Academic literature on the topic 'Farmers Standard Carbide Co'
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Journal articles on the topic "Farmers Standard Carbide Co"
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Wahab, Hassan A., M. Y. Noordin, Mohammad Sakhawat Hussain, and S. Izman. "Characteristics of Electroplated Nickel Layer on Tungsten Carbide." Applied Mechanics and Materials 315 (April 2013): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.315.73.
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Diamond coating on tungsten carbide (WC-Co) cutting tools with cobalt binder experiences delaminating failure due to the deleterious effect of cobalt. One of the methods used to reduce this effect is by coating an interlayer onto the substrate surface prior to diamond deposition. Different materials have been used as an interlayer which is normally deposited to the substrate surface using CVD and PVD techniques. Among different materials used as interlayer on WC-Co, nickel is considered as an attractive candidate due its good chemical and physical properties. In this study the potential of the electroplating technique for deposition of nickel interlayer on WC-Co will be investigated. Nickel deposition on WC-6%Co substrate was carried out by electroplating in a standard watts solution at constant plating parameters (Current: 0.1 Amp, electric potential: 1.0 V and pH: 3.5). The gap between anode and cathode was varied (5mm, 10mm and 15mm). The nickel coating formed on the hard metal surface was characterized in terms of the coating thickness, layer uniformity and coating hardness by using SEM and the micro hardness tester. Based on the results, desirable nickel coating properties were obtained when the separation distance between anode and cathode was 15mm.
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Ryu, Seong Hyeon, Kyung Il Kim, Wooram Noh, Sang Sub Kim, and Gue Serb Cho. "Effect of Microstructural Parameters on the Tensile Property of WC-12~22wt%Co Cemented Carbide." Korean Journal of Metals and Materials 59, no. 3 (March 5, 2021): 201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3365/kjmm.2021.59.3.201.
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Cemented carbide is a kind of composite material in which fine particles of carbide are embedded into the matrix of a binder metal. It has a long service life because of its superior mechanical properties. In this study, the overall tensile behavior of a cemented carbide, WC-Co, was investigated by considering its characteristic microstructure parameters. Tensile strength and strain to fracture were evaluated by measuring the stress-strain curves of a standard tensile specimen. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used to analyze both the average size and contiguity of WC carbide particles, as well as the mean free path of the Co (cobalt) binder. Specific correlations between mechanical and microstructural features were examined and elucidated for various volume fractions of the binder metal. The Co content and the mean free path of the Co binder were in a proportional relationship, and tensile strength showed an opposite tendency to Co content. Regarding Young’s modulus and strain, it was confirmed that a large difference appears depending on the crystal structure of the Co phase. Furthermore, by probing topology of the fractured surface of the tensile specimen it was determined that the existence of irregular voids could contribute to the statistical variance in the measured values.
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Karalliyadda, S. M. C. B., and Tsuji Kazunari. "Certified Organic Farming: Awareness of Export Oriented Small-Scale Farmers in Sri Lanka." Journal of Sustainable Development 11, no. 6 (November 29, 2018): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v11n6p259.
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This study aimed at investigating Sri Lankan small-scale Certified organic (CO) farmers’ awareness on their adopted organic standards, the third-party certification body, internal control system, Fairtrade certification, and conditions of contracts with coordinating organizations. A cross sectional survey was conducted among a randomly selected sample of 202 CO farmers who were linked with five coordinating organizations. Primary data was collected using a structured questionnaire along with key informant discussions and field observations. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics to generate simple summaries and tendencies. According to the results, CO farmers are organized as farmer organizations that were initiated as out-grower groups of coordinating organizations. All CO farmers were unaware of the adopted organic standard. The majority were unaware of the third-party certification body (83%), and the internal control system (81.7%). This perhaps due to their exclusion in managing certification related aspects. Thus, showed submissive decision-making behavior. However, many of them were aware of Fairtrade certification (56.4%) as it provides a wide spectrum of additional benefits covering production, marketing, and farmers’ welfare. Farmers were also aware of their contracts (verbal or written) with coordinating firms (62.2%) but hardly conscious of their conditions. In some contracts, conditions were unfairly distributed among stakeholders. Therefore, the study recommends enhancing small-scale farmers knowledge not only the production aspects but also certification, quality assurance, administration, and marketing as well. Meanwhile, mediating the partnership among stakeholders by a government body is also recommended to avoid power abuses among stakeholders.
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Nnodim, A. U., and P. D. Aleru. "Influence of Non-Formal Education on Entrepreneurship Skill Development Among Rural Farmers in Ikwerre Local Government Area, Rivers State." International Journal of Adult Education and Technology 11, no. 1 (January 2020): 60–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijaet.2020010104.
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The purpose of the article was to determine the influence of non-formal education on entrepreneurship skill development among rural farmers in Ikwerre Local Government Area of Rivers State. The study design was descriptive survey. The target population was six hundred and fifty (650) members of the farmers' co-operative societies in the Ikwerre Local Government Area. The sample size was two hundred (200) farmers purposively selected based on the size of farm holdings. Instrument for data collection was a structured questionnaire in a 4-point rating scale of agreement. The instrument was tested using Cronbach Alpha reliability test and was found to be reliable at 0.79. Data collected were analyzed descriptively using mean and standard deviation. The findings showed that community outreach, on-the-job training and co-operative training programmes were veritable tools for rural farmers' entrepreneurship skill development. Hence, the need to situate agricultural entrepreneurship centres in the rural area was recommended.
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Lisiecka, Barbara. "The evaluation of wear of tungsten carbide dental bur." Production Engineering Archives 19, no. 19 (June 1, 2018): 6–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.30657/pea.2018.19.02.
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Abstract Due to its durability, tungsten carbide has long been used as a material to produce dental burs. WC– Co burs are designed for smooth, efficient cutting and extended life. Dental burs are available in different sizes and shapes, for example round burs, pear and cylinder-shaped, egg-shaped, as well as there are various tapered ones, which enable an individual selection of the drill for the right treatment. Carbides can be used for standard crowns and bridges, for extensive surgical procedures and they should minimize damage to the existing teeth. The design of WC–Co dental bur reduces a patient’s discomfort because of the operating time and the fact that its liquidity is preserved. The head of the bur (the cutting edge) delivers optimum concentricity and strength. The shank is made from stainless steel allowing a bur to be autoclaved multiple times without the risk of corrosion. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the wear of a tungsten carbide dental bur. The results of stereoscopy microscope and SEM/EDS analysis are presented.
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Myalska, H., K. Szymański, and G. Moskal. "Microstructure And Properties Of WC-Co HVAF Coatings Obtained From Standard, Superfine And Modified By Sub-Micrometric Carbide Powders." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 60, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 759–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2015-0203.
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Abstract In this paper, microstructure and some properties of various coatings based on WC-Co obtained by the High Velocity Air Fuel technique are discussed. Initially, two WC-Co 83-17 powders of standard and superfine size were examined as a feedstock for a coatings deposition on a steel substrate. A standard Amperit 526.074 powder and an Inframat superfine powder were applied. Then three different sub-micrometric powders, WC, Cr3C2 and TiC were applied to modify the microstructure of WC-Co (Amperit 526.074). The aim of the investigations was to compare the microstructure and basic properties of coatings deposited from different components. The influence of sub-micrometric additions on mechanical properties of basic coatings was analyzed. Microstructure characterization of powders by using SEM and characterization of their technological properties as well, are presented. For all manufactured coatings obtained by a High Velocity Air Fuel method, the microhardness, porosity, adhesion to a substrate, and fracture toughness were determined. An improvement in WC-Co coating properties, as a result of sub-micrometric carbides addition, was revealed.
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Sosnowy, Pawel, Marek Góral, Slawomir Kotowski, Grzegorz Hanula, Jakub Gwizdała, Jakub Drzał, Marcin Kobylarz, Przemysław Borowski, and Rafał Gargała. "The Influence of Temperature on Erosion Resistance of Carbide Coatings Deposited by APS Method." Solid State Phenomena 227 (January 2015): 251–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.227.251.
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The carbide coatings are widely used for wear and erosion protection of different materials. In present paper the WC/Co coatings were deposited by a single-cathode Sulzer Metco F-4 plasma gun. The microstructure and thickness measurements were conducted. The erosion test was conducted using a Koechler Air Jet Errosion tester at the temperature of up to 500oC. The procedure was similar to ASTM G76 standard. Changes in erosion resistance of coating into different temperature were observed.
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Olayemi, Bakre, and Dorasamy Nirmala. "Creating economic viability in rural South Africa through water resource management in subsistence farming." Environmental Economics 7, no. 4 (December 9, 2016): 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ee.07(4).2016.07.
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The purpose of this paper is to analyze the role water resources management can play in improving subsistence farming in rural South Africa, as well as reducing poverty. The study followed a mixed research approach where attributes of qualitative and quantitative methods were used. This paper indicates that due to water scarcity experienced amongst subsistence farmers in case study area, several farmers have opted out of farming. This has a negative consequence on food security and poverty among many subsistence farmers. The paper suggests the pathways for sustainable subsistence farming aimed at creating an economically viable rural community while addressing poverty through the implementation of an efficient water resources management practice. As highlighted in this paper, development is a gradual process, and water resources management can possibly be the first step in creating an economically viable community while alleviating poverty among subsistence farmers in water scarce rural areas of South Africa. Revamping the subsistence farming, as well as improving the standard of living amongst rural subsistence farmers requires a purposeful co-ordination and exchange of ideas between experienced agricultural extension workers, researchers in the field of context, policy makers, as well as other stakeholders. Such purposeful co-ordination should have an agenda of transforming the subsistence farming to a commercialized form of farming in the long term. The resultant effect will possibly result in an economically viable community; increase in household income, as well as food security, thereby reducing poverty. Keywords: subsistence farming, rural development, water resource management, economic viability, poverty eradication, agricultural extension. JEL Classification: Q12, N5
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Kamran, Muhammad Adeel, and Tahira Shamshad. "Impacts of Hill Torrents’ Management on Socio-Economic Conditions of Arid Land Farmers: a Case Study of Tehsil D.G. Khan." Asian Journal of Humanity, Art and Literature 2, no. 1 (June 30, 2015): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/ajhal.v2i1.292.
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The study conducted in arid areas of Dera Ghazi Khan occasionally affected by hill torrents (Suri-Lund, Vidore, Sakhi-Sarwar, Mithawan) coming from Koh-e-Suleman range. The study found that hill torrent water is used for agriculture, domestic and livestock. The management of this water significantly affects on income, crop yield, soil fertility, health conditions and living standard of farmers. The local cost effective methods to store this water include wah, dubba and bundh but most of water is wasted as they are insufficient. The water distribution mechanism fosters cooperation and helps to form new relations with co-farmers. The study suggested that government and NGOs should help people to construct concrete diversions, bundhs, ponds and dams to manage hill torrent water.
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Chan, Kin Wing (Ray), and Andrew Flynn. "Food Production Standards and the Chinese Local State: Exploring New Patterns of Environmental Governance in the Bamboo Shoot Industry in Lin'an." China Quarterly 235 (June 4, 2018): 849–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741018000802.
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AbstractAlthough current studies into Chinese food supply and quality provide explanations for the causality of food problems, there is limited inquiry into the role of the county government. This is a serious omission for two main reasons: first, because county governments perform a key role in providing support for farmers through agricultural extension services and farmers’ cooperatives, and second, because county-level administrative divisions are central to developing novel instruments to manage supply chain relationships, such as food production standards. We investigate the key players involved in standard making and delivery at the county level. We also analyse how and why the county government engages in standard-setting activities. We use Lin'an's bamboo shoot production industry as a case study to understand how the local state implements “hazard-free,” “green” and “forest food” production standards. The paper concludes that traditional conceptualizations of the local state do not sufficiently address how nature, knowledge of standards and state authority co-produce institutional capacity to control food supply and quality in China. In practice, the local state engages with non-state actors to achieve superficial environmental efforts, such as developing food production standards to throw a “green cloak” over a productivist model.
Books on the topic "Farmers Standard Carbide Co"
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Co, Farmers Standard Carbide. ALCO trade mark. [Brecksville, Ohio?]: Rushlight Club, 1996.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Farmers Standard Carbide Co"
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Krause, Ariane. "Valuing Waste – A Multi-method Analysis of the Use of Household Refuse from Cooking and Sanitation for Soil Fertility Management in Tanzanian Smallholdings." In Organic Waste Composting through Nexus Thinking, 91–122. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36283-6_5.
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AbstractThe starting point of this work is the intention of two farmers’ initiatives to disseminate locally developed and adapted cooking and sanitation technologies to smallholder households in Karagwe District, in northwest Tanzania. These technologies include improved cooking stoves (ICSs), such as microgasifiers, and a system combining biogas digesters and burners for cooking, as well as urine-diverting dry toilets, and thermal sterilisation/pasteurisation for ecological sanitation (EcoSan). Switching to the new alternatives could lead to a higher availability of domestic residues for soil fertility management. These residues include biogas slurry from anaerobic digestion, powdery biochar from microgasifiers and sanitised human excreta from EcoSan facilities. Such recycling-driven approaches address an existing problem for many smallholders in sub-Saharan Africa, namely, the lack of soil amenders to sufficiently replenish soil nutrients and soil organic matter (SOM) in soils used for agricultural activity. This example from Tanzania systematically examines the nexus of ‘energy-sanitation-agriculture’ in smallholder farming systems. The short-term experiments demonstrated that all soil amenders that were analysed could significantly enhance crop productivity. CaSa-compost – the product of co-composting biochar with sanitised human excreta – quadrupled grain yields. The observed stimulation of crop yield and also plant nutrition is attributed to improved nutrient availability caused by a direct increase of soil pH and of plant-available phosphorus (P) in the soil. The assessment of the lasting soil implications revealed that CaSa-compost and biogas slurry both show the long-term potential to roughly double yields of maize. Corresponding nutrient requirements can be adequately compensated through residue capturing and subsistence production of soil amenders. The potential of CaSa-compost for sustainable soil fertility management is superior to that of standard compost, especially with respect to liming, replenishing soil P and restoring SOM. Biogas slurry, however, yields inferior results in all aspects when compared to compost amendments.
Conference papers on the topic "Farmers Standard Carbide Co"
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Schwetzke, R., and H. Kreye. "Microstructure and Properties of Tungsten Carbide Coatings Sprayed with Various HVOF Spray Systems." In ITSC 1998, edited by Christian Coddet. ASM International, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc1998p0187.
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Abstract The paper reports a series of experiments with various HVOF spray systems (Jet Kote, Top Gun, Diamond Jet (DJ) Standard, DJ 2600 and 2700, JP-5000) using different types of WC-Co and WC-Co-Cr powders. The microstructure and phase composition of powders and coatings were analyzed by optical and scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Carbon and oxygen content of the coatings were determined in order to study the decarburization and oxidation of the material during the spray process. Coatings were also characterized by their hardness, bond strength, abrasive wear and corrosion resistance. The results demonstrate that the powders exhibit various degrees of phase transformation during the spray process depending on the type of powder, the spray system and the spray parameters. Within a relatively wide range, the extend of phase transformations has only little effect on coating properties. Therefore coatings of high hardness and wear resistance can be produced with all HVOF spray systems when the proper spray powder and process parameters are chosen.
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Hasselqvist, Magnus. "TMF Crack Initiation Lifing of Austenitic Carbide Precipitating Alloys." In ASME Turbo Expo 2004: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2004-54333.
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Recent work within DDIT has shown that Ni base superalloys like HAYNES230, Co base superalloys like HAYNES188, super stainless steels like HAYNES HR-120, and stainless steels like 253MA are similar from a materials modelling point of view. They are austenitic, delivered solutioned, and precipitate secondary carbides and other brittle phases in service and during cyclic tests at elevated temperature. These new phases result in a significantly reduced RT ductility, while the high temperature ductility is at most moderately reduced. Therefore, TMF cycles, which repeatedly go down to low temperatures, see an embrittled alloy whereas LCF tests at Tmax (in the TMF cycle) do not. This suggests that the classical use of LCF data at Tmax might given non-conservative life estimates. Literature studies and materials testing have confirmed that TMF data may be well below LCF data at Tmax verifying the non-conservatism of the classical methodology. Furthermore, the cyclic life tends to decrease with decreasing Tmin in TMF tests, and IP TMF is usually more detrimental than OP TMF due to creep-fatigue interaction. While standard TMF tests are closer to reality than LCF tests, we are still not certain that they capture all detrimental effects under component cycling, and are running additional, carefully planned, TMF tests on aged specimen at low Tmin values to improve the analysis. More tests, especially biaxial IP TMF tests, will eventually be needed to get a comprehensive picture. A new TMF data backed model has, however, already shown a higher precision when compared with service experience than the classical creep-fatigue methodology which is calibrated with LCF data at Tmax. Further testing and analysis will enable us to refine the TMF model and extend it to additional ACP alloys. The main input to the TMF model is the stabilised inelastic strain range, as calculated by the constitutive model described in an earlier ASME Turbo paper, GT2002-30659.
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Wilson, Merrill A., Kurt Recknagle, and Kriston Brooks. "Design and Development of a Low-Cost, High Temperature Silicon Carbide Micro-Channel Recuperator." In ASME Turbo Expo 2005: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2005-69143.
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Typically, ceramic micro-channel devices are used for high temperature heat exchangers, catalytic reactors, electronics cooling, and processing of corrosive streams where the thermomechanical benefits of ceramic materials are desired. These benefits include: high temperature mechanical and corrosion properties and tailorable material properties such as thermal expansion, electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity. In addition, by utilizing Laminated Object Manufacturing (LOM) methods, inexpensive ceramic materials can be layered, featured and laminated in the green state and co-sintered to form monolithic structures amenable to mass production. In cooperation with the DOE and Pacific Northwest National Labs, silicon carbide (SiC) based micro-channel recuperator concepts are being developed and tested. The performance benefits of a high temperature, micro-channel heat exchanger are realized from the improved thermal efficiency of the high temperature cycles and the improved effectiveness of micro-channels for heat transfer. In designing these structures, the heat and mass transfer within the micro-channels are being analyzed with heat transfer models, computational fluid dynamics models and validated with experimental results. As an example, a typical micro-turbine cycle was modified and modeled to incorporate this ceramic recuperator and it was found that the overall thermal efficiency of the micro-turbine could be improved from about 27% to over 40%. Process improvements require technical advantages and cost advantages. These LOM methodologies have been based on well-proven industry standard processes where labor, throughput and capital estimates have been tested. Following these cost models and validation at the prototype scale, cost estimates were obtained. For the micro-turbine example, cost estimates indicate that the high-temperature SiC recuperator would cost about $200 per kWe. The development of these heat exchangers is multi-faceted and this paper focuses on the design optimization of a layered micro-channel heat exchanger, its performance testing, and fabrication development through LOM methodologies.
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Shmatov, Alexander A. "Strengthening Thermo-Cycling Heat Treatment Process of High-Speed Steels." In ASME 8th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2006-95093.
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The results of the examination of structure and properties of high-speed steels S 6-5-2, P6M5 (6% W, 5% Mo), P18 (18% W), P6M5K5 (6% W, 5% Mo, 5% Co) subjected to a specific strengthening thermo-cycling heat treatment are presented. The newly developed process results in a fine-grained heterogeneous microstructure (primary and secondary carbides, martensite and residual austenite) with spatially uniform distribution of the carbide grains. This brings about a 10–20% increase in the bending strength with the impact strength increased by the factor of 1.5–2.5, improves surface hardness by HRC 1–3 and the wear resistance of tools by the factor of above 2 as compared with standard heat treatments.
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Legoux, J. G., B. Arsenault, C. Moreau, V. Bouyer, and L. Leblanc. "Evaluation of Four High Velocity Thermal Spray Guns Using WC-10Co-4Cr Cermets." In ITSC 2000, edited by Christopher C. Berndt. ASM International, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2000p0479.
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Abstract Four high velocity thermal spray guns were evaluated in the production of 10%Co-4%Cr tungsten carbide cermets. Three HVOF guns (the JP-5000, JP-5000ST and DJ-2700) and one plasma gun, (the Mettech Axial III) were used to spray the same angular, agglomerated and crushed WC-10Co-4Cr powder. The DPV-2000 was used to monitor the in-flight velocity and temperature of the WC cermet sprayed particles. From those values, spray conditions were selected to produce coatings that were evaluated in terms of porosity, hardness and deposition efficiency. Results show that the plasma Axial III provides the highest particle temperature, between 2000°C and 2600°C, depending on the spray conditions. The JP-5000 imparts the highest velocity to the particles, between 550 m/s and 700 m/s, depending on the spray conditions. The ST version of the JP-5000 provides the same velocity as the standard version but with lower particle temperature. The DJ-2700 sprays particles with temperature and velocity between those of the JP5000 and the Mettech Axial III. Minimum porosity values of 2.1%, 3.7% and 5.3%) were obtained for the JP-5000, the DJ-2700 and the Axial III guns respectively. The porosity and carbide degradation are found to mostly depend on the particle velocity and temperature respectively. The values for the Vickers microhardness number (200g) ranged from 950 to 1250. Measurements of the deposition efficiency indicated a variation between 10 and 80%o, depending on the spray conditions and the gun used.