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1
Brouwer, Roland, and Ilaria Tedesco. "Shackled Orange: Biofortified Varieties in the Sweetpotato Commodity Chain in Mozambique." Sustainable Agriculture Research 8, no. 2 (April 5, 2019): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v8n2p55.
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Biofortified, orange-fleshed sweetpotato (OFSP) varieties are being promoted as a part of a strategy to reduce Vitamin A Deficiency among rural and urban populations in Sub-Saharan Africa. This paper uses the commodity chain approach to understand whether markets may stimulate or not the production of the new orange sweetpotato varieties on Mozambique’s main consumer market, Maputo, its capital and largest city. It shows that the chain linking rural producers to the city’s consumers is operated by private actors; the government provides basic infrastructures and price information. International donors are involved through the dissemination of planting material and nutrition information in support the marketing of OFSP. The commodity chains of white and orange-fleshed varieties are entwined with no clear price differences. The annual marketed volume is estimated at 8,000 tonnes, mostly produced by smallholders and sold to consumers by sidewalk and open-air market retailers. This market segment is dominated by women. A small group of specialized - male and female - commercial OFSP producers supplies about 0.5% to 1% of this market selling directly to a specific group of clients who either buy at farm gate or through home delivery. The conclusion is that the existing commodity chain fails to stimulate the production of OFSP and the expansion of its benefits to wider sections of the population suggesting that the emphasis should be on having biofortified varieties that can compete successfully with the conventional ones at the farm-level.
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Makate, Clifton, Marshall Makate, and Nelson Mango. "Farm types and adoption of proven innovative practices in smallholder bean farming in Angonia district of Mozambique." International Journal of Social Economics 45, no. 1 (January 8, 2018): 140–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-11-2016-0318.
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Purpose Improving the adoption rates of proven innovative practices in bean farming and their impacts on livelihoods requires persistent promotion of practices, complemented by rigorous socioeconomic analysis that recognises the diversity of smallholder farmers. The purpose of this paper is to typify farm households in Angonia district of Mozambique, based on their socioeconomic characteristics prompting the adoption of proven innovative practices in bean production, management, and marketing. Design/methodology/approach The authors use a multivariate statistical analysis approach that combines principal component analysis, and cluster analysis to clearly identify five distinctive farm household types with respect to the adoption of proven innovative practices in smallholder bean farming using socio-economic factors. Findings The study findings show that various socioeconomic factors define clusters and can be associated with the adoption and use of innovative practices in smallholder bean farming. The five farm types identified are: female landowners with small farm sizes (29.52 per cent); educated farmers with access to credit (6.63 per cent); relatively rich male land owners with large farm sizes and low education (8.73 per cent); youthful, inexperienced and poor male farmers (6.33 per cent); and experienced female farmers with high labour endowments (8.43 per cent). The respective farm types seemed to have different patterns in the adoption of proven innovative practices in bean farming. Originality/value The authors recommend that policy makers promote strategies meant to raise adoption of innovative practices in bean production, management and marketing in Mozambique that takes into account household diversity. The farm types identified by this study can be a good starting point for guiding such future efforts.
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Atuchukwu, Ohazulike. "ESTABLISHMENT OF IRRIGATIONS FOR EFFECTIVE MARKETING OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE." International Journal of Innovative Research in Social Sciences and Strategic Management Techniques 7, no. 1 (September 3, 2020): 238–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.48028/iiprds/ijirsssmt.v7.i1.18.
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The study examined establishment of irrigations for effective marketing of agricultural produce. The specific objective is to ensure that irrigations established are providing water flow over lands for nourishing crops among others. Research question is to what extent do irrigations cause water flow over lands for nourishing crops among others. Research hypothesis is, there is no significant relationship between irrigations and causing water to flow over lands for nourishing crops among others. Review of related literature had insight at facilitating institutions in the marketing of agricultural products. The economic theory was propounded by Han and Mathews (1966); which was discussed. Empirical review was stated. Survey research design was embraced. Area of the study was Ekpe farm settlement at Ihiala, Ihiala local government area, Anambra state, Nigeria. Population of the study was farmers in Ekpe farm settlement. The sample size was 215 but 206 copies of questionnaire were used and duly filled. Two point likert scale of questioning was adopted. Discussion of the study was based on establishment of irrigations for effective marketing of agricultural produce. The study concluded that establishment of irrigations and effective marketing of agricultural produce. The study recommends that federal or state government is expected to establish irrigations for the farmers among others.
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Bozzoli, Carlos, and Tilman Brück. "Agriculture, Poverty, and Postwar Reconstruction: Micro-Level Evidence from Northern Mozambique." Journal of Peace Research 46, no. 3 (May 2009): 377–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022343309102658.
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This article analyzes the effects of household-level activity choices on farm household welfare in a developing country affected by mass violent armed conflict. The study uses household survey data from postwar Nampula and Cabo Delgado provinces in Northern Mozambique capturing many activity choices, including market participation, risk and activity diversification, cotton adoption, and social exchange, as well as income-and consumption-based measures of welfare. The study advances the literature on postwar coping and rural poverty at the micro level by estimating potentially endogenous activity choices and welfare outcomes using instrumental variables. The study finds that increasing the cultivated area and on-farm activities enhances postwar welfare of smallholders exploiting wartime survival techniques. Subsistence farming reduces income but does not affect consumption, while market participation has positive welfare effects. This suggests that postwar reconstruction policies should encourage the wartime crop mix but offer enhanced marketing opportunities for such crops. Cotton adoption, which was promoted by aid agencies in the postwar period, reduces household welfare per capita by between 16% and 31%, controlling for market access. This contradicts previous studies of postwar rural development that did not control for the war-related endogeneity. Hence, addressing the potential endogeneity of activity choices is important because the standard regression approach may lead to biased estimates of the impact of activity choice on welfare, which in turn may lead to biased policy advice. The article discusses and contextualizes these findings, concluding with a discussion of suitable pro-poor reconstruction policies for national governments and donors.
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Ross, Nancy J., Molly D. Anderson, Jeanne P. Goldberg, Robert Houser, and Beatrice Lorge Rogers. "Trying and buying locally grown produce at the workplace: Results of a marketing intervention." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 14, no. 4 (December 1999): 171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300008353.
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AbstractAlthough consumers have a high opinion of locally grown produce, they do not consider origin as important as other factors in produce selection. Inconvenience is a major barrier to purchasing local produce. In a rural community in Maine, the Farm Fresh Project tested an intervention designed to exploit consumers' high regard for locally grown produce and also overcome the inconvenience of buying it. Each week for six weeks in the summer of 1997, employees at three worksites were offered tastings of locally grown produce, information about the produce, and an opportunity to order it at their workplaces. Changes in purchases of locally grown produce were compared with changes among employees at three matched control worksites. More than a quarter of workers at intervention worksites ordered produce through the project. Significant numbers of employees at intervention worksites who had not bought locally grown produce earlier in the summer bought it at outlets in the community during the four weeks following the intervention. Visits to the community farmers' market, purchases at roadside stands, pick-your-own purchases, and purchases of locally grown produce, both overall and at locations other than at the farmers' market, increased significantly in the intervention group. Among workers at control sites, only roadside stand purchases increased significantly. It appears that the opportunity to taste and purchase locally grown produce at a convenient venue, the workplace, motivated consumers to overcome barriers to purchasing locally grown produce at less convenient venues outside of the workplace. Temporary farm stands at workplaces may offer a promising new direct market for farmers.
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Adam, Rahma I., Maria da Luz Quinhentos, Pauline Muindi, and Jessica Osanya. "Gender relations along the maize value chain in Mozambique." Outlook on Agriculture 49, no. 2 (November 26, 2019): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0030727019888661.
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This article offers insights into gender relations at every node of the maize value chain in rural Mozambique. Data were collected using mixed methods, including a survey of 295 households, key informant interviews with 29 individuals (breeders, agro-dealers, traders, and processors), and 12 sex-disaggregated focus group discussions with smallholder farmers. The findings show that in terms of the gender division of labor in maize production, there is no significant difference between male-headed and female-headed households concerning the participation of men, women, children, and hired labor. In addition, due to their culturally prescribed role as head of household, men are responsible for maize marketing and for making decisions both at the farm level and across the higher nodes of the value chain. Moreover, cultural restrictions on women’s mobility and gender disparities in access to transportation tend to exclude women from participating in the markets. However, women from matrilineal villages are shown to have more autonomy than those from patrilineal villages in making decisions about the quantity of maize to sell, participation in the market, and control of revenue. Finally, whether the woman belongs to the patriarchal or matriarchal system, she still faces challenges as she accedes to the higher nodes of the value chain, for example, participating as a trader, because of her dual roles as mother/homemaker and business woman.
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Mondal, Biswajit, Jaiprakash Bisen, Suresh Kumar, Saddam Hossen Majumder, SK Mishra, GAK Kumar, MK Sinha, Utkarsh Tiwari, and Meenu Punia. "Potential implications of 'Farm Laws 2020' on rice marketing in India: A discussion." Oryza-An International Journal on Rice 58, Special (April 22, 2021): 221–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.35709/ory.2021.58.spl.10.
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The new farm laws remain a contentious issue in the political debates and discussions from their enactment. Protests are being organised across the country for their repeal. Rice is an important crop, produced and consumed by almost every farmer in India. Hence, the issue lodges an important place in the agriculture canvas of the country. In this context, this articles makes the first attempts to discuss the commodity-specific implications of these laws. In this article, we have provided an elaborate view on the three farm laws enacted in the year 2020 namely (1) The Farmers' Produce Trade and Commerce (Promotion and Facilitation) Act, 2020; (2) Farmers (Empowerment and Protection) Agreement on Price Assurance and Farm Services Act, 2020; and (3) Essential Commodities (Amendment) Act, 2020 and discussed their possible implications on rice marketing in India.
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Mohammad, Faiz. "Farm Prices and the Green Revolution: Some Reflections on the Performance of Private Agricultural Markets in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 24, no. 2 (June 1, 1985): 103–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v24i2pp.103-123.
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Private agricultural marketing systems in developing countries are sometimes considered incapable of handling rapid growth in farm produce with adequate reward to the producer. As such, they could discourage improvements in farm productivity. This paper shows that this is not necessarily so in Pakistan. During the Green Revolution of the Sixties, when, owing to cultivation of HYVs, total production of wheat and (coarse) rice increased significantly, the marketing system facilitated the farmer's search for a desired price. More traders entered the trade, and increased competition among them enabled the farmer to secure better prices for hi' wheat and rice crops. The trader's margin at different stages of marketing also went down during the Green Revolution period, signifying an improvement in the performance of agricultural markets.
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Sakshi, Anugrah, Dipak Kumar Bose, and Jahanara Jahanara. "PARTICIPATION OF TRIBAL WOMEN IN DIFFERENT FARM ACTIVITIES IN KISHANGANJ DISTRICT OF BIHAR." International Journal of Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology 8, no. 5 (May 30, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.47856/ijaast.2021.v08i5.001.
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The present study was conducted in Kishanganj District of Bihar to find out the participation of tribal women in various farm activities. A total of 124 respondents were selected randomly for the present study. The data were collected through a pre-structured interview schedule and later appropriate statistical analysis was done to find out the meaningful result. The results showed that the tribal women were engaged in almost all the farming activities like preparation of field, sowing of seeds, transplantation, weeding, manureing, harvesting, threshing, winnowing, storage of grains ,marketing, disposal of farm produce etc. however, they were actively participating in farm activities like, transplantation, weeding, raising of nurseries, preparation of field, storage of grains , cleaning and grading etc but they were having less participation in farm activities like, threshing, plant protection measures, fertilizer and pesticide application, marketing etc. The maximum extent of their participation found in transplanting having mean score 2.88 (rank Ⅰ), followed by harvesting having mean score 2.87 (rank Ⅱ).
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Grassbaugh, Elaine M., Mark A. Bennett, Mark Schmittgen, and Brad Bergefurd. "Specialty Vegetable Crops Production and Marketing in Ohio." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 667b—667. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.667b.
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Specialty vegetables are defined as crops that are different in color, size, shape or nutrient content for that particular crop, those not normally grown in a specific area, or crops grown out of season. Knowing the clientele and what they demand is the first step in successfully marketing these less common crops. Due to market demand, “uncommon” crops are more frequently requested by produce buyers and the public. What is in demand one year may not be marketable the next. Our attempts to produce >25 specialty crops under Ohio growing conditions over the past 3 years resulted in successes and failures. Regardless of the outcome, our findings were important to vegetable growers who are interested in producing these crops. Crops tested from 1994 to 1996 included globe artichokes, luffa gourds, chili peppers, habanero peppers, okra, tomatillos, baby corn, and several specialty tomato varieties. Crops produced successfully in Ohio were marketed through several farm markets, food terminals, and produce brokers. A summary of cultural practices, production tips, and marketing opportunities on these less common vegetable crops based on our research in Ohio will be presented.
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Omotesho, Olubunmi, Abdulazeez Muhammad-Lawal, Khadijat Amolegbe, and Tauheed Abubakar. "Assessment of dry season garden egg production among small-scale farmers in Edu Local Government Area of Kwara State, Nigeria." Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Belgrade 62, no. 1 (2017): 89–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jas1701089o.
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The study was carried out for the purpose of assessing dry season garden egg production among small-scale farmers in Edu Local Government Area of Kwara State. The study adopted a snowballing sampling technique to sample 120 small-scale garden egg farmers. Five research questions were formulated to achieve the objectives of this research work. Descriptive statistics, cost and return analysis and OLS regression were used to analyze data collected. Cost and return analysis shows that the total revenue generated from the sales of irrigated garden egg produce for a typical farmer was N 36,596.5k while the total fixed cost (depreciated) and variable input cost amounted to 1,279.22K to give a net farm income (NFI) of N 24,582.68k. The OLS regression results revealed that the coefficients of farm size and household size were positive and significant at the 1% and 10% levels of probability respectively. This implies that an increase in farm size by 1 ha will increase the production of dry season garden egg by 1 percent. While the results of stochastic production frontier estimate show that the parameters of labour, fertilizer and farm size were highly significant, chemical use was significant at 10% level. This result implies that the farmers were technically efficient in the use of labour, fertilizer, chemical and farm size. Therefore, it is recommended that farmers should be encouraged to form cooperative societies, whereby they can join their resources together to provide a cost-effective irrigation system. Also, government authorities and other non-governmental organizations are encouraged to give farmers fertilizers and other chemicals at subsidized rates. There is a need for revitalization of the marketing board in Nigeria to further strengthen the marketing of agricultural produce and reduce marketing, storage and transportation problems.
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Alarima, Cornelius Idowu, Scholastica Ngozi Atata, Adetayo Kazeem Aromolaran, Joseph Mubo Awotunde, Olusola Ayansina, Oluwakemi Enitan Fapojuwo, Fadilat Ayinde, and Yetunde Fashola. "the RURAL ROAD AND MARKETING OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE: A CASE STUDY OF KAJOLA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF OYO STATE, NIGERIA." FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES 4, no. 2 (July 8, 2020): 545–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2020-0402-182.
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The transport system is fundamental to economic and social development of rural communities. The study examined the impact of road transportation system on the marketing of agricultural produce in Kajola local government area of Oyo state. Multi stage sampling technique was used to select one hundred and sixty (166) rural farmers for the study. Primary data were collected with the use of a pre-tested questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results revealed that 72.7% of the respondents were male, 69.5% were married with a mean age of 40.83years. Also, 91.4%, 89.8%, 87.5%, 79.7% and 76.6%, of the respondents produced maize, tomatoes, pepper, yam and cassava respectively while 21.9% produced cucumber. Furthermore, 60.2% of the farmers move their produce from the farm to the market through feeder roads using motorcycles due to the bad state of the roads. Respondents revealed that bad road networks bring about reduced quantity of farm produce leading to higher price. The result of the correlation analysis revealed that road transportation mode is significantly (p<0.05) related (r = 0.317) to the marketing of agricultural produce. The study recommends the renovation of existing roads and construction of more rural feeder roads to link farmlands to the markets.
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Rabilla, Raissa Rahmaditya, Arif Satria, and Lilik Noor Yuliati. "Strategi Pemasaran Lele Sangkuriang Organik Surya Kencana Farm Kota Bogor." MANAJEMEN IKM: Jurnal Manajemen Pengembangan Industri Kecil Menengah 13, no. 2 (January 3, 2019): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/mikm.13.2.137-142.
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Catfish is one of the most widely cultivated freshwater fish. Bogor is a district and a city that has considerable potential for Catfish farming. This is because the consumption of Catfish is pretty much absorbed by the DKI Jakarta and Bogor city become penyedianya. In 2016 alone, the level of consumption of Catfish in Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang and Bekasi (Jabodetabek) is very high. The needs of Jabodetabek community will Catfish reaches 120 tons per day. As quoted from an article, from the amount of these needs, Bogor can only produce Catfish as much as 30 tons per day. This of course becomes an opportunity and a prospect for Catfish farming. This study aims to identify the condition of internal environment and external environment in Surya Kencana Farm. Formulate alternative marketing strategies for Surya Kencana Farm. Determining priority marketing strategy for Surya Kencana Farm. This study uses SWOT analysis to determine alternative choice of marketing strategy for Surya Kencana Farm. Then proceed with QSPM to determine the best strategy that Surya Kencana Farm can do. The results of the analysis with the SWOT and QSPM matrices, obtained alternative strategies that can be implemented, namely utilizing IT progress, such as websites and the internet to inform Lele Sangkuriang product quality, and informing about organic Sangkuriang Catfish produced by SKF is a priority strategy that can be done by SKF.
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Nahar, A., A. R. Saili, N. M. Hamzah, F. Abdul Fatah, Z. Yusop, and N. B. Kamarul Zaman. "Challenges in marketing channel selection by smallholder pineapple growers in Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia." Food Research 4, S5 (December 20, 2020): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.4(s5).020.
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Pineapples are very perishable and require an immediate sale to consumers. This has triggered the local growers to market their produce and rely on the middleman. Thus, this present study was conducted to identify the challenges that affect the marketing channel selection of smallholder pineapple growers in Samarahan, Sarawak. The primary data used for this study were collected from 123 smallholder pineapple growers using simple random sampling method with a well-structured close-ended questionnaire via face-toface survey. The descriptive analysis was used to describe the socio-demographic characteristics of the pineapple growers meanwhile exploratory factor analysis (EFA) using principal component analysis approach with orthogonal rotation (varimax) was used to reduce data to a smaller set of summary variables and to identify the structure of the relationship between the variables and the respondents. The findings revealed that five main challenges have caused pineapple growers to carefully select the marketing channel in marketing their produce namely; lack of market information; inefficient transportation; price volatility; market distance; and product perishability. Inadequate marketing information about supply and demand markets, potential buyers, bargaining, and negotiation have caused concerned for the pineapple growers to take the risk in marketing their produce to various customers. Lack of transportation facility and high transportation cost has caused the pineapple growers to sell their produce at the farm gate to reduce losses during the distribution channel. Moreover, the unstable pineapple price has created a risk to the growers due to its negative effect on farm income stability. Besides, the distance between farms and marketplace has significantly affected marketable surplus of pineapple fruits thus resorts to the growers to rely on the middleman to market their produce. Conclusively, all the challenges highlighted in this study should be given adequate attention by the relevant agencies to improve and continue their effective roles in the pineapple market and to enhance farmers’ livelihoods. This can be achieved by strengthening the fruit supply chain management, adopting comprehensive approaches such as policies, programs and strategies pertaining to the marketing of pineapple fruits that require a collective effort and commitment from the public and private sectors.
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Chang, Yun-Cih, Min-Fang Wei, and Yir-Hueih Luh. "Choice of Modern Food Distribution Channels and Its Welfare Effects: Empirical Evidence from Taiwan." Agriculture 11, no. 6 (May 28, 2021): 499. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11060499.
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The determinants and/or economic effects of modern food distribution channels have attracted much attention in previous research. Studies on the welfare consequences of modern channel options, however, have been sparse. Based on a broader definition of modern food distribution channels including midstream processors and downstream retailers (supermarkets, hypermarkets, brand-named retailers), this study contributes to the existing body of knowledge by exploring the distributional implications of farm households’ choice of modern food distribution channels using a large and unique farm household dataset in Taiwan. Making use of the two-step control function approach, we identify the effect of modern food distribution options on farm households’ profitability. The results reveal selling farm produce to modern food distributors does not produce a positive differential compared to the traditional outlets. Another dimension of farm household welfare affected by the choice of modern food distribution channel is income inequality. We apply the Lerman and Yitzhaki decomposition approach to gain a better understanding of the effect of the marketing channel option on the overall distribution of farm household income. The Gini decomposition of different income sources indicates that the choice of modern food distribution channels results in an inequality-equalizing effect among the farm households in Taiwan, suggesting the inclusion of smallholder farmers in the modern food distribution channels improves the overall welfare of the rural society.
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Conner, David S., Adam D. Montri, Dru N. Montri, and Michael W. Hamm. "Consumer demand for local produce at extended season farmers' markets: guiding farmer marketing strategies." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 24, no. 4 (September 18, 2009): 251–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170509990044.
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AbstractLocally grown food is gaining popularity and increasing its prevalence holds potential for broad social, economic and environmental benefits. Season extension technologies such as hoop houses offer a solution to limited growing seasons, a major constraint in many areas, enhancing efforts to supply locally grown food. This paper discusses research conducted at three Michigan farmers' markets, locations where Michigan farmers utilizing hoop houses currently sell their produce. The research measures consumers' willingness to buy local produce at extended season markets using a set of four complementary methods: dot poster surveys, written surveys, focus groups and experimental auctions. Building upon prior research on attributes that create value for local foods (spatial proximity, food quality and relationships between farmers and consumers), our results inform farmers' choice of marketing mix. We find consumers willing to pay a premium for large quantities of locally grown produce, with many placing highest value on products grown in Michigan. We conclude that extended season farmers' markets supplied by hoop house grown produce create an opportunity for farm viability and further development of the market for locally grown food.
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Sirjana, Yogi, Paudyal Bijay Raj, Shrestha Anish, and Bharti Bibas. "PRODUCTION AND MARKETING ECONOMICS OF HONEY FROM APIS CERANA IN DANG DISTRICT OF NEPAL." Reviews In Food And Agriculture 1, no. 1 (September 18, 2020): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/rfna.01.2020.22.26.
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Beekeeping with Apis cerana is a vehicle to run livelihood of rural farmers in Nepal. Honey production is major source of cash income for them. This study was conducted in Dang, Nepal, with the aim to analyze production and marketing economics of honey form A. cerana. Total 55 beekeepers, two beekeeping groups, two collectors and five retailers were selected randomly for interview. The results showed that on average farmers holding 14.55 bee hive with productivity of honey 6.12 kg per hive. The benefit cost ratio was 3.71 and average annual net profit was NRs. 2,646.96 (USD 23.06) per hive. Human labour hours in colony management, number of beehives and number of honey harvest per year were significant factors affecting honey production. Ninety two percent of honey produce was actually marketed through three major marketing channels. Most of the producers directly sold honey to consumer and had higher farm gate price. Overall farm gate price, price spread, producer’s share and marketing efficiency index of honey was NRs. 671.06/kg, NRs. 93.15/kg, 84.12 percent and 5.30 respectively. Absconding behavior of A.cerana was the top production problem and lack of wholesale marketing points was top most marketing problem perceived by farmers.
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Brown, Cheryl. "Consumers' preferences for locally produced food: A study in southeast Missouri." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 18, no. 4 (December 2003): 213–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ajaa200353.
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AbstractA mail survey was used to gather information from the main food buyer in random households in southeast Missouri to analyze consumer preferences for locally grown food. A majority of shoppers in the region were not aware of the state's AgriMissouri promotion program. Consumers defined locally grown not as a statewide concept but as a narrower regional concept that could cross state boundaries. Most important when purchasing produce were quality and freshness, and most consumers perceived local produce at farmers' markets to be of higher quality and lower price. Farm households were not significantly different from other households in the region and did not show a preference or willingness to pay a price premium for local food products. Food buyers who were members of an environmental group had higher education and income and were more likely to purchase organic food and more willing to pay a higher price for local produce. Households in which someone was raised on a farm, or had parents who were raised on a farm, had a preference for locally grown food and were willing to pay a price premium for it. Marketing local products should stress quality, freshness, and price competitiveness, and appeal to environmentalists and those with a favorable attitude towards family farms.
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Amanullah, A., N. M. Nawi, N. H. Kamarulzaman, and M. N. Shamsudin. "Factors influencing post-harvest losses of apples among growers in Paktia, Afghanistan." Food Research 4, no. 6 (November 3, 2020): 2313–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.4(6).302.
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Postharvest losses have been highlighted as one of the determinants in fresh crop production in most developing countries. Losses in agricultural sector in the province of Paktia are largely due to the perishable quality of the produce and ineffective management of post-harvest. Many post-harvest losses are direct result of factors such as harvesting, sorting, grading, packaging, storage, transportation and marketing. Thus, it is important to identify factors related to postharvest losses of apples among the growers in Paktia, Afghanistan. Survey of three districts, namely Gardiz, Ahamdaba, and Saidkaram was conducted with 279 apple growers that were selected using systematic random sampling. Data were collected using structured questionnaires via face to face interview. Data collected were then analyzed using descriptive analysis, chi-square analysis and factor analysis. The finding of descriptive analysis showed that among all the post-harvest activities based on the percentage ranking, all apple growers (100%) were involved in the marketing of apples in search of both direct or indirect channels to sell their produce to reduce the losses. This means in order to reduce apples losses, it is important to find a market for their products. From the Chi-square analysis results, there was a significant association between education level (P=0.046), farm size (P=0.000), farm experience (P=0.019), yield (P=0.000) and post-harvest losses. Moreover, the factor analysis results revealed seven factors that influenced post-harvest losses of apples namely harvesting, sorting, grading, packaging, storage, transportation and marketing. Therefore, establishing proper storages and packaging facilities will reduce apple grower’s losses, and enable easier marketing of their produce in different season throughout the year. Furthermore, sorting and grading will raise the value of apple products for a better marketing. Meanwhile, road transport and transportation system also have a significant impact on distribution of apple products in the study area. Therefore, it can be concluded that road transport and transportation system should be improved in order to reduce the losses of apple production.
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Arumugam, S. "Willingness to pay a premium for produce at direct marketing outlets: an ordered probit analysis." SAARC Journal of Agriculture 15, no. 2 (January 25, 2018): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sja.v15i2.35156.
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The concept of farm to consumer direct marketing has been popularly known to create opportunities for farmer-consumer relationship and enhance the sustainability of the local farming business. The objective of the present study was to predict the consumers’ willingness to pay for fresh produce in the direct marketing outlets and agritourism activities. An Internet survey relating to direct marketing and agritourism was conducted to understand the characteristics of consumers. A total of 1,134 participants completed the survey from Delaware, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. Based on their responses, an ordered probit model was developed at a low premium (1-5 percent), medium premium (6-10 percent) and high premium (11percent and above) to predict respondents’ willingness to pay a premium for produce sold at direct marketing outlets. The estimated results show that consumers’ willingness to pay more to help preserve farmland or local business is highly significant. However, we discovered an inverse relationship for the Mid-Atlantic fresh greens shoppers. On average, as the travel distance increases, the likelihood of paying a higher premium decrease based on each additional mile they travel. The results of the ordered probit model will help all relevant stakeholders from the Mid-Atlantic States to promote direct marketing and agritourism industry in the region and enhance their knowledge of the industry.SAARC J. Agri., 15(2): 19-30 (2017)
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Velandia, Margarita, Christopher D. Clark, Dayton M. Lambert, James A. Davis, Kimberly Jensen, Annette Wszelaki, and Michael D. Wilcox. "Factors Affecting Producer Participation in State-sponsored Marketing Programs: The Case of Fruit and Vegetable Growers in Tennessee." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 43, no. 2 (August 2014): 249–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1068280500004305.
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State programs promoting their agricultural products have proliferated in response to increased consumer interest in locally grown foods. Tennessee, for example, currently has two state-funded programs promoting its agricultural products. This study examines the factors associated with participation by Tennessee fruit and vegetable farmers in those programs. The results suggest that farmer participation is associated with farm income, use of extension resources, and fresh produce sales. These results should be of interest to anyone attempting to increase producer participation in such programs.
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Ahearn, Mary Clare, Kathleen Liang, and Stephan Goetz. "Farm business financial performance in local foods value chains." Agricultural Finance Review 78, no. 4 (August 6, 2018): 470–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/afr-08-2017-0071.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to identify the factors associated with farm financial success for those farms known to produce for local supply chains. The analysis considers alternative measures of farm financial performance and considers the role of the local foods supply chain in the choice to market locally.Design/methodology/approachThe paper uses a two-stage Heckman approach which addresses the possibility of sample selection bias. In the first stage, the choice model to engage in direct marketing is estimated. In the second stage, the authors estimate a model of the financial performance of those in the sample that direct marketed which includes an IMR term calculated from the parameters of the first stage equation. The analysis uses national farm-level data from the Agricultural and Resource Management Survey of the US Department of Agriculture and combines data from 2009 to 2012 to overcome the constraint of small samples.FindingsIndicators of the development of a local foods supply were positively related to the choice to engage in direct marketing. Factors affecting farm financial performance varied significantly between a short-term and a long-term measure. The results emphasize the importance of considering multiple outcome measures, developing local supply chains and provide implications about beginning farms.Originality/valueIf a local foods system is going to thrive, the farms that market the agricultural products in the local food system must attain a certain level of profitability. The value of the analysis is an improved understanding of the financial performance of farms producing for a small, but growing segment of the food supply chain.
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van DYK, BRIGITTE N., WILLEKE de BRUIN, ERIKA M. du PLESSIS, and LISE KORSTEN. "Microbiological Food Safety Status of Commercially Produced Tomatoes from Production to Marketing." Journal of Food Protection 79, no. 3 (March 1, 2016): 392–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-300.
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ABSTRACT Tomatoes have been implicated in various microbial disease outbreaks and are considered a potential vehicle for foodborne pathogens. Traceback studies mostly implicate contamination during production and/or processing. The microbiological quality of commercially produced tomatoes was thus investigated from the farm to market, focusing on the impact of contaminated irrigation and washing water, facility sanitation, and personal hygiene. A total of 905 samples were collected from three large-scale commercial farms from 2012 through 2014. The farms differed in water sources used (surface versus well) and production methods (open field versus tunnel). Levels of total coliforms and Escherichia coli and prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium were determined. Dominant coliforms were identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. No pathogens or E. coli were detected on any of the tomatoes tested throughout the study despite the high levels of coliforms (4.2 to 6.2 log CFU/g) present on the tomatoes at the market. The dominant species associated with tomatoes belonged to the genera Enterobacter, Klebsiella, and Citrobacter. Water used on the farm for irrigation considered not fit for purpose according to national agricultural irrigation standards, with high E. coli levels resulting from either a highly contaminated source water (river water at 3.19 log most probable number [MPN]/100 ml) or improper storage of source water (stored well water at 1.72 log MPN/100 ml). Salmonella Typhimurium was detected on two occasions on a contact surface in the processing facility of the first farm in 2012. Contact surface coliform counts were 2.9 to 4.8 log CFU/cm2. Risk areas identified in this study were water used for irrigation and poor sanitation practices in the processing facility. Implementation of effective food safety management systems in the fresh produce industry is of the utmost importance to ensure product safety for consumers.
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Vutete, Clever, and Farai Chigora. "The Rural Market and Urban Market Integration: A Marketing Panacea to Economic Development Issues of Zimbabwe." Business and Economic Research 6, no. 1 (March 11, 2016): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ber.v6i1.9168.
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<p class="ber"><span lang="EN-GB">While many Zimbabweans are searching for foreign based economic opportunities for trade and exchange, the local market can also be used as a source of adding value through identifying and capitalising on the existing domestic absolute and comparative advantages. The development of linkages between rural markets and urban markets based on agricultural produce, farm implements, manufactured products and furniture products were used as case study products for identifying and evaluating comparative advantages in this study. A quantitative approach that collected and analysed rural and urban product units and price perceptions of 40 rural peasant farmers and 20 urban business people was used. The study established the comparative advantages that outweighed transport costs in the domestic rural and urban trade opportunities. Major products that attracted comparative advantages were cattle, goats, maize, ground nuts, farm implements, furniture and packaged food products. The research was unique due to its focus on stimulating inbuilt economic development projects.</span></p>
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Malik, Wahid Abdil, Minar Ferichani, and Emi Widiyanti. "Strategi Pengembangan Usahatani Gula Kelapa Di Kecamatan Puring Kabupaten Kebumen." SEPA: Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian dan Agribisnis 14, no. 2 (February 15, 2018): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/sepa.v14i2.24996.
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<em>This study aims to determine the magnitude of farm income coconut sugar in District Puring Kebumen, knowing internal factors (strengths and weaknesses) and external (opportunities and threats), to formulate a possible strategic alternatives and identifies priorities for the strategy to be applied in the development of farming of palm sugar in District Puring Kebumen. The research method used is descriptive method. Data analysis method used is the Revenue Analysis, Internal Factor Evaluation (IFE), External Factor Evaluation (EFE), SWOT Analysis and QSPM. These results indicate that the amount of income of Rp 37,323,400.00 for the period June 2015 - June 2016. Internal Factor Evaluation (IFE) showed that coconut sugar farm has five strengths and four weaknesses. External Factor Evaluation (EFE) show gardens coconut sugar farm has four opportunities and five threats. SWOT Analysis generate alternative strategies that can be implemented that improve product with open innovation and their consumer confidence, create attractive packaging so that the consumer response is high, increase competitiveness through cooperatives or associations for joint marketing, and to expand the market by leveraging information technology such as the Internet. QSPM produce good strategic priorities to be implemented is to increase competitiveness through cooperatives or associations for joint marketing.</em>
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Michelson, Hope, Stephen Boucher, Xinzhe Cheng, Jikun Huang, and Xiangping Jia. "Connecting supermarkets and farms: the role of intermediaries in Walmart China's fresh produce supply chains." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 33, no. 1 (January 12, 2017): 47–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s174217051600051x.
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AbstractThis paper identifies and describes the recent emergence of a new class of private sector intermediaries in fresh fruit and vegetable (FFV) supermarket supply chains in China. These intermediaries play key roles that determine the ways in which farm households participate in and the benefits they derive from new retail-led market opportunities associated with the supermarket sector's shift from FFV procurement through wholesale markets towards more direct contracting with farm communities. This paper provides a comprehensive description of 198 FFV supply chain intermediaries working with Walmart China in 2014, including their historical background, infrastructure investments, downstream marketing and upstream sourcing. We find that these actors play an increasingly critical role in the organization of land, labor and production through contracts. Our study provides critical insights for understanding both the trends in vertical coordination of China's developing agricultural sector and the pace of the country's agricultural modernization. Walmart is a leading international supermarket chain with a growing presence in China, and evidence suggests that their supply chain strategies are similar to other large supermarkets in the region. Results are also relevant to understanding current challenges in China related to food safety and quality, a top priority in recent years.
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Conner, David S., and Kathleen Demchak. "Farmer Perceptions of Tunnels for Berry Production: Management and Marketing Implications." HortTechnology 28, no. 6 (December 2018): 706–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech04147-18.
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Strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa) and caneberries (Rubus sp.) are popular crops that can bring revenue to farms and may improve farm profitability. High and low tunnels can bring a number of benefits to growers, including season extension and improved berry yield and quality, as well as management challenges. Few studies in the literature report directly on grower experiences using tunnels. We report the results of interviews of 10 independent growers who use tunnels to produce strawberries and caneberries. The results echo previous studies finding improved yield and quality, and highlight benefits and challenges around pest, weed, and nutrient management. One novel finding is the role of season extension in creating marketing opportunities. Interviewed growers caution of a learning curve and the need to start on a small scale and grow gradually. Future focus for research should include improved ventilation and mechanization.
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Anigbogu, Theresa U., Abdulahi Olabisi Taiwo, Oforbuike Francis Nwachukwu, and Jamie Halsall. "Performance assessment of farmers multipurpose cooperative societies (FMCS) in marketing of members farm produce in Benue State, of Nigeria." Cogent Social Sciences 2, no. 1 (August 16, 2016): 1219211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2016.1219211.
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Argade, Aashish, Arnab Kumar Laha, and Anand Kumar Jaiswal. "Connecting Smallholders’ Marketplace Decisions to Agricultural Market Reform Policy in India – An Empirical Exploration." Journal of Macromarketing 41, no. 3 (March 3, 2021): 471–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0276146721997885.
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Governments in developing countries have attempted to reform inefficient agricultural markets through direct interventions, market-oriented approaches, and institutional mechanisms, with one of the aims being improving the lot of smallholder farmers. However, such interventions often fell short of yielding desired results, perhaps because broad macro objectives failed to take into account micro-level processes. This study examines smallholder farmers’ market selection decisions and attempts to establish if these have a bearing on legislative goals of agricultural marketing reforms. Analysis of survey data using binary logistic regression, reveals that farmers choose between two prominent marketplaces – APMC and farm gate – on the basis of factors such as perishability of produce, quality testing infrastructure at the marketplace, and services provided by buyers such as grading and sorting or transportation. Findings are reinforced by an extended part of the study where farmers ranked assumptive marketplace scenarios developed by incorporating different marketplace features. Results demonstrate the possibility of enabling systemic changes in agricultural markets by catering to grassroots decision mechanisms. Implications for policy and relevant players engaged in agricultural markets are discussed.
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Clark, Sean. "Financial Viability of an On-Farm Processing and Retail Enterprise: A Case Study of Value-Added Agriculture in Rural Kentucky (USA)." Sustainability 12, no. 2 (January 18, 2020): 708. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12020708.
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Value-added processing and direct marketing are commonly recommended strategies for increasing income and improving the economic viability of small farms. This case study uses partial budgeting to examine the performance of an on-farm store in Kentucky (USA) over a six-year period (2014–2019), intended for adding value to raw farm ingredients through processing and direct sales to consumers. Three primary product supply chains were aggregated, stored, processed, and sold through the farm store: livestock (meats), grains (flours and meals), and fresh produce (fruits, vegetables, and herbs). In addition, prepared foods were made largely from the farm’s ingredients and sold as ready-to-eat meals. Whole-farm income increased substantially as a result of the farm-store enterprise but the costs of operation exceeded the added income in every year of the study, illustrating the challenges to small farms in achieving a sufficient economy of scale in value-added enterprises. By the final two years of the study period, the enterprise was approaching break-even status. Ready-to-eat items, initially accounting for a small fraction total sales, were the most important product category by the end of the study period. This study highlights the importance of adaptability in the survival and growth of a value-adding enterprise as well as the critical role of subsidies in establishing similar enterprises, particularly in low-income, rural areas.
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Hu, Wu-Yueh, Daniel Phaneuf, and Xiaoyong Zheng. "Quantifying the benefits associated with the use of alternative marketing arrangements by US farmers." China Agricultural Economic Review 6, no. 1 (January 28, 2014): 108–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/caer-10-2011-0147.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to quantify the benefits to farmers from using alternative marketing arrangements (AMAs) in the USA. The authors first estimate a behavioral model explaining farmers' joint decisions on which commodities to produce and which marketing channels to use when selling their outputs. The authors then use the estimated model to quantify the benefits to farmers from using AMAs. Design/methodology/approach – The authors use the discrete choice random utility maximization model to examine farmers' choices on production regimes, where a regime is defined as a possible combination of all the individual commodity/marketing arrangement channels that the farmer can choose to use. The farmer is assumed to compare the utilities he gets from each of the possible production regimes and then selects the production regime that yields the highest utility to him. The benefit of having access to a particular AMA is measured as the negative of the welfare loss associated with forcing the farmer to abandon that particular AMA. Findings – The results indicate that AMAs yield an economically significant amount of benefits to farmers who rely on them to market their outputs. At the national level, the benefit of using production contracts to hog farmers is valued at $336.4 million. The benefits of using marketing contracts are valued at $374.2, $156.6 and $92.1 million for corn, soybeans and wheat producers. Originality/value – The paper is the first study that uses the farm-level data to study the welfare effects of marketing contracts in the grain sector. The results show that considering a multi-enterprises farm, farmers' welfare loss might be smaller when the hog production contract is no longer existed.
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Esau, Travis J., Qamar U. Zaman, Craig MacEachern, Emmanuel K. Yiridoe, and Aitazaz A. Farooque. "Economic and Management Tool for Assessing Wild Blueberry Production Costs and Financial Feasibility." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 35, no. 5 (2019): 687–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.13374.
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Abstract. The wild blueberry industry is facing record low berry prices that has resulted in major concerns for growers, especially in Atlantic Canada and the United States. Farm input and other costs to produce wild blueberries continue to increase, while farmers face record low blueberry prices (in 2016 and 2017). The cost-price squeeze has prompted growers to look for innovative methods to remain financially viable and sustainable. To ensure profitable farm operations, farmers should keep detailed production, management, and financial records that can be used to estimate production, harvest, and marketing costs, but such data and records are not typically compiled by wild blueberry farmers. Spreadsheet-based enterprise budgeting tools have been developed for specific crops by provincial and state extension specialists in Canada and the United States. However, currently there is no such decision tool that accounts for the unique two-year production cycle of wild blueberries, which farmers can use to compile and evaluate input use and rates, and assess production costs and farm economic performance. Keywords: Click here to enter keywords and key phrases, separated by commas, with a period at the end
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Johnson, Lon. "1055 PRODUCTION AND MARKETING OF SPICES, TEA HERBS AND MEDICINAL PLANTS IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST." HortScience 29, no. 5 (May 1994): 579f—579. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.579f.
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Concurrent with the development of the U.S. market for certified organically-grown produce, there has been a growth in the production and marketing of organically-grown botanicals. This activity has been centered in the Pacific Northwest for the past 20 years. The current global market for biologically-grown botanicals has been stimulated by public interest in alternative and traditional plant-based medicines. Trout Lake Farm has organized efforts to stimulate the production and marketing of medicinal plants and spices. The efforts include R&D, growing methodologies, quality assurance, drying, and processing. Research of many ornamentals has revealed potential uses for them other than strictly ornamental. Cultivation is necessary to avoid extirpation of fragile and threatened wild medicinals. The use of organic growing practices is necessary, particularly for specialty crops which have no EPA level inclusions for pesticides. Increasing domestic production of temperate and subtropical herbs and spices helps reduce U.S. imports.
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Aminu, F. O., E. O. S. Balogun, and O. B. Oke. "Farm risks and management strategies among arable crop farmers in Odogbolu Local Government Area of Ogun State, Nigeria." Agrosearch 19, no. 2 (July 21, 2020): 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/agrosh.v19i2.4.
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This study examines farm risk and management strategies adopted by arable crop farmers in Ogun State, Nigeria. A two-stage sampling procedure was employed to select 120 respondents for the study with the aid of questionnaire. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Likert scale and logit regression model. Results revealed that erratic rainfall, pest and diseases were the major production risks faced by the farmers. Ill-health (69.2%) and low produce price (92.5%) were the major personal risk and marketing risk experienced by the farmers respectively. The major financial risks were insurance (86.7%) and lack of access to loan (83.3%) while the major institutional risk was lack of agricultural loan and subsidies (100%) from government. The major preventive strategy adopted by the arable crop farmers were use of agrochemicals and selling at reduced price. The most employed mitigation strategies were diversification (82.5%), on-farm sales (78.3%), esusu (77.5%), cooperative society membership (71.7%) and self-medication (70%). The prominent coping strategies employed were hired labour (77.5%), off-farm activities (73.3%) and borrowing (60%). The significant factors influencing the attitude of arable crop farmers to risk were sex, educational level of the farmers, household size, farming experience, membership of cooperative association, access to bank loan, farming system and off farm income The study concluded that the arable crop farmers were risk averse and recommended that efforts should be geared towards training the farmers on the appropriate management strategies with emphasis on the need for the farmers to adopt innovations that will enhance improved farm practices in the study area.Keywords: Arable crop, farm risk, management strategies, logit
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Gebre, Engida. "Factors Affecting Coffee Market Supply of Smallholder Farm Household: The Case of Gewata District Kaffa Zone, Southwest Ethiopia." International Journal of Economics and Financial Research, no. 62 (February 5, 2020): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/ijefr.62.14.21.
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Ethiopia has a broad genetic diversity among its coffee varieties. Despite high coffee production potential of the district, the market and marketing system of the area is generally dominated by conventional system of marketing and producers are forced to sale directly for conventional transaction root that do not provide premium price for their coffee produce and results low market margins. Both primary and secondary data were used for this study. Descriptive statistics like: percentage, frequency, mean and standard deviation and econometric model which is stages least square (2SLS) were used to analyze the data. The result of econometric analysis of 2SLS regression shows that four variables (which are education level of household head, membership to coffee cooperative, transport ownership and quantity of coffee produced) positively and significantly affected market supply of coffee. However, distance to the nearest market affected it market supply of coffee negatively and significantly. Therefore, policy implication drawn from the findings aimed at strengthening farmers coffee cooperative and enhancing the financial capacity of cooperative with functional collection center, improving accessibility of transport services and developing infrastructure,improving farmers’knowledge through adult education as well as their experience sharing with other coffee producing farmers, improving productivity through strengthening supportive institutions(extension service provider).
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Gumirakiza, Jean D., and Sarah M. VanZee. "Most Preferred Market Venues for Locally Grown Fresh Produce among Online Shoppers." Journal of Agricultural Science 9, no. 10 (September 13, 2017): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v9n10p26.
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This paper examines the most preferred market venues online shoppers use when purchasing locally/regionally grown fresh produce. We surveyed 1,205 consumers who made online purchases at least twice within six months prior to participating in this study. We call these consumers “online shoppers”. The study was conducted in the Southern region of the U.S. We collected data using Qualtrics actively managed market research panels and social media such as Facebook, and Twitter. Results indicate that grocery stores are the most preferred market venue online shoppers use to purchase locally/regionally grown fresh produce with a relative probability of 44 percent. Farmers’ markets are the second most preferred market venues with a likelihood of 33 percent. The third market venue is on-farm/CSA programs with relative probability of seven percent. Online markets are currently the fourth most frequented with a likelihood of five percent. 11 percent have no particular most preferred market venue. This analysis is significant to fresh produce growers and marketers. Results suggest new marketing strategies to conveniently make fresh produce accessible among online shoppers. Furthermore, this study is useful for future studies with interests in explaining the preferred market venues for local/regional fresh produce among online shoppers.
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Sudrajat, Jajat, Ibrahim Isytar, and Nur Arifin. "Farmers' Perception and Engagement with the Role of Middlemen: A Case Study of the Vegetable Farmers." Makara Human Behavior Studies in Asia 25, no. 1 (July 31, 2021): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.7454/hubs.asia.1070220.
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The role of middlemen in rural areas is often controversial, particularly because of the positive or negative roles they play in the farmer livelihood. This study aims to understand the farmers' perception of the role of middlemen in facilitating their farming system and to find out the socioeconomic factors that determine to what degree farmers attach themselves to middlemen. To get this information, we conducted a case study survey of 92 respondents from the subdistrict of Rasau Jaya, Kubu Raya, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Approximately 95% of the farmers had a positive perception of the role of the middlemen, which was considered important in the farm produce marketing and also the transportation of both fertilizer and crops. Older farmers, farmers with a higher education level, and farmers with more vegetable commodities were less attached to the middleman in the marketing of their agricultural products. These farmers often changed the middleman to get a higher price. Conversely, farmers producing sweet maize and farmers with a higher income level were more attached to a middleman. A high level of engagement with a middleman is one of the farmer strategies to avoid marketing risks.
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Faila Sophia Hartatri, Diany, Lya Aklimawati, and Jeffrey Neilson. "Analysis of Specialty Coffee Business Performances: Focus on Management of Farmer Organizations in Indonesia." Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) 35, no. 2 (August 31, 2019): 140–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v35i2.382.
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Indonesian specialty coffee farmer organization is established by Government of Indonesia (GoI) for managing coffee production, processing, and marketing in farmer group level. Through farm-level industrialization program, the GoI supported coffee farmer organizations in several specialty coffee producing regions for increasing farmers’ livelihoods. These farmer organizations are encouraged to produce higher quality of coffee in term of specialty coffee and link directly with buyers. Therefore, the farmer groups would obtain the profits that can be shared to the members of farmer organizations. This research aims firstly to understand the performances, challenges and risk management of specialty coffee business on farmer organizations level across Indonesia, and secoundly to understand the profits gained by specialty coffee farmer organizations. The research has been conducted in several specialty coffee producing regions, including Bali, East Java, Flores and South Sulawesi. The case study and ethnography were carried out by collecting data through direct observation and in depth interviews. Number of respondents were 27 producer organizations which were selected by judgement sampling method. The data were analyzed by using descriptive method and profit analysis. The research results show that alternative model of value chain interventions (VCIs) is required for improving the profits of specialty coffee business on farmer organizations level and farmers’ livelihoods. Maximization the VCIs to increase the benefits for farmers, the VCIs should be conducted by incorporating both off-farm and on-farm aspects.
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Govindasamy, Ramu, and Kathleen Kelley. "Agritourism consumers’ participation in wine tasting events." International Journal of Wine Business Research 26, no. 2 (June 10, 2014): 120–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijwbr-04-2013-0011.
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Purpose – The purpose of this study is to determine the likelihood of a USA Mid-Atlantic region consumers’ willingness to partake in a wine tasting event, an example of an agritourism activity, based on their responses to an Internet survey conducted from June 22 to 29, 2010. Design/methodology/approach – Potential participants were screened and asked to participate if they resided in one of the states targeted (Delaware, New Jersey or Pennsylvania); were aged 21 years and older; were the primary food shopper for the household; and had previously attended an agritourism and/or direct marketing events or activities. Findings – A logit model was developed based on responses from 972 consumers who participated in the 15-minute Internet survey to predict participation in wine tasting activity. Consumers who are more likely to attend an on-farm wine tasting event include those who learn about agritourism events through newspapers, think that the variety and price of produce is better at direct markets than supermarkets, are older than 50 years, have a graduate degree and are self-employed. Research limitations/implications – Empirical results will help agritourism operators enhance marketing efforts and develop profitable on-farm agricultural activities by identifying consumer segments likely to participate in wine tourism activities. Practical implications – This paper helps identify consumer segments that are more likely to participate in a wine tasting event and provides marketers with the ability to target likely buyers based on corresponding demographic characteristics. Originality/value – This paper identifies likely wine tasting participants based on demographics, psychographics and behavioral characteristics.
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Martinez, Steve W. "Hedonic analysis of US fresh produce prices at direct-to-consumer sales outlets versus competing retailers." British Food Journal 118, no. 7 (July 4, 2016): 1665–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-05-2015-0183.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to compare prices for fresh tomatoes, potatoes, peppers, and apples at direct-to-consumer sales outlets (e.g. farmers markets, roadside stands, on-farm stores) in the USA to grocery stores and supercenters, while controlling for other attributes. Design/methodology/approach – The author estimates a hedonic regression model to determine price differences at direct sales outlets, grocery stores, and supercenters in various regions and seasons of the year. The analysis is conducted using 2006 Nielsen Homescan data. Other product and market attributes are also considered, along with characteristics of the household sample. Findings – Prices at direct sales outlets are lower than grocery store prices throughout the year and across the USA. Prices at direct sales outlets for some product/location/season combinations were higher than or comparable to supercenter prices. Research limitations/implications – Future research is needed to examine how price differences may vary across the various types of direct marketing outlets. Originality/value – Few studies have examined price differences between direct sales outlets and conventional retail stores. No studies have used nationally representative data to analyze these price differences across produce type, season, and geographic areas.
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Halloran, J. M., and D. W. Archer. "External economic drivers and US agricultural production systems." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 23, no. 04 (June 30, 2008): 296–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170508002287.
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AbstractUS agriculture operates in a market driven economy, although government policies can have influence on what farmers produce and how they produce it. As with other businesses, agricultural producers respond to economic incentives and disincentives, and make decisions to maximize their welfare; usually measured as net income. We examined how external economic drivers shape the type of agricultural systems that producers adopt. Specifically, we considered the influence of technological advancements, income supports embodied in farm legislation, and changes in market structure and consumer demand. Changes in technology have often favored large-scale and specialized operations. Many of the technological advancements have required large-scale production units to justify the investment. Often the technology has been commodity specific. However, there is some evidence that more diversified production units might be able to achieve economies of both scale and scope. The influence of commodity support programs has been ambiguous. As farm legislation has evolved to decouple production decisions from program benefits, the incentives to specialize in program crops (crops that receive price and/or income benefits under federal legislation, such as corn, other grains and oil seeds) have diminished. However, wealth and risk effects, albeit small, may have promoted or inhibited the adoption of a more integrated system. The ability of producers to adopt more integrated systems has been primarily influenced by their natural resource base and proximity to markets. Changes in market structure, channels and consumer demand in the past five decades have been dramatic with consolidation and specialization in both production and marketing sectors. However, the diversity of consumer demand has also created opportunities for more integrated farm operations. There is an increasing number of consumers who have become concerned about how and where their food has been produced. Markets for organic, locally produced, free range and the like are expected to grow. While price and income supports may have been biased towards specialization (as these programs were targeted to specific commodities), the reduction in risk associated with the programs has enabled producers to expand the number and diversity of their production enterprises. Furthermore, through the use of strategic alliances, cooperation among producers on a regional basis may eventually lead to greater integration and diversification than could be achieved for the individual farm operation.
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Akinrinde, Adeniyi Felix, Kemi Funmilayo Omotesho, and Israel Ogulande. "THE ISSUE OF INCOME DIVERSIFICATION AMONG RURAL FARMING HOUSEHOLDS: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM KWARA STATE, NIGERIA." Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development 49, no. 3 (October 12, 2018): 231–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17306/j.jard.2018.00427.
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The rising incidences of poverty among rural farming families are the reason behind renewed interest in income diversification. This study determined the level of income diversification; identified alternative income sources; examined the reasons for diversification; and identified the constraints to diversification. A three-stage random sampling technique was used in selecting 160 households on which a structured interview schedule was administered. Descriptive statistics, a Likert-type scale, and the Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation were used for data analyses. Findings reveal that 1.3% of the households had no additional sources of income while 40.6% had at least four. Trading (55%) and livestock keeping (40.7%) were the most popular alternative income sources. The declining farm income (mean = 2.96) was the primary reason for diversification, while poor rural infrastructure (mean = 3.04) was the most severe constraint to income diversification. Farm size, access to extension services, household size, age and educational level of the household head were significantly related to the level of income diversification at p < 0.05. The study concluded that the level of income diversification was high and influenced by socioeconomic characteristics of the households. It recommends that the government should provide adequate infrastructural facilities in rural areas. Farmer associations should also ensure better prices for agricultural produce through joint marketing.
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Lana, Milza M., and Antônio W. Moita. "Visual quality and waste of fresh vegetables and herbs in a typical retail market in Brazil." Horticultura Brasileira 37, no. 2 (June 2019): 161–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-053620190206.
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ABSTRACT Because of high perishability, leafy vegetables and fresh herbs are transported to the market soon after harvest. It is very likely that most of the damage due to inadequate handling at the farm and during transport will result in food discard only later in the retail market or in the household. Inadequate handling and marketing strategies in the store are expected to further contribute to waste. The study was designed to address the following questions: 1) what is the visual quality of leafy vegetables and fresh herbs received in the retail market; 2) what is the volume of discard of this produce in the retail market 3) what are the main causes of discard and 4) how these variables are influenced by the vegetable species, the suppliers and the stores evaluated. The study was conducted in 4 stores of a regional supermarket chain in Federal District, Brazil, for a period of 6 months. We evaluated: 1) number of produce items received and discarded; 2) visual quality of produce at reception and 3) cause of discard. The operations in each store were described based on observations and discussion with the store staff. When considering the sum of all produce, the discard (expressed as units per day and corrected for quantity purchased) was influenced by all the factors studied, namely store, supplier and day of the week. Delivery of produce with any signs of wilting and yellowing was negligible but produce with bruised and old leaves which should have been trimmed in the farm were frequent. Visual quality was important to determine shelf life and preference by the consumer but how important it was depended on other factors such as the vegetable or herb considered and the workflow in the store. The discard varied from 8.7% to 97.0% of the number of units purchased. Smaller waste volume was observed for spring onion, parsley, coriander, collard, leek and green leaf lettuce. Waste volume equal to or above 50% was observed for baby romaine lettuce, broad-leaved endive, wild chicory, mustard greens, sage and thyme. The vegetables and fresh herbs discard in the Brazilian retail market is in great measure the result of technological constraints together with bad management practices in the store. The implications of this situation for the definitions of food waste and food loss are discussed.
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Reetsch, Kapp, Feger, Schwärzel, and Dornack. "Transforming Degraded Smallholder Farmland into Multi-Functional Land Use Systems: A Case Study From Tanzania." Proceedings 30, no. 1 (November 12, 2019): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019030016.
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In our research, we have studied smallholder farmers in degraded farming systems in Northwest Tanzania and have compared them with farm households who were trained in sustainable land management by a local Farmer Field School. Both groups of farmers were affected by severe environmental degradation and poor soil fertility, but trained farmers have transformed degraded farmland into fertile, multi-functional land use systems. In this presentation, we discuss the successes and failures of both groups of farmers and draw conclusions towards restoring degraded land use systems. Farmers without training cannot restore degraded farmland with traditional agricultural management alone and fail to produce enough food, fodder, biofuel, and timber to support the whole family. The reasons for their failure are manifold and include environmental and socio-economic dimensions, e.g., poor management of soils and farm waste, lacking adaptation to climate change, traditional gender roles, and the loss of knowledge and labour in HIV/AIDS-affected households. In comparison, trained farmers change nutrient management by using advanced composting techniques. They also cultivate a greater variety of crops and trees, introduce organic pesticide management, ease manure collection, construct vegetable gardens that are watered by drip irrigation in the dry season, change gender roles and communication structures. The main differences between both groups of farmers occur in food security, health status, education level, marketing, income generation, prosperity, and gender-related responsibilities. However, the full potential of organic farm waste being used as soil fertiliser is not exhausted, as human excreta is not integrated into nutrient management. Farm households who are most vulnerable to food security, e.g., female-headed and HIV/AIDS-affected households, need to get support in strengthening their socio-economic base before transforming the farm management. In conclusion, local Farmer Field Schools significantly contribute to restoring land degradation. To transform smallholder agriculture in Tanzania, a joint partnership with local governmental organisations could help farmers to escape poverty and become food secure (SDG 1 and SDG 2). Similar approaches could support smallholder farmers in East Africa, where they contribute to three-fourth of the agricultural production.
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Pant, Krishna P., and Maniratna Aryal. "Varietal effects on price-spread and milling recovery of rice in Nepal." Journal of Agriculture and Environment 15 (June 1, 2014): 18–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/aej.v15i0.19812.
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General complaint of Nepalese farmers is that middlemen grasp much of the benefits from agricultural products paying low to farmers and charging high to the consumers thereby discouraging farmers to produce. Scientific studies are scanty to support or refute the complaint. The main objective of this paper is to test this hypothesis in light of rice recovery in milling. Primary data were collected from surveys of randomly selected 50 households and 41 mills from purposively selected 19 districts in Nepal. The study found that the rice recovery rate is 66.2% for head rice 73.2% for brown rice. After adjusting for the milling percent the retail price comes to be 14% to 18% higher than the farm gate price. The results show that the marketing margin is not so wide in case of less perishable crops like rice. Improving milling technology, however, can increase milling percent reducing the price spread.
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Weibel, Franco P. "Organic fruit production in Switzerland: Research and development to resolve cultural, management, and marketing problems." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 16, no. 4 (December 2001): 191–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300009206.
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AbstractThe area devoted to organic table fruit production in Switzerland remained virtually unchanged from the 1930s to the mid-1980s. However, during the last decade there has been a fivefold increase in the production area, approaching a total of 340 ha in 2000 (4.8% of the total area of table fruit production). Factors contributing to this dramatic increase include (1) new and effective non-chemical methods for pest and disease control, (2) improved management and production techniques from research and extension programs, (3) increased marketing of organic produce by supermarkets due to consumer demand, and (4) change in Swiss government policy that began to subsidize ecological performance rather than farm production. A 1994 poll of consumer demand indicated that 3 to 5% of the total apples marketed in Switzerland was organically grown, and projected a total market share of 10% in the near future. Despite this, conventional fruit growers are hesitant to convert to organic production methods because of certain risks involving (1) selection of varieties, (2) pest and disease control, (3) crop hectarage controls, (4) weed control, and (5) tree nutrition. Research and development programs are attempting to deal with these problems, to reduce the level of risk with organic production. Nevertheless, ecological considerations to optimize fruit production are strongly dictated by market conditions and consumer demand. Finally, the development of a stable organic fruit production sector will require that retailers and supermarkets make certain concessions for marketing organic fruit.
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Brumfield, Robin G. "Strategies Producers in the Northeastern United States Are Using to Reduce Costs and Increase Profits in Tough Economic Times." HortTechnology 20, no. 5 (October 2010): 836–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.20.5.836.
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The environmental horticulture industry (sometimes referred to as the “green industry”) is usually divided into nursery and floriculture crops. The green industry in the northeastern United States is an important component of agricultural production, with over $2 billion in farm cash receipts, equating to 22.4% of all farm cash receipts in the northeastern United States. It is the number one agricultural commodity in five northeastern U.S. states. Competition in the green industry has become fierce. Many factors have put downward pressure on price. These include the recent volatility of fossil fuels and general energy prices, domestic competition, off-shore production, a weakened and stressed economy, and the growth of the mass market. Nationally, the number of producers continues to decline as a direct result of the newly defined economic risks. The industry's profit margins are typically low, leaving little room for growers to absorb significant increases in costs or decreases in revenues. Unlike farmers who produce field crops, nursery and greenhouse firms bear the entire price, market, and production risks because these crops have had no government support programs. This article will discuss what strategies producers in the northeastern United States are using to reduce costs and increase profits in tough economic times. It will analyze how producers have they honed their marketing and management skills to continue to survive and respond to current trends.
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Molnár, M., and D. Fraser. "Protecting farm animal welfare during intensification: Farmer perceptions of economic and regulatory pressures." Animal Welfare 29, no. 2 (May 1, 2020): 133–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.7120/09627286.29.2.133.
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Pig (Sus scrofa) production in Hungary provides a case study in how external pressures influence animal production, animal welfare and intensification. External pressures were explored in 24 in-depth, semi-structured interviews with Hungarian pig farmers operating either confinement or alternative systems. Confinement producers reported intense economic pressure because of a power imbalance with the large meat-processing companies that buy their animals. These companies, in the view of the farmers, can source internationally and largely dictate prices. When prices paid by the companies fall below the cost of production, farmers cannot respond by reducing production because of the long time-lags between breeding and marketing; and with their large investment in confinement buildings that are difficult to modify, farmers see little option except to reduce production costs further. Alternative farmers reported being more resilient to economic pressures because they sell into niche markets, use inexpensive technologies, and typically produce a diversity of agricultural products which buffer periods of low profit in any one commodity. The current regulatory system was seen as inadequate to protect animal welfare from economic pressure because it focuses on certain inputs rather than welfare outcomes, does not cover some important determinants of animal welfare, and does not accommodate certain realities of farming. Current subsidies were also seen as an inadequate remedy, and were viewed as inequitable because they are difficult for alternative producers to access. Consumer-choice options, while used by alternative producers, are not available in mainstream markets which demand uniform 'commodity' production. The economic constraints that influence animal welfare might be better mitigated by a regulatory system developed with greater consultation with producers, a more equitable subsidy programme, and more developed consumer-choice programmes.
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Corazzin, Mirco, Markus Schermer, and Seung-Yong Park. "TOOLS TO RETAIN ADDED VALUE IN DAIRY FARMS: THE SOUTH KOREA CASE." Journal of Asian Rural Studies 1, no. 2 (July 5, 2017): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/jars.v1i2.1179.
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South Korea witnessed an increase in the average size of dairy farms over the past decade, probably because of high production costs especially relevant for farms with less than 40 heads. Korean dairy farms have production costs that are 63.9% higher than the international milk price, and the producer support by the Korean government is 2.5 times higher than the average of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development countries. Considering a possible reduction of public support, and the increasing market openings, one of the objectives for farmers would be to try retaining on farm a higher added value for their dairy products such as cheese and fermented milk. Out of this perspective, and on the basis of a questionnaire that involved the great part of the farmers that produce cheese, this paper describes three possible tools for the valorization of dairy products: short supply chains and direct marketing, dedicated supply chains with certification and labels and the approach values based supply chains.
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Obiadi, Adaobi J., Frank O. Nwankwo, Uche R. Ezeokafor, and Gabriel E. Ekwere. "The Effect of Institutional Factors in Marketing of Agricultural Products by Cooperative Farmers." Business and Management Research 9, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/bmr.v9n1p43.
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This study was carried out to examine the effect of institutional factors in marketing of agricultural products by cooperative farmers in Anambra State of Nigeria. Four specific objective The study focused on four specific objectives which were to; examine the socio-economic characteristicsof the cooperative farmers and its effect on market participation; determine the quantum and value of agricultural produce that had been marketed; identify the extent to which agricultural market participation of the framer is influenced by institutional factors such as market information, organizational support, use of grades and standards, and legal environment; and make recommendations based on the findings. Three hypotheses were also tested. Descriptive survey design was used for the study where seven hundred and ten (710) was used as sample size. Findings revealed that market disposition of the member was not related to duration of membership which implied that cooperative experience do not have substantial influence on marketing decisions. Farmers affirmed institutional factors such as influence of tradition and cultural practices; legal environment relating to laws governing sale of agricultural products, land tenure system, organizational supports from the government, availability of market information; and use of grades and standards in agricultural marketing significantly influenced their marketing decisions. It was further revealed that institutional factors have no influence on market participation of the cooperative farmers. In conclusion institutional factors have significant influence on marketing decisions while socio-economic characteristics of members have no significant influence on market participation by the cooperative farmers. Based on the findings, it was further recommended that government should always create an enabling environment to encourage farmers to continue to participate in agricultural markets. They can do this by re-examining laws and regulation that appear to impact negatively on farm production and agricultural marketing. This may include abrogation of the land tenure Act that has over the years, hindered access to agricultural farmlands by individual farmers among others.