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Journal articles on the topic 'Farm tractors'
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1
Juściński, Sławomir, Wiesław Piekarski, and Zdzisław Chomik. "Analysis of Power Equipment Level on the Example of Farm Tractors in Selected Farms of Przeworsk Province." Agricultural Engineering 21, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/agriceng-2017-0022.
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AbstractDecisions concerning investments in farm tractors is a significant problem of modern agricultural production. Ensuring efficient performance of agrotechnical treatments and a rational level of use of tractors in the aspect of exploitation costs are a derivative of the power equipment level in a farm. The paper presents studies carried out in 31 selected farms, which run production on the total acreage of 937 ha of agricultural land (AL) and exploit 70 tractors. Analysis covered information on: area of farms, number and power of used tractors, investments in technical equipment concerning purchase of farm tractors and a production profile. In the investigated farms at the average per 100 ha of the agricultural land area there was 7.47 tractors, 90% of respondents actively used subsidies available from the EU structural funds. A high energy equipment level was determined in particular in farm with a smaller acreage. Over 87% of farm used more than one tractor and the age of the third each did not exceed six years.
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Schwab, Charles V., J. Gordon Arbuckle, and H. Mark Hanna. "Barriers and Motivators for Tractor ROPS Retrofitting in Iowa." Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health 25, no. 1 (2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/jash.13039.
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Abstract. Iowa State University Extension and Outreach conducted an assessment of Iowa farm operators’ perceptions of the barriers and motivators when considering retrofitting tractors with rollover protective structures (ROPS). A statewide sample of approximately 2,000 farm operators was surveyed in the 2017 Iowa Farm and Rural Life Poll. A series of questions was asked to evaluate the importance of potential barriers to decisions to not retrofit a tractor and potential motivators that could influence the decision to retrofit or purchase a tractor with ROPS. The survey received a 48% response rate (999 responses). Among the 76% of Iowa farm operators who reported at least one pre-1985 tractor, only 18.6% reported that all of those tractors had ROPS. The remaining 81.4% had at least one tractor that did not have ROPS. Iowa farm operators’ perceptions of the barriers and motivators when considering retrofitting tractors with ROPS are shared. The results of Iowa farm operators’ perceptions will be used as Iowa State University Extension and Outreach prepares to align efforts with the National Tractor Safety Coalition and participate in the National ROPS Rebate Program, with the goal of reducing tractor fatalities. Keywords: Agricultural fatalities, Farm safety, Farmer-attitudes, Retrofit, Rollover protective structures, Safety, Tractor overturns, Tractor safety.
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Napiórkowski, Jerzy, and Jarosław Gonera. "Analysis of Failures and Reliability Model of Farm Tractors." Agricultural Engineering 24, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 89–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/agriceng-2020-0020.
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AbstractFarm tractors due to the nature of their work are exposed to a substantial risk of failures. The issues of their reliability are unusually significant in the aspect of the time limit of realisation of agricultural works in agrotechnical seasons. Nowadays, tractors provided for agriculture have increasingly complex functional units. The aim of the paper was to analyse reliability of presently produced farm tractors. Three tractor makes were evaluated and the analysis of failures was carried out with regard to functional units. Based on the obtained results, the average time of correct functioning and refreshment times and availability of particular tractor makes were determined. It was stated that the obtained empirical data of the correct functioning time and refreshment time may be well described with exponential functions. Significant differences in the values that determine the average time of correct functioning and duration time of refreshment obtained by tractors of the investigated makes were found. From among particular functional units, electric and hydraulic systems were the most often damaged, regardless the tractor make.
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DIDMANIDZE, OTARI N., SERGEY N. DEVYANIN, EKATERINA Р. PARLYUK, and VLADIMIR A. MARKOV. "POWER SUPPLY OF FARM TRACTOR INDUSTRY IN RUSSIA." Agricultural engineering, no. 2 (2021): 4–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/2687-1149-2021-2-4-8.
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Determining the prospects for the development of the tractor fl eet in Russia and its supplying with power units is an important task in establishing a technological foundation to eff ectively tackle the problems of agricultural production. Taking into consideration the indicator of power supply in agriculture in the world’s economically developed countries, the authors consider the domestic needs in agricultural tractors and engines. As a result of the analysis, it is shown that the fl eet of agricultural tractors is at a low level of about 200 thousand units, and it requires further serious development. To ensure eff ective agricultural production, it is necessary to balance the level of farm tractor availability in Russia with that of economically advanced countries. The indicator of 4 kW/ha was taken as a promising level of tractor availability, and the required number of tractors was determined. The analysis was carried out for the cultivation of arable land in Russia with an area of 80 million hectares as of 2020 and amounted to about 2.5 million units for the entire range of agricultural tractors taking into account their traction class. To cultivate all arable areas in Russia, which amounted to about 120 million hectares in 1990, a third more equipment will be required. To maintain the tractor fl eet at this level, it is necessary to ensure an annual supply of at least 250 thousand units of various engines with a total capacity of at least 320 GW. This problem can be solved through increasing the production capacity of existing engine-building plants and designing new diesel engines for tractors of traction classes 0.6…1.4 with a capacity between 20 and 70 kW.
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Przywara, Artur, Milan Koszel, Anna Krawczuk, and Alexandros Sotirios Anifantis. "The Analysis of the New Farm Tractors Market in Poland in 2010-2020 in the Context of Income Generated by Farmers’ Households." Agricultural Engineering 26, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 65–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/agriceng-2022-0006.
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Abstract The objective of the paper is to analyse changes in the new farm tractor market in Poland and the annual income of farmers’ households generated in the same period. The studies covered the period from 2010 to 2020. The new farm tractors market was analysed with reference to the number of sold tractors, which was measured by the number of registrations. The paper considers quarterly seasonality of sale along with demand for selected producers and engine-power categories of new farm tractors sold in Poland. By “new tractors” the authors mean those registered for the first time in Poland and manufactured in the same or the preceding year. In 2010-2020, there were over 148,000 new farm tractors registered in Poland. The highest number of tractors sold was recorded in 2012, the lowest in 2016. Tractors from Western Europe, USA, and Japan predominate on the Polish market. Among new vehicles, the highest number registered in the investigated period constituted New Holland (23,780) tractors, followed by John Deere (19,453), Zetor (16,398), Deutz-Fahr (10,508), and Kubota (7,674). The total share of these producers in 2010-2020 amounted to approx. 58%. With regard to the engine-power categories in the analysed period, tractors with power of 37-73 kW and 74-132 kW (33.85%) constituted the largest proportion (49.07%). An increased interest in tractors with power below 36 kW was also observed from 2016 to 2020. Such vehicles accounted for 10% of all registrations. The general trend related to the volume of average annual income is not consistent with the trend of purchasing new farm tractors, while the highest number of registrations was recorded during the period in which inflation rates reached their highest values.
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Ruiz-Garcia, Luis, and Patricia Sanchez-Guerrero. "A Decision Support Tool for Buying Farm Tractors, Based on Predictive Analytics." Agriculture 12, no. 3 (February 25, 2022): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12030331.
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Data science can help farmers when making a decision about tractor purchase. Buying a tractor represents a big investment for farmers, and price is one of their main concerns. This study presents the development of a web-based decision support tool (DST) that calculate the price of new and second-hand tractors, for the purpose of providing the decision-maker some information that will lead him to the final decision. The tool makes use of different algorithms based on predictive analytics methodologies. The dataset has information about 227 different observations of new tractors and 1003 of second-hand tractors, from different European countries. During the study, the prices of new and used tractor were modeled, testing parametric and non-parametric regression models with different segmentations and predictor variables. Non parametric models includes regression trees, support vector machines, ensembles of regression trees, Gaussian process, and neural networks. In both cases, for predicting the prices of new and second-hand tractors, adjusted R2 higher than 0.99 were achieved. The models developed were implemented in the DST which is fully operative, available in Internet, and free to use.
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Al-Suhaibani, Saleh A., and Mohamed F. Wahby. "Farm tractors breakdown classification." Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences 16, no. 3 (July 2017): 294–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2015.09.005.
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Gołębiowski, Wojciech, Grzegorz Zając, and Artur Wolak. "Analysis of Engine Oils from Farm Tractors in the Aspect of their Change." Agricultural Engineering 23, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 25–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/agriceng-2019-0003.
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AbstractThe paper presents results of research on selected physico-chemical parameters of engine oils from farm tractors based on the date of their change assumed by the user. 17 samples of used engine oil from farm tractors of various producers and with a varied exploitation course were analysed. Oils for research were collected during oil change, registering the service life of oil each time. They were obtained from service points that repair farm tractors in the region of Lublin Province. The studies were to verify whether a decision concerning oil change taken by tractor users after specific time of operation of an engine was good. Number of exceedings of the threshold values of parameters of engine oil which are responsible for correct lubrication were the basis for evaluation
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Lawal-Adebowale, Okanlade A. "Geospatial and socioeconomic traits encumbering tractorisation of farmland among crop farmers in Ogun State, Nigeria." Journal of Water and Land Development 43, no. 1 (December 1, 2019): 96–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jwld-2019-0067.
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AbstractThe objective of this study was to ascertain the socioeconomic and geospatial traits responsible for little or no usage of tractors for land clearing and cultivation by rural farmers in Ogun State, Nigeria. Data were obtained on the study objectives with use of interview guide, in-depth discussion and field observation a randomly selected 247 arable crop farmers. The obtained data were subjected to frequency count and binominal analysis of variance. Results showed factors such as farmers’ inability to afford tractor acquisition and/or hire tractors services (prop = 1.00, p < 0.05) as the major economic traits encumbering tractor usage for land preparation. The social traits included inadequate available of tractors to serve the farmers (prop = 0.76, p < 0.05), and farmers’ apprehension of possible destruction of soil structure and/or farm land (prop = 0.64, p < 0.05) as a result of tractor usage for land preparation. The geospatial traits were stump/tree distribution (prop = 0.97, p < 0.05) and land fragmentation (prop = 0.92, p < 0.05). It was thus concluded that both socioeconomic and farm geospatial traits interactively encumbered farm tractorisation in the study area. It was recommended that farmers should be supported technically and financially by stakeholders in agro-development so as to enable them to afford tractor usage for land cultivation.
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PARFENOV, A. P. "AGRICULTURAL TRACTORS ON RUSSIAN MARKET (BASED ON THE «AGROSALON 2016» INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION)." Traktory i sel hozmashiny 84, no. 1 (January 15, 2017): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/0321-4443-66247.
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Following the results of the international Agrosalon 2016 exhibition both quantitative, and qualitative indicators of the domestic market of farm tractors are estimated. Dynamics of the market of new tractors in physical calculation is provided by statistics of the last nine years. Quality assessment of the market was carried out on indicators: propeller type, rated power and nominal towing force based on the models of: universal, row crop and general purpose tractors presented at the market and offered in advertizing documents. New approach to market research of tractors is distribution of set of models not only on capacity as it is accepted everywhere, but also on towing classes. The last allows to estimate not only power, but also towing opportunities of tractors that it is important as the tractor is mainly the towing machine. The following features of the domestic market of tractors are noted. The prevalence of wheel tractors 4K4a which was outlined in to and post-crisis years remains. The maximum tractor size in it to group - the tractor power of 300 kW and a towing class 5 (Claas Axion 950). In group 4K4b tractors capacity 50-90 kW (a towing class 1,4), St. 90-130 kW (a towing class 2), St. 130-180 kW (a towing classes 2,3,4) prevail. Interest of participants of the market to powerful wheel 4K4b (power to 450-480 kW, traction classes 6 and 8) and to caterpillar (power to 400-460 kW, towing class 8 and more) tractors increased. It is noted that general rule of creation of constructive tractors ranks of the leading firms is the engine capacity, and devlopment of ranks goes with an advancing growth of driving function over towing. The overview of the models of tractors provided or advertized by firms with indication of features of a design is provided. It is emphasized that the Salon showed not decreasing activity of the largest manufacturers of farm tractors in the market of the Russian Federation.
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Etzler, Linnea, Stefano Marzani, Roberto Montanari, and Francesco Tesauri. "Mitigating Accident Risk in Farm Tractors." Ergonomics in Design: The Quarterly of Human Factors Applications 16, no. 1 (January 2008): 6–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1518/106480408x282737.
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FEATURE AT A GLANCE: The complexity of on-board equipment for farm tractors has grown dramatically in recent years, leading to significant changes in the operator's work situation. Today, most tractor functions are performed from inside the cabin, but little progress has been made toward reducing the risks associated with higher workloads. This article describes a methodology for designing a risk mitigation system for reducing rollover accidents. The methodology represents a combination of hierarchical task analysis and function allocation. Its implementation led to a final solution composed of visual and auditory displays and a joystick that gives force feedback in risky situations
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M. Muthamil Selvan and C. R. Mehta. "Noise Attenuation Characteristics of Exhaust Mufflers with Medium Size Farm Tractors." Journal of Agricultural Engineering (India) 45, no. 4 (December 31, 2008): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.52151/jae2008454.1344.
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Three mufflers viz., muffler A, muffler B and muffler C were evaluated for their noise reduction ability on two tractors of 23 kW pto power. The noise levels of the tractors were measured at operator's ear level at no load under laboratory condition, at no load on tar road during transport mode and during ploughing operation. The spectral analysis (one octave band) of noise levels was carried out in the frequency range from 31.5 to 16000 Hz. The noise levels increased at no load (under laboratory condition and at no load on tar road) at all the frequencies with the increase in engine speed. The highest noise level of the tractors at rated engine speed was observed at the frequency of 1 kHz with muffler A, muffler B, and existing muffler; and at 2 kHz with muffler C at no load under laboratory condition. The exhaust back-pressure increased with increase in engine speed at no load under laboratory condition for all the mufflers. The mounting of muffler B reduced noise levels by 4.1, 5.7 and 5.6 dB (A) on tractor-I and by 1.1, 1.4 and 4.0 dB(A) on tractor-II at 1000, 2000 and 4000 Hz frequencies, respectively as compared to the existing mufflers. It may be concluded that muffler B reduced noise levels considerably on both the tractors in conversational frequencies.
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Киндюхин, Yu Kindyukhin, Носов, and S. Nosov. "THE RESEARCH RESULTS RIDE WHEELED FARM TRACTORS WHEN TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF THE SOIL." Alternative energy sources in the transport-technological complex: problems and prospects of rational use of 2, no. 2 (December 17, 2015): 636–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/19481.
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The article presents the results of the study smoothness of agricultural wheeled tractors when taking into account the rheological properties of the soil. The article presents the results of the study smoothness of agricultural wheeled tractor when taking into account the rheological properties of the soil, the influence of rheological properties of the soil affect the smoothness of agricultural wheeled tractors. Recommendations for evaluating the smoothness of agricultural wheeled tractors.
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Md-Tahir, Hafiz, Jumin Zhang, Junfang Xia, Yong Zhou, Hua Zhou, Jun Du, Muhammad Sultan, and Hafiza Mamona. "Experimental Investigation of Traction Power Transfer Indices of Farm-Tractors for Efficient Energy Utilization in Soil Tillage and Cultivation Operations." Agronomy 11, no. 1 (January 17, 2021): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11010168.
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Farm tractors in cultivation consume a big amount of fossil fuels and emit greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. Improving traction performance and power transfer indices of wheeled tractors and field terrain soil with higher traction (pull ability) at optimal travel reduction (TR) can optimize energy utilization. This study compares the traction performance, fuel consumption, and field productivity, of a farm tractor equipped with a new drive wheel “rigid lugged wheel (RLW)” and conventional tire wheel (CTW) in field tillage operations. Tractor with RLW resulted 24.6 kN drawbar pull and 6.6 km.h−1 travel speed at 80% tractive efficiency and 15.6% TR. While with CTW, the drawbar pull and the travel speed were 23.2 kN and 6.0 km h−1 respectively at 68% tractive efficiency and 36.3% TR. The RLW resulted in improved traction performance with similar equipment weight. Tractor with RLW also resulted 220.5% lower TR, 14.8% higher field productivity, and 15.4% lower fuel consumption. RLW can control equipment weight and field traffic intensity with the improved traction performance of wheeled tractors and will make the field operations more energy-efficient and economical. For enhanced field drivability of RLW, further work is required to test for diverse field conditions and differently sized tractors.
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LAVROV, ALEKSANDR V., and VALERIYA A. ZUBINA. "METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO ASSESSING THE TECHNOLOGICAL NEED FOR FARM TRACTORS." Agricultural engineering, no. 1 (2021): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/2687-1149-2021-1-20-26.
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Mechanized technology of crop production is a sequence of impacts on soil, seeds, plants and fertilizers strictly specifi ed in time and space. These requirements can be satisfi ed only in case certain technical support is provided, which is a regulatory technological need. In this regard, it is necessary to develop methods for assessing the demand for crop production equipment using the coeffi cients for converting physical units of equipment into reference units. The characteristic of reference conditions is presented when determining the performance of machine-tractor units. Tractors TE-120 and TE-150 (conditional brands) were taken as reference machines. The fi rst one corresponds to the modern technical level, which allows making calculations until 2025. The second reference sample can be used in calculations after 2025. The main technical characteristics of tractors are given. The paper presents methods for assessing the technological demand for tractors in agricultural enterprises, agrozones, federal districts, republics, regions and the country as a whole. The authors analyze the block diagram of the development standards for the demand and determine the technologically required size of the machine and tractor fl eet in Russia. They show that each agricultural enterprise can determine how much equipment it should purchase to complete the entire amount of work in the agricultural period using conditional (reference) coeffi cients. For regions, federal districts and the country as a whole, specialists can not only estimate the number of equipment, but also predict the future demand for technological means.The use of conditional (reference) coeffi cients allows assessing the existing availability of the necessary machines and agricultural tractors in the regions and the country and determining the estimated demand and the number of various-sized equipment to be purchased to provide technical support for all modern and future technologies.
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Kosenko, Vyacheslav V., Zahid A. Godzhayev, Pavel V. Potapov, and Mikhail P. Goryunkov. "Estimation of fuel efficiency of wheeled and tracked tractors at sunflower cultivation." Tractors and Agricultural Machinery 90, no. 1 (May 23, 2023): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/0321-4443-112161.
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BACKGROUND:Tracked tractors have known advantages in comparison with wheeled tractors, such as better traction characteristics, higher drawbar efficiency and lower negative effect on soil. There-fore, the comparison of their operational and technological characteristics, especially during operation at sunflower cultivation, with the wheeled tractors currently used for this purpose is a relevant problem.
AIMS:To analyze the per-hectar fuel consumption at the whole range of field operations of the sun-flower cultivation for the Agromash-90TGA tracked tractor, suitable for all the field operations of the sunflower cultivation including inter-row operations, and the MTZ-1221.2 and the MTZ-82.1 wheeled tractors.
METHODS:The carried-out analysis was based on the typical sunflower cultivating farm in Saratov Region, where the MTZ-1221.2 and the MTZ-82.1 wheeled tractors are used. First of all, the attachments and operation modes of wheeled tractors at the sunflower cultivation were defined. Then, the traction analysis of the MTZ-1221.2 wheeled tractor at stubble, the MTZ-82.1 wheeled tractor at the field pre-pared for sowing and the Agromash-90TGA tracked tractor at both fields was performed. The attach-ments and operation modes for the Agromash-90TGA tractor were defined on the basis of the analysis results. Finally, performance per shift, per-hectar fuel consumption and total fuel consumption at the whole range of field operations were calculated.
RESULTS:The performed calculations revealed that the total fuel consumption of the MTZ-1221.2 and the MTZ-82.1 wheeled tractors for cultivation of 1 Ha of sunflower is 52.819 kg and the fuel con-sumption of the Agromash-90TGA is 41.375 kg.
CONCLUSIONS:Using the Agromash-90TGA tracked tractor at the sunflower cultivation in condi-tions of Saratov Region provides the fuel economy by 21.7% in comparison with using the MTZ-1221.1 and the MTZ-82.1 wheeled tractors.
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Slovic, Zivana, Katarina Vitosevic, Danijela Todorovic, and Milos Todorovic. "Analysis of Injuries and Cause of Death in Fatal Accidents with Farm Tractors." Experimental and Applied Biomedical Research (EABR) 24, no. 3 (September 1, 2023): 243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sjecr-2020-0052.
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Abstract Farm tractor accidents are a frequent cause of death for people in agricultural field of work. The aim of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of the fatal farm tractor accidents, as well as the most significant types of injuries and causes of death. Research is based on epidemiological criteria of subjects, traffic participation, cause of death, distribution of injury, outliving period and toxicological details. The study included 22 (4.2%) farm tractor related fatalities out of all 525 subjects who died from sustained injuries or complications of the injuries sustained in road traffic accidents. The highest number of deaths was reported in men in 95.5%. The highest percentage died of bleeding out (41%), while in 18% of cases, complications that occurred during the outliving period were the cause of death. Analyzing injuries through organ systems, it is observed that the highest number of farm tractor drivers had a chest injury (90%), and the most common chest injury was a rib fracture (82%). When determining the outliving period, the highest number of fatal farm tractor drivers died at the scene of accidents (68.2%). Of all of the subjects, 32% were under the influence of alcohol, while 23% had blood alcohol concentration level greater than 0.5 ‰. The high mortality of farm tractor drivers can be reduced by introducing a mandatory rollover protective structures system and the use of a seat belt in farm tractors with cabs, which would reduce the possibility of the driver falling out of the farm tractor seat and additional injuries due to rollover.
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Li, Sihan, Guy Roger Aby, Robert Aherin, and Salah F. Issa. "Farm Fatal Injury Trends in Illinois from 1999 to 2019." Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health 28, no. 2 (2022): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/jash.14898.
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HighlightsWe identified 510 fatal agricultural incidents in Illinois from 1999 to 2019.Tractors and roadway-related incidents were the two leading sources of fatalities.Older farmers (65 and older) accounted for the highest percentage of fatalities.Among tractor-related incidents, overturns accounted for the highest percentage.Abstract. The objective of this study was to analyze fatal injury trends and injury types in Illinois from 1999 to 2019. Data on fatal farm injuries in Illinois were collected from a newspaper clipping service. The data were analyzed by incident type and victim age. The types of farm-related incidents were classified as confined space, ATV, tractor, electrical, farm equipment, and other. From 1999 to 2019, the University of Illinois reported 510 fatal incidents, of which 213 (42%) were tractor-related. Tractor-related incidents represented the largest proportion of fatalities, followed by 82 (16%) roadway-related fatalities and 45 (9%) grain bin fatalities. In the past two decades, there has been an average of 24 fatalities per year. The number of incidents has declined over time, and the five-year moving average for 2019 was approximately 17 incidents. However, the proportion of tractor-related fatalities has remained consistent overtime and represents approximately 34% to 46% of all incidents per year on a five-year moving average. The results reflect a decreasing number of total farm fatalities in the past two decades with yearly fluctuations. Moreover, the results suggest that tractors remain one of the main causes of farm fatalities in Illinois. These results provide a better understanding of agricultural injuries in Illinois, which will help design targeted outreach efforts and provide new focus areas for research. Keywords: Agricultural fatality, Agriculture injuries, Farm fatalities, Injury, Newspaper clippings, Tractor fatalities.
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Li, Sihan, Guy Roger Aby, Robert Aherin, and Salah F. Issa. "Farm Fatal Injury Trends in Illinois from 1999 to 2019." Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health 28, no. 2 (2022): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/jash.14898.
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HighlightsWe identified 510 fatal agricultural incidents in Illinois from 1999 to 2019.Tractors and roadway-related incidents were the two leading sources of fatalities.Older farmers (65 and older) accounted for the highest percentage of fatalities.Among tractor-related incidents, overturns accounted for the highest percentage.Abstract. The objective of this study was to analyze fatal injury trends and injury types in Illinois from 1999 to 2019. Data on fatal farm injuries in Illinois were collected from a newspaper clipping service. The data were analyzed by incident type and victim age. The types of farm-related incidents were classified as confined space, ATV, tractor, electrical, farm equipment, and other. From 1999 to 2019, the University of Illinois reported 510 fatal incidents, of which 213 (42%) were tractor-related. Tractor-related incidents represented the largest proportion of fatalities, followed by 82 (16%) roadway-related fatalities and 45 (9%) grain bin fatalities. In the past two decades, there has been an average of 24 fatalities per year. The number of incidents has declined over time, and the five-year moving average for 2019 was approximately 17 incidents. However, the proportion of tractor-related fatalities has remained consistent overtime and represents approximately 34% to 46% of all incidents per year on a five-year moving average. The results reflect a decreasing number of total farm fatalities in the past two decades with yearly fluctuations. Moreover, the results suggest that tractors remain one of the main causes of farm fatalities in Illinois. These results provide a better understanding of agricultural injuries in Illinois, which will help design targeted outreach efforts and provide new focus areas for research. Keywords: Agricultural fatality, Agriculture injuries, Farm fatalities, Injury, Newspaper clippings, Tractor fatalities.
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Airoldi, Gianfranco, Angela Calvo, and Marco Manzone. "Oil Consumption in 4WD Farm Tractors Used in Forestry Operations." Croatian journal of forest engineering 41, no. 2 (April 8, 2020): 333–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5552/crojfe.2020.668.
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Farm tractors are still widely used in many forestry operations. Predicting fuel and lubricant costs is difficult because their consumption depends on a number of factors such as hours worked and operations performed. Fuel and lubricant consumption is important since it can have an impact at both the economic and environmental level. Many fuel models have been studied in the last decades, but few studies have focused on oil consumption. The ASABE (American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers) Standard suggested a model for predicting engine oil consumption of farm tractors of the 1980s, which are potentially different from modern tractor engines. In addition, the recent widespread application of semi- and full-power-shift and continuous variable transmissions and the high number of hydraulic applications increased the amount of lubrication oil for transmission and hydraulic systems.For these reasons, we analysed 133 4WD recent model farm tractors used in forest operations with the aim to study:Þ engine, transmission and hydraulic system oil capacitiesÞ engine oil change intervals as recommended by the manufacturers.A new equation for engine oil consumption, as a function of the rated engine power, was first used and statistically analysed. It was similar to the equation developed by other authors (with a mean difference of 28%, decreasing to 11% at the highest engine power), but well below the ASABE model (with an average engine oil consumption three times higher). Another equation of total oil consumption related to the rated engine power was then studied and compared with a recent study. The results showed an average difference of 18%, decreasing to 8% at the highest engine power. The differences, due to a different machine dataset (only 4WD farm tractors that can be used for forestry operations were analysed) are, however, minimal also in the engine oil consumption model if compared with the oldest ones: a new proposal is therefore necessary, with new and affordable models for correctly evaluating economic and environmental forestry operation costs when using farm tractors.
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Lijewski, Piotr, Jerzy Merkisz, Pawel Fuc, and Pawel Daszkiewicz. "The Comparison of the Exhaust Emissions from an Agricultural Tractor and a Truck." Applied Mechanics and Materials 391 (September 2013): 196–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.391.196.
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The paper discusses the issues of exhaust emissions from farm tractors most frequently used for transport of loads. Transport is an integral part of food manufacturing at almost every stage of the product life cycle. Ready-to-eat food very often needs processing; it often incorporates transport of half products to appropriate facilities. The transport between the processing facilities and the distribution of food products is carried out by typical road vehicles i.e. heavy and light trucks. In the case of agricultural produce it is very often the farm tractors with appropriate trailer sets that are used for transport. The paper presents a comparison of the exhaust emissions and fuel consumption from a farm tractor and a truck. The tests were performed under actual operating conditions in real traffic. For the tests the authors used PEMS equipment (Semtech by Sensors). Both vehicles covered the same route with the same load.
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Mimra, M., M. Kavka, K. Tomšík, and M. Struhár. "Application of the “boundary line analysis method” for the optimisation of the number of tractors used in an agricultural company." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 60, No. 1 (February 5, 2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3/2013-agricecon.
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The “boundary line analysis method” calculates the minimal total annual operational costs used for the optimisation of number of tractors owned by agricultural companies. This calculation reflects the actual need of tractors used in the selected time periods during a year. The above method is based on data gained during five day periods (so-called pentads) in the plant production Farm Estate Lány which belongs to the Czech University of Life Sciences Prague. Based on the annual use of tractors in the company, operational costs involve tractors owned and hired. The calculated curve changes in relation to the total annual costs for the owned tractors. The economically optimal number of the owned tractors would be reached at the minimum point where the total annual costs curve is low whilst all working operations in the company have been done. Due to the use of tractors during the pentads, it is recommended to own exactly the number of tractor-machine sets given by the calculated minimum. For all the other works, it is advisable to use hired tractors, operationally leased tractors or outsourced services.
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PRADHAN, NRUSINGH CHARAN, PRAMOD KUMAR SAHOO, DILIP KUMAR KUSHWAHA, INDRA MANI, and MOHIT KUMAR. "Actuating force for transmission controls in small farm tractor considering driver’s comfort." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 92, no. 7 (March 22, 2022): 876–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v92i7.113598.
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Tractor drivers are exposed to a lot of physical and mental stress during field operations. In small tractor, lessspace is available in workspace for tractor driver. Therefore, proper design of controls in workspace of small tractoris imperative. A study was carried out at ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute during 2021 to compare theworkspace configuration of small tractor with Indian Standard IS 12343:1998 and measure force requirements ofselected transmission controls. Most of the frequently used controls in the workspace of the selected tractor arelocated at a range less than recommendations of the Indian Standard IS 12343:1998. Force measurements of selected transmission controls were performed in a field of size 30 × 15 m2. Tractor was attached with three implements (i.e. rotary tiller, cultivator and planter) and operated by three different operators. It was observed that mean force requirement of brake and clutch pedals were high for small tractors due to difficulty in operator’s sitting. However, the force requirements of accelerator, driving shift and range shift gear lever were close to the recommended values. The frequency of use of controls was also estimated to determine number of times tractor driver applied certain control in a defined area. The driving shift gear lever and range shift gear lever were observed as the most and least frequently used controls respectively in the tractor workspace during field operations. The measured forces will be used to design the automatic system for selected controls in small tractor.
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Verma, Renu. "A Study on Factors Influencing Buying Behavior of Tractor Customers in Banswara District of Rajasthan." Journal of Global Economy 4, no. 3 (April 9, 2012): 234–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1956/jge.v4i3.119.
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Agricultural growth depends primarily on two main factors - institutional factors and technical factors. Institutional reforms or factors include land reform, tenancy  reforms and  institutional  credit reforms etc.  Technical factors emphasize  using agricultural inputs like high yielding variety seeds, fertilizers and mechanization of agriculture. As far as the mechanization of agriculture is concerned, tractor is one of the most important equipments used for farming. Major manufacturers of the tractors in India are – Eicher , Escorts, Ford, Indo Farm, HMT, Mahindra & Mahindrara, New Holland, Punjab Tractors , Sonalika, Tafe etc.The following table is showing the size of the tractor industry in India
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Cheng, Yuan-Hsin, William E. Field, Roger Tormoehlen, and Edward J. Sheldon. "2016 Indiana Farm Fatality Summary with Historical Comparisons." Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health 26, no. 3 (2020): 105–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/jash.13635.
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Highlights1,412 farm-related fatalities have been documented in Indiana since 1970.There were 30.7 fatalities annually, with an average of 25.2 over the past ten years.Victims age 60 and older have increased slightly, accounting for about 48% of all documented fatalities.Fatalities involving youth under the age of 18 have decreased in frequency.Tractors accounted for 45% of all farm fatalities over the past 20 years.Tractor rollovers continue to be the most frequent cause of farm-related fatalities.Abstract. Purdue University’s Agricultural Safety and Health Program (PUASHP) has been monitoring farm-related fatalities in Indiana for more than 70 years. The earliest identified summary of cases was published in 1960. This database, although recognized as not comprehensive for all farm-related deaths, provides a unique opportunity to explore trends that have occurred over several decades during which agricultural production has experienced considerable transformation in technology and practices. Analysis of earlier unpublished Indiana fatality data gathered during the 1940s and early 1950s identified the leading causes of deaths during that period as livestock related, primarily involving horses and bulls. These animal-related causes of injury and death have been largely replaced, at a much lower frequency, with tractors and machinery. Over the past five decades, the data show a clear downward trend that closely parallels the decline in the number and ongoing consolidation of farm operations, with the exception of the last decade, during which there has been a slightly increasing frequency of incidents. No fewer than 1,412 farm-related fatalities have been documented in Indiana since 1970, or approximately 30.7 fatalities annually, with an average over the past ten years of 25.2. Fatalities involving children and youth ages 1 to 17 have also continued to decline in number from 5 to 9 per year to an average of less than 2 per year over the last five years. On the other hand, incidents involving those over the age of 60 are trending slightly upward, accounting for about 48% of all documented fatalities and for 33% in 2016. For the past two decades, tractors accounted for 45% of all farm fatalities, including in 1998 when the percentage of cases involving tractors reached a high of 75%. Since 1970, tractor overturns have been the single most frequently identified cause of farm-related deaths. In 2016, 36% of all documented fatalities involved tractors, of which nearly all were related to an overturn. Findings suggest that the diversity of causative agents involved is increasing, the problem remains male-centric with ages that exceed the average age of Indiana farmers, children no longer make up a significant number of cases, and the Amish/Old Order communities and part-time farmers in the state account for a disproportionate share of farm-related deaths. Hazards identified as needing special attention include the operation of older, non-rollover protective structure (ROPS) equipped tractors by older workers, working in wood lots and tree felling on farms, operating self-propelled mowing equipment on farms, working with livestock, including horses, and falls from agricultural structures. The findings are being used to aid in allocation of diminishing injury prevention resources and development of more evidenced-based educational programming. Keywords: Farm, Farm fatalities, Fatality, Indiana, Tractor overturn.
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İnanç, Taş, and Akay Abdullah Emin. "Productivity Analysis of Modified Farm Tractors in Forwarding Industrial Wood Products." Наукові праці Лісівничої академії наук України, no. 20 (June 4, 2020): 196–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/412018.
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Public demands for forest products and services have been increasing gradually in many countries all over the world. Among the forest products, mostly round woods are produced in Turkey due to high economic value. On the other hand, there is a significant increase in demand for industrial woods in the domestic market in recent years. The reason behind this increase is the need of domestic companies in the wood-based panel industry for a large amount of wood raw material. . Farm tractors are the most widely used forest machinery in the extraction of industrial wood in Turkey. Farm tractors can be effectively used in mechanized harvesting operations after receiving some modifications and additional attachments. The modified farm tractors are affordable machinery for small logging contractors since their initial purchasing costs and hourly operating costs are quite low comparing with the forest harvesting equipment (i.e. skidder, forwarder, cable yarder). In this study, productivity of a modified farm tractor was analyzed during forwarding of industrial wood products. The study was implemented in Pinus nigra stand located in (?) the city of Afyonkarahisar in Turkey. In the study, the effects of forwarding distance on productivity were evaluated using statistical analysis. The results indicated that the most time-consuming work stage was unloading the truck and piling the wood products at the landing area, followed by ( in terms of time-consumption) collecting woods and loading the tractor at the stump. The average productivity of the forwarding operation was 6.06 stere/h (stere is the amount of wood pile with the height, width, and depth of one meter). It was also found that the productivity of the forwarding was significantly affected by the forwarding distance.
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Khusainov, Rail, Ilgiz Galiev, Fanil' Gabdrafikov, Dinar Muhametzyanov, and Fanis Yarullin. "SUBSTANTIATION OF THE OPTIMAL LEVEL OF TRACTORS’ OPERATION IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION." Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 14, no. 4 (April 12, 2020): 91–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2073-0462-2020-14-4-91-95.
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The process of operation of tractors is inextricably linked with conditions that affect their performance. These conditions include operational, organizational and climatic conditions on the one hand and technical operation on the other, i.e. the technique is influenced by operating conditions. A comprehensive, dimensionless indicator of the operating conditions of tractors in agricultural production is the level of their operation. The level of operation of the tractor, this is the state of their operation on the farm, which is determined by the degree of implementation of measures for the technical operation of equipment and the percentage of tractors involved in labor-intensive processes when used for their intended purpose. The theoretical level of operation of the tractor can vary from 0 to 1. At the same time, 1- corresponds to the state of operation of the tractor, in which the resource consumption is minimal, i.e. the degree of implementation of the generalized factors of technical operation meets the requirements of State standard and the tractor performs work with the lowest resistivity; 0 - theoretical, corresponds to the state of operation of the tractor, in which the resource consumption is maximum, i.e. technical operation of the tractor is not performed and the tractor performs work with maximum resistivity. The article discusses the optimization of the level of operation of tractors, presents a methodology for optimizing this indicator and provides a calculation using the example of farms in the Republic of Tatarstan. Regularities of changes in unit costs for eliminating failures and downtime depending on the level of operation of tractors are obtained. Calculations are given to justify the optimal values of operating hours before repair, between repairs and operating hours before decommissioning, depending on various values of the level of operation of tractors.
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Okunev, G. A., V. L. Astaf'ev, and N. A. Kuznetsov. "Reduction of aftereffect of machine units on the soil." Traktory i sel hozmashiny 83, no. 12 (December 15, 2016): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/0321-4443-66293.
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Cultivation of crops is associated with multiple passes of machine units through the fields. The cumulative effect of soil compaction caused by repeated impacts of movers of machine units is considered as especially dangerous. The most intensive compaction process occurres in spring. The repeated passes of heavy machines and the compaction of surface and subsurface soil horizons lead to the decrease in yield potential of fields. The solving of compaction problem depends on the soil and climatic conditions, zonal cultivation technologies and crop harvesting, and on the machine system in operation. When forming the machine and tractor fleet of enterprises, the selection of general-purpose tractors serves as a basis. The least negative impact on the soil occurs when crawler tractors are used. The advantage of wheeled tractors is the possibility of their use for both field works and transport operations. But today the wheeled tractors are hardly used for transport operations because of their increased weight and power, which shows the necessity of use of such heavy crawler tractors as Ruslan and Challenger. Their use in combination with wheeled tractors of middle class allows to improve significantly the structure of machine and tractor fleet. The main power unit for farm enterprises with 1000 hectares of arable land is a general-purpose tractor of the 3rd traction class. The use of the HTZ-150K-09 tractor with 23.1R26 low-pressure tires with the air pressure of 80 kPa provides a permissible impact on the soil. The soil density in the surface layer reduces to 0.06 grams per cubic centimetre as compared to the use of 21.3R24 single wheels. This allows to put such tractor in operation for spring field works.
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Okunev, G. A., and N. A. Kuznetsov. "Aspects of the development of the type of tractors and trends in the technical re-equipment of production units of various types." Izvestiya MGTU MAMI 11, no. 1 (March 15, 2017): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2074-0530-66888.
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Domestic and neighboring countries industry produce wheel and tracked tractors, which differ from each other by various parameters. The variety of general-purpose tractors offered on the market puts producers in the forefront of the choice of acquiring equipment to perform a set of technological operations. A comparative evaluation of the use of wheeled and caterpillar tractors of various traction classes on basic technological operations showed an increase in operating costs per unit of work performed with increasing parameters of tractors, especially wheeled propellers. The use of wheel tractors of high traction classes is accompanied by an increased specific pressure on the soil even on twin tires due to the increase in track width. Use of wheeled tractors with a power of over 350 hp on transport works is not advisable. This reduces the annual load and further increases the cost of performing technological operations. As a result, the competitiveness of a caterpillar tractor of high traction classes is substantially increasing. The wheel tractor is suitable only for maneuvering over long distances. As a result of the reform of agricultural production, a multi-fold system of economic activities of enterprises has developed. Along with large holdings and production units on the basis of former collective and state farms, a considerable proportion is made up of farm households. As a general-purpose tractor for farming a wheel-driven machine with engine power of 150-200 hp is used. A tractor of the MTZ-80 type is needed to perform auxiliary works to ensure the operation of the main unit. The tractors park of the large grain enterprises consists of high-performance wheeled vehicles of class 6-8, as well as class 3-4 tractors on wheels for auxiliary work. The bulk of the land in processing in the region is accounted by enterprises formed on the basis of former state farms and collective farms. These are diversified economies of grain and livestock farming. Multisectoral production allows to form a more developed structure of sown areas due to the cultivation of different cultures. To perform a set of works in these farms caterpillar tractors of class 4-5 and wheeled tractors of general purpose of class 3-4 are needed.
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Zubina, V. A. "Justification of priority factors affecting the efficiency of the tractor fleet." MATEC Web of Conferences 329 (2020): 01024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202032901024.
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Analysis of numerous sources shows that the following group of factors can be distinguished, which can be said to be the main ones: Qualification of machine operator, Annual load of tractors, Number of tractors per 1000 ha of arable land, Age of machinery in the tractor fleet, Agrotechnical terms of harvesting and sowing within the agro-term, General technical level of technology in the tractor fleet, The costs of maintenance and repair of agricultural machinery in the tractor fleet, Tractor technical readiness factor. Based on the methodology for calculating the coefficient of concordance for each group of factors, as a measure of the consistency of a group of experts, priority factors are identified that affect the operation of the tractor fleet. Experts of farms and workers of agricultural departments of Russia took part in the examination, namely: Kaluga region, Kostroma region, Tula region, Yaroslavl region and other organizations. In total, 30 people independently participated in the examination: farm managers, chief engineers, agronomists, etc.
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Hammer, Wilfried. "Safe access to farm tractors and trailers." Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research 50 (September 1991): 219–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-8634(05)80016-2.
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Théodore, Tchotang, Lucien MEVA’A, Bienvenu Kenmeugne, and Pa Tamba Jammeh. "Repair and maintenance cost analysis of John Deere 5403 tractor in the Gambia." Revista Agraria, SE1 (June 2, 2022): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.59741/agraria.v19ise1.5.
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The paper presents an approach for deriving a mathematical model that predict repair and maintenance (R&M) cost of farm tractors in The Gambia. As John Deere (JD) tractors are widely used by Gambian farmers, a study was conducted to predict accumulated repair & maintenance costs (Y) of the two-wheel drive (2WD) JD-5403 tractor based on accumulated working hours (X). In order to determine the mathematical model for the studied tractor, regression analysis using knowledge based analytical software (SPSS STATISTICS 21 and Excel 2016 version) was performed on the calculated data generating five regression models: linear, logarithmic, polynomial, power and exponential. The statistical results showed that the polynomial model gave better cost prediction with higher confidence and less variation than other models. Finally, it was established that repair and maintenance cost increased with an increase in working hours of JD-5403 tractor.
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T.W. Kelsey, P. L. Jenkins, and J. J. May. "Factors Influencing Tractor Ownersâ Potential Demands for Rollover Protective Structures on Farm Tractors." Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health 2, no. 2 (1996): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.19444.
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Shueller, John K. "In the Service of Abundance." Mechanical Engineering 122, no. 08 (August 1, 2000): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2000-aug-3.
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This article focuses on the role of agriculture mechanization in the growth process in different fields. Many innovations in agricultural mechanization occurred in the middle of the 19th century. Agricultural mechanization is often exemplified by the development of the tractor. A key figure in the development of tractors was a Michigan farm boy who first became interested in technology when he saw a large steam traction engine. The adoption of the gasoline tractor was aided significantly by successful demonstrations and tests. The many 20th-century advancements in machinery to till soil, plant, remove weeds, and apply fertilizers and pesticides are too numerous to discuss here. However, at least harvesting equipment should be discussed because its mechanization trailed only tractors in importance. Cyrus McCormick’s reaper replaced human-powered cutting tools in small grains with a horse-drawn machine in the 19th century.
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Mui, H. W., G. L. Bradford, and M. M. Ali. "Modeling the Demand for Durable Inputs: Distributed Lags and Causality." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 18, no. 2 (December 1986): 273–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0081305200006324.
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AbstractVector-autoregressive-moving-average (VARMA) modeling was used to identify distributed lag relationships among farm tractor derived demand variables and to provide a basis for formally testing the hypothesis that the price of new tractor horsepower is exogeneous to its quantity demanded. Similar causality tests were used for a number of other explanatory variables, including the interest rate, price of diesel fuel, and price of used tractors. Results indicate that several lagged variables are significant causal factors and that the dynamic nature of the demand structure cannot be ignored when explaining tractor demand.
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Yelenych, Anatoliy. "DESIGN FEATURES OF TRACTORS MASSEY FERGUSON COMPANIES." ENGINEERING, ENERGY, TRANSPORT AIC, no. 3(122) (December 2, 2023): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.37128/2520-6168-2023-3-8.
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Everyone who buys a Massey Ferguson tractor today expects it to meet the latest operational and environmental standards. It is expected to combine the best modern technologies, comfort, simplicity, reliability, quality and advanced agricultural experience. The MF8700 S series is developed and produced at AGCO's Beauvais (France) production plant, which is the winner of the prestigious "Factory of the Year - 2016" award, awarded in France by the leading industry magazine "L'Usine Nouvelle". The plant in Beauvais designs and manufactures Massey Ferguson tractors with a capacity of 75 - 400 hp. It is the largest producer and exporter of agricultural machinery in France. The plant is certified according to the ISO9001 standard. Over the past five years, EUR 300 million has been invested in the Beauvais tractor plant, which produces a number of powerful Massey Ferguson tractors. And it's done for a single purpose: to ensure that Massey Ferguson tractors meet standards of quality, reliability and performance, and thereby ensure that owners and operators who rely on this equipment have no problems. This is the main meaning of everything we do in Beauvais. Agriculture is in the blood of their engineers, the basis of their strategic thinking. They strive to find new solutions for today's and tomorrow's challenging agricultural challenges, such as the fuel-saving Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR), which they are the first to bring to market. The result - tractors that help run the farm have become more efficient and profitable. The new series of tractors of this company is aimed at consumers who need a powerful tractor for precision farming with a sophisticated design and optimized efficiency. New thinking works at all design stages and in all tractor functions without exception to increase power, comfort, ease of use, efficiency and reliability.
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Zalewski, Arkadiusz. "DETERMINANTS OF REGIONAL DIFFERENCES OF FARM EQUIPMENT IN AGRICULTURAL TRACTORS IN POLAND." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XIX, no. 6 (January 10, 2018): 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.7935.
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The aim of the study was to group provinces due to factors having a potential impact on the regional differences of farm equipment in agricultural tractors. The Ward method was used to group the provinces. Four groups of provinces were distinguished which differed in terms of the proposed features. Provinces with the largest area of agricultural land per 1 tractor were characterized by the largest average area of farms, the largest share of farms specializing in field crops and the lowest level of employment in agriculture. The provinces with the lowest area of agricultural land per 1 tractor are those with the smallest area of farms, the smallest share of farmers with agricultural education and the smallest purchase value from 1 ha of agricultural land. The share of people employed in agriculture was the largest in these provinces.
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OLEWNICKI, DAWID, and ANNA SOBCZAK. "SUPPLY OF FARM INPUTS ON FARMS IN MAZOWIECKIE VOIVODSHIP." sj-economics scientific journal 26, no. 3 (November 30, 2017): 152–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.58246/sjeconomics.v26i3.166.
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The aim of research was to evaluate the supply of farm inputs in agricultural farms from the Mazowieckie Voivodeship. The research shows that farmers most often choose agricultural stores and wholesalers. On the other hand, in the case of fixed assets, the most common place of purchase are wholesalers. The most common form of purchase is also contact with a salesrepresentative. In the Internet era, an increasingly popular form of procurement is online ordering. Research also indicated that in the past three years, the most frequently purchased fixed assets were agricultural tractors, which acquired as much as 40% of the farms surveyed.
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Marlenga, Barbara, William Pickett, and Richard L. Berg. "Assignment of work involving farm tractors to children on North American farms." American Journal of Industrial Medicine 40, no. 1 (2001): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajim.1067.
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Pradnyasuari, Ananda, I. Made Anom S. Wijaya, and Ida Ayu Rina Pratiwi Pudja. "Analisis Kepuasan dan Efektivitas Kerja Petani pada Penggunaan Hand Tractor di Lahan Kering." Jurnal BETA (Biosistem dan Teknik Pertanian) 8, no. 2 (November 6, 2019): 364. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jbeta.2020.v08.i02.p22.
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Hand tractor adalah salah satu teknologi alat dan mesin pertanian yang telah banyak digunakan petani dalam mengolah lahan pertanian sebagai pengganti tenaga manusia dan tenaga ternak. Penggunaan hand tractor di Kecamatan Baturiti, khususnya di Desa Candikuning sudah diterapkan kurang lebih 5-10 tahun dikarenakan waktu mengolah tanah lebih cepat daripada menggunakan tenaga kerja manual. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kepuasan dan efektivitas kerja petani pada penggunaan hand tractor di Desa Candikuning, Baturiti, Tabanan, Bali. Penentuan sampel menggunakan metode purposive sample. Jumlah responden 30 petani dengan kriteria petani yang memiliki lahan pertanian, memiliki hand tractor, serta menggunakan hand tractor. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan April – Mei 2019. Analisis menggunakan metode Deskriptif untuk menguraikan karakteristik petani. Analisis kepuasan konsumen menggunakan Important Performance Analysis (IPA) dan Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI), serta Analisis Efektivitas untuk mengukur efektivitas kerja petani. Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengguna hand tractor didominasi oleh petani kelompok umur produktif (50%), tingkat Pendidikan setingkat SD-SMP (73.34%), dengan pekerjaan sampingan sebagai buruh tani (60%). Hasil Importance Performance Analysis didapatkan tingkat kesesuaian rata-rata antara kinerja dan kepentingan sebesar 87.85% dengan rentang nilai berkisar antara 54.84% pada atribut harga hand tractor sampai dengan 100% pada atribut mudah dalam pengoperasian mesin. Hasil analisis Customer Satisfaction Index didapatkan sebesar 68.10%. Efektivitas kerja petani pada penggunaan hand tractor sebesar 100%. Dari hasil penelitian disimpulkan bahwa petani merasa puas pada penggunaan hand tractor dan kerja petani pada penggunaan hand tractor tergolong efektif.
Kata kunci: hand tractor, kepuasan petani, efektivitas.
Hand tractor is one of the technology tools and agricultural machinery that has been widely used by farmers in processing agricultural land as a substitute for human labor and livestock power. The use of hand tractors in Kecamatan Baturiti, especially in Desa Candikuning has been implemented for approximately 5-10 years due to the time to process land faster than using manual labor. This study aims to analyze the satisfaction and effectiveness of farmer's work on the use of hand tractors in Desa Candikuning, Baturiti, Tabanan, Bali. Determination of the sample using the purposive sampling method. The number of respondents is 30 farmers with the criteria of farmers who own agricultural land, own hand tractors, and use hand tractors. The study was conducted in April - May 2019. The analysis used descriptive methods to describe the characteristics of farmers. Analysis of consumer satisfaction using Important Performance Analysis (IPA) and Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI), as well as Effectiveness Analysis to measure the effectiveness of farmers' work. Research shows that users of hand tractors are dominated by productive age farmers (50%), education level is at the level of elementary-junior high school (73.34%), with side jobs as farm laborers (60%). Importance Performance Analysis results obtained an average suitability level between performance and importance of 87.85% with a range of values ??ranging from 54.84% in the price attribute of hand tractors to 100% in the easy attribute in machine operation. Customer Satisfaction Index analysis results obtained by 68.10%. The effectiveness of farmers' work on the use of hand tractors is 100%. From the results of the study concluded that farmers were satisfied with the use of hand tractors and the work of farmers on the use of hand tractors was classified as effective.
Keyword: hand tractor, farmer’s satisfaction, effectiveness.
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Ziauddin, Dr A. T. M., Md Mosharraf Hossain, and M. M. Huq. "Reliability Study of Belarus Tractor in Bangladesh." Journal of Agricultural Machinery and Bioresources Engineering 2, no. 1 (December 31, 1995): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.61361/jambe.v2i1.39.
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The reliability engineering concept and its application to farm machinery were reviewed. A method of estimating the reliability parameter to agricultural tractor (Belarus) were discussed. The method used field data for estimation of parameters value for the reliability function. The Weibull distribution model with a shape parameter of 1.13 and scale parameter of 163.53 and location parameter of zero adequately represented the reliability function of Belarus tractors being used in Panchagarh Sugar Mills, Panchagarh. Reliability of an agricultural machine, such as tractor, is of help to farmers in purchasing and to manufacturers in producing more reliable machines.
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Rajkhowa, Pallavi, and Zaneta Kubik. "Revisiting the relationship between farm mechanization and labour requirement in India." Indian Economic Review 56, no. 2 (October 18, 2021): 487–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41775-021-00120-x.
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AbstractIn many developing and emerging economies, better employment opportunities in the non-farm sector have increased rural wages due to labour shortages during the peak agricultural season. Increasing wages often cause a substitution of labour for mechanical power, but extensive use of labour-saving technologies may cause labour displacement and have serious equity concerns. Using the household and individual fixed effect estimation approach, this paper analyses the relationship between different types of farm machines and labour requirements in India. The results suggest that a unit increase in the level of farm mechanization increases the demand for hired labour by 12%. Moreover, we find that the level of farm mechanization has a positive effect on women’s participation in farm work, while it decreases the probability of children participating in agriculture-related work. Disaggregated analysis based on types of farm machinery suggests that water-lifting equipment, draft power and tractors increase the probability of male household members working on their farms, while all types of farm machines, except tractors, have a positive effect on female farm labour participation. We also find that the effect of farm mechanization on the demand for hired labour decreases as the size of the farm increases.
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Bellochio, Sabrina Dalla Corte, Airton Dos Santos Alonço, Gessieli Possebom, Francieli De Vargas, and Lutiane Pagliarin. "Use of Safety Components to Avoid Accidents With Agricultural Tractors in Public Roads." Journal of Agricultural Science 10, no. 6 (May 6, 2018): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n6p217.
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The market of agricultural tractors has an important role in the Brazilian economy, as well as the role the tractor plays in agricultural operations. With the rising level of mechanization, the traffic of tractors on public roads consequently increased, thus raising the propensity of occurring accidents. In transit, tractors present low traveling speed, besides being wider machines in comparison to cars, besides also presenting low visibility to the other drivers who use the roads. The relevance of studies that point the problems related to this type of traffic accident is related to its severity, in order to seek preventive measures. In this context, this study aimed to address the interface of safety components related to lighting and signaling with the avoidance of accidents involving agricultural tractors on public roads. This way, studies show aspects such as: the road speed limit, as well as its type and width; the number of vehicles and agricultural machinery in circulation; safety components; lighting and signaling items, influence and help to draw a characterization of accidents involving farm machinery. Among the types of accidents, collision and overturning are the most common. Even if the number of accidents with tractors is lower in relation to automotive vehicles, the severity of the accidents is greater, with propensity of 5 to 8 times more deaths. Therefore, the correct use of safety components and items of lighting and signaling on tractors, in addition to the compliance with laws and regulations, may contribute to reducing the number of accidents with agricultural machines on public roads.
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Arzhenovskiy, A. G., D. S. Kozlov, and N. A. Petrishchev. "Determining the Traction Characteristic of a Tractor in Operating Conditions." Agricultural Machinery and Technologies 12, no. 5 (November 8, 2018): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22314/2073-7599-2018-12-5-25-30.
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One of the most important aspects in terms of increasing the efficiency of agricultural production is the improvement of the methods and tools of determining the main operating indicators of tractors as they influence the productivity, efficiency and ecological safety of machinetractor units. (Research purpose) To develop a method for obtaining traction characteristics of a tractor, which make it possible to reduce the time needed for measurements under operating conditions, and to design an instrument for economical obtaining of tractors’ traction characteristics under specific farm conditions. (Materials and methods) the authors have chosen a method for determining the energy performance of tractors under operating conditions in a transient mode. They have conducted traction tests of tractors for various modes and soil backgrounds to evaluate its tractiondynamic and fueleconomic indicators. The traction characteristic of a tractor is the dependence of the tractor performance (traction power, speed, hourly and specific fuel consumption, and slipping) on the load at various speeds against a given soil background. However, traction tests require expensive equipment, as well as significant costs and time to prepare and conduct, which leads to their implementation only in the conditions of machine testing stations. (Results and discussion) The authors have developed a method for obtaining traction characteristics of a tractor under operating conditions. Instantly increasing the fuel supply to the maximum, during the tractor acceleration, the engine crankshaft speed and trackmeasuring wheel were measured at a given speed and against the corresponding soil background with load and without load. It has been revealed that the fuel and economic indicators can be determined using cyclical fuel supply by the fuel pump at the maximum mode on the bench for checking and adjusting the fuel equipment. The authors have developed and assembled a measuring and computing installation that allows processing arrays of data from two inductive sensors. (Conclusions) The proposed method for determining the tractiondynamic and fueleconomic indicators of tractors and the measuringcomputing installation that implements it allow obtaining a traction characteristic (speed, slipping, traction power, hourly and specific fuel consumption depending on the load at various speeds against a given soil background) in operating conditions, thus reducing the time and cost of operation.
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Olmstead, Alan L., and Paul W. Rhode. "RESHAPING THE LANDSCAPE: THE IMPACT AND DIFFUSION OF THE TRACTOR IN AMERICAN AGRICULTURE, 1910–1960." Journal of Economic History 61, no. 3 (September 2001): 663–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050701030042.
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This article analyzes the revolutionary impact the tractor had on rural America and examines the economic, technological, and institutional factors governing the machine's diffusion. Our simultaneous-equation regression model helps decipher the complex relationship between farm scale and diffusion. In addition, analyzing diffusion as a capital replacement problem reveals that the shift to the new technology was far more rapid than what has generally been thought and provides a new perspective on the long co-existence of both horses and tractors on farms.
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Lemi G, Demelash, Kishor Kolhe P, and Siraj Busse K. "Evaluation of Current Farm Machinery Selection Practices of Wonji Shoa Sugar Factory." Ecology, Environment and Conservation 29, no. 02 (2023): 610–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.53550/eec.2023.v29i02.012.
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The Government of Ethiopia is trying to improve sugar industry sector by establishing new factories, expansion projects and rehabilitation of existing ones. The main input in this process is agricultural mechanization; however it has been resulted in a huge number of farm machinery of various types and sizes, without consideration of proper selection and matching between tractors and their attachments (implements). This approach had led to high cost of agricultural operation, resulted in an unbalanced distribution of machinery and the agricultural operations throughout the years. Wonji Shoa Sugar factory is one of the victims of the aforementioned problem. The present study was conducted to evaluate the current farm machinery selection practices of Wonji Shoa Sugar Factory. Three soil types namely; heavy clay, vertisol and sandy loam were selected with four field activities (subsoiling, ploughing, harrowing and furrowing). For subsoiling, ploughing and harrowing, 9410-R John Deer tractor with implements of 5 shank and 3.2 m wide mounted subsoiler, 2.8 m wide double gang offset disc plough, and 3.5 m wide semi mounted four gangs double offset were used respectively. For furrowing YTO-1804 tractor and a four bottom fully mounted 4.5 m wide rider was used. For each experiment, the draft force requirement of the implements, the drawbar power, fuel consumption, overall energy efficiency and power utilization ratio were determined at different tractor travel speeds. Subsoiling, ploughing and harrowing were activities were evaluated at the travel speed of w 3, 4, 5 and 6 km/hr. And a travel speed of 4, 5, 6 and 7 km/hr were used for furrowing operation. Linear regression tests were run to examine the interactions between the factors and determine their significant impact. The results of this study noted for furrowing operation as lowest draft force, drawbar power, fuel consumption and energy efficiency of 14 kN, 12.65kW, 13 lit/hr and 8.7 % respectively in sandy loam soil type. The maximum Draft force of 79.8 kW and drawbar power of 131 kW was noted for subsoiling operation in Heavy clay soil. Moreover the results of all operation in all soil type, as indicated by both overall energy efficiency and power utilization factor shows the mismatch between the tractor and implements, as the tractors were overpowered. That means a less amount of the available power from the tractor is being used to operate the implement. If the tractor had been matched with a bigger and compatible implement a better efficiency and higher productivity of the tractor implement combination could have been achieved.
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Tsaputra, Harry, Bambang Sumantri, and Agus Purwoko. "ANALISIS EFISIENSI USAHATANI PADI SAWAH: KASUS PADA PETANI PENGGUNA HANDTRAKTOR DI KELURAHAN KEMUMU, KECAMATAN ARGAMAKMUR, KABUPATEN BENGKULU UTARA." Jurnal AGRISEP 11, no. 2 (September 16, 2012): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31186/jagrisep.11.2.145-152.
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The objective of this study is to analyze the efficiency and risk of rice farming with and without hand tractor. Sixty six respondents are selected using simple random sampling. R/C ratio is used to estimate farm efficiency and business risk analysis as suggested by Kadarsan (1995) is used to examine risk that is probably faced by farmers. The results showed that farmers used tractors is more efficient than others. This conclusion is based on average R/C ratio of 3.02 and 2.69 for farmers with and without tractor respectively. Statistic t test also support the existence of economic efficiency dissimilarity. Keyword: Efficiency, Business Risks, Rice Farming
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Scheltsyn, N. A., L. A. Frumkin, and I. V. Ivanov. "The up-to-date stepless transmissions for farm tractors." Traktory i sel hozmashiny 78, no. 11 (November 15, 2011): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/0321-4443-69227.
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J. R. Wilkins III, H. L. Engelhardt, T. L. Bean, M. V. Byers, and J. M. Crawford. "Prevalence of ROPSâEquipped Tractors and Farm/Farmer Characteristics." Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health 9, no. 2 (2003): 107–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.13001.
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Latorre-Biel, Juan I., Ignacio Arana, Tomás Ballesteros, Jesús M. Pintor, and José R. Alfaro. "Front end loader with automatic levelling for farm tractors." Biosystems Engineering 148 (August 2016): 111–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2016.05.011.
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