Academic literature on the topic 'Farmers – Rwanda – Social conditions'
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Journal articles on the topic "Farmers – Rwanda – Social conditions"
1
Musafiri, Ildephonse, and Pär Sjölander. "The importance of off-farm employment for smallholder farmers in Rwanda." Journal of Economic Studies 45, no. 1 (2018): 14–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-07-2016-0129.
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Purpose Based on unique data the authors analyze the Rwandan non-farm employment expansion in rural areas and its relation to agricultural productivity. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the factors that determine off-farm work hours in Rwanda, and how farmers’ off-farm employment affects agricultural output. Since production efficiency may depend on off-farm work and off-farm work depend on production efficiency (Lien et al., 2010), both production and off-farm work are endogenous. While controlling for endogeneity, the authors investigate the relationship between off-farm work and agricultural production. Design/methodology/approach In this paper the authors use a unique panel data set spanning over 26 years originating from household surveys conducted in the northwest and densely populated districts of Rwanda. Econometric estimations are based on a random effects two-stage Tobit model to control for endogeneity. Findings The study confirms theoretical and empirical findings from other developing countries that off-farm employment is one of the essential conditions for having an economically viable agricultural business and vice versa. Research limitations/implications The study is carried out in only one district of Rwanda. Even though most rural areas in Rwanda have similar features the findings cannot necessarily be generalized for the entire country of Rwanda. As in any study, the raw data set suffer from a number of shortcomings which cannot be fully eliminated by the econometric estimation, but this is a new data set which has the best data available for this research question in Rwanda. Practical implications The authors can conclude that there are synergy effects of investing government resources into both on-farm and off-farm employment expansions. Thus, in Rwanda on-farm investments can actually partly contribute to a future natural smooth transformation to more off-farm total output and productivity and vice versa. Though there are still limited off-farm employment opportunities in the studied area, there are considerable potentials to generate income and increase agricultural production through the purchase of additional inputs. Social implications The findings imply that a favorable business climate for off-farm businesses creates spill-over effects which enhance the smallholder farmers’ opportunities to survive, generate wealth, create employment and in effect reduce poverty. Originality/value From the best of the authors’ knowledge, similar studies have not been conducted in Rwanda, nor elsewhere with this type of data set. The findings provide original insights regarding off-farm and agricultural relationships in rural areas under dense population pressure. The results provide some indications that off-farm employment in developing countries (such as Rwanda) is one of the essential conditions for having an economically viable agricultural business and vice versa. The second wave of data was collected by the authors and was used solely for the purpose of this paper.
2
Galarza-Villamar, Julissa Alexandra, Mariette McCampbell, Andres Galarza-Villamar, Cees Leeuwis, Francesco Cecchi, and John Galarza-Rodrigo. "A Public Bad Game Method to Study Dynamics in Socio-Ecological Systems (Part II): Results of Testing Musa-Game in Rwanda and Adding Emergence and Spatiality to the Analysis." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (2021): 9353. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13169353.
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This article is the second in a series of two and presented findings from field-testing an experimental boardgame (Musa-game) with banana farmers in four villages in Eastern Rwanda. The conceptualization and design of the Musa-game were described in Part I. Musa-game gives insights into how farmers’ individual and collective decision-making and actions regarding management of a public bad interplay with other factors and characteristics of the socio-ecological system (SES). A public bad is a non-rivalrous, non-excludable issue that causes loss of social-welfare of individuals and communities. The method contributes contextual understanding about the emergence of phenomena that arise from the interactions between human and non-human actors. Musa-game was framed to study one public bad challenge in particular: the infectious crop disease Banana Xanthomonas Wilt disease (BXW). Findings increased the knowhow about the emergence and governance of conditions that hinder or enhance the spread of infectious diseases like BXW. Analysis of qualitative and quantitative data suggested that individual farmers’ actions were influenced by perceptions of risk, affecting both individual and collective disease management. Additionally, the used experimental treatments allowed us to evaluate the influence of communication on risk-governance strategies. It appears that a combination of possession of technical knowledge about the disease, opportunities to communicate about the disease, and a collective disease management strategy enables the best individual actions and collective performance.
3
Mugabo, Josaphat Rusisiro, Eric Tollens, Jonas Nwankwo Chianu, and Bernard Vanlauwe. "Mineral fertilizer use in land-scarce conditions: Case of Rwanda." Open Agriculture 5, no. 1 (2020): 690–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opag-2020-0066.
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AbstractThis study was undertaken to investigate the use of mineral fertilizer by smallholder farmers in order to understand the set of factors influencing the decisions of smallholder farmers to use fertilizers in land-scarce conditions. Using descriptive analysis and the Cragg’s double-hurdle model, the study identified and analyzed factors that determine smallholder farmer adoption of mineral fertilizers and those that affect the intensity of household mineral fertilizer use. From factors that only influence the decision of smallholder farmers to use mineral fertilizers, distance to fertilizer market and livestock affects it negatively; while farmer association membership, landholding per capita, access to extension services and the size of household affect it positively. The variable “domestic assets” which is a proxy variable for smallholder farmers’ wealth affects only the intensity of use of mineral fertilizers. Literacy of head of household, share of potatoes sold and extension services have an effect on the probability of adoption and intensity of mineral fertilizer use. Improving smallholder farmers’ access to information (extension services and education) and increasing mineral fertilizer profitability through improving agricultural commodity markets are essential for raising both the adoption of mineral fertilizers and the extent of mineral fertilizer use among smallholder farmers in Rwanda.
4
Cyriaque, Mfashwanayo, Nicholas Ngomi, Mochama Monica, and Rutayisire Erigene. "Social and physical factors influencing malaria incidence among farmers in Bugesera District, Rwanda." Life Research 3, no. 3 (2020): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.53388/life2020-0706-103.
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Sperling, Louise, Michael E. Loevinsohn, and Beatrice Ntabomvura. "Rethinking the Farmer's Role in Plant Breeding: Local Bean Experts and On-station Selection in Rwanda." Experimental Agriculture 29, no. 4 (1993): 509–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700021219.
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SummaryVarietal selection is particularly difficult for very heterogeneous environments where farmers have a range of preferences. To address these issues in Rwanda, local bean experts, generally women, are invited to the research station to assess cultivars and to select those they prefer for their plots. Farmers use observed yield as only one of several criteria to predict varietal performance in their more stressed home environments. The varieties they choose are often higher yielding on-farm and are retained longer by farmers than those selected by the breeders. The results of early farmer involvement also compare favourably with those of the standard breeding programme in terms of enhanced genetic diversity and reduced research costs. There are few pre-conditions for developing such a client-driven breeding programme.Papel del agricultor en la selección de variedades para una estación inaestigación
6
Nyirandorimana, Esther, Ezekiel Ndunda, and John Muriuki. "Factor Influencing Adaptation Choices Employed by Farmers Against Climate Change to Improve Rice Yield in Bugarama Wetland in Rwanda." East African Journal of Agriculture and Biotechnology 2, no. 1 (2020): 12–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eajab.2.1.137.
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The changing climate poses a great challenge to many wetlands productivity worldwide. Rice production in wetlands is a major source of livelihood in developing countries such as Rwanda. This study aimed at determining the factors influencing adaptation methods when farmers perceive the changing climate at Bugarama Wetland Rice Scheme in Rwanda. A descriptive research design was used by this study, whereby quantitative and qualitative data was collected. The analysis was based on data collected from 300 selected farmers using systematic random sampling method. We employed descriptive statistics to assess how farmers perceive the effects of climate change and descriptively measured the new adaptation methods used by farmers in Bugarama to increase their yields. The study adopted Heckman two-step model to determine factors that influence adaptation choices, this analysis procedurally required farmers’ knowledge of perception that makes them respond to the effects of changes in climatic conditions by the use of new adaptation methods. The results deduced that level of education (p =0.019), extension access (p=0.001), market distance (p=0.002) and rice income (p < 0.001) had a probability of influencing farmers perceptions about climate change thus need to adapt. Based on the outcome model, results showed that extension access (p < 0.001), household size (p= 0.098), market distance (p= 0.047), rice income (p =0.032), farmers-to-farmers contact (p < 0.001) and effects of climate change on rice (p=0.038) had a greater probability of influencing farmers choice of adaptation method used to improve rice yields. To conclude, the study found that access to informational facilities and rice income, influenced farmers’ perceptions while extension access, rice income, market distance, farmers-to-farmers contact and effects of climate change on rice yield strongly had a probability of determining farmers’ choice of adaptation. This study recommends that the Rwandan government and local administrators need to develop a strategy that would allow farmers to access information facilities about new technology so as to adapt to the effects of climate change thus improve their rice yields.
7
Galarza-Villamar, Julissa Alexandra, Mariette McCampbell, Cees Leeuwis, and Francesco Cecchi. "Adding Emergence and Spatiality to a Public Bad Game for Studying Dynamics in Socio-Ecological Systems (Part I): The Design of Musa-Game for Integrative Analysis of Collective Action in Banana Disease Management." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (2021): 9370. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13169370.
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Human decision-making plays a critical and challenging role in the prevention and control of public bads within socio-ecological systems. Farmers daily confront dilemmas regarding public bad management, such as infectious diseases in their crops. Their decisions interplay with multiple factors and may create the risk conditions in which a public bad can occur (e.g., a disease outbreak). This article presents an experimental board game method (DySE) and its contextualized version (Musa-game) to study the effect of individual and collective human actions on creating or preventing a public bad. The DySE method and the Musa-game add emergence and spatiality (both attributes of SES) to the study of public bads and collective action problems. This methodological proposal allows us to build a contextual understanding of how individual and collective actions of various entities lead to typical system outcomes, i.e., conditions that are (un)favourable to pathogens, and individual decisions about infectious disease management. To conceptualize our method, we used the case of Banana Xanthomonas Wilt disease in Rwanda. This research is published as a diptych. Part I (this article) covers the conceptualization and design of Musa-game. Part II presents empirical findings from testing Musa-game with farmers in Rwanda and recommendations for using the method.
8
Blomme, Guy, Petronille Dusingizimana, Jules Ntamwira, et al. "Comparing effectiveness, cost- and time-efficiency of control options for Xanthomonas wilt of banana under Rwandan agro-ecological conditions." European Journal of Plant Pathology 160, no. 2 (2021): 487–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10658-021-02258-z.
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AbstractXanthomonas wilt of banana (XW) is a major disease affecting banana throughout East and Central Africa (ECA). Initial control was through complete diseased mat uprooting (CDMU), which had limited adoption due to high labour demands and cost. Further research demonstrated single diseased stem removal (SDSR) was an effective, less labour intensive and less costly alternative to CDMU. A comparative assessment of the two control practices was needed to foster uptake by policy makers, especially in countries like Rwanda where SDSR had not been tested or scaled up. To test SDSR in Rwanda, a study was conducted in farmers’ fields comparing the effectiveness, labour cost and time demands of CDMU and SDSR. SDSR was equally effective as CDMU for XW control, with initial XW incidences of 3.0 to 9.4% being reduced to <0.5% within 3 months of using either method. The major benefit of SDSR lies in its significantly lower resource requirements. The total time needed for applying SDSR on a single plant was 88% less, averaging 4.3 min (standard deviation, sd = 0.3) compared to 36.5 min (sd = 4.5) for CDMU on a complete mat. Accordingly, the cost of labour was significantly lower for SDSR. The main cost of CDMU (78% of total cost) arose from the need to replant with healthy banana plantlets. The total cost of SDSR (26 Rwandan Francs [Frw], sd = 2) was 96% lower than that for CDMU (619 Frw, sd = 27). Hence, the incentive to use SDSR for managing XW is very high. These findings will boost SDSR adoption by both policy makers and farmers in ECA.
9
Hakorimana, Fidele, and Handan Akçaöz. "The Climate Change and Rwandan Coffee Sector." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 5, no. 10 (2017): 1206. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v5i10.1206-1215.1376.
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This paper provides a detailed overview of the current situation of the coffee sector in the Rwandan economy and identifies the possible challenges that the sector is currently facing. The study has identified the economic and the livelihood indicators for farmers who are engaged in coffee production and also gives the Rwandan coffee sector’ situation and its position in the global coffee market. Also, the research has found out that in Rwanda, nearly 500,000 farmers produce coffee along with other crops, notably beans, savory banana and corn and found out that in 2012, coffee accounted for almost 30 percent of Rwanda’s total export revenue. On the other hand, the study revealed that the sector throughout all the coffee production process, has undergone different challenges especially climate change as it is reported by the Ministry of Agriculture and Animal resources. A low yield was reported in 2007 and climate variability was quoted among the causes. Insufficient rainfall in the last three months of 2006 (the period of coffee flowering) proceeding the short dry season in the first two months of 2007 was recorded. The reduced rainfall was also poorly distributed across coffee growing regions in Rwanda. In addition, the research revealed that even though the area under coffee production is increasing, the coffee production is decreasing due to unexpected climate change and variability in current years and also the improper use of chemical fertilizers by coffee farmers is very critical. The study concluded that adding value to the coffee supply chain of Rwanda is adding direct economic benefits and important indirect social benefits to the lives of individuals and to the health of communities in Rwanda. Moreover, more effort should continue to raise the profile of the Rwandan coffee sector suggesting that proper use of chemical fertilizers, solid marketing channels and climate change adaptations measures would be the fair ways of making the sector more profitable and considering national targets to increase coffee export revenues, a few simple measures to improve the performance of the sector could have substantial effects on the country’s economic growth.
10
Jeanclaude, Sibomana. "Effect of Social-Economic factors on the Decisions of Small Holder Wheat Farmers to Participate Market in Rwanda." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 8, no. 2 (2020): 751–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2020.2115.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Farmers – Rwanda – Social conditions"
1
Kalinganire, Charles. "The role of social work in the socio-economic development of Rwanda : a comparative sociological analysis of South Africa and Rwanda." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53166.
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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2002.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Nowadays, members of the global community from various arenas are committed to
promoting social development and removing the obstacles of all kinds of social ills that
have been undermining the quality of people's lives, such as: poverty, social conflicts,
HIV/AIDS, injustice and violence. Is this feasible? If yes, how can we proceed to the full
realisation of human development?
This study made a close examination of the case of Rwanda, and compared it with that of
South Africa, with which Rwanda shares various historical and psychosocial realities
such as colonisation, and the need for reconciliation and reinforcement of communal
solidarity in order to proceed with and hasten the development process. The orientation
of the study is centred on the hypothetical question: "Why and how can social work be
used as a means of addressing social problems and promoting social development in
Rwanda?"
The study, basically of a qualitative nature, constitutes both library and field-based
research. Accordingly, the literature and the empirical investigation were used as key
methods to realise the goals and objectives stated. In the empirical study, a triangulation
of data gathering techniques, namely interviews, focus group discussions and direct
observations, was given the primary emphasis. By this means, enriched information from
both South Africa and Rwanda permitted various insights into crucial socio-economic
challenges, social development agents, the preferred approaches for social development
and the working conditions of social workers. The latter conditions were usually
described as being very difficult and trying.
Overall, the research findings show that:
+ There is a serious need for social development both in South Africa and Rwanda in
order to respond to the legacies of their pasts - especially to the upheavals of apartheid
and the genocide respectively (i.e. poverty, mistrust, social disintegration) - as well as to
a range of other social ills such as HIV/AIDS, violence and unforeseen factors;
+ The developmental approach, well espoused by the South African government which
chose to incorporate it in national policies, particularly in the White Paper for Social
Welfare (1997), is the most suited to foster the attainment of social development;
• Social work, using community work as the preferred method, is amongst the key
professions at the forefront of the operationalisation of social development and hence, of
the promotion of improved social welfare conditions;
• Empowerment, particularly of vulnerable people, is a key to social change;
• Social work, while moving towards a developmental approach - as developmental
social work - needs to consolidate its position by contributing effectively to development
instead of continuing to focus on individual cases Itherapies.
• Introduction of social work training at the National University of Rwanda (NUR) is a
positive omen for the stimulation of social development in the country;
• There is a particular need to update the social work curriculum in Rwanda.
Lastly, specific recommendations are given. The main recommendation is that efforts to
conduct a comprehensive war against social problems be unified. In terms of social work,
it is important that social work professionals be given more consideration and more
stimulation. Conducive working conditions must be also created for them, especially at
local level. Social workers, in tum, have to stand their ground, and work in good
partnership with other professionals and social development agents for the good of all
people, with special focus on the disadvantaged.
For Rwanda in particular, it is recommended that a national welfare policy be set up
urgently to strengthen social work education at university, and that, in the process,
reference be made to experienced countries such as South Africa. In this regard,
educators must ensure that new graduates will effectively become catalysts for social
development. This requires a good fit of theory and practice during the training process.
Above all, it is advisable for Rwanda to promote community work practice through the
community development model.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Sosiale ontwikkeling is 'n hedendaagse prioriteit by lede van die globale gemeenskap uit
verskeie gebiede. Hulle streef daarna om die struikelblokke van verskeie sosiale
wantoestande wat mense se lewensgehalte ondergrawe - bv. armoede, sosiale konflik,
MIVNIGS, ongeregtigheid en geweld - te verwyder. Is so-iets haalbaar? Indien ja, hoe
kan ons voortbeweeg na die volle verwesenlikking van menslike ontwikkeling?
Rwanda en Suid-Afrika het albei te kampe met historiese en sosiaal-psigiese realiteite
soos kolonialisme, 'n behoefte aan sosiale versoening en aan die versterking van
gemeenskapsolidariteit ten einde sosiale ontwikkeling te bevorder en versnel. Hierdie
studie sentreer om die vraag: "waarom en hoe kan sosiale probleme in Rwanda
aangepak en sosiale ontwikkeling bevorder word deur middel van maatskaplike
werk?"
Hierdie basies kwalitatiewe studie is op beide bronnestudie en veldwerk gegrond.
Gevolglik was die gebruik van beskikbare literatuur en empiriese navorsing die
sleutelmetodes om bg. doelwitte te bereik. Wat betref die empiriese studie is 'n
drievoudige tegniek gebruik, nl. onderhoude, fokusgroep-besprekings en direkte
waarnemmg. Verrykte inligting uit beide Suid-Afrika en Rwanda het dit dus moontlik
gemaak om verskeie insigte m.b.t. kemvraagstukke betreffende sosio-ekonomiese
uitdagings, sosiale ontwikkelingsagente, gewenste benaderings tot sosiale ontwikkeling
en die werksomstandighede van maatskaplike werkers - wat gewoonlik as erg moeilik en
uitputtend beskryf word - te bereik.
Oor die algemeen bewys die navorsingsresultate die volgende:
• Beide Suid-Afrika en Rwanda ondervind 'n ernstige behoefte aan sosiale ontwikkeling
om op die erfenis van hul verlede te reageer (veral die omwentelings van apartheid en
volksmoord, respektiewelik) - d.w.s. armoede, wantroue en sosiale verbrokkeling, en
daarby nog MIVNIGS, geweld en ander onvoorsiene faktore.
• Die ontwikkelingsentriese benadering word duidelik geïllustreer deur die Suid-
Afrikaanse regering, wat 'n nasionale beleid vanuit hierdie oogpunt aangepak het - soos
veral spreek uit die Witskrif vir Sosiale Ontwikkeling ["White Paper for Social
Development"] (1997). Hierdie is die mees gepaste benadering tot sosiale ontwikkeling.
• Maatskaplike werk (veral d.m.v. gemeenskapsinisiatiewe) is een van die sleutelberoepe
m.b.t. die operasionalisering van sosiale ontwikkeling en die gevolglike
verbetering van sosiale welsynstoestande;
• Bemagtiging, veral van kwesbare persone, is die sleutel tot sosiale transformasie;
• Maatskaplike werk behoort, terwyl dit na 'n ontwikkelingsentriese benadering (d.m.v.
maatskaplike ontwikkelingswerk) beweeg, breedweg tot sosiale ontwikkeling by te dra,
eerder as om op individuele gevalle ofterapieë te fokus;
• Die instelling van opleiding in maatskaplike werk by die Nasionale Universiteit van
Rwanda (NUR) is 'n goeie teken wat dui op sosiale ontwikkeling van hierdie land;
• Daar is veral 'n behoefte daaraan om die Rwandese kurrikulum vir maatskaplike werk
te moderniseer.
Laastens word spesifieke aanbevelings gemaak. Dit word veral aanbeveel dat
verskillende pogings om sosiale wantoestande aan te pak, saamgesnoer moet word. In
terme van maatskaplike werk is dit belangrik dat professionele maatskaplike werkers
meer aandag en aanmoediging behoort te kry. Daar moet ook aandag gegee word aan hul
werksomstandighede, veralop plaaslike vlak. Op hul beurt moet maatskaplike werkers
hulleself laat geld, in samewerking met ander beroepslui en bydraers tot sosiale
ontwikkeling - tot voordeel van alle burgers, en met 'n fokus op sosiaal-benadeelde
persone.
Vir Rwanda in die besonder word aanbeveel dat 'n nasionale welsynsbeleid dringend in
werking gestel word om universiteitsopleiding in maatskaplike werk te verstewig, na die
voorbeeld van lande soos Suid-Afrika wat ondervinding van so 'n proses het. In hierdie
verband moet opvoeders verseker dat nuwe graduandi effektiewe katalisators van sosiale
ontwikkeling sal wees. Om dit te bewerkstellig word goeie passing tussen teorie en
praktyk benodig. Dit is veral raadsaam dat maatskaplike werk in die praktyk deur die
gemeenskapsontwikkelingsmodel gerugsteun sal word.
2
Lannes, Laurence. "An analysis of health service delivery performance in Rwanda." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2015. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3093/.
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Health systems worldwide fail to produce optimal health outcomes, and successive reforms have sought to make them more efficient, more equitable and more responsive. The overarching objective of this thesis is to explore how to motivate healthcare providers in improving performance in service delivery in low income countries. The thesis explores whether financial incentives for healthcare providers raise productivity and how they may affect equity in utilization of healthcare services and responsiveness to patients’ needs. The thesis argues that, as performance-based financing (PBF) focuses on supply side barriers, it may lead to efficiency gains rather than equity improvements. It uses data from a randomized controlled impact evaluation in Rwanda to generate robust evidence on performance-based financing and address a gap in the knowledge on its unintended consequences. Statistical methods are used to analyze four aspects: the impact on health workforce productivity; the impact on health workforce responsiveness; the impact on equity in utilization of basic health services; and, the impact on spatial disparities in the utilization of health services. Findings indicate that performancebased financing has a positive impact on efficiency: it raises health workforce productivity through higher workload and lower absenteeism; and, it encourages healthcare providers to be more responsive which positively impacts the quality of care perceived by patients. Findings also indicate that the impact on equity is uncertain as PBF can deter equity in access for the poorest in the absence of a compensating mechanism; however, PBF is a powerful reform catalyzer and can reduce inequalities between regions and households when combined with appropriate reforms that control for its potential perverse effects. This thesis advocates that strategies aiming to raise healthcare providers’ motivation should be used to raise performance in service delivery in low-income countries with particular attention to their effect on end users.
3
Hategekimana, Celestin. "Women's empowerment in the post-1994 Rwanda: the case study of Mayaga Region." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1314.
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This research looks at the process of women’s empowerment in post- 1994 Rwanda, with special focus on twelve cooperatives working in Mayaga region and the way these cooperatives empower women, their households and the community at large. Traditional Rwandan society has been always bound by patriarchy which has not valued the reproductive roles of women as economically productive in their households and the society as a whole. On the one hand, this understanding was reversed in the post-1994 Rwanda by the commitment of the government to gender equality at the highest level of political leadership through progressive policies and legislation. On the other hand, in Mayaga region, cooperatives brought about socio-economic development and changed relationships of gender and power in a patriarchal post-conflict society. The findings from cooperatives in Mayaga region show that to prevent women from reaching their full potential is economic folly. If women are empowered, they can generate important development outcomes such as improved health, education, income levels and conflict resolution. The findings further indicate how women’s empowerment is determined by the livelihood strategies women adopt themselves to respond to their vulnerability, and by the ways in which they express their agency in making a living in a sustainable way, with the available community assets that they have access to (financial, social, human, natural and physical). This research highlights that the accessibility of the community assets used by women in Mayaga region and in Rwanda as a whole is also determined by policies, institutions and processes that are able to influence their livelihoods positively.
4
Chereni, Simbarashe. "Smallholder farmers response to changes in the farming environment in Gokwe-Kabiyuni, Zimbabwe." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_2950_1298634276.
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<p>Following Bryceson&rsquo<br>s article, &lsquo<br>De-agrarianisation in Sub-Saharan Africa: Acknowledging the Inevitable&rsquo<br>, and other related writings in the volume Farewell to Farms, rural development has become a contested academic and policy domain. One side of the debate is characterized by &lsquo<br>agrarian optimism&rsquo<br>, mirrored in various state policies and advice from the World Bank<br>the other side is typified by the de-agrarianisation thesis, which is sceptical regarding the agrarian path to rural development, because it doesn&rsquo<br>t accord with dominant trends. The main reasons given for the trend of de-agrarianisation are: unfavourable climatic trends, economic adjustments, and population growth. While the de-agrarianisation thesis seems to be a sensible proposition, it has failed to attract many disciples, evidenced by the continuation of current policy directions towards the agrarian optimistic path. The purpose of this study was to assess the applicability of the de-agrarianisation thesis in the Gokwe-Kabiyuni area of Zimbabwe, during a time when the nation went through climatic, economic and political crises. The idea was to assess the influence of such an environment to smallholder farmers in terms of livelihood strategies by observing trends in climate, education, occupation, and crop yields over the period. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used to establish whether the de-agrarianisation process can be noted in two villages over the period 1990-2008. A comparative analysis of the experiences of smallholder farmers in these two villages revealed the existence of a cultivation culture and differential agrarian resilience depending on natural resource endowment and levels of infrastructural development, notwithstanding the involvement of the villagers in non-farm activities to diversify their livelihood portfolios.</p>
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Smith, Alyson. "Post-conflict reconstruction in Rwanda : uncovering hidden factors in the gender policy context." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2014. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3056/.
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Post-conflict reconstruction (PCR) policies often highlight gender issues during the agenda setting stage, but they largely fall off policy agendas as PCR processes advance. Interestingly, Rwanda is a counter-example to this trend. In 1994, Rwanda experienced a horrific genocide that caused a complete breakdown of the state. At that time, a new government, the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) under the leadership of Paul Kagame, came into power. During the PCR period, gender policies were deemed a priority by the new government and this resulted in gains for women in several areas. The fact that Rwanda has a majority female parliament, for example, has resulted in significant international attention to Rwanda. Much of the credit for these gains and for putting gender issues on the PCR agenda has been given to the RPF and Kagame. However, is political will (as it is often described) a sufficient explanation for the post-conflict gender policy focus? I argue that it is not. By situating this research within a theoretical framework that draws upon feminist theoretical propositions, literature that questions the PCR dynamics of international aid and political outcomes, and Rwanda-specific literature, a fuller explanation of Rwanda’s PCR gender policy focus emerges. The evidence suggests that whilst political will was undoubtedly important, it is only one of five key factors: a majority female population, grassroots actions on the part of women, international aid, and the 1995 Beijing Conference on Women were also drivers behind this policy focus. However, these factors have largely been rendered invisible within PCR analysis on Rwanda. In this research I seek to explain why these factors were critical to setting the stage for a PCR gender policy focus and how this policy focus has been subsumed under a highly political agenda over the last two decades.
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Ndungutse, Jean-Claude. "Évolution de la population, modes de production et reproduction, rapports sociaux et développement rural : une approche des dynamiques démographiques dans leur contexte historique, économique, social, politique et culturel et leur interaction sur l'évolution des forces productrices, leurs rapports sociaux et modes de production dans le milieu rural agricole au Rwanda de l'époque pré-coloniale à 1994." Paris, EHESS, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009EHES0159.
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La plupart des chercheurs (historiens, démographes, sociologues, anthropologues et autres experts qu'ils soient nationaux ou internationaux) qui ont travaillé sur le Rwanda affirment que l'accroissement rapide et la forte densité qui caractérisent sa population sont les signes d'un surpeuplement qui serait à l'origine de la pauvreté et une entrave au décollage économique de ce petit pays de l'Afrique centrale. D'autres avancent l'idée selon laquelle la guerre de 1990 et son point culminant qu'est le génocide de 1994 prendraient leur origine dans cette croissance démographique galopante et non maîtrisée qui aurait provoqué une promiscuité sociale étouffante où chaque groupe social aurait tenté de se trouver une place et un statut social. Tout en acceptant l'idée que l'équilibre entre population et ressources peut présenter structurellement des moments malthusiens, Jean-Claude Ndungutse montre que, tout au long de l'évolution de la société rwandaise, d'autres facteurs ont joué notamment les aléas climatiques, les modes de productions déséquilibrés, les ravageurs des plantes comme des criquets pèlerins et autres facteurs sociaux (violences, inégalités sociales, mauvaise gouvernance et crimes politiques, maladies et autres. . . ) qui tous, ont contribué à la dégradation du potentiel productif dans le milieu rural agricole au Rwanda. Jean-Claude Ndungutse s'inscrit dans la vision d'Esther Boserup et aborde le sujet dans une approche historique, sociologique et anthropologique<br>The main part of local and international researchers (historians, demographers, sociologists, anthropologists and other experts) who have worked on Rwanda say that the speedy increase and the high density characterizing its population are signs of underdevelopment which is a source of poverty and a hamper of the economic take off of that small country located in the central Africa. Other people believe that the 1990 war which led to 1994 genocide have their main origin in the galloping and non controlIed increase of population which provoked a tough social promiscuity where each social group tries its best to get a room and a social status. If we do accept the idea that the equilibrium between a population and its resources may structurally conduct to Malthusian moments, Jean-Claude Ndungutse shows that during the changes of the Rwandese society, some other factors such as climatic ales the inadequate production system, the plantations invaders such as insects and other social factors (violence, social inequity, bad governance and political crimes, illness, etc. . . ) should be taken into account to explain the situation. AlI of them had contributed to deteriorate the production potentials in the Rwandese agricultural rural area. Jean-Claude Ndungutse has the same point of view as Esther Boserup and treats the subject in a historical, sociological and anthropological approach
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Usman, Abdullah. "Socio-economic factors influencing farmers' adoption of a new technology : the case study on the groundwater pump irrigation in Lombok, Indonesia." Title page, Abstract and Contents only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09A/09au86.pdf.
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Bibliography: leaves 146-153. This thesis analyses factors influencing farmers use of groundwater pump irrigation in Lombok, Indonesia. It aims to identify the determinants of the speed of technology adoption, to identify factors affecting the levels of water use and to estimate the state of water use by comparing the actual water use to the estimated optimal water use.
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Raus, Jean. "Communication et ressources humaines dans la dynamique des projets de développement rural à partir d'études de cas au Rwanda et au Zaïre." Paris 8, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA081015.
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Le developpement economique et social ne peut etre limite a la croissance economique. Au dela de cela il implique un changement qui doit integrer ses acteurs dans la dimension d'un renforcement de l'identite culturelle de chacun d'eux, tout autant que dans la struc turation de l'organisation collective. L'etude menant a ces conclusions se fonde sur le deroulement de deux projets de developpement de communautes rurales, au zaire et au rwanda. Ainsi que sur la confrontation de leur analyse aux theories du psychologue jean piaget sur l'adaptation et l'organisation. La relation entre les theories de piaget quant au developpement intellectuel de l'etre humain et le processus du developpement economique et social est ensuite justifie a travers les etudes du socio-economiste roland colin, a travers ses theories sur la participation directe des populations a leur developpement et a la progression de l'organisation qui en resulte. Ainsi, il a ete possible de conclure, a travers les projets du zaire et du rwanda, a la necessite d'une dimension relationnelle de communication et de formation dans tout processus de developpement<br>Economic and social development can not be just reduced to economic growth. Beyond this, it implies a change which has to include the actors involved, into a dimension reinforcing the cultural identity by, and for, each one of them; as well as adding to the structuration of their specific collective organization. The study leading to those conclusions is mainly founded upon the evolution of two development projects in rural communities, in zaire and in rwanda as well as on a confrontation of their analysis through the theories of the psychologist jean piaget on adjustment ant organization. The relation between the theories of piaget on intellectual development of the human mind and being, and the process of social involvment and economic development is futher on justified through the studies of the socio-economist roland colin on direct partaking of populations in their own development process in direct relation with the progression of an organization which should thus result. In this manner, the research has had the opportunity to lead towards a conclusion involving the necessity of interrelation and training in every development process
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Mukute, Mutizwa. "Exploring and expanding learning processes in sustainable agriculture workplace contexts." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003421.
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The focus of this study is to explore and expand farmer learning processes in sustainable agriculture workplace contexts. It examines change oriented learning processes in the context of three sustainable agriculture practices. The study begins by discussing the history and emergence of environmental discourses and approaches; sustainable agriculture; and the histories of three kinds of sustainable agriculture practices: Permaculture, Organic Farming and Machobane Farming System. It also traces the evolution of agricultural extension approaches within the wider context of education for sustainable development. The main focus of the study is an exploration of how farmer learning can be mediated through an expansive learning process. The study methodology surfaces some of the contradictions in sustainable agriculture and learning activity systems that farmers encounter in learning and practising sustainable agriculture. It uses these contradictions as sources of expansive learning in and between the respective activity systems of farmers, sustainable agriculture facilitators, agricultural extension workers (conventional) and organic entrepreneurs. As shown in the study, the expansive learning processes result in the modelling, implementation and reviewing of solutions to contradictions being faced in the learning and practice of sustainable agriculture. The study also proposes a number of tools that can be adapted and used by development farmers and agricultural trainers to examine and expand learning as well as build farmer agency. The study was conducted in three case study sites in Lesotho, South Africa and Zimbabwe. In Zimbabwe the study is located in Hwedza district in the St Margaret Primary School and community that learn, practise and facilitate the learning of Permaculture within the Schools and Colleges Permaculture Programme (SCOPE). The second study site is in South Africa: Durban urban and peri-urban areas where a community of organic farmers, facilitators and entrepreneurs coordinate the marketing of their produce through Isidore Farm and Earth Mother Organic and support each other to learn and practise organic farming. The third study site is based in the Mafeteng and Mohale‟s Hoek districts of Lesotho where the focus was on farmers who learn and practise the Machobane Farming System (MFS) and are supported in this by the Rural Self Development Association (RSDA) and the Machobane Agricultural Development Foundation (MADF). Drawing on three sensitising concepts of dialectics, reflexivity and agency, the study worked with Cultural Historical Activity Theory (CHAT) underpinned by critical realism to reveal how farmer learning is mediated and expanded. The theory of practice/habitus also provided a useful theoretical lens with which to examine data generated. Using a two-phased, multiple embedded case study approach, the study worked within the broad framework of social learning. It used semi-structured individual and group interviews, observations and document analysis to explore learning processes and generate „mirror‟ data. This data was then used in Change Laboratory Workshops, within the Developmental Work Research methodology, where double stimulation and focus group discussions contributed to expanding learning processes. Drawing on critical realism the study used inductive, abductive and retroductive modes of inference to analyse data in each case study as well as across case studies. The findings of the study reveal that farmer learning is influenced by both intrinsic motives, such as identity, and extrinsic motives which are primarily associated with economic, ecological and health benefits. Farmers learn through scaffolding and mediating tools that link everyday and scientific knowledge. They also learn from fellow farmers through observation, practising and experimentation. Some of the issues that were raised in connection with farmer learning processes are: language; time to learn, practice and appropriate concepts; time to improve the natural resource base while at the same time improving income generation; and responses to climate change. The study also found that farmer learning and practice of sustainable agriculture in the case studies investigated, is influenced by past and current agricultural and educational policies; societal values and attitudes; social and cultural backgrounds; work affordances and gender relations; quality of training offered; poverty; and, HIV and AIDS. In the second phase of the study, which built on the problematic situations being encountered by research participants (sustainable agriculture farmers, sustainable agriculture facilitators, extension workers, and organic marketers) to surface contradictions, the main finding was that the expansive learning process has potential to enhance farmer learning and practice of sustainable agriculture. It does this by mobilising distributed cognition among participants as well as their preparedness to act. Through the expansive learning processes in each case study, research participants were able to question their practices, surface contradictions, model solutions and implement them, and thus build individual, collective and relational agency reflexively. Observation of this required micro-analysis of agentive talk and reflective talk. The study contributes in-depth insight into participatory research and learning processes, especially within the context of people-centred learning and innovation in the agricultural development arena. It provides empirical and explanatory insight into how change oriented social learning can emerge and be expanded in Education for Sustainable Development, explaining learning and change relationships in three sustainable agricultural practices. It also provides learning and extension tools to work with contradictions that arise from intentionality, experience, context and history in farming and training activity systems. Its key contribution lies in providing in-depth insight into mobilisation of human agency and reflexivity in change oriented sustainable agriculture learning and development, processes that are critical for responding to contemporary socio-ecological issues and risks.
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Mukama, Evode. "Information and Communication Technology in Teacher Education : Thinking and learning in computer‐supported social practice." Doctoral thesis, Linköping : Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-16304.
Full textBooks on the topic "Farmers – Rwanda – Social conditions"
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Protestant Institute of Arts and Social Sciences. Public reforms in Rwanda. Protestant Institute of Arts and Social Sciences, 2012.
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Rwanda. Ministry of Disaster Management and Refugee Affairs. The national risk atlas of Rwanda. Ministry of Disaster Management and Refugee Affairs, 2015.
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1930-, Bluestone Herman, and Getz Virginia K, eds. Social and economic environment of Black farmers. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 1986.
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Rwanda. Ministry of Gender and Family Promotion. Gender profile 2005-2007 in Rwanda: Final report. Republic of Rwanda, Ministry of Gender and Family Promotion, 2009.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Farmers – Rwanda – Social conditions"
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Chapman, John. "Doing Science in the Mesolithic, Neolithic and Copper Age." In Early Farmers. British Academy, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197265758.003.0020.
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This chapter explores the ways in which categories of class and order have been built up into science in later prehistoric south-east Europe. Five themes related to scientific principles are explored: harmonious proportions and the geometry of buildings; an aesthetic of geometric order for the design of objects; numerology; calendrical observations; and the geometry of plaited patterns and woven structures. It is undesirable to separate the ritual from the domestic, the scientific from the technological or the pragmatic from the symbolic in the interpretation of the material culture under discussion. The author proposes that, under certain social conditions, there arose opportunities for more complex cognitive formulations than in the everyday formulation and use of the four main principles of object design—symmetry, precision, compartmentalisation and standardisation—found over a wide area of central and south-east Europe and covering four millennia.
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Bogaard, Amy. "Framing Farming." In Early Farmers. British Academy, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197265758.003.0010.
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This chapter considers how the integration of different methodological approaches to crop growing conditions—stable isotope analysis of crop remains and ecological analysis of associated weeds—can refine social interpretations of Neolithic farming practice. Plant isotope values also constrain palaeodietary interpretation of humans and animals. Case studies from south-east, central and north-west Europe contribute to an assessment of diversity in the Neolithic. Often characterised as small-scale and labour-intensive, significant variation in early farming regimes existed even across the arable landscapes of individual settlements. Different communities developed distinct solutions to the problem of limited labour, manure and crop diversity. The absolute dietary importance of crops in early farming diets can only be assessed by taking actual stable isotope values of associated crop remains into account; initial results suggest that crop values were affected to varying extents by manuring, leading to the role of crops systematically under-estimated in standard palaeodietary interpretation.
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Fitzmaurice, Connor J., and Brian J. Gareau. "Introduction: Conventionalization, Bifurcation, and Social Relationships on the Small Organic Farm." In Organic Futures. Yale University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300199451.003.0001.
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This chapter transports the reader into the aisles of a New England Whole Foods Market, through the stalls of a regional farmers’ market, and into the fields of Scenic View Farm to introduce the challenges faced when trying to understand small farmers’ practices in light of the contemporary agricultural economy. It then outlines dominant theories in the study of organic agriculture, such as conventionalization and bifurcation, which often focus centrally on the market conditions and regulatory environment of the organic sector at the expense of the everyday practices of organic farmers. The chapter then introduces theoretical constructs of good matches and relational work from economic sociology as a means of understanding how small farmers balance market conditions with a host of other concerns in their routine farming practices and economic decisions. Finally, the chapter outlines the organization of the book, which moves from the broader history and context of organic agriculture to the everyday experiences of the farmers at Scenic View, before looking to the future of sustainable farming practices.
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Deshpande, Mukund, and Neeta Baporikar. "Stakeholder Strategy to Lessen Agriculture Distress." In Civic Engagement in Social and Political Constructs. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2364-3.ch003.
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Agriculture distress is a reality. Hence, the phenomenon of farmer suicides continues. This is, in spite of government support through financial aids. On the other hand, climatic conditions have undergone huge change and enhanced natural calamities like drought or floods. Thus, farmers' life is at stake and these natural calamities make it further difficult to repay the debts they avail for cultivating farming. Statistics reflect an increase in farmers suicide in the past two years. This is a cause of worry and may further increase if proper, and effective solutions are not in place. The issue is serious. Hence, there is a dire need to look into and act on priority to find stable solutions. Instead of granting repetitive financial packages, the need is to adopt suitable schemes. Hence, adopting a mixed-method approach with an in-depth literature review, the chapter aims to propose a stakeholder strategy to lessen agriculture distress. This is not mandatory, but adoption is likely to benefit a large number of poor farmers.
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Kumar, Amit. "Impact Analysis of Amendment Application Under Diversified Agro-Ecological System." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7940-3.ch008.
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In alternative agricultural systems such as organic or low-input farming, farmers can build particular forms of relationships that help sustain ecosystem services and social infrastructure more effectively. The authors discuss many of these relationships, including direct marketing, fair trade certification, and food justice movements. An agroecological approach to improve tropical small farming systems must ensure that promoted systems and technologies are suited to the specific environmental and socio-economic conditions of small farmers, without increasing risk or dependence on external inputs. Here in this chapter, the authors have focused on diversified agro-ecological systems.
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Stiperski, Zoran, and Tomica Hruška. "Social Changes in the Peruvian Amazon Due to Foreign Influence." In Ecosystem and Biodiversity of Amazonia [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94772.
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The prehistoric Amazon had low numbers of hunter-gatherers due to poor soil and harsh landscape conditions, due to which it was not able to support advanced cultures. The arrival of Christian missionaries, oil companies, and farmers changed the lifestyle of a specific portion of the population, although some indigenous groups still avoid contact with the outside world. Missionaries stimulated changes in the indigenous medical-religious-political systems. In the Peruvian Amazon, the local government is too weak to carry out the usual functions of the state, and therefore oil companies have replaced the state in terms of various functions such as employment, building wells for the drinking water, healthcare, donation of electric generators, and aircraft transport of local indigenous authorities to meetings in Iquitos or Lima. The policies of the national government are turning the Peruvian Amazon into a productive area and are exploiting its natural raw materials. In modernising the Amazon region, however, the world is permanently and irreparably losing valuable knowledge regarding the nature of tropical areas.
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Correia, Suzanne Érica Nóbrega, Verônica Macário de Oliveira, and Carla Regina Pasa Goméz. "The Role of the Organizational Actor in the Process of Social Transformation in Territories." In Open and Social Learning in Impact Communities and Smart Territories. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5867-5.ch001.
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To discuss the role of the organizational actor in the process of social transformation in territories as a promoter of social gains and responses is what this chapter is all about. The discussion was carried out through theoretical landmarks on social innovation, and an empirical study in the articulation of the semi-arid (SAA) organization, which is aimed at creating conditions for coexistence with the most arid region of Brazil. Results show that the organizational actor plays the roles of enhancing the society capacity to act, to create new roles and relationships with the other actors, and to promote access to resources, thus enabling family farmers to better meet their own needs. It is concluded that the social innovation initiative studied is characterized by its dissemination in sync with specific actions articulated in a network and adapted to the contexts, with the organizational actor as the pivot and representative of the paradigmatic transition.
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Griffith, Katherine, and Daniel Peck. "Agriculture in Monteverde: Moving Toward Sustainability." In Monteverde. Oxford University Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195095609.003.0017.
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This chapter is an overview of how Monteverde settlers transformed their environment into a diversity of agricultural systems. We first discuss “people living in nature,” how Monteverdans have viewed natural resources and defined sustainability. We describe the environmental and social conditions that determined agronomic options in the area, and outline the area’s major agricultural activities (dairy, coffee, and beef), other crops, and efforts at agricultural diversification. Where possible, we cite published studies, but few exist for some issues. We rely heavily on local experts, including long-term community members, local agronomists, veterinarians, and farmers. We also draw on agricultural production data collected by local organizations. From the earliest indigenous settlers to today’s commercial farmers, biologists, and artists, Monteverde’s inhabitants have exhibited a wide spectrum of approaches to natural resource use. The community’s ongoing debate over the meaning and practice of “sustainability” throws into sharp relief residents’ differing worldviews, kinds of knowledge, and perceptions of constraints and opportunities. People’s decisions on how to use natural resources depend on three factors: their attitudes and beliefs, their knowledge, and the opportunities, constraints, and conditions that they confront. For example, beliefs may demand that people be “stewards” of the land, that they use resources to maximize economic returns during their lifetime, or that they use resources as sparingly as possible. Their knowledge may prepare them to be organic vegetable farmers, traditional dairy farmers, business people, or biologists. The social, environmental, and economic context in which they make decisions further defines which options are available or attractive. As one local farmer stated, “We do the best we can with what we have, based on what we know, and what the circumstances permit or encourage us to do.” Monteverdans generally agree that “sustainable agriculture” is a good thing, but there is less agreement on what it means. Following the taxonomy of Gillespie (1998), three sustainable agriculture “schools of thought” exist in Monteverde. The first group is the “Ecocentric Agriculture” school, whose approach focuses on what is sustainable in a biological/ecological sense. Many local biologists and organic producers espouse this view.
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Velasco, Diana Carolina, and Sergio Pulgarín. "Developing Innovation Using Entrepreneurial Strategies." In Evolving Entrepreneurial Strategies for Self-Sustainability in Vulnerable American Communities. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2860-9.ch011.
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This chapter analyzes the entrepreneurial strategies that Colombian coffee growers develop in order to deal with adverse social, economic, and environmental conditions. These entrepreneurs are part of a long and rich heritage dating as far back as the end of the 19th century, when coffee became an important economic resource in Colombia. Constant variations, including coffee price volatility, instability of exchange rates, or environmental factors, such as climatic change and crop disease, are common conditions for coffee farmers. In order to survive during turbulent environments, coffee growers have adopted strategies such as the introduction of new services and final products; improvements in the production chain; horizontal and vertical cooperation; creativity and flexibility in order to be resilient to the changing market conditions. More than 560,000 vulnerable families in Colombia depend on coffee production as a main source of income, so studies to help strengthen their business are highly relevant.
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Khai, Huynh Viet. "Climate Change and Profit Loss." In Advanced Integrated Approaches to Environmental Economics and Policy. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9562-5.ch006.
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The chapter aims to evaluate the profit loss of rice farmers due to salinity intrusion by collecting the information of rice production in three regions with the same natural environment conditions, social characteristics (e.g., the same social and farming culture, ethnicity, type of soil), and only differed with respect to the level of salinity in Soc Trang province, one of the most salinity-affected areas in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta. The study estimated the profit loss in rice production due to saltwater intrusion by the difference in rice profit between the non-salinity and salinity regions and showed this loss was about VND 9.3-15.1 million per ha-1 a year.
Conference papers on the topic "Farmers – Rwanda – Social conditions"
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Syam, Husain, Jamaluddin P, Amirah Mustarin, and Andi Alamsyah Rivai. "Social Economic Conditions of Seaweed Farmers in Jeneponto Regency." In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Advanced Multidisciplinary Research (ICAMR 2018). Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icamr-18.2019.140.
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Runcan, Remus. "TURNING FARMERS INTO SOCIAL FARMER ENTREPRENEURS FOR DISADVANTAGED PEOPLE." In NORDSCI International Conference. SAIMA Consult Ltd, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/nordsci2020/b1/v3/31.
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According to Romania’s National Rural Development Programme, the socio-economic situation of the rural environment has a large number of weaknesses – among which low access to financial resources for small entrepreneurs and new business initiatives in rural areas and poorly developed entrepreneurial culture, characterized by a lack of basic managerial knowledge – but also a large number of opportunities – among which access of the rural population to lifelong learning and entrepreneurial skills development programmes and entrepreneurs’ access to financial instruments. The population in rural areas depends mainly on agricultural activities which give them subsistence living conditions. The gap between rural and urban areas is due to low income levels and employment rates, hence the need to obtain additional income for the population employed in subsistence and semi-subsistence farming, especially in the context of the depopulation trend. At the same time, the need to stimulate entrepreneurship in rural areas is high and is at a resonance with the need to increase the potential of rural communities from the perspective of landscape, culture, traditional activities and local resources. A solution could be to turn vegetal and / or animal farms into social farms – farms on which people with disabilities (but also adolescents and young people with anxiety, depression, self-harm, suicide, and alexithymia issues) might find a “foster” family, bed and meals in a natural, healthy environment, and share the farm’s activities with the farmer and the farmer’s family: “committing to a regular day / days and times for a mutually agreed period involves complying with any required health and safety practices (including use of protective clothing and equipment), engaging socially with the farm family members and other people working on and around the farm, and taking on tasks which would include working on the land, taking care of animals, or helping out with maintenance and other physical work”
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ZIELIŃSKA-SZCZEPKOWSKA, Joanna, Izabela ZABIELSKA, and Roman KISIEL. "SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF GROUPS OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCERS IN POLAND." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.053.
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The aim of the article was to characterize the aspects of social and economic conditions and circumstances for the establishment and operation of groups of agricultural producers in Poland. The discussion is theoretical. In the article the monographic method was used. The following issues were subsequently examined: the nature and status of groups of producers in Poland, the social capital of farmers, advantages and obstacles in the cooperation of agricultural farmers and financial aid opportunities under the Rural Development Programmes for 2007–2013 and 2014–2020. As the example, the model of agricultural producer groups functioning in Poland was described. The results of the consideration has broad spectrum. It follows from the analysis conducted that the reasons for creating groups of producers are economic benefits related to production on a higher scale and to achievement of synergies through acting together. They also include EU financial aid opportunities. The benefits are also of a social character and are related, among others, to farmers learning how to act together as well as to increased trust in cooperation. In spite of numerous benefits that may arise from acting together, there are also certain obstacles related to the level of knowledge or educational background of farmers, typical responses to change or lack of trust between organisation members. This is often an effect of negative past experiences connected with overall socialisation that affects post-communist nations.
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Stromská, Eliška, Dominika Tóthová, and Katarína Melichová. "Dopady společné zemědělské politiky EU na české zemědělce v období 2014–2020." In XXIV. mezinárodního kolokvia o regionálních vědách. Masaryk University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9896-2021-70.
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The implementation of the Common Agricultural Policy of the EU in the Czech Republic brought many changes in the functioning and financing of agriculture in the Czech Republic with political, economic, and social impacts and many challenges and threats for Czech farmers. Since the Czech Republic acceded to the EU, the Common Agricultural Policy has been reformed several times. The aim of the article is to evaluate the impact of the Common Agricultural Policy on Czech farmers in 2014–2020. The evaluation is based on a qualitative survey among selected farmers in the Moravian-Silesian and Olomouc regions. The research results show that enterprises positively evaluate financial stability and the overall protection of the agricultural sector. Support for the diversification of agriculture and support for the investment was also highlighted. On the contrary, the administrative burden, great emphasis on cross compliance rules, differences in the payments in EU countries, reducing the competitiveness of Czech agriculture and unfavourable conditions for livestock farmers were assessed negatively.
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Tangwa, Elvis, Vit Voženílek, Jan Brus, and Vilem Pechanec. "CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE AGRICULTURAL POTENTIAL OF SELECTED LEGUME CROPS IN EAST AFRICA." In GEOLINKS International Conference. SAIMA Consult Ltd, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/geolinks2020/b1/v2/02.
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Land expansion to increase agricultural production in East Africa (Burundi, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda) will be limited by climate change. In this study, we predict landscape suitability for chickpea (Cicer arietinum), common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), lentil (Lens culinaris), field pea (Pisum sativum) and pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) cultivated across diverse agro-ecological zones (AEZs) in East Africa from 1970 to 2070, under the 4.5 emission scenario. Our aim was to understand how suitability shifts among the AEZs might affect the agricultural potential of the selected crops. We use the geolocations of each crop together with response curves from the species distribution software, Maxent to fine-tune the expert based EcoCrop model to the prevailing climatic conditions in the study region. Our optimal precipitation and temperature ranges compared reasonably with the FAO base parameters, deviating by ±200mm and ±5oC, respectively. There is currently a high potential for lentil, pea and common bean in the region. However, under future climates, the suitability of common bean and lentil with a much narrow climate range will shrink considerably while pigeon pea and chickpea will continue to be suitable. Under projected climatic conditions, the agricultural potential of these legumes will be limited by drought or heat stress as landscape suitability will shift optimally toward the cool sub-humid (tcsh), and the cool semi-arid (tcsa) zones. Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda will be the most affected and will lose a large share of suitable arable land. Different adaptation measures will be needed to increase the agricultural potential and optimized production in vulnerable AEZs. In general, smallholder farmers will have to substitute lentil and common bean for chickpea and pigeon pea or other suitable substitutes to address food security issues. Notwithstanding the limitations of this study, our results highlight the vulnerability of legumes crops as well as their production zones which could be useful in the formulation of adaptation strategies for the East African region.
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Wahyurini, Endah, and Humam Santosa Utomo. "Creating Agricultural Product Innovations and Business Development: A Case in Farmer Women Group." In LPPM UPN "VETERAN" Yogyakarta International Conference Series 2020. RSF Press & RESEARCH SYNERGY FOUNDATION, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31098/pss.v1i1.182.
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The Covid-19 pandemic implies a decrease in family income, resulting in social problems such as unemployment and poverty. This study aims to describe the process of creating product innovation carried out by groups of women farmers by using the land around the house to grow vegetables and the challenges they face. The study was conducted on a group of female farmers in Bantul, Yogyakarta using a qualitative analysis approach. Data collection techniques used observation, in-depth interviews, and focus group discussions. The results of this study indicate that the crisis conditions and knowledge play an important role in the creation of innovation in agriculture. The diverse knowledge of the members creates new product and service innovation ideas. Universities, local governments, and industry play a role in encouraging the creation of innovation and the formation of joint ventures so that members get economic benefits. The women farmer groups have grown their roles, not only as social organizations but also in business organizations.
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ATKOČIŪNIENĖ, Vilma, and Shaik Ilyas MOHAMMED. "PARTICULARITIES OF AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT IN THE BLACK FOREST: CLIMATE CHANGE AND MANAGEMENT ASPECTS." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.239.
Full textAbstract:
The current European Union’s and state agricultural support is more focused on the modernization of farms in technological terms, coupled with the intensification of production, and weakly focused on the farm exclusivity and diversification. This creates a minor motivation for farmers to address the issues related to climate change mitigation. The main attention in the article is concentrated on two themes: climate change and forest management. The main research methods were used: analysis and generalization of scientific literature, interview, logical and systematically reasoning, comparison, abstracts and other methods. The farms in the lower mountain ranges of Germany will change different climate conditions analyzed in the 2017 summer. Sustainable framing wide term in black forest, forest lands, organic farms, are depending or considering the climate cycles. In economic social conditions of Germany, black forest farming is so sensitive towards ancient methods of farming and their equations with the current environment. In simple terms, black forest sustainable framing is farming ecological by promoting methods and practices that are economically viable. It does not only particular about economic aspects of farming perhaps on the use of non-renewable factors in the process of thoughtful and effective farming. Agriculture land of Black Forest contributes to the nutrient and healthy food to reach high standard of living of the black forest society.
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Xia, Fujun. "Study on Community Planning Strategy of Demolition and Resettlement Amid Urbanization - Taking the constructive detailed planning of Longhai South." In 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/brqe4840.
Full textAbstract:
Along with the rapid growth of urbanization, a large number of villages in China are converted into demolition and resettlement communities due to government land replacement or village relocation and so on. However, most of the demolition and resettlement communities are different from ordinary commercial housing communities in terms of spatial characteristics, governance models, and social relationships, and currently some plans have many problems such as neglecting the livelihood of the residents and the public participation in the form, so the research on the relevant planning strategies is significantly important. In light of the problems existing in the existing demolition and resettlement community planning, combined with the construction detailed planning practice case of Longhai South District, a four-point planning strategy is proposed through the combination of theoretical research and actual cases: First, strengthening public participation can assist planning and design, the electronic questionnaire combined with the on-site discussion are recommended to public participation in the demolition and resettlement community. At the same time, public participation can guide the planning and design to make it more rational and pertinent, and to some extent, to revise the planning and design conditions. Second, innovative organization management system is beneficial to the promotion of the conversion process of farmers to the citizenship. Third, planning should not only consider the space but ignore the future livelihood of the residents, and it is of great importance to increase the employment opportunities and income sources of the residents. Fourth, the fairness and homogeneity of the demolition and resettlement community planning is particularly important, much attention should be paid to the continuation of the traditional context.