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McElwee, Gerard, and Adrian Wood. "Wetland entrepreneurs: diversity in diversification in Zambian farming." Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development 25, no. 5 (October 8, 2018): 752–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsbed-03-2017-0089.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore enterprise diversification amongst wetland farmers in Zambia as a way of reducing poverty and improving sustainability. This paper identifies ways in which such entrepreneurial activities can be supported and applied more widely. Design/methodology/approach A qualitative study of Zambian farmers, based on a series of workshops and interviews held in Zambia with farmers and farm business advisers. Findings Despite adopting new technologies most farmers are restricted to the local market where their increased production holds down prices. However, a very small number of farmers are able to progress to production and marketing for markets in major urban centres hundreds of kilometres away, and considerably more are able to use the capital accumulated from wetland farming to diversify their household enterprises to reduce poverty and improve the sustainability and resilience of their livelihoods. Originality/value No work has previously been undertaken in diversification strategies of small-scale farmers in Zambia.
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Tembo, Moses C., Elias Kuntashula, and Thomson Kalinda. "Climate Change Awareness and Joint Decision to Adopt Agroforestry and Conservation Agriculture Practices in Zambia." Journal of Sustainable Development 10, no. 4 (July 30, 2017): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v10n4p107.
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Climate change is one of the biggest challenges that small holder farmers face in Sub-Saharan Africa, including Zambia. In response to this, various interventions such as Agroforestry (AF) and Conservation Agriculture (CA) have been promoted within the country so as to enhance uptake among farmers and ultimately mitigate climate change. However, the adoption rates of these technologies has been low. To understand the adoption process several adoption studies have focused on the effects of socio-economic and other institutional factors on adoption of the technologies. The direct link between small holder farmer’s climate change awareness and the uptake of both AF and CA is an area that has received less attention among these studies. This paper estimates the effect of climate change awareness on the adoption of AF and CA, and establishes whether the adoption of the two technologies is jointly determined in Zambia. Data used emanated from the Indaba Agricultural Policy Research Institute (IAPRI) and University of Zambia (UNZA) Climate Change and Land Use Project that implemented a supplemental climate change survey in 2013 on Rural Agricultural Livelihood Survey (RALS 2012) panel sample of 1,231 households in six districts of Zambia. Results showed that the majority of farmers (77.2 %) were aware of climate change issues and their consequences on agriculture production and the environment. It was also observed that holding other factors constant, a farmer aware of climate change and its consequences was 6% more likely to adopt both AF and CA compared to those not aware. The decision to adopt AF and CA was found to be jointly determined by farmers. In addition to climate change awareness, the other factors affecting the joint decision to adopt the two technologies included gender, farmer group membership of the household head as well as ownership of radio sets and rippers. There is need therefore to deliberately increase climate change awareness among smallholder farmers and promote the simultaneous uptake of both AF and CA through the mass media and the provision of an environment that increases accessibility to tools that ease up the uptake of these technologies.
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Nyanga, Progress H. "Factors Influencing Adoption and Area under Conservation Agriculture: A Mixed Methods Approach." Sustainable Agriculture Research 1, no. 2 (July 4, 2012): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v1n2p27.
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<p>Adoption of conservation agriculture (CA) is quite low in most parts of Africa. However, Zambia has been quite successful in increasing adoption of CA among smallholder farmers. Few studies using both quantitative and qualitative approaches have been conducted in Zambia to determine factors influencing adoption of CA. This study uses mixed methods approach to document factors influencing adoption of CA among smallholder farmers under the Conservation Agriculture Project (CAP) in Zambia. From a random sample of 415 smallholder farmers, results showed that 71% had adopted CA. Quantitative analysis indicated that CA trainings, previous experience in minimum tillage, membership in farmer organisations, and ownership of CA tillage equipment significantly increased the likelihood of CA adoption. Number of CA trainings attended, farm size, number of rippers owned and use of herbicide had a significant positive influence on area under CA. Qualitative approaches showed that good rapport with farmers, trust, reciprocity and altruism, monitoring and evaluations, extension strategy, quality and extent of technical knowledge in CA within CFU, and artificial incentives positively influenced adoption of CA. Traditional leadership was reported to enhance adoption of CA in most cases. Prestige was reported to withhold some men from adopting CA basins. Women were very involved in CA basins while men were mostly involved in ADP ripping. Some worldviews of farmers had negative influence on adoption of CA. Donor support and collaboration with the Zambia National Farmers Union and private sector were other contextual factors for the high adoption of CA among sampled smallholder farmers. In the promotion of CA it is important to pay attention to both quantitative and qualitative factors influencing adoption. A mixed methods approach thus can lead to a better understanding of the adoption of CA than a single research strategy approach.</p>
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Chomba, Doreen, Msiska K. K., Abass M. S., Mudenda M., and Mukuwa P.S.C. "Status of Maize Lethal Necrosis Disease in Zambia." African Phytosanitary Journal 2, no. 1 (November 1, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.52855/kiad5607.
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Maize is a staple food in Zambia and contributes immensely to food security for smallholder farmers. Disease outbreaks such as Maize Lethal Necrosis Disease (MLND) can be a key constraint to maize production. This disease is caused by synergistic co-infection with Maize Chlorotic Mottle Virus (MCMV) and any virus from the family Potyviridae, particularly, Sugarcane Mosaic Virus (SCMV), Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus (MDMV) or Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus (WSMV). In 2011, an outbreak of MLND affecting almost all of the currently grown commercial varieties posed a challenge to maize production in Kenya and it has since been reported in DR Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda causing yield losses of up to 100%. Despite MLND having been reported in some neighboring countries, there is no information on the status of the disease in Zambia. Additionally, there is a lot of grain and seed trade between Zambia and other countries among which MLND has been reported. The aim of this study was to establish: (a) the status of MCMV; (b) agricultural practices used by farmers and (c) insect vectors associated with MLND. A survey was conducted in nine (9) provinces of Zambia during 2014/2015 and 2015/ 2016 cropping seasons. Farmers’ maize fields were sampled at every five to ten-kilometer interval and tested using rapid diagnostic kits capable of detecting MCMV. Four hundred and nineteen samples collected all tested negative for MCMV. Zambian Agricultural Research Institute (ZARI), with all stakeholders in the maize value chain should continue implementing measures aimed at preventing the introduction of MLND in Zambia. Key words: Survey, MLND, Losses, food security
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Waldman, Kurt B., Noemi Vergopolan, Shahzeen Z. Attari, Justin Sheffield, Lyndon D. Estes, Kelly K. Caylor, and Tom P. Evans. "Cognitive Biases about Climate Variability in Smallholder Farming Systems in Zambia." Weather, Climate, and Society 11, no. 2 (March 29, 2019): 369–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-18-0050.1.
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Abstract Given the varying manifestations of climate change over time and the influence of climate perceptions on adaptation, it is important to understand whether farmer perceptions match patterns of environmental change from observational data. We use a combination of social and environmental data to understand farmer perceptions related to rainy season onset. Household surveys were conducted with 1171 farmers across Zambia at the end of the 2015/16 growing season eliciting their perceptions of historic changes in rainy season onset and their heuristics about when rain onset occurs. We compare farmers’ perceptions with satellite-gauge-derived rainfall data from the Climate Hazards Group Infrared Precipitation with Station dataset and hyper-resolution soil moisture estimates from the HydroBlocks land surface model. We find evidence of a cognitive bias, where farmers perceive the rains to be arriving later, although the physical data do not wholly support this. We also find that farmers’ heuristics about rainy season onset influence maize planting dates, a key determinant of maize yield and food security in sub-Saharan Africa. Our findings suggest that policy makers should focus more on current climate variability than future climate change.
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Kydd, Jonathan. "Coffee After Copper? Structural Adjustment, Liberalisation, and Agriculture in Zambia." Journal of Modern African Studies 26, no. 2 (June 1988): 227–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00010454.
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In contrast to its policies in the economic sphere, Zambia has one of Africa's most liberal approaches to press freedom. To convey the flavour of public debate during, or immediately after, the 19-month experiment with a market-determined exchange rate, 10 quotations are presented below:Large scale mining will continue for 12 to 20 years, but small-working may go on for 50–60 years.– Francis Kaunda, Chairman, Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines, June 1987.Coffe after copper.– Campaign slogan of the Coffee Growers Committee of the Commercial Farmers' Bureau.Even real socialist countries have to find and use foreign exchange.– Kebby Musokotwane, Prime Minister, replying to a question in the National Assembly, August 1986.Zambia's cardinal mistake was to subsidise consumption for a long time, thereby delaying diversification.– Kenneth Kaunda, President of Zambia, May 1986.The economic reform programme has begun to succeed: devaluation has stimulated exports.– Kenneth Kaunda, August 1936, Opening the 21st U.N.I.P. National Council Meeting.It was not socialist principles which ruined the Zambian economy, but unfavourable economic terms which the North has imposed on the South…I have no power…we agreed to the IMF reform programme much against out better judgement.– Kenneth Kaunda, August 1986, interviewed by Swedish, West German, and Cuban journalists.
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Muma, John Bwalya, Girja Shankar Pandey, Musso Munyeme, Chisoni Mumba, Ethel Mkandawire, and Henry Mwelwa Chimana. "Brucellosis among smallholder cattle farmers in Zambia." Tropical Animal Health and Production 44, no. 4 (September 27, 2011): 915–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-011-9987-x.
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Grisley, W., and Moffat Shamambo. "An Analysis of the Adoption and Diffusion of Carioca Beans in Zambia Resulting from an Experimental Distribution of Seed." Experimental Agriculture 29, no. 3 (July 1993): 379–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700020949.
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SUMMARYSeed of the new heavy yielding bean cultivar Carioca was distributed directly to 400 farmers in Zambia during 1986 in order to speed its adoption and diffusion. Three years after distribution, 55% of the farmers who participated in a follow-up survey were still sowing Carioca. Diffusion of the new cultivar had occurred, with 3.7 times as many farmers estimated to be growing Carioca in 1988/89 as in 1986, an annual rate of diffusion of approximately 49%. Use of a logistic modelling framework suggested that the variables directly associated with the decision to adopt the cultivar were the farmer's total area in cultivated crops and the area in local maize. Variables indirectly associated with adoption were the level of education of the household head, the average number of years that the fields had been in continuous cultivation and the number of cattle owned. These results will help guide the development of effective strategies for the release and distribution of new bean cultivars from national bean research programmes in sub-Saharan Africa.Adopción y difusión del poroto Carioca en Zambia
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Mumba, Moses, and Abdi-Khalil Edriss. "Determinants and Change in Total Factor Productivity of Smallholder Maize Production in Southern Zambia." Journal of Sustainable Development 11, no. 6 (November 29, 2018): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v11n6p170.
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Smallholder maize production in Zambia has been characterised by low productivity despite concerted efforts at improving the situation as is evident in budgetary allocations to programmes such as the Farmer Input Support Programme (FISP). The study assessed if there was a change in total factor productivity (TFP) in smallholder maize production in Southern Province of Zambia between the 2010/11 and 2013/14 agricultural seasons. Using a balanced panel of 778 smallholder farmers, a Stochastic Frontier Analysis was used to estimate the Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI) in measuring the productivity change in maize production. The change in TFP was further decomposed into its components, efficiency change (EC) and technical change (TC) so as to understand more on the change in productivity. It was found that over the period of study, the mean EC was 0.8734, implying that technical efficiency (TE) had declined by 12.7 % with the mean TFP of 0.9401, indicating that over the study period TFP had fallen by 5.99 %. The results further showed that the age of the farmer, education of the farmer, household size, membership to a farmer organization, ownership of cattle, access to credit, and drought stress were significant (ρ<0.05) factors in explaining TFP. In light of the findings, some recommendations were made for policy including the need to facilitate farmers’ access to credit, sensitize farmers on the benefits of belonging to farmer organizations, on ownership of livestock such as cattle and for massive investment in irrigation infrastructure.
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SCORZIELLO, MARIA, ADRIANO MANTOVANI, DANIELE DE MENEGHI, SILVANA DIVERIO, and PETER MASUNU. "Occupational health promotion amongst cattle farmers in Zambia." Health Promotion International 8, no. 2 (1993): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapro/8.2.103.
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KADOHIRA, Mutsuyo, and Kenny SAMUI. "Traditional cattle farmers in Monze district of Zambia." Journal of African Studies 2002, no. 61 (2002): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.11619/africa1964.2002.61_73.
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Chompolola, Abson, and Oliver Kaonga. "Adoption of Conservation Agriculture in Zambia – The Case of Chongwe District." Journal of Sustainable Development 9, no. 3 (May 30, 2016): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v9n3p77.
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<p>The Zambian government and its cooperating partners have been trying to promote the use of conservation agriculture for improved food security and promotion of environmental sustainability. The methods used to promote conservation agriculture however are not adequately informed because no Zambia-specific studies have been done to explain adoption behaviour. This study aimed at explaining the factors that affect the adoption of conservation agriculture in Zambia using a case study.</p><p>A cross section survey of 200 randomly selected small scale farmers in Chongwe district was conducted using a structured questionnaire. Information collected included demographic characteristics of participating households, economic, as well as social characteristics. Respondents also provided information on the farming practices they are currently using vis a vis conservation agriculture.</p>A decision model was estimated using logistic regression and the results indicate that the adoption of conservation agriculture in the survey area is basically influenced by ownership of draft power, availability of labour, and the frequency of contact with the farmer support extension system. Potential to increase the adoption rate is plenty, but can only be tapped into if strategies and policies take into account the behavioural aspects of the adoption of the technology.
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Nkomoki, William, Miroslava Bavorová, and Jan Banout. "Factors Associated with Household Food Security in Zambia." Sustainability 11, no. 9 (May 13, 2019): 2715. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11092715.
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Food security is a global challenge and threatens mainly smallholder farmers in developing countries. The main aim of this paper is to determine factors that are associated with food security in Zambia. This study utilizes the household questionnaire survey dataset of 400 smallholder farmers in four districts conducted in southern Zambia in 2016. To measure food security, the study employs two food security indicators, namely the food consumption score (FCS) and the household hunger scale (HHS). Two ordered probit models are estimated with the dependent variables FCS and HHS. Both the FCS and HHS models’ findings reveal that higher education levels of household head, increasing livestock income, secure land tenure, increasing land size, and group membership increase the probability of household food and nutrition security. The results imply that policies supporting livestock development programs such as training of farmers in animal husbandry, as well as policies increasing land tenure security and empowerment of farmers groups, have the potential to enhance household food and nutrition security.
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Chilipa, Lorraine N. K., Chikoti Mukuma, Langa Tembo, Able Chalwe, Shadreck Bwembya, and Crisanty Chama. "A survey on potato productivity, cultivation and management constraints in Mbala district of Northern Zambia." Open Agriculture 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 400–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opag-2021-0020.
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Abstract In Zambia, potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivation is ranked the third most important among root and tuber crops after cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.). In spite of its importance, the productivity and cultivation of potato remain low. In the light of this, a survey was conducted in Mbala district to obtain and document farmers’ knowledge on potato cultivation and understand the constraints associated with potato cultivation and management. Four agricultural camps in Mbala district were purposefully sampled due to the high potato cultivation activity. Data were collected from 116 potato farmers through structured questionnaires and focus group discussions. Results showed that three major constraints in potato cultivation were white grub (Phyllophaga spp.), foliar wilts (Ralstonia spp. and Verticillium spp.) and seed source, with a farmer-ranked mean-derived score of 3.75, 3.5 and 2.75, respectively. Farmers ascribed 70% crop damage to white grub (Phyllophaga spp.) and 60% crop damage to foliar wilts (Ralstonia spp. and Verticillium spp.). Other information obtained indicated that the majority of the farmers (>85%) were married, above 35 years and had at least primary education. The majority of the farmers involved in the study had less than 0.25 ha under potato production. To reduce the cultivation constraints for increased potato production in Mbala, direct breeding efforts, potato crop protection and other measures need to be employed.
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Chipasha, Henry. "Smallholder goat farmers’ market participation in Choma District, Zambia." AFRICAN JOURNAL OF FOOD, AGRICULTURE, NUTRITION AND DEVELOPMENT 17, no. 01 (March 22, 2017): 11691–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.77.16175.
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Kumar, Shubh K. "Adoption of Hybrid Maize in Zambia: Effects on Gender Roles, Food Consumption, and Nutrition." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 16, no. 3 (September 1995): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/156482659501600314.
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This report examines the role of hybrid maize adoption in Eastern Province, Zambia, in improving the welfare of the population. Improving agricultural productivity of farmers in Zambia is important for the success of the country's new economic growth strategy. Past investment in hybrid maize research has developed a potential for increased productivity that needs to be fully utilized.
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Appau, Adriana, Jeffrey Drope, Fastone Goma, Peter Magati, Ronald Labonte, Donald Makoka, Richard Zulu, Qing Li, and Raphael Lencucha. "Explaining Why Farmers Grow Tobacco: Evidence From Malawi, Kenya, and Zambia." Nicotine & Tobacco Research 22, no. 12 (September 6, 2019): 2238–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntz173.
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Abstract Introduction Tobacco production continues to increase in low- and middle-income countries creating complications for tobacco control efforts. There is the need to understand and address the global tobacco leaf supply as a means of decreasing tobacco consumption and improving farmers livelihoods in line with Article 17 of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. This study aims to understand the reasons why farmers grow tobacco and identify factors that influence these reasons. Methods Primary survey data (N = 1770) collected in Kenya, Malawi, and Zambia in the 2013–2014 farming season. Data analysis uses both descriptive and multinomial logistical regression methods. Results Majority of farmers started and are currently growing tobacco because they believed it was the only economically viable crop. Compared with Malawi, farmers in Kenya and Zambia have a 0.2 and 0.4 lower probability of growing tobacco, respectively because they perceive it as the only economically viable crop, but a 0.04 and 0.2 higher probability of growing tobacco, respectively because they believe it is highly lucrative. There are district/county differences in the reasons provided with some districts having a majority of the farmers citing the existence of a ready market or incentives from the tobacco industry. Statistically significant factors influencing these reasons are the educational level and age of the household head, land allocated to tobacco and debts. Conclusion There is the need to address the unique features of each district to increase successful uptake of alternative livelihoods. One consistent finding is that farmers' perceived economic viability contributes to tobacco growing. Implications This study finds that perceived economic viability of tobacco is the dominant factor in the decisions to grow tobacco by smallholder farmers in Malawi, Kenya, and Zambia. There is the need to more deeply understand what contributes to farmers' perceived viability of a crop. Understanding and addressing these factors may increase the successful uptake of alternative livelihoods to tobacco. Furthermore, this study demonstrates that a one-size fits all alternative livelihood intervention is less likely to be effective as each district has unique features affecting farmers' decisions on growing tobacco.
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Dillon, David T., Joshua A. Crosby, and Alyson G. Young. "How Poverty Alleviation Efforts Manifest among Smallholder Groundnut Farmers in Eastern Zambia." Journal of Sustainable Development 14, no. 3 (May 20, 2021): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v14n3p184.
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Poverty alleviation and health promotion programs have become part and parcel of life in rural Zambia. It is critical to track the performance of these programs to assess the impact they have on the people involved. The purpose of this study is to ascertain barriers, specifically related to market access and crop yields, faced by smallholder groundnut farmers in Eastern Zambia following implementation of the PROFIT+ program. Focus group discussion and informants were selected based on participation in the PROFIT+. Interview data were then qualitatively analyzed to determine consistent themes among farmers. Farmers highlight three general barriers/risks that impacted both their economic well-being and health. In some cases, these barriers may act as feedback loops, health affecting economic productivity and vice versa. These include (a) a lack of adequate storage facilities (b) exposure to aflatoxins produced by the Aspergillus fungus (c) and exposure to pesticides due to a lack of personal protective equipment. Generally, groundnut farmers have benefitted from the efforts of PROFIT+, though challenges remain. Farmers consistently report increased their crop yields; however, access to outside markets has yet to materialize. Exposure to both aflatoxins and pesticides are concerning, particularly in areas of high stunting rates as these chemicals may exacerbate the effects of malnutrition. Further, changing weather patterns in the context of climate change increase issues faces by smallholder farmers.
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Mwalupaso, Wang, Rahman, Alavo, and Tian. "Agricultural Informatization and Technical Efficiency in Maize Production in Zambia." Sustainability 11, no. 8 (April 25, 2019): 2451. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11082451.
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The cropland productivity gap between Africa and the rest of the world is widening. Fortunately, increasing farmers’ access to useful agricultural information reduces the costs of searching for information, thereby leading to higher agricultural productivity and sustainability. This study investigates the association between the adoption of mobile phones to collect agricultural information and farmers’ technical efficiency (TE) in Zambia. Different from previous studies, we focus on the actual use of mobile phones by farmers rather than mere ownership. Farmers were selected using a two-stage sampling procedure, and the Cobb-Douglas (CD) production function is adopted to estimate the association using two approaches—the conventional stochastic production frontier (SPF) and propensity score matching-stochastic production frontier (PSM-SPF) model. In both cases, we found that the use of mobile phones is significantly and positively associated with farmers’ TE. However, the conventional SFP model exaggerates the TE scores by 5.3% due to its failure to mitigate biases from observed variables. Regarding the agricultural growth indicators (income and output) related to TE, a close inspection reveals that increasing mobile phone use to close the TE gap between the two groups could result in a 5.13% and 8.21% reduction in severity of poverty and extreme poverty, respectively. Additional research is essential to corroborate the findings and analyze the potential causal mechanisms. Our study provides strong evidence to promote mobile phone use in agricultural production in rural Zambia.
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Simunji, Simunji, Kalaluka L. Munyinda, Obed I. Lungu, Alice M. Mweetwa, and Elijah Phiri. "Optimizing Soil Moisture and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Some Maize (Zea mays) Varieties under Conservation Farming System." Sustainable Agriculture Research 7, no. 4 (August 9, 2018): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v7n4p42.
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In Zambia, small holder farmers depend on producing maize (Zea mays), which is a major staple food for many Zambians. Maize productivity among the smallholder farmers is quite low, giving only 2.3 tons per hectare. The low yields are attributed to insufficient and erratic rain fall, low soil fertility, and poor farming practices. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of maize genotypes for nitrogen use efficiency and soil moisture utilisation under conservation farming system. The trials were carried out at two sites with different soil types. Three maize varieties i.e. ZMS 606, GV 640 and GV 635 were evaluated in maize – cowpea rotation. Four cowpea varieties used for rotation with maize, i.e. Bubebe Lutembwe, BB 14-16-2-2 and LT 11-3-3-12. BB 14-16-2-2 and LT 11-3-3-12 are mutation-derived lines of Bubebe and Lutembwe cowpea parent varieties respectively. The experimental design used was split plot with three replications. The NUE was significantly (P< 0.05) higher in CF and accounted for 27 % and 15% more than conventional farming system which valued 17% and 3% at Chisamba and Batoka, respectively. while soil moisture content was higher at Batoka than Chisamba in CF system. ZMS 606 and GV 640 varieties were superior over GV 635 for NUE. Cowpea variety BB 14-16-2-2 significantly increased NUE of maize varieties. Therefore, smallholder farmers in Zambia can increase maize productivity in maize - cowpea rotation system due to the increased NUE. Recommendations are made for farmers to select improved nitrogen efficient maize varieties to optimize productivity of maize in conservation farming system.
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Thelma, Namonje-Kapembwa, and Samboko Paul. "Is aquaculture production by small-scale farmers profitable in Zambia?" International Journal of Fisheries and Aquaculture 12, no. 1 (February 29, 2020): 6–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ijfa2019.0737.
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Mulenga, Brian P., Ayala Wineman, and Nicholas J. Sitko. "Climate Trends and Farmers’ Perceptions of Climate Change in Zambia." Environmental Management 59, no. 2 (October 24, 2016): 291–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-016-0780-5.
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Mubanga, Kabwe Harnadih, and Willem Ferguson. "Threats to food sufficiency among smallholder farmers in Choma, Zambia." Food Security 9, no. 4 (July 12, 2017): 745–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12571-017-0700-4.
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Mutale, Godfrey, Thomson Kalinda, and Elias Kuntashula. "Factors Affecting the Joint Adoption of Herbicides and Conservation Tillage Technologies among Smallholder Farmers in Zambia." Journal of Agricultural Science 9, no. 12 (November 15, 2017): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v9n12p205.
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For over three decades, Zambian private and public organizations have been promoting Conservation Agriculture (CA) among smallholder farmers, throughout the country. CA, as a technology, involves Conservation Tillage (CT) methods and use of herbicides, particularly in the first 3 to 4 years of its adoption. Despite the long-term CA dissemination effort from stakeholders, adoption of both herbicides and CT technologies has been relatively low. Using the 2012 Rural Agricultural Livelihood Survey (RALS12) data collected country-wide, a bivariate probit analytical model investigated whether Zambian smallholder farmers make a joint adoption decision in the uptake of herbicides and CT methods. Results indicate that the adoption of herbicides is jointly linked to the adoption of CT technologies. Factors such as being a male-headed household, belonging to a cooperative society, larger sizes of cultivated areas, owning productive tools such as a knapsack sprayer and receiving advice on CA technologies, were critical in positively influencing the joint-adoption of herbicide and CT technologies. Overall, results imply that if the adoption of herbicides is to be enhanced, the promotion of CT technologies have to be intensified. The best promotional channels include agricultural groups such as farmer cooperatives, which are good conduits and platforms for smallholder farmers’ knowledge-sharing. These promotional efforts should support gender balancing and emphasize the inclusion and use of herbicides in CA. There is also need for government to enhance farmers’ access to productive tools that support the use of herbicides such as knapsack sprayers.
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Mwalupaso, Gershom Endelani, Xu Tian, Eunice Matafwali, Moses Chansa Mwamba, Essiagnon John-Philippe Alavo, Aseres Mamo Ethetie, Mariko Korotoumou, and Fariya Waseem. "Understanding The Purpose and Potential Popularity of Mobile Phone Use in Zambia’s Maize Production." Journal of Agricultural Science 11, no. 6 (May 15, 2019): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v11n6p32.
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There is a growing use of mobile phones in rural areas on account of its relative inexpensiveness and lack of requirement for an urban environment. As a platform for accessing information through text messages and voice calls, farmers are able to collect agricultural information which may lead to higher productivity due to technology spillover. If the use of mobile phones contributes to the improvement of farmers’ productivity, their agricultural output level should increase. In this study, we investigate the adoption of mobile phones to obtain agricultural information and its effect on smallholder maize farmers’ production using cross-sectional data from Zambia. Understanding such causal effects is indispensable especially against the background of vision 2030. The propensity score matching (PSM) method was adopted to estimate the average treatment effect of treated of mobile phone adoption in agriculture. We found that the use of mobile phones significantly increases farmers’ productivity, by about 30%. If farmers start to adopt mobile phones to collect agricultural information, the total maize output would also increase by 30.36%, which would culminate in feeding two more people per household daily for the whole year. Therefore, we cautiously conclude that mobile phone use in agriculture serves the purpose of contributing to the fight against hunger via enhancing maize production and this is driving its popularity among smallholder farmers in rural Zambia.
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Luiz, John Manuel, Kondwani Kachika, and Tapfumaneyi Kudzurunga. "Negotiating new institutional logics." Society and Business Review 14, no. 4 (December 3, 2019): 360–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sbr-01-2019-0015.
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Purpose This paper aims to analyse how processes of institutional change in environments of institutional 'voids' affect smallholder farmer market access in Zambia and Malawi, and explores the role of different dis/enabling institutional agents and logics. The authors examine this in the context of two divergent routes of institutional change – one externally imposed and the second driven from within the ecosystem itself. The authors consider how these different institutional processes impact upon smallholder farmers and how they are able to adapt to these changes. Design/methodology/approach A qualitative research approach is used which lends itself to an analysis of multiple institutional logics that is based upon the multiple positions of market actors. It uses a comparative case study design methodology focused on two broad cases of smallholder farmers in Zambia and Malawi. Findings The research demonstrates the tension that multiple institutional logics can create especially amongst those most vulnerable particularly where these are not embedded in local realities and mindful of social settings. Originality/value It contributes to the understanding of poverty alleviation in rural developing regions, on overcoming institutional voids, market inclusivity and the role of social entrepreneurs and intermediaries, and builds on the perspective of markets as social spaces for economic exchange.
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Phiri, Joseph, Karel Malec, Socrates Kraido Majune, Seth Nana Kwame Appiah-Kubi, Zdeňka Gebeltová, Sylvie Kobzev Kotásková, Mansoor Maitah, Kamil Maitah, and Patricia Naluwooza. "Durability of Zambia’s Agricultural Exports." Agriculture 11, no. 1 (January 17, 2021): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11010073.
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This paper establishes the determinants of the export durability of agriculture products in Zambia with specific attention to maize, sugar, cotton, and tobacco between 1996 and 2019. We find that approximately 39% of Zambia’s agricultural products were exported beyond the first year of trading and less than 10% lasted up to 6 years of trading. The mean and median duration of exporting agricultural products in Zambia was 1.7 years and 1 year, respectively. Among the products, maize had the highest export duration after the first year of trading, followed by sugar, tobacco, and cotton. Results of the discrete-time logit and probit models with random effects revealed that the duration of total agricultural products was significantly impacted by common colony, contiguity, partner’s gross domestic product (GDP), Zambia’s GDP, initial exports, and total exports. Of these factors, colonial history and Zambia’s GDP reduced export duration, while contiguity, partner’s GDP, initial exports, and total exports increased the durability of exports in Zambia. The effect of Zambia’s GDP was uniform across all individual agricultural products. Total exports also significantly impacted all other agriculture products in a similar manner except for maize. Export durability for cotton was significantly impacted by the Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs), while the export durability of tobacco was significantly impacted by distance, contiguity, and partner’s GDP. To increase the duration of agriculture exports, we propose the exporting of finished agriculture products (and not just raw materials), which have a higher market value and duration probability. Farmers also need support with export subsidies, increased foreign market access (especially to economies with higher buying power), and negotiated favorable trade terms in the region and around the globe.
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MAFONGOYA, PARAMU L., and ELIAS KUNTASHULA. "PARTICIPATORY EVALUATION OF TEPHROSIA SPECIES AND PROVENANCES FOR SOIL FERTILITY IMPROVEMENT AND OTHER USES USING FARMER CRITERIA IN EASTERN ZAMBIA." Experimental Agriculture 41, no. 1 (January 2005): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479704002339.
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In eastern Zambia, farmers prefer direct seeded improved fallow species like Tephrosia vogelii to other species because of the reduced labour requirement for establishment. Since relying on two locally available provenances of T. vogelii could become ecologically unsustainable, due to pest and disease outbreaks, a wider range of usable direct seeded Tephrosia provenance material is desirable. A farmer participatory evaluation of Tephrosia candida provenances for their effectiveness as improved fallows and provision of construction materials and fuel wood was conducted. Using an indigenous board game called bao, 68 farmers rated the four provenances and five control species/provenances for these benefits. The T. candida provenances were rated high for soil fertility improvement. First year T. candida post-fallow performance showed that maize yields could be obtained that were comparable with yields following Tephrosia vogelii provenances. According to farmers' ratings, T. candida provenances could provide better fuel wood and light construction materials than T. vogelii, although they were not considered to be as good as Sesbania sesban and Senna siamea. Tephrosia candida provenances have the potential to be tested by many farmers on-farm. Farmers' methods of screening trees can complement scientific predictors, and their early integration into the selection and design of agro-forestry systems can improve relevance and adoption.
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Ng'ombe, John, and Thomson Kalinda. "A Stochastic Frontier Analysis of Technical Efficiency of Maize Production Under Minimum Tillage in Zambia." Sustainable Agriculture Research 4, no. 2 (March 19, 2015): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v4n2p31.
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<p>Minimum tillage and other conservation agriculture practices are not only associated with income gains but are also claimed to be the panacea to the declining agricultural productivity and soil degradation problems in Africa and across the world. The few studies on technical efficiency related to the agricultural sector performance in Zambia have not attempted to determine how technically efficient smallholder farmers that produce maize under minimum tillage are. This study used stochastic frontier analysis based on both the half-normal and exponential model distributions on 2008 cross-sectional nationally representative data of 160 smallholder maize farm households that adopted minimum tillage in Zambia. Results indicate that maize farmers face increasing returns to scale (1.074) implying that there were opportunities for them to improve their technical efficiency as they were operating in stage I of their production functions. The half-normal and exponential model distributions indicate average technical efficiency scores of 60 and 71.7 percent, respectively. Their respective lowest efficiency scores were 9.3 and 8.5 percent. The highest efficiency scores for the half-normal and exponential model distributions were 89.3 and 90.9 percent. Maximum likelihood estimation results show that marital status, level of education of household head, square of household size, off farm income, agro-ecological region III, distance to vehicular road and access to loans are statistically significant factors that affect technical efficiency of smallholder maize farmers that practice minimum tillage in Zambia. The study calls for increased infrastructural development through construction of improved road network, schools and colleges in remote areas as a means to increasing accesss to knowledge and other agricultural services in order to enhance their technical efficiency levels. It also recommends promotion of minimum tillage practices in recommended agro-ecological regions to improve their technical efficiency. The study further acclaims for increased access to loans by smallholder maize farmers that practice minimum tillage as this would in one way induce them to invest in improved varieties and equipment that would help enhance their technical efficiency in Zambia.</p>
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Mzyece, Agness, and John N. Ng’ombe. "Does Crop Diversification Involve a Trade-Off Between Technical Efficiency and Income Stability for Rural Farmers? Evidence from Zambia." Agronomy 10, no. 12 (November 27, 2020): 1875. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10121875.
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Crop diversification is a climate-smart agricultural technique which helps to improve resilience for farmers in the face of volatile weather due to climate change. Previous research on its effects on technical efficiency has shown mixed results. Despite burgeoning literature on the subject, an important research question that remains uninvestigated is: does crop diversification involve a compromise between technical efficiency and resilience (income stability) for rural farmers? Using nationally representative rural household survey data from Zambia, this study empirically answers this research question. We employ the Data Envelopment Approach (DEA) for efficiency and a two- step least-squares approach for income variability. Our results show evidence that crop diversification significantly improves income stability but significantly reduces technical efficiency. The paper provides useful implications for policies that promote crop diversification in Zambia and other countries.
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Abdulai, Abdul-Nafeo, and Awudu Abdulai. "Examining the impact of conservation agriculture on environmental efficiency among maize farmers in Zambia." Environment and Development Economics 22, no. 2 (November 24, 2016): 177–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x16000309.
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AbstractThis paper explores the impact of conservation agriculture (CA) on the environmental efficiency of maize farmers in Zambia, by comparing nitrogen fertilizer recovery between farms that practise CA and those using conventional farming technologies. The Nitrogen Index Tier Zero tool is employed in generating a nitrogen balance sheet at the farm level. As CA technology may improve farmers' access to better technology, we employ a selectivity-corrected meta-frontier approach to account for potential selection bias and technology heterogeneity. The empirical results suggest that farmers practising CA are environmentally more efficient than conventional farmers. The findings also show that environmental efficiency is significantly influenced by access to credit, farming experience and years of schooling of household head, land ownership and distance to markets. Moreover, farmers practising CA are found to be technically more efficient than those using the conventional technology.
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Ng’ombe, John N., Moses C. Tembo, and Blessing Masasi. "“Are They Aware, and Why?” Bayesian Analysis of Predictors of Smallholder Farmers’ Awareness of Climate Change and Its Risks to Agriculture." Agronomy 10, no. 3 (March 9, 2020): 376. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10030376.
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While climate change threatens global food security, health, and nutrition outcomes, Africa is more vulnerable because its economies largely depend on rain-fed agriculture. Thus, there is need for agricultural producers in Africa to employ robust adaptive measures that withstand the risks of climate change. However, the success of adaptation measures to climate change primarily depends on the communities’ knowledge or awareness of climate change and its risks. Nonetheless, existing empirical research is still limited to illuminate farmers’ awareness of the climate change problem. This study employs a Bayesian hierarchical logistic model, estimated using Hamiltonian Monte Carlo (HMC) methods, to empirically determine drivers of smallholder farmers’ awareness of climate change and its risks to agriculture in Zambia. The results suggest that on average, 77% of farmers in Zambia are aware of climate change and its risks to agriculture. We find socio-demographics, climate change information sources, climate change adaptive factors, and climate change impact-related shocks as predictors of the expression of climate change awareness. We suggest that farmers should be given all the necessary information about climate change and its risks to agriculture. Most importantly, the drivers identified can assist policymakers to provide the effective extension and advisory services that would enhance the understanding of climate change among farmers in synergy with appropriate farm-level climate-smart agricultural practices.
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Mubanga, Kabwe Harnadih, Bridget Bwalya Umar, Jane Muchabi, and Chishimba Mubanga. "What drives smallholder farmers’ crop production choices in Central Zambia? Lessons from the 2012/2013 agricultural season." Journal of Agricultural Studies 3, no. 2 (March 30, 2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jas.v3i2.7125.
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The study, conducted in central Zambia was aimed at determining the major drivers of crop production choices among smallholder farmers. It utilized recent national crop production and utilization data; 200 semi-structured interview schedules, and key informant interviews conducted with smallholder farmers and experts from the agricultural sector in Zambia respectively. Results showed that despite being confronted by late on-set of rains and post germination crop attacks by army worms which made maize (Zea mays) production extremely precarious, 61.5% of the affected smallholder farmers replanted their cultivated land with maize. The farmers had a choice of whether to replant maize which had a ready market from the state agency, the Food Reserve Agency, or to plant a drought tolerant crop such as sorghum or millet which would have guaranteed them with household food security from own production. They mainly chose the former option. They increased production of other crops such as soya beans (Glycine max), sun flower(Helianthus annuus) and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) when contract farming with private business entities became available. Markets determined smallholder farmers’ crop production choices more than household food security from own production or availability of climate information forecasting poor rainfall distribution. The study concludes that (i) prior knowledge of climate information does not necessarily result in a change of smallholder farmers’ crop production choices in response to a predicted climate anomaly, (ii) markets are a major determinant of crops cultivated by smallholder farmers, and hence adaptation measures involving crop diversification should be designed with market availability in mind.
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Steinmaier, N. "POTENTIAL OF PASTURE LEGUMES IN LOW-EXTERNAL-INPUT AND SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE (LEISA). 2. FARMER ADAPTATION OF STARTER TECHNOLOGY BY FARMER RESEARCH GROUPS IN LUAPULA PROVINCE, ZAMBIA." Experimental Agriculture 37, no. 3 (July 2001): 309–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479701003039.
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The participatory approach of Farmer Research Groups (FRGs) was used in Farmer Adaptation of Starter Technology (FAST) with small-scale farmers in Luapula Province, Zambia. The introduction of a starter technology proved to be a suitable method to induce self-help initiatives with farmers. Their first move in FAST related to the improvement of food security and income generation by the cultivation and marketing of new maize (Zea mays) varieties in wetlands during the dry and early rainy seasons. By informal on-farm seed multiplication the expenditure on external agricultural inputs was reduced. The technical aspects of the starter technology began with the integration of pasture legumes as a pioneer crop for green manuring purposes in maize production. In this respect, FRGs developed individual risk-aversion strategies to ensure early planting of the maize with the onset of the rains. The groups made adaptations such as biomass transfer, intercropping and crop rotations in order to integrate pasture legumes into current cropping systems for green manuring purposes.
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Arumugam, Surendran, Ramu Govindasamy, James E. Simon, Emil Van Wyk, Kenneth Chali, Mwangala Mbewe, Inonge Siziya, Steve Weller, and Xenia K. Morin. "African Indigenous Vegetables Production and Consumption Behavior of Farmers in Zambia: An Econometric Analysis." Technium Social Sciences Journal 8 (May 19, 2020): 220–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v8i1.598.
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African indigenous vegetables (AIVs) have recently received wide attention for their contribution toward food and nutrition security. Promoting the production and consumption of AIVs is likely to mitigate food insecurity and alleviate malnutrition in the African region. To document and analyze existing patterns of AIV production in Zambia, farmers were surveyed in person using a structured questionnaire. A total of 300 farmers were selected from Lusaka (50), Katete (50), Chipata (75), Lundazi (75), and Petauke (75). Analysis of the survey results using logit model identified that those who farm less than 10 acres of farming land, were concerned about nutrition quality of AIVs, reported that price of farm produce is fixed by buyers, were registered as a member of any community group or association, received training related to nutrition and health, saved money for unexpected expenses, and were single are more likely than other farmers to produce AIVs for home consumption. Whereas, those who visited the nearest market two times or more, traded agricultural produce through intermediaries, owned a TV, earned an income above 30,000 kwacha and has a University degree are less likely to produce AIVs for home consumption. These results indicate that interventions aimed at increasing AIV production for home consumption should target specific groups of farmers rather than all farmers. This survey also captures the most common AIVs that are grown in these regions in Zambia: Sweet potato leaves, amaranth and orange sweet potato.
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Kean, Stuart A. "Developing a Partnership between Farmers and Scientists: the Example of Zambia's Adaptive Research Planning Team." Experimental Agriculture 24, no. 3 (July 1988): 289–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700016148.
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SUMMARYThe Adaptive Research Planning Team in Luapula Province (ARPT-LP) is one of nine provincial teams in Zambia conducting farming systems research within the Research Branch of the Ministry of Agriculture and Water Development. ARPT-LP has been relatively successful in developing a partnership with farmers, involving them in both the planning and implementation of the team's research programme. This paper examines the formal and informal occasions on which farmers have been involved in the team's activities, with examples to illustrate how farmers' opinions have influenced decisions made by ARPT-LP. The factors which have influenced the frequency and quality of the scientists' interaction with farmers are discussed.
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Tembo, Gelson, Evans Kapekele, Alice Tembo, Fusya Y. Goma, and Jairos Sambo. "Livestock Trends and Farmers’ Perceptions about their Impacts in Southern Zambia." Journal of Agricultural Studies 2, no. 2 (March 30, 2014): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jas.v2i2.5397.
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This study uses data from a mixed-methods survey of livestock-rearing communities in three districts in the Southern Province of Zambia to understand trends in livestock numbers and smallholder farmers' perceptions about their impacts on livelihoods. The results show that livestock numbers have generally declined due to disease outbreaks and distress selling of livestock, which are most prevalent during droughts. These have in turn led to a myriad of impacts, including: i) reduction of cultivated land area, ii) reduction of school-related expenditure, iii) households sliding on the poverty scale, and iv) reduction of expenditure on other household needs such as clothing. However, the extent to which these have been experienced varies by livestock system and poverty status of the household. Districts that rear less resilient livestock species, such as cattle, are more likely to perceive severe effects of livestock-related shocks, which tend to be worse when they are also poor.
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Sebatta, Christopher, and Mukata Wamulume. "Adoption of Improved Maize Farming Technologies by Women Farmers in Zambia." American Journal of Experimental Agriculture 6, no. 2 (January 10, 2015): 121–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajea/2015/13889.
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Mubanga, Fiona Chisanga, and Bridget Bwalya Umar. "Environmental discounting behaviour of smallholder farmers in Chibombo District, Central Zambia." Land Use Policy 95 (June 2020): 104551. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104551.
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Kahenge, Ziko, Muendo Kavoi, and Nhamo Nhamo. "Determinants of non-transgenic soybean adoption among smallhoder farmers in Zambia." Cogent Food & Agriculture 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 1797260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2020.1797260.
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Vogel, Joseph O. "Iron Age farmers in southwestern Zambia: some aspects of spatial organization." African Archaeological Review 5, no. 1 (1987): 159–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01117090.
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Chikuta, S., T. Odong, F. Kabi, M. Mwala, and P. Rubaihayo. "Farmers perceptions on dual-purpose sorghum and its potential in Zambia." International Journal of Agricultural Research, Innovation and Technology 4, no. 2 (March 20, 2015): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v4i2.22654.
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Food feed crops play a cardinal role in mixed crop-livestock production systems yet views of farmers on their usage are limited. Farmers perceptions in predominant sorghum growing areas of Zambia were solicited on socio-economic factors affecting sorghum production, awareness and willingness to adopt dual-purpose sorghum cultivars for food and feed. Preferred traits of a model dual-purpose cultivar were identified. The aim of the study was to generate information that would support the genetic improvement of dual-purpose sorghum. Questionnaires were used to generate this information. Results showed that less than 50% of sorghum growing SSFs had limited knowledge on the use of sorghum to produce feed silage; however, there was full awareness among the LSFs. Among other traits, farmers ideal variety should combine high grain yield potential (100 %) with high biomass (100 % of LSFs and 80 % of SSFs) and high stem sugar content (100 % of LSF and 70 % of SSFs). All the SSFs and 20 % of the LSFs indicated that adequate production could be hampered by low grain yield, poor access to improved seed and unavailability of farmers- preferred cultivars. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v4i2.22654 Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. & Tech. 4 (2): 76-81, December, 2014
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Flynn, Karen Coen. "Urban Agriculture in Mwanza, Tanzania." Africa 71, no. 4 (November 2001): 666–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/afr.2001.71.4.666.
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AbstractMany people living in Mwanza, Tanzania, provision themselves through urban agriculture—the planting of crops and raising of animals in urban and peri-urban areas, as well as in the countryside. This article compares Mwanza's urban farmers with those in Kenya, Zambia, Zimbabwe and Ghana. Like Zimbabwe's urban agriculturalists, more and more of Mwanza's are not among the poorest of the poor. Much like Ghana's urban farmers, those in Mwanza are often middle and upper-class males with access to scarce land and inputs. Urban cultivators in Mwanza differ from those in Kenya and Zambia with regard to gender, socio-economic class and the factors motivating their farming activities. These findings suggest that even though socio-economic differentiation is on the increase in Tanzania it has not reached the levels of divergence found in Kenya and Zambia. Many of Mwanza's wealthier males continue to face enough job/income insecurity to choose to plant crops to support themselves and their household in lean times. They may also engage in urban agriculture because they are unable or unwilling to take advantage of more profitable investment opportunities outside the food market, or because they desire to spread risk across a number of different investments.
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Jacqueline, Mbewe, and Kabwe Harnadih Mubanga. "SMALLHOLDER FARMER’S LIVELIHOOD DIVERSIFICATION AS A RESPONSE TO CHANGED CLIMATIC PATTERNS IN CHONGWE DISTRICT, ZAMBIA." Journal of Agricultural Policy 3, no. 1 (February 14, 2020): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/jap.364.
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Purpose: Climate change affects local and global rainfall patterns and hence has a counter effect on smallholder agriculture. Impacts of climate change on agriculture are largely due to rainfall variability resulting in reduced yields due to crop-water stress and emergency of pathogens and diseases. In Zambia, climate change has been manifested through increased intensity of droughts and floods. These rainfall anomalies adversely affect agriculture and food systems. In order to survive the impacts of climate change and variability, smallholder farmers in Chongwe have adopted their livelihoods and farming systems to the new climatic patterns.Methodology: This study assessed how smallholder farmers in Chongwe District have adopted their livelihoods as a response to changed climatic conditions. It also investigated the perceptions of smallholder farmers as regards changes in aspects of their climatic conditions. Data collection involved a critical review of literature related to climate change and agriculture, observations, semi- structured interviews with 60 smallholder farmers and eight key informants. The data were analysed using multiple analysis techniques which included the descriptive statistics, One-way analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and the post-hoc Least Square Difference for pairwise comparisons of incomes from different livelihoods engaged in by smallholder farmers .The gendered comparisons of livelihood engagement was done using the chi-square test of association.Findings: The results showed that all farmers perceived occurrence of changes in climatic conditions in the light of changed rainfall patterns in that there has been uncertainty in onset of rains, short rainy season, more intermittent rainfall and increased frequency of intra-seasonal droughts. These changes have led to farmers to adopt such farming techniques as potholing in preference to oxen and tractor ploughing when farming is done on smaller pieces of land. There was a significant difference in the mean annual incomes generated from on-farm livelihoods (ZMW 3677.59; n=58) and off-farm livelihoods (ZMW 6840.91; n = 58) (p= 0.001). Farmers generated the highest income returns by engaging in casual work (ZMW 10307.69; n = 13) compared to every other livelihoods common in the area such as gardening (p=0.002), petty trade (p=0.002) and on-farm livelihoods (p=0.001).Contribution to policy, theory and practice: It was therefore concluded that diversification of income through diversified livelihoods would help smallholder farmers enhance their resilience in the face of changed climatic conditions. On-farm livelihoods should not always be the main income source for farmers as results indicated that farmers engaged in casual work generated higher incomes than those who depended on farming. It was recommended that policy direction should be towards introduction of a gender responsive credit facility that can help improve women’s engagement in off-farm income generating livelihoods, as well as encourage climate change resilience.
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Jama, Nandi, Elias Kuntashula, and Paul C. Samboko. "Adoption and Impact of the Improved Fallow Technique on Cotton Productivity and Income in Zambia." Sustainable Agriculture Research 8, no. 2 (February 8, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v8n2p1.
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An improved fallow is a soil fertility agroforestry technique that has commonly been used in the staple maize production systems of Zambia and sub-Saharan Africa. Several studies have assessed the adoption and impact of the improved fallow on maize production. Generally, it has been observed that though the improved fallow does increase maize yields, its efficacy on welfare in terms of increased income is low. The use of the technique on cash crops that could significantly contribute to household welfare has rarely been investigated. This study assessed the factors affecting the adoption and impact of improved fallows on a commonly grown cash crop, cotton, in the cotton growing provinces of Zambia. The study used a sub sample (N=1206) of the nationally representative 2014/15 Rural Agricultural Livelihoods Survey (RALS) data which was randomly collected by the Indaba Agricultural Policy Research Institute (IAPRI) and Central Statistical Office (CSO) of Zambia. The determinants of improved fallow adoption among the cotton farmers were examined through the use of the probit model while the impact of the technique on cotton production and income was evaluated by using the propensity score matching and the endogenous switching regression models. Among the socioeconomic factors significantly increasing the probability of improved fallow adoption included: increases in age, education level, and per capita productive assets of the farmer, in addition to the area under cotton production and the distance of the homestead to the market. Institutional factors found to increase the farmer’s likelihood of adopting the improved fallow in the cotton production systems included; farmer membership to a cooperative, receiving improved fallow seedlings from the government projects and having information on agroforestry tree species. On the other hand, an increase in land size per capita was found to negatively affect the likelihood of improved tree fallow adoption. Impact estimates showed significant cotton yield and income increases as a result of adopting the technique. The continuous provision of information on relatively new techniques such as the improved fallows preferably in farmer organized groups, and support towards the provision of the technique’s planting materials are some of the areas requiring government and NGOs attention. In addition, the study recommends that the farmers’ formal education level should be enhanced and that improved tree fallows should also be explicitly promoted on cash crops that have similar agronomic requirements to maize such as cotton.
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Kajoba, Gear. "Women and Land in Zambia: A Case Study of Small-Scale Farmers in Chenena Village, Chibombo District, Central Zambia." Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review 18, no. 1 (2002): 35–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/eas.2002.0002.
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Chisanga, Kafula, Ernest Mbega, and Patrick Alois Ndakidemi. "Socio-Economic Factors for Anthill Soil Utilization by Smallholder Farmers in Zambia." Sustainability 11, no. 18 (September 5, 2019): 4849. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11184849.
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In this study, we surveyed two districts of Zambia—Choma and Pemba. The aim of this study was to obtain the perspective of farmers on anthill soil utilization practices for key information that could contribute towards the development of an anthill soil based research agenda. The study employed both a qualitative and quantitative method approach to gather data from the respondents, which included farmers and key informants. Qualitative data was analyzed using the triangulation method and Computer Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis Software (CAQDAS), Nvivo version 10, while data generated from quantitative interviews with a smart phone Application (Open Data Kit) were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Results revealed that the key hurdles to the utilization of anthill soil lay in agro-climatic, biophysical, technological, land and institutional constraints. Broadly, farmers reported poor rainfall patterns (95%), decreasing soil fertility (70%), limited farm products (69%), finance (66%), limited access to research and extension services (55%) and security of land tenure (48%) as major constraints. We therefore advocate for strengthenedinstitutional linkages between research and extension for information dissemination, which would aid in decision-making used to promote integrated soil fertility management for improved agriculture production and productivity of rural households.
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Malambo, Mutinta J., Mweshi Mukanga, James Nyirenda, Bupe Kabamba, and Robert K. Salati. "Knowledge and Practice of Pesticides use among Small Holder farmers in Zambia." International journal of Horticulture, Agriculture and Food science 3, no. 4 (2019): 184–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijhaf.3.4.5.
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Galabuzi, Grace-Edward. "Land resistance in Zambia: a case study of the Luana Farmers' Cooperative." Journal of Contemporary African Studies 32, no. 3 (July 3, 2014): 367–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02589001.2014.956498.
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Wu, Hongjuan, and Liberty Mweemba. "Environmental self-efficacy, attitude and behavior among small scale farmers in Zambia." Environment, Development and Sustainability 12, no. 5 (November 18, 2009): 727–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10668-009-9221-4.
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