the absence of met mast measurements, mesoscale NEWA data are utilized to present the free flow condition. Also, the effect of wake condition on the model’s accuracy is examined. Besides, the generalization ability of the model trained on data points from one or multiple turbines on other turbines within the farm is investigated. The results show that the best accuracy was achieved for a model with 34 features, 5 hidden layers with 100 neurons in each hidden layer for the flapwise direction. For the edgewise direction, the best model has 54 features, 6 hidden layers, and 125 neurons in each hidden layer.For a model trained and tested on the same turbine, mean absolute percentage errors (MAPE) of 0.78% and 9.31% are achieved for the flapwise and edgewise directions, respectively. The seen difference is argued to be a result of not having enough data points throughout the range of edgewise moments. The use of NEWA data has been shown to improve the model’s accuracy by 10% for MAPE values, relatively. Training the model under different wake conditions did not improve the model showing that the wake effects are captured through the input features to some extent. Generalization of the model trained on data points from one turbine resulted in poor results in the flapwise direction. It was shown that using data points from multiple turbines can improve the model’s accuracy to predict loading on other turbines.
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Narmack, Kirilll. "Dynamic Speed Adaptation for Curves using Machine Learning." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-233545.
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The vehicles of tomorrow will be more sophisticated, intelligent and safe than the vehicles of today. The future is leaning towards fully autonomous vehicles. This degree project provides a data driven solution for a speed adaptation system that can be used to compute a vehicle speed for curves, suitable for the underlying driving style of the driver, road properties and weather conditions. A speed adaptation system for curves aims to compute a vehicle speed suitable for curves that can be used in Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) or in Autonomous Driving (AD) applications. This degree project was carried out at Volvo Car Corporation. Literature in the field of speed adaptation systems and factors affecting the vehicle speed in curves was reviewed. Naturalistic driving data was both collected by driving and extracted from Volvo's data base and further processed. A novel speed adaptation system for curves was invented, implemented and evaluated. This speed adaptation system is able to compute a vehicle speed suitable for the underlying driving style of the driver, road properties and weather conditions. Two different artificial neural networks and two mathematical models were used to compute the desired vehicle speed in curves. These methods were compared and evaluated.Morgondagens fordon kommer att vara mer sofistikerade, intelligenta och säkra än dagens fordon. Framtiden lutar mot fullständigt autonoma fordon. Detta examensarbete tillhandahåller en datadriven lösning för ett hastighetsanpassningssystem som kan beräkna ett fordons hastighet i kurvor som är lämpligt för förarens körstil, vägens egenskaper och rådande väder. Ett hastighetsanpassningssystem för kurvor har som mål att beräkna en fordonshastighet för kurvor som kan användas i Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) eller Autonomous Driving (AD) applikationer. Detta examensarbete utfördes på Volvo Car Corporation. Litteratur kring hastighetsanpassningssystem samt faktorer som påverkar ett fordons hastighet i kurvor studerades. Naturalistisk bilkörningsdata samlades genom att köra bil samt extraherades från Volvos databas och bearbetades. Ett nytt hastighetsanpassningssystem uppfanns, implementerades samt utvärderades. Hastighetsanpassningssystemet visade sig vara kapabelt till att beräkna en lämplig fordonshastighet för förarens körstil under rådande väderförhållanden och vägens egenskaper. Två olika artificiella neuronnätverk samt två matematiska modeller användes för att beräkna fordonets hastighet. Dessa metoder jämfördes och utvärderades.
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Jalkebo, Charlotte. "Placement of Controls in Construction Equipment Using Operators´Sitting Postures : Process and Recommendations." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Maskinkonstruktion, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-108980.
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An ergonomically designed work environment may decrease work related musculoskeletal disorders, lead to less sick leaves and increase production time for operators and companies all around the world. Volvo Construction Equipment wants to deepen the knowledge and investigate more carefully how operators are actually sitting whilst operating the machines, how this affects placement of controls and furthermore optimize controls placements accordingly. The purpose is to enhance their product development process by suggesting guidelines for control placement with improved ergonomics based on operators’ sitting postures. The goal is to deliver a process which identifies and transfers sitting postures to RAMSIS and uses them for control placement recommendations in the cab and operator environments. Delimitations concerns: physical ergonomics, 80% usability of the resulted process on the machine types, and the level of detail for controls and their placements. Research, analysis, interviews, test driving of machines, video recordings of operators and the ergonomic software RAMSIS has served as base for analysis. The analysis led to (i) the conclusion that sitting postures affect optimal ergonomic placement of controls, though not ISO-standards, (ii) the conclusion that RAMSIS heavy truck postures does not seem to correspond to Volvo CE’s operators’ sitting postures and (iii) and to an advanced engineering project process suitable for all machine types and applicable in the product development process. The result can also be used for other machines than construction equipment. The resulted process consists of three independent sub-processes with step by step explanations and recommendations of; (i) what information that needs to be gathered, (ii) how to identify and transfer sitting postures into RAMSIS, (iii) how to use RAMSIS to create e design aid for recommended control placement. The thesis also contains additional enhancements to Volvo CE’s product development process with focus on ergonomics. A conclusion is that the use of motion capture could not be verified to work for Volvo Construction Equipment, though it was verified that if motion capture works, the process works. Another conclusion is that the suggested body landmarks not could be verified that they are all needed for this purpose except for those needed for control placement. Though they are based on previous sitting posture identification in vehicles and only those that also occur in RAMSIS are recommended, and therefore they can be used. This thesis also questions the most important parameters for interior vehicle design (hip- and eye locations) and suggests that shoulder locations are just as important. The thesis concluded five parameters for control categorization, and added seven categories in addition to those mentioned in the ISO-standards. Other contradictions and loopholes in the ISO-standards were identified, highlighted and discussed. Suggestions for improving the ergonomic analyses in RAMSIS can also be found in this report. More future research mentioned is more details on control placement as well as research regarding sitting postures are suggested. If the resulted process is delimited to concern upper body postures, other methods for posture identification may be used.
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(8752446), Kylie M. O'Connor. "MODELING ANNUAL AND QUARTERLY U.S. FARM TRACTOR SALES." Thesis, 2020.
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Farm machinery is a vital input for production agriculture and, as a result, is a significant part of the agricultural economy. Despite its great importance, there has been relatively little academic analysis on the driving forces behind farm machinery sales over the past several decades. The studies that do evaluate farm machinery sales all do so regarding annual sales despite shorter-term sales data being available. These previous studies primarily use traditional macroeconomic variables, tailored to the agricultural industry, to explain farm machinery sales. Recently, with the creation of the Ag Economy Barometer Survey in October 2015, farmer sentiment data is being collected. Studies using consumer sentiment data to evaluate consumer demand have found sentiment data useful when including it in demand models, especially for consumer durable goods. This study evaluates farm machinery sales, specifically two-wheel-drive tractors with 100 horsepower or higher, using both traditional macroeconomic variables and farmer sentiment data. The evaluation begins by looking at annual tractor sales from 1978 to 2019 using machinery prices, prices received for outputs, prices paid for inputs, lagged net farm income, interest rates for loans specifically for farm machinery, farm assets, and the number of acres harvested. The annual models are used to derive elasticities with respect to farm tractor sales, and the quantity demanded is most responsive to changes in machinery prices, the number of acres harvested, prices received for crops and livestock, and the level of farm assets. Out-of-sample estimations aids in evaluating the forecasting power of the models with the best statistical fit. The model with the best out-ofsample performance forecasts 2020 sales of farm tractors with 100 HP and above using various assumptions for agricultural economic conditions in 2020. The model estimates a record low in tractor sales dating back to 1978. The annual models are then re-estimated using quarterly data spanning from 2009 to 2019. The quarterly models have less statistical fit than their annual counterparts. This reduced model performance is likely due to the seasonal nature of farm tractor sales and that some of the explanatory variables are only updated on an annual basis, limiting their ability to capture the seasonal variations. Finally, the quarterly models are estimated again to include farmer sentiment data. At the time of the study, only 17 quarterly observations of farmer sentiment data had been collected, significantly limiting the evaluation. The limited number of observations results in an inconclusive outcome regarding the explanatory power of farmer sentiment data.
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Drake, Dawn M. "Geographies of Competitive Advantage: An Examination of the US Farm Machinery Industry." 2011. http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/963.
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Many explanations of competitive advantage view place as a secondary factor. Organizational studies models tend to be considered aspatially, yet most are inherently geographic. It is important to consider the impact that geography has on the success or failure of an individual firm or a sector. This dissertation examines how location impacts the US farm machinery industry through an empirical analysis of Porter’s Theory of Competitive Advantage. Contributing to this empirical test are other bodies of literature including models for headquarters and research and development siting, product life cycle theory, industry life cycle theory, and green technologies as a driver of competitive advantage.
The US farm machinery industry is composed of three firms: Deere and Company, Case New Holland, and the Allis-Gleaner Corporation. Theory-elaborating case study methodology, informed by archival data, publically available documents, trade show reconnaissance, and plant tours, coupled with map and content analysis allows for a deeper understanding of how geography impacts competitive advantage in the sector.
Comparing findings from these geographic case studies to Porter’s results led to a new understanding of competitive advantage for mature manufacturing in a globalized economy. Previous analysis found Porter’s single diamond, which focuses on local conditions for competitive advantage, most appropriate for explaining mature industries in advanced market economies. This study found, however, that as mature industries increasingly pursue a global focus, a double diamond model, which takes into account both local and global conditions for competitive advantage, is more appropriate, even in an advanced economy.
This research also found that, much like second-tier cities are desirable for headquarters and research and development siting, second-tier countries (that can provide high-skill labor at lower prices) are increasingly attractive for manufacturing operations. The need for modifications to product life cycle theory that take into account the impact of these countries as well as the effects of nationalism on manufacturing decisions in mature economies were also uncovered by this dissertation.
This research demonstrates the continued importance of place to understanding competitive advantage, not only in the US farm machinery industry, but generally for mature manufacturing as a whole.
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Gerrard, William. "Optimal machinery use intensity for a large farm in west central Manitoba." 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/4780.
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Farmers in Western Canada are continually assessing where to invest their next dollar. In considering a farm expansion and the machinery assets they need to match their current farm size or a possible expansion.
This study attempts to find the optimal farm size by creating a farm budget model that maximizes profit over a range of different farm sizes. As farm size increases there is more risk that inclement weather will lengthen the time needed for crop operations. Previous studies have shown that both seeding and harvest operations have optimum time windows in which they should occur for best yield results.
The results of this research showed that net mean profit was maximized around a 9,000 acre grain farm. For farm sizes above 9,000 acres losses associated with lack of field operation time could not be compensated by cropping additional acres.
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Tswen-Jyh, Ho, and 何存智. "The Empirical Study of Specification on Rental Price for I-Lan County Farm Machinery." Thesis, 1995. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/00107844427756430336.
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