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Journal articles on the topic 'Farming History'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 26 January 2023

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1

Kristiansen, Paul. "Organic Farming: An International History." Agricultural History 83, no. 4 (October 1, 2009): 559–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00021482-83.4.559.

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2

Henning, J. C. "Organic Farming: An International History." European Review of Agricultural Economics 36, no. 1 (March 1, 2009): 121–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/erae/jbp005.

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3

O’Sullivan, Robin. "The Global History of Organic Farming." Global Food History 6, no. 2 (May 3, 2020): 164–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20549547.2020.1770668.

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4

Hugill, Peter J. "The Global History of Organic Farming." Journal of American History 106, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 146–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jaz180.

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5

Lynam, John. "A History of Farming Systems Research." Agricultural Systems 73, no. 2 (August 2002): 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0308-521x(01)00076-2.

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6

Stead, David R. "A History of Irish Farming, 1750–1950." Agricultural History 84, no. 3 (July 1, 2010): 415–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00021482-84.3.415.

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7

Russ, Jonathan. "Delaware Farming." Agricultural History 83, no. 4 (October 1, 2009): 535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00021482-83.4.535.

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8

Sherratt, Andrew. "Prehistoric farming in Europe." Journal of Archaeological Science 13, no. 6 (November 1986): 605–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-4403(86)90049-x.

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9

Butzer, Karl W., and Graeme Barker. "Prehistoric Farming in Europe." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 18, no. 1 (1987): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/204733.

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10

Turner, M. "Farming in Lincolnshire, 1850-1945." English Historical Review CXXII, no. 496 (April 1, 2007): 565–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/cem078.

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11

Osborne, Robin. "TAX FARMING." Classical Review 50, no. 1 (April 2000): 172–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cr/50.1.172.

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12

Schwartz, Robert M. "The Transport Revolution on Land and Sea: Farming, Fishing, and Railways in Great Britain, 1840-1914." HoST - Journal of History of Science and Technology 12, no. 1 (September 1, 2018): 106–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/host-2018-0005.

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Abstract The introduction and expansion of rapid rail transportation in Great Britain helped transform sea fishing and make fresh fish a new commodity of mass consumption. In agriculture the rail network greatly facilitated the shift from mixed cereal farming to dairy farming. To demonstrate the timing and extent of these changes in food production this article blends history and geography to create a spatial history of the subject. Using the computational tools of GIS and text mining, spatial history charts the expanding geography and size of the fresh fish industry and documents the growing concern among fishermen of over-fishing. In agricultural, huge flows of cheap wheat from the United states caused a crisis in British wheat farming, forcing many farmers to convert arable land to pasture for use in dairy farming. Given the growing demand for fresh milk in cities and increased availability of rapid rail transport in rural areas, dairy farming replaced wheat farming in outlying counties such as Wiltshire, the example examined here.
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13

Campbell, Brian. "CATO ON FARMING." Classical Review 50, no. 1 (April 2000): 73–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cr/50.1.73.

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14

Moreki, John Cassius, Mogi Ivy Moseki, and Freddy Manyeula. "History and Present Status of Ostrich Farming in Botswana." Journal of World's Poultry Research 11, no. 4 (December 25, 2021): 481–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.36380/jwpr.2021.57.

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15

Varraso, R., M. P. Oryszczyn, N. Mathieu, N. Le Moual, M. C. Boutron-Ruault, F. Clavel-Chapelon, I. Romieu, and F. Kauffmann. "Farming in childhood, diet in adulthood and asthma history." European Respiratory Journal 39, no. 1 (June 9, 2011): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00115010.

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16

Blackie, Malcolm. "Gregory A. Barton: The global history of organic farming." Food Security 11, no. 1 (January 19, 2019): 253–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12571-018-0879-z.

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17

Turchanova, Veronika T., and Stanislav N. Nekrasov. "Philosophy of organic agriculture: background, history and modern concept." Agricultural Technologies 1, no. 4 (December 30, 2019): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.35599/agritech/01.04.06.

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The purpose of the work is to reveal the concept of organic agriculture in a temporary aspect. Methodology and objects of the research are a comparative analysis of literary sources: the works of foreign and domestic scientists in the field of organic farming, foreign legislative acts, statistical data of FiBL and IFOAM. The result is the discovering of that the prerequisites for the emergence of organic production is the “green revolution”. Intensive farming led to the appearance of the opposite – organic movement. The authors considered the ideas of R. Steiner, A.T. Bolotov, V.I. Vernadsky, H. Muller, O. Mokiti, 4th Baron Northbourne, E. Balfour, A. Howard, R.L. Carson and M. Fukuoka. They laid foundation for the modern concept of organic farming. It includes four principles: health, ecology, justice, care. Authors of this article give a brief description of the state of organic agriculture in Russia and worldwide.
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18

NELSESTUEN, GRANT A. "VARRO, DICAEARCHUS, AND THE HISTORY OF ROMAN RES RUSTICAE." Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies 60, no. 2 (December 1, 2017): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/2041-5370.12054.

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Abstract: This article reconstructs the historical narrative underlying the account of Roman farming in De re rustica, thereby shedding new light on Varro's intellectual engagements in composing his agricultural treatise and methodology as a scholar of Rome. Central to this account is Dicaearchus of Messana's three-stage theory of human development, which not only provides an anthropological pedigree for agriculture (in book 1) and animal husbandry (in book 2), but also establishes the theoretical framework for Varro's innovative treatment of so-called ‘animal husbandry of the villa’ (in book 3). By presenting this last sphere of rustic production as a newly viable mode of farming contingent on the vast wealth and decline of morality in contemporary Rome, Varro uses it to emblematize ‘urban life’ as a fourth stage of human existence. The history of Roman farming thus offers a profoundly ambivalent narrative, entailing technological and material progress at the cost of moral decline.
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19

Fleet, Kate. "Tax-Farming in the Early Ottoman State." Medieval History Journal 6, no. 2 (April 2003): 249–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097194580300600205.

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20

Chapman, AL, JD Sturtz, AL Cogle, WS Mollah, and RJ Bateman. "Farming systems in the Australian semi-arid tropics-a recent history." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 36, no. 8 (1996): 915. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9960915.

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The recent history of dryland farming in the Australian semi-arid tropics is discussed briefly against the background of national and state policies, established following World War II, aimed at increasing the population and development of northern Australia. Some reference is also made to irrigation as a means of overcoming limitations imposed by rainfall and to complement dryland farming systems. The environmental and socio-economic constraints whch have so far limited commercial agriculture in the Australian semi-arid tropics are highlighted. Efforts, particularly in north-west Australia, to develop sustainable farming systems based on legume pasture leys and livestock production in conjunction with annual cropping, as a basis for closer settlement, are reviewed. These attempts, which began in the 1960s and stemmed from earlier post-war agricultural research in the region, initially relied on a pasture legume (Stylosanthes humilis cv. Townsville stylo) and conventional tillage. Farming system development continues today using new legume species (e.g. Stylosanthes hamata cv. Verano and Centrosema pascuorum cv. Cavalcade) and no-tillage cropping technology. This paper documents the history of agricultural and research development, and commercial practice in the Australian semi-arid tropics.
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21

Logunova, I. V. "The Problem of Acceptance of Farming by Local Authorities in 1989–1991 (Based on the Materials of the Central Chernozem Region)." Modern History of Russia 12, no. 3 (2022): 698–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu24.2022.311.

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The article examines how the process of adoption of the idea of farming by representatives of local authorities in the regions of the Central Chernozem Region took place during the birth of the farmer movement, in 1989–1991. An analysis of the transcript of the Second (extraordinary) Congress of People’s Deputies of the RSFSR, and of protocols of the plenums of regional and district committees of the CPSU from January-February 1991 (RGASPI), reveal the first reaction of the leaders of party organizations and heads of collective agricultural enterprises to the emergence of farming. The most acute aspects of the problem of the formation and development of the farmer movement are revealed, namely: the fear of a possible “repetition of capitalism”, diversity in agriculture, the fear that excessive support of farmers from the state will result in damage to collective agricultural enterprises, protection of collective forms of management in the face of collective farms and state farms, private ownership of land, attitude to farming, prevention of forcing the pace of farming. The article concludes about the psychological unwillingness in 1989–1991 of the party leaders of the regional and district levels, heads of collective farms and state farms to calmly accept the idea of farming and put up with its existence. The position of distrust of the new form of management, in turn, was reinforced by the institutional and economic difficulties that objectively arose during the formation of farming (natural for the initial stage of any transformation).
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22

Zeide, Anna. "Farming. Edited by Sarah Johnson." Environmental History 22, no. 4 (June 15, 2017): 749–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/envhis/emx060.

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23

C. Lefroy, E. "Farming as if we belong." Pacific Conservation Biology 9, no. 1 (2003): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc030018.

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Two fundamental changes in attitude are required before efforts to develop sustainable agricultural systems will be successful. Firstly, the deeply held and often unexamined views we have of our relationship with the natural world, particularly the view of nature as a commodity, must be challenged. Secondly, we must question our continuing faith in a knowledge-based world view as the best way to solve problems that are a consequence of that view. The history of agricultural settlement in Western Australia is an example of the view of nature as a commodity that led to failed agricultural schemes at great social and environmental costs.
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24

Rodnov, Mikhail. "History of Gold Mining in Siberia." Journal of Economic History and History of Economics 19, no. 2 (June 30, 2018): 185–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2308-2588.2018.19(2).185-197.

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The purpose of the article is to study the Siberian gold industry in terms of sources of business capital and social groups of Russian society that gave rise to a number of individuals that largely influenced the entire course of socio-economic development of the country in the middle of the 21st century. The article considers the history of the gold miner Ivan Fedorovich Bazilevsky travel to Eastern Siberia in 1848 and provides his biography and history of business development. The author comes to the conclusion that his main source of capital was wine tax farming. After the abolition of the tax farming system in 1863, Bazilevsky switched to gold mining in the southern Urals in 1845. His diversified business included real estate, agricultural production, fishing, shipping line, etc. As a result the author presented a typical for the 21st «rags to riches» story of the ascension of a lowborn person to the local merchant and noble elite.
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25

SAFIULLAEVA, R. I., A. V. NESTERENKO, and T. N. URYADOVA. "FARMING IN RUSSIA: HISTORY, ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATE AND FACTORS OF DEVELOPMENT." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 2, no. 10 (2020): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2020.10.02.006.

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Despite the recognition by society of the objective need to reform the agrarian system according to the farm vector, these transformations in Russia were once again slowed down. In the agro-industrial sector of the country, the privileged position of large and super-large agricultural producers is still preserved, which does not allow small forms of farming to fully compete in the agricultural market. The authors of the article tried to find the reasons for this situation in the historical development of farming in Russia. Based on the analysis, the article assesses the modern level of development of peasant (farm) farms. Particular attention is paid to the identification of catalyst factors and inhibitor factors that influence the development of Russian farming.
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26

Beckett, J. V., M. E. Turner, and Ben Cowell. "Farming through Enclosure." Rural History 9, no. 2 (October 1998): 141–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793300001540.

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The legal process of gaining an enclosure could be long, complicated and expensive …. It could take up to six years, during which time a farmer did not know what was happening or how to farm. (S. Wade Martins,Farms and Fields(1995), p. 81).The impact of parliamentary enclosure in England has been a subject for debate since at least the 1870s. A series of issues has been identified and discussed including the costs of enclosure; the effect of enclosure on small farmers, small owners, and cottagers; the role of the commissioners; the implications for farm sizes; the impact on agricultural productivity and rents; and the significance for the landscape. Yet the quotation with which we open this paper suggests that there is a subject which has slipped through the historical net, the impact of enclosure on farming. In their work published early in the twentieth century the Hammonds noted of the enclosure of Stanwell in Middlesex (Act 1789) that the nominated commissioners were empowered to direct the course of husbandry ‘as well with respect to the stocking as to the Plowing, Tilling, Cropping, Sowing, and Laying down the same’. W.H.R. Curtler, in 1920, quoted the main substance of the clauses from the Cold Aston (Gloucestershire) enclosure act of 1795: ‘from the passing of the Act until the Award the Commissioners were to direct the course of husbandry in the open fields’. He noted also that earlier acts had stated that the existing course of husbandry should be retained until the award was completed. W.E. Tate wrote as recently as 1967 that during enclosure ‘the general course of agriculture in all the open fields was being carried out under directions laid down by the commissioners’.
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27

Needham, E. A., and Hugh Lehman. "Farming salmon ethically." Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 4, no. 1 (March 1991): 78–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02229148.

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28

Dreyer, Edward L. "TUNTIAN FARMING OF THE MING DYNASTY." Ming Studies 1987, no. 1 (January 1987): 68–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/014703787788760313.

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29

Islas-Moreno, Asael. "History and Current Situation of Commercial Ostrich Farming in Mexico." Journal of World's Poultry Research 9, no. 4 (December 25, 2019): 224–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.36380/jwpr.2019.28.

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30

Yeshchenko, V. О., O. B. Karnauh, and S. V. Usyk. "History of the development and classification of modern farming systems." Taurian Scientific Herald 1, no. 116 (2020): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.32851/2226-0099.2020.116.1.6.

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31

Bims, Hamilton. "History and Persistent Symbols in Jamaicans' View of Small Farming." Anthropology Humanism Quarterly 16, no. 2 (June 1991): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ahu.1991.16.2.51.

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32

Jeavons, John C. "Biointensive Sustainable Mini-Farming: II. Perspective, Principles, Techniques and History." Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 19, no. 2 (November 20, 2001): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j064v19n02_07.

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33

Inhetveen, Heide. "Women Pioneers in Farming: A Gendered History of Agricultural Progress." Sociologia Ruralis 38, no. 3 (December 1998): 265–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9523.00078.

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34

MA, Shi-ming, and Sauerborn Joachim. "Review of History and Recent Development of Organic Farming Worldwide." Agricultural Sciences in China 5, no. 3 (March 2006): 169–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1671-2927(06)60035-7.

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35

Baker, Andrew C. "The Global History of Organic Farming by Gregory A. Barton." Journal of World History 31, no. 3 (2020): 650–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jwh.2020.0045.

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36

Paull, John. "The Global History of Organic Farming, by Gregory A. Barton." English Historical Review 134, no. 570 (August 13, 2019): 1346–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/cez287.

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37

Orakwue, Stella I., and Douglas S. Otonye. "Green House Smart Farming Echosystem." International Journal of Scientific Research and Management 10, no. 01 (January 3, 2022): 723–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v10i1.ec02.

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The future of farming has been one of the most talked-about issues on world forums, with the world population increasing yearly there is a special need to develop more efficient ways to grow food and distribute them effectively. This work discusses the design and implementation of a greenhouse smart farming echo system for the cultivation and distribution of plants using mushrooms as a focused product, linking a farm environment to a business market (cultivation processes and supply chain). A greenhouse farm smartly monitored with embedded devices, a control interface for these devices, and a web platform for product distribution and consumer management platform was developed to create a unified smart agricultural echo system. The embedded system has sensors that monitor the levels of light, temperature, soil moisture and humidity and automatically open the tap to water the farm. In addition, the supply chain was designed for the distribution of farm products. The prototype was fabricated and tested. The results showed that both the electronic part and the supply chain are working as proposed.
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38

Kučerová, Lucie. "Collective farming in the memories of Czechoslovak agriculture workers." Acta Musei Nationalis Pragae – Historia 71, no. 3-4 (2017): 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amnh-2017-0018.

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The present paper focuses on countryside life after the collectivization of agriculture and on the changes of the work processes there during the so-called normalization (1969–1987). It is based on narrative interviews with the then Czechoslovak agriculture workers conducted through the method of oral history. The research examines everyday life in the countryside through the memories of the interviewed. Their memories recorded through the method of oral history are treated here as an important historical resource for researchers in Modern History.
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39

Martins, Susanna Wade. "‘Farming through Enclosure’ — A Gentle Rejoinder." Rural History 10, no. 1 (April 1999): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793300001722.

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I was most interested in the article by John Beckett et al. which appeared in volume 9 of Rural History. It contained detail about the Enclosure Commissioners' handling of the transition from open to enclosed field farming based mainly on Midlands evidence of which I was unaware and which I have not come across in East Anglia. Continued research may produce comparable material in local record offices and estate and solicitors' collections in other regions.
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40

Sorg, Timothy. "Agyrrhios Beyond Attica: Tax-Farming and Imperial Recovery in the Second Athenian League." Historia 64, no. 1 (2015): 49–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.25162/historia-2015-0003.

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41

Gale, S. J., D. D. Gilbertson, and C. O. Hunt. "ULVS XII: The Infill Sequence and Water-carrying Capacity of an Ancient Irrigation Channel, Wadi Gobbeen, Tripolitania." Libyan Studies 17 (1986): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263718900007020.

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AbstractSediments of ?Pleistocene and Holocene age infilling an ancient irrigation channel adjacent to the Wadi Gobbeen in Tripolitania are described. The irrigation channel is part of a Romano-Libyan floodwater-farming system. Techniques for estimating the hydrological characteristics of floodwater-farming systems are applied to the irrigation channel to provide an indication of the water-carrying capacity of ancient floodwater-farming systems in the Libyan pre-desert.
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42

W. Arnold, G., M. Abensperg-Traun, R. J. Hobbs, D. E. Steven, L. Atkins, J. J. Viveen, and D. M. Gutter. "Recovery of shrubland communities on abandoned farmland in southwestern Australia: soils, plants, birds and arthropods." Pacific Conservation Biology 5, no. 3 (1999): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc990163.

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Passive recovery of land formerly used for agricultural production may be an inexpensive and rapid method of ecosystem recovery, and may provide an alternative method to active revegetation. Passive recovery may also contribute to sustainable agriculture (soil salinity). For undisturbed and disturbed areas of the central wheatbelt of Western Australia, this paper reports the effects of farming history (clearing only, cultivation, duration of farming, and time since farming ceased) on the soil nutrient content, plant floristics (richness and composition) and structure, and the abundance, species richness and species composition of birds and arthropods. Only one site was cultivated for >6 years. We summarize as follows: (1) Previous clearing and cultivation has left no residual effects on the nitrogen or phosphorus content in the sandy soils. (2) There were no significant differences in terms of plant species richness but some differences in cover of woody plants, grass cover and plant species composition for farming history or time since farming ceased. (3) There were no significant differences in bird species richness but differences in species composition for time since farming ceased. (4) Arthropods showed few (and low) significant differences in their abundance, richness or species composition across different farming histories and time periods since farming ceased. Farming of these shrublands has left only minor changes in the composition and structure of the vegetation, and in the abundance, species richness and species composition of the passerine bird and arthropod assemblages. Abandoned parcels of land on the sandy soils which support shrubland may yield useful conservation benefits with relatively little input.
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43

Deryugina, I. V. "THE ECONOMIC HISTORY OF KAZAKHSTAN AGRICULTURAL EVOLUTION AT THE TURN OF THE 19TH–20TH CENTURIES." Journal of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, no. 1 (11) (2020): 240–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7302-2020-1-240-254.

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The paper explores the evolution of agriculture in Kazakhstan during its accession to the Russian Empire. At this time, two independent sectors were established in the uniform agricultural mechanism of Kazakhstan: The arable farming, which developed due to the colonization policy of the Russian government, and the livestock sector, based on the traditional cattle breeding, originating in Kazakh steppe. The focus of the research is specifically determined by the fact that the agrarian reforms in Kazakhstan in the 21st century are based on the coexistence of these two independent sectors in agriculture. The article thus looks at three main issues. Firstly, according to the sources of the turn of the 19th–20th centuries, the migration policy of the Russian government, initiating a vast territorial expansion of the Russian speaking population, and economic transformations in agriculture on Kazakhstan territory. Secondly, the transformation of the livestock sector in Kazakhstan is analyzed in historical retrospect. The author argues that the classic type of nomadic cattle breeding began to change from the turn of the 18th–19th centuries, but the most noticeable changes in the composition of the herd and the type of nomadism were observed from the beginning of the 20th century. Thirdly, the formation of the arable farming, the impetus for the development of which was given by Russian colonization, is studied. The beginning of arable farming among nomads in the Kazakh steppe dates to the beginning of the 19th century, but it was fully developed at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries due to the allotment of lands to peasants from Central Russia. Arable farming is most widespread in Akmola, Turgay, Semirechensk and Syr Darya regions. Thus, the turn of the 19th–20th centuries, considered in the paper, proved to be the beginning of the Kazakhstan agricultural split into two independent sectors: Arable farming and livestock farming. Simultaneously the ethnic factor came to the fore, manifested in the division of the spheres of activity, where autochthon population was engaged in nomadic cattle breeding, and Russian immigrants were mostly engaged in seminatural agriculture.
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44

Musta'id, Ahmad. "Perubahan Perilaku Masyarakat Petani Muslim Undaan Kudus terhadap Sistem Penanggalan Jawa Pranata Mangsa 2000-2018." Journal of Islamic History 1, no. 2 (August 23, 2021): 120–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.53088/jih.v1i2.111.

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This study discusses a socio-cultural history of Islam in a society regarding the reflection of the Javanese people's ability to read natural signs to determine the calculation of the seasons that will be used in farming, which is called Pranata Mangsa. The existence of the Pranata Mangsa Javanese calendar which later developed became a guideline in farming activities for Muslim farming communities in Undaan Kudus. However, if we look at several phenomena from the early 2000s AD to the present, especially regarding the seasons, of course there are many seasonal changes that occur on this Earth. The changing seasons on Earth occur due to various factors. This factor is due to the existence of several natural phenomena. This research uses historical methods and anthropological approaches. The anthropological approach can serve to study the socio-cultural background of past events, while history serves to study the cultural changes that occurred in the Muslim farming community of Undaan Kudus. This study shows that the socio-cultural conditions of the Muslim farming community are changing. The Muslim farming community of Undaan Kudus which was initially very thick with the guidelines of Pranata Mangsa with various religious ceremonies, gradually underwent a change by following the existence of modernism due to difficulties in reading natural signs.
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45

Jörgensen, H. "SUBSISTENCE FARMING IN RE-INDEPENDENT ESTONIA: EXPANDED PRIVATE PLOTS." Acta Historica Tallinnensia 9, no. 1 (2005): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3176/hist.2005.1.03.

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46

BURCHARDT, JEREMY. "AGRICULTURAL HISTORY, RURAL HISTORY, OR COUNTRYSIDE HISTORY?" Historical Journal 50, no. 2 (May 9, 2007): 465–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x07006152.

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This article assesses the state of modern English rural history. It identifies an ‘orthodox’ school, focused on the economic history of agriculture. This has made impressive progress in quantifying and explaining the output and productivity achievements of English farming since the ‘agricultural revolution’. Its celebratory account was, from the outset, challenged by a dissident tradition emphasizing the social costs of agricultural progress, notably enclosure. Recently a new school, associated with the journal Rural History, has broken away from this narrative of agricultural change, elaborating a wider social history. The work of Alun Howkins, the pivotal figure in the recent historiography, is located in relation to these three traditions. It is argued that Howkins, like his precursors, is constrained by an increasingly anachronistic equation of the countryside with agriculture. The concept of a ‘post-productivist’ countryside, dominated by consumption and representation, has been developed by geographers and sociologists and may have something to offer historians here, in conjunction with the well-established historiography of the ‘rural idyll’. The article concludes with a call for a new countryside history, giving full weight to the cultural and representational aspects that have done so much to shape twentieth-century rural England. Only in this way will it be possible to move beyond a history of the countryside that is merely the history of agriculture writ large.
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47

O'Neill, Kevin, Jonathan Bell, and Mervyn Watson. "Irish Farming: Implements and Techniques, 1750-1900." American Historical Review 94, no. 1 (February 1989): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1862147.

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48

Bogue, Margaret Beattie, and Robert Gough. "Farming the Cutover: A Social History of Northern Wisconsin, 1900-1940." Michigan Historical Review 24, no. 2 (1998): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20173772.

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van Zeist, W. "Foraging and farming. The evolution of plant exploitation." Journal of Archaeological Science 18, no. 2 (March 1991): 223–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-4403(91)90050-y.

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Dilly, Barbara J. "American Organic: A Cultural History of Farming, Gardening, Shopping, and Eating." Annals of Iowa 75, no. 3 (July 2016): 279–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/0003-4827.12316.

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