Journal articles: 'Farming livelihoods'

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Liu, Bencheng, and Yangang Fang. "The Nexus between Rural Household Livelihoods and Agricultural Functions: Evidence from China." Agriculture 11, no. 3 (March 12, 2021): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11030241.

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Understanding the relationship between households’ livelihoods and agricultural functions is important for regulating and balancing households’ and macrosocieties’ agricultural functional needs and formulating better agricultural policies and rural revitalization strategies. This paper uses peasant household survey data obtained from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) and statistical analysis methods, to analyze the differences in livelihood assets and agricultural functions of households with different livelihood strategies and the relationship between livelihood assets and agricultural functions. Households are categorized based on their livelihood strategies as full-time farming households, part-time farming I households, part-time farming II households, and non-farming households. The agricultural product supply and negative effects of the ecological service function of full-time farming households are higher than those of part-time farming and non-farming households. Part-time farming I households have the strongest social security function, while non-farming households have the weakest social security function. Non-farming households have the strongest leisure and cultural function, while part-time farming I households have the weakest leisure and cultural function. Households’ demand for agricultural functions is affected by livelihood assets. Effective measures should be taken to address contradictions in the agricultural functional demands of households and macrosocieties.

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Soomiyol, Mnguashima Valentina, and Olushola Fadairo. "Climate-induced conflicts and livelihoods of farming households in Nigeria: lessons from farmers-herdsmen conflict-ridden communities in Benue State." Agricultura Tropica et Subtropica 53, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 93–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ats-2020-0010.

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AbstractHelping conflict-affected persons requires an understanding of conflict impacts on their livelihoods. Hence, effects of farmers-herdsmen land-use conflict on livelihoods of farming households in Benue State were investigated. Data were collected from 110 farming households in Guma and Logo Local Government Areas (LGA) using interview schedule and focus group discussion. Most (56.4%) respondents were male, aged 51.6 ± 1.6 years, cultivated 9.14 ± 5.75 acres of farm size and had been involved in farming for 27.7 ± 14.16 years. The majority (>90%) experienced high degree of exposure to conflict incidences such as destruction of properties, homelessness and poor access to market. The respondents indicated a high effect of land-use conflict on farming households’ livelihoods (81.8%) and land availability/use (>50%) following conflict regime induced by climate change. All respondents perceived the anti-open grazing prohibition law as a right step to reducing conflict occurrence. There was no significant difference in the effects of farmers-herdsmen land-use conflict on livelihood of farming households in Guma and Logo LGA (t = 0.051). Farming households were highly vulnerable to the effects of farmers-herders conflict and are supportive of the current local authority’s prohibition of open grazing. A concerted effort involving religious institutions, government and non-governmental organisations including persuasion of herders to consider other options of livestock production such as ranching or settlement scheme would add impetus to the on-going efforts to resolve the conflict.

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Gupta, A. Clare. "Elephants, safety nets and agrarian culture: understanding human-wildlife conflict and rural livelihoods around Chobe National Park, Botswana." Journal of Political Ecology 20, no. 1 (December 1, 2013): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v20i1.21766.

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Resolving conflict between agricultural livelihoods and wildlife conservation requires a sophisticated understanding of both wildlife ecology and human livelihood decision-making. This case study extends the literature on human-wildlife conflict in Africa by using a political ecology framework to understand how and why farmers in areas of high wildlife disturbance make their farming decisions, and how their strategies are affected by a broader socio-political context that includes, but is not restricted to, wildlife conservation policy. Specifically, this article chronicles the livelihood strategies of smallholder farmers in a village on the edge of Chobe National Park in northern Botswana. This is a place where the state has prioritized wildlife conservation but also supports residents' livelihoods. Because of disturbance from wildlife, especially elephants, protected under conservation law, agricultural production in Chobe is becoming increasingly challenging, even as the government increases its agricultural subsidies and support to small farmers. This results in unexpected farming strategies that reflect the interactive effects of conservation policy and other relevant macro-economic policies that structure the livelihood strategies of rural communities living near protected areas. Future human-wildlife conflict studies must take into account these multi-scalar and multi-dimensional dynamics in order to accurately explain the livelihood strategies of people living in wildlife-populated areas, so that appropriate conservation and development policies can be designed.Keywords: Botswana, wildlife conservation, rural livelihoods, human-wildlife conflict, political ecology

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Maramura, Tafadzwa Clementine, Dovhani Reckson Thakhathi, and Happy Mathew Tirivangasi. "Women and Economic Production: Towards Sustainable Livelihoods in Zimbabwe." International Journal of Criminology and Sociology 10 (July 29, 2021): 1256–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2021.10.145.

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Persistent drought and economic collapse in Zimbabwe have seen most, if not all, rural women shifting from the receiving end to the giving end. Rural women have since initiated several livelihood activities to make ends meet, as they are the most vulnerable whenever they are left to look after children at home. The paper aims to examine rural livelihoods and how they contribute to economic production in Ward 5 of Bikita district. A mixed design in the form of a case study was employed in this study. Systematic random sampling was used to select 40 households, which provided data for the study out of 409 households in Ward 5. The study used questionnaires and semi-structured interviews as data collecting instruments. Several livelihood activities were noted in the ward including seasonal farming, gardening, community-based and money lending and saving schemes (fushai), informal trading, and petty trading as selling thatch grass and firewood, among others. However, climate change and drought, economic crisis, lack of capital and poor soils and poor farming methods were some of the constraints faced in rural livelihoods. The paper concludes with several recommendations for eradicating rural livelihood challenges.

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Thi Diem Thuy, Doan, Tran Duc Dung, Pham Dang Manh Hong Luan, and Nguyen Thi Thanh Duyen. "Assessment of the livelihood sustainability of rice farmers in the upper floodplains of the Vietnamese Mekong delta." Science and Technology Development Journal - Natural Sciences 4, no. 1 (December 20, 2020): first. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjns.v4i1.992.

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Rural areas and rural livelihoods in many countries have been affected by changes in natural and environmental conditions. In areas where livelihoods relied on the floodwater, changes in flood regimes and the natural environment had significantly impacted many farmers' livelihoods. In the Mekong Delta flooded areas, flood patterns changed mainly due to the hydropower development and the climate change. The livelihoods of many farmers, primarily rice farmers, were facing challenges and needed changes to adapt to the sustainable livelihood development. This study used a sustainable livelihood framework of DFID to assess factors affecting the sustainability in agricultural livelihoods in flooded areas of An Giang province, specifically at Phu Hiep and Phu Long communes of Phu Tan district. We interviewed 60 farmers based on the structured questionnaire and conducted two focus group discussions with more than 40 participating farmers. Our results of the Livelihood Capitals Index (LCI) showed that natural and physical capitals had less impact on household livelihoods. Phu Long is less affected than Phu Hiep by assessing five capitals. Farm households' current livelihoods were mainly affected by the lack of human resources and the unstability of market prices. The rate of consensus on transition to sustainable farming models was not high due to many factors. However, the transition is possible if their production and output are secured by the government.

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G.S. Meena, B. L. Dhaka, and R. K. Bairwa N.L. Meena. "Supplementing Rural Livelihoods through Backyard Poultry Farming." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 6, no. 4 (April 10, 2017): 1412–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.604.172.

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Jacqueline, Mbewe, and Kabwe Harnadih Mubanga. "SMALLHOLDER FARMER’S LIVELIHOOD DIVERSIFICATION AS A RESPONSE TO CHANGED CLIMATIC PATTERNS IN CHONGWE DISTRICT, ZAMBIA." Journal of Agricultural Policy 3, no. 1 (February 14, 2020): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/jap.364.

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Purpose: Climate change affects local and global rainfall patterns and hence has a counter effect on smallholder agriculture. Impacts of climate change on agriculture are largely due to rainfall variability resulting in reduced yields due to crop-water stress and emergency of pathogens and diseases. In Zambia, climate change has been manifested through increased intensity of droughts and floods. These rainfall anomalies adversely affect agriculture and food systems. In order to survive the impacts of climate change and variability, smallholder farmers in Chongwe have adopted their livelihoods and farming systems to the new climatic patterns.Methodology: This study assessed how smallholder farmers in Chongwe District have adopted their livelihoods as a response to changed climatic conditions. It also investigated the perceptions of smallholder farmers as regards changes in aspects of their climatic conditions. Data collection involved a critical review of literature related to climate change and agriculture, observations, semi- structured interviews with 60 smallholder farmers and eight key informants. The data were analysed using multiple analysis techniques which included the descriptive statistics, One-way analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and the post-hoc Least Square Difference for pairwise comparisons of incomes from different livelihoods engaged in by smallholder farmers .The gendered comparisons of livelihood engagement was done using the chi-square test of association.Findings: The results showed that all farmers perceived occurrence of changes in climatic conditions in the light of changed rainfall patterns in that there has been uncertainty in onset of rains, short rainy season, more intermittent rainfall and increased frequency of intra-seasonal droughts. These changes have led to farmers to adopt such farming techniques as potholing in preference to oxen and tractor ploughing when farming is done on smaller pieces of land. There was a significant difference in the mean annual incomes generated from on-farm livelihoods (ZMW 3677.59; n=58) and off-farm livelihoods (ZMW 6840.91; n = 58) (p= 0.001). Farmers generated the highest income returns by engaging in casual work (ZMW 10307.69; n = 13) compared to every other livelihoods common in the area such as gardening (p=0.002), petty trade (p=0.002) and on-farm livelihoods (p=0.001).Contribution to policy, theory and practice: It was therefore concluded that diversification of income through diversified livelihoods would help smallholder farmers enhance their resilience in the face of changed climatic conditions. On-farm livelihoods should not always be the main income source for farmers as results indicated that farmers engaged in casual work generated higher incomes than those who depended on farming. It was recommended that policy direction should be towards introduction of a gender responsive credit facility that can help improve women’s engagement in off-farm income generating livelihoods, as well as encourage climate change resilience.

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Nhan, Le Trong, Dong Thi Thu Huyen, Le Thanh Hai, Le Quoc Vi, Tran Thi Hieu, Nguyen Thi Phuong Thao, Nguyen Viet Thang, and Vo Thi Ly Thu Thao. "Propose a model integrated farming production towards zero emissions for livestock households: typical application for cattle breeding households in Seven Mountain areas." Science & Technology Development Journal - Science of The Earth & Environment 3, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjsee.v3i2.481.

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The study has proposed an integrated zero-emission farming model based on livestock production. The model applies ecological solutions, revolving solutions, and closures of energy flows along with utilizing the local environmental conditions available to help maintain livelihoods for the people. Typical models for Mr. Nguyen Van Hai households in Trung An hamlet, Le Tri commune, Tri Ton district, An Giang province. The results show that 3.18 m3/day of livestock and domestic waste water is treated and reused for agriculture, 39,065.31 tons of CO2tđ/year is collected in the form of biogas for cooking, models help to maintain existing livelihoods, creating a number of new livelihoods to increase income of VND 64,400,000/year, ensuring environmental protection requirements, reducing existing livelihood dependence on external actors such as price, food, human resources, etc. This can be considered as the best model for cow farmers; can overcome the disadvantages of previous local livelihood models; Both in terms of long-term applicability, as well as the development of a large number of households, there is an increase in the ability to connect among households in order to create mutual support in the case of a residential area with the same main livelihood as livestock cow.

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Ambinakudige, Shrinidhi. "National Parks, coffee and NTFPs: the livelihood capabilities of Adivasis in Kodagu, India." Journal of Political Ecology 18, no. 1 (December 1, 2011): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v18i1.21702.

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Protected Areas, as a conservation strategy, often constrain livelihood outcomes of groups that are less powerful, politically marginalized, and poor. At the same time, the poor often depend on a market economy that is volatile. Working on coffee plantations and the collection of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) are the two major livelihood options available for the Adivasi indigenous community in Kodagu, India. The article identifies the institutional factors at global, regional, or local levels that influence the livelihood capabilities of Adivasis. While the creation of a National Park negatively influenced almost all aspects of the Adivasis' livelihood, labor demand on coffee farms, and NTFP collection rights outside the Park provided them with some alternative resources. But deregulation of the Indian coffee market made them more vulnerable to the market economy. The social relations between Adivasis and nearby farming communities have helped them to cope with risks to their livelihoods during crises and emergencies.Key words: Livelihoods, Coffee, NTFP, Adivasis, LAMPS, Kodagu

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Dzantor, Selorm A., Denis W. Aheto, and Comfort O. Adeton. "Assessment of Vulnerability and Coping Livelihood Strategies of Fishermen in Elmina, Ghana." East African Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 2, no. 1 (August 27, 2020): 71–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eajis.2.1.200.

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This study assessed the vulnerability and coping livelihood strategies of fishermen within the context of declining marine fisheries in Elmina, Ghana. One hundred and fifty-five (155) fishermen were purposively selected for questionnaire interviews from January to March 2017. The results showed that most of the fishermen depended heavily on fishing as a major source of livelihood. Nonetheless, their income levels were trifled due to declining fisheries. The vulnerability index of the community proved to be significantly high. The coping livelihood strategies were largely informal, comprising farming and trading, among others. A little over half of the fishermen were willing to leave the fishing sector for different livelihoods, given other prospects. It is concluded that improving livelihoods in the community will require strengthening supplementary livelihood occupations, and educating fishers on the dangers of using illicit fishing methods are required for the growth of the sector and enhancement of income levels of fishermen.

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savari, moslem, Hossein Shabanali Ghomi, Houshang Iravani, and Ali Asadi. "Sustainability, Sustainable Livelihoods, Climate Risks, Small Scale -Farming." Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental Hazarts 5, no. 2 (September 1, 2018): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.29252/jsaeh.5.2.1.

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Phongchiewboon, Aurathai, Trisia Farrelly, Karen Hytten, and John Holland. "Political ecology, privation and sustainable livelihoods in northern Thailand's national parks." Journal of Political Ecology 27, no. 1 (May 1, 2020): 360–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v27i1.23753.

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National parks provide a wide range of ecological, social and economic benefits. However, in some cases the establishment of national parks has also lead to the displacement of indigenous people, the disruption of their livelihoods, and ongoing social conflict. Northern Thailand's national parks are home to approximately one million indigenous people. Balancing the interests and needs of national park authorities with those of indigenous communities within and adjacent to these parks poses significant challenges. This article employs qualitative research methods to assess the livelihood strategies of six indigenous hill tribe communities residing within three national parks in Northern Thailand. Due to the criminalization of the traditional farming systems and restrictions imposed on land use, these communities have had to adapt their livelihood practices to survive. Our findings suggest that communities remain in a state of flux and are continually adapting to changing circumstances. It is argued that greater community empowerment and participation in collaborative decision making is crucial to strengthen both sustainable livelihoods and environmental conservation efforts within Northern Thailand's national parks.Keywords: Sustainable livelihoods, co-management, Northern Thailand, national parks, social justice

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Guma, Isdore Paterson, Agnes Semwanga Rwashana, and Benedict Oyo. "Food Security Policy Analysis Using System Dynamics." International Journal of Information Technologies and Systems Approach 11, no. 1 (January 2018): 72–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijitsa.2018010104.

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Food security (FS) challenges exist in both the developed and the developing countries, the difference being the severity and the proportion of the population affected. Previous studies maintain that chronic food insecurity at subsistence farming level has persisted due to a number of factors including unsustainable subsistence agriculture and livelihood policies, lack of inputs, poor conservation methods, weak extension services, unregulated markets, limited land among others. This article investigates FS challenges at subsistence farming level using system dynamics tools. The emerging system dynamics model is conceptualised into four sectors; food production, sales, income and food consumption, representing a real-life food security system. The model is used to evaluate policies for better livelihoods as well as explore strategies for profitable subsistence farming and food security.

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Mutunga, Isaac Mutwiri. "Exploring the Effect of Mobile Phone on Smallholder Farmers’ Livelihood." Jurnal Komunikasi Islam 7, no. 2 (July 19, 2018): 173–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.15642/jki.2017.7.2.173-208.

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This article is based on a sequential exploratory mixed method research which carried in-depth interviews, content analysis, semi-structured participant observation, and administered a survey to 422 smallholder farmers in Machakos County in Kenya. The study was premised on combined concepts of information needs assessment (INAM), Sustainable Livelihood Framework (SLF), and ICT4D value chain analysis models to explore the effect of mobile phones on smallholder farmers’ livelihoods. The study found out that mobile phones are not used by smallholder farmers’ in the same way and therefore its effect on their livelihood is not uniform. On the one hand, mobile phone has negligible effect on subsistence smallholder farmers on-farm activities, and on the other hand, mobile phone usage has huge impact on market-oriented smallholder farming because it improves the relationships and interactions between the farmer and other rural livelihoods stakeholders.

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Hellin, Jon, and Eleanor Fisher. "Climate-Smart Agriculture and Non-Agricultural Livelihood Transformation." Climate 7, no. 4 (March 31, 2019): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli7040048.

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Agricultural researchers have developed a number of agricultural technologies and practices, known collectively as climate-smart agriculture (CSA), as part of climate change adaptation and mitigation efforts. Development practitioners invest in scaling these to have a wider impact. We use the example of the Western Highlands in Guatemala to illustrate how a focus on the number of farmers adopting CSA can foster a tendency to homogenize farmers, instead of recognizing differentiation within farming populations. Poverty is endemic in the Western Highlands, and inequitable land distribution means that farmers have, on average, access to 0.06 ha per person. For many farmers, agriculture per se does not represent a pathway out of poverty, and they are increasingly reliant on non-agricultural income sources. Ineffective targeting of CSA, hence, ignores small-scale farming households’ different capacities for livelihood transformation, which are linked to the opportunities and constraints afforded by different livelihood pathways, agricultural and non-agricultural. Climate-smart interventions will often require a broader and more radical agenda that includes supporting farm households’ ability to build non-agricultural-based livelihoods. Climate risk management options that include livelihood transformation of both agricultural and non-agricultural livelihoods will require concerted cross-disciplinary research and development that encompasses a broader set of disciplines than has tended to be the case to date within the context of CSA.

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Jakimow, Tanya. "Gambling on Livelihoods." Asian Journal of Social Science 42, no. 3-4 (2014): 409–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685314-04203008.

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“Farming is just like gambling” is a common saying among villagers in Telangana, India, and Central Lombok, Indonesia. Commercial cultivation has made agriculture more risky, as well as potentially more profitable; it contains the possibility for both ruin and fortune. This paper aims to shed light on how farmers experience this uncertainty by going beyond material conditions to pay attention to hopes, desires and fears. The translocal study examines farmers’ responses to specific material and discursive environments, shaped by transnational flows and processes. It argues that farmers take risk as an ethical action in response to conditions of uncertainty, and that these actions consequently play a part in self-making processes. Risk is critical to people’s evaluation of their lives, evoking feelings of capacity and impotence, dreams and fears.

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Tade, Oludayo, and Yikwab Peter Yikwabs. "“If you kill me, you take the cow”: victimization experiences of farming and herding communities in Nasarawa State, Nigeria." Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research 11, no. 4 (October 3, 2019): 273–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jacpr-06-2019-0417.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the victimization experiences of farming and herding communities in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Design/methodology/approach The study employed purposive sampling, extracting data from 27 victims in Lafia and Obi local government areas. Data were collected using in-depth and key informant interviews. In a balance of tales, both farming and herding communities claimed victimhood status. Findings While farming communities suffered internal displacement resulting from destruction of farmland, forceful takeover of own community, destruction of livelihoods and human fatalities; herding community victimization manifested in destruction of livelihood (killing of cows), cattle rustling and human fatalities. Arising from the findings, the authors suggest proactive policing and victim compensation to reduce the incidence and severity of victimization. Originality/value The study is unique as it probed into the neglected domain of victimization experiences of farming and herding communities.

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Rousseau, Jean-François, Sarah Turner, and Yiqiang Xu. "Cardamom Casualties: Extreme Weather Events and Ethnic Minority Livelihood Vulnerability in the Sino-Vietnamese Borderlands." Climate 7, no. 1 (January 18, 2019): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli7010014.

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In the wake of important economic reforms and an ongoing agrarian transition, non-timber forest products, most notably black cardamom, have emerged as significant trade options for ethnic minority farmers in the mountainous Sino-Vietnamese borderlands. Yet, after a series of harsh winters had already crippled cardamom harvests in the 2000s, extreme weather in 2016 decimated the cardamom plantations of hundreds of farming households. Drawing from sustainable livelihoods, livelihood diversification, and vulnerability literatures, we investigate the multiple factors shaping how these harvest failures have affected ethnic minority cultivator livelihoods. Focusing on four case study villages, two in Yunnan, and two in northern Vietnam, we analyse the coping and adaptation strategies Hmong, Yao, Hani, and Yi minority farmers have adopted. We find that farmers’ decisions and strategies have been rooted in a complex ensemble of factors including their degree of market access, other livelihood opportunities available to them, cultural traditions and expectations, and state development strategies. Moreover, we find that in recent years the Chinese and Vietnamese states have stood-by as affected cultivators have struggled to reorganize their livelihoods, suggesting that the impacts of extreme weather events might even serve state projects to further agrarian transitions in these borderlands.

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Alare, Rahinatu Sidiki, Erasmus Henaku Owusu, and Kwadwo Owusu. "Climate Smart Agriculture Practices in Semi-arid Northern Ghana: Implications for Sustainable Livelihoods." Journal of Sustainable Development 11, no. 5 (September 18, 2018): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v11n5p57.

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Achieving food security and livelihood development among vulnerable households in the semi-arid regions is challenged by water scarcity and climate change. To alleviate the challenges of water scarcity and climate change impacts, farmers are adopting different climate smart agriculture (CSA) practices. However, there is limited knowledge on the contribution of CSA practices to livelihoods of farmers in semi-arid northern Ghana. Therefore, this paper explored CSA practices adopted by smallholder farmers and assessed the contribution of dry season farming to livelihoods in rural semi-arid Ghana. Using data from 100 households, farm income, household food security and subjective wellbeing (SWB) were compared between dry season farmers and non-dry season ones. The findings showed that socio-economic factors hindered the utilisation of practices with high start-up cost such as rain water harvesting. Farmers also adopted other practices based on the benefits, ease of use and geographical context. Comparing dry season farmers and non-dry season ones, the results showed that dry season farming had great potentials of improving income, food security (66%) and wellbeing (P>0.01) of rural households in semi-arid Ghana. However, adopting CSA practices only without instituting programmes to address other socio-economic challenges faced by smallholder farmers will yield minimal impacts. Complementing CSA initiatives with poverty alleviation programmes will effectively contribute to improved livelihoods in resource poor communities.

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Li, Huiqin, Tinghong Guo, Peter Nijkamp, Xuelian Xie, and Jingjing Liu. "Farmers’ Livelihood Adaptability in Rural Tourism Destinations: An Evaluation Study of Rural Revitalization in China." Sustainability 12, no. 22 (November 17, 2020): 9544. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12229544.

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Rural tourism is one of the important ways to achieve rural revitalization and one of the choices for farmers to improve their viability. Therefore, the socio-ecological systems (SES) analysis framework and obstacle factor analysis can provide a new perspective for the evaluation of farmers’ behavior adaptation processes. In order to test the adaptation mechanisms of farmers’ lives in rural tourism destinations, we applied this analysis framework to Ying-Tao-Gou Village in China. The study found that the livelihood adaptation strategies of local farmers can be divided into the categories of “tourism livelihood”, “part-time livelihood”, “worker livelihood”, and “farming livelihood”. The livelihood adaptation of local farmers presented a relatively balanced picture. There were significant differences in the livelihood adaptability of different types of farmers, but tourism farmers had the strongest livelihood adaptability. There were various barriers to the livelihood adaptation of different types of farmers, such as household savings and education level. Finally, to improve the adaptability of farmers’ livelihoods, amendments can be made in policy formulation, tourism development, and by the farmers themselves. This study is of great significance for the government in formulating policies to improve people’s livelihoods, to stimulate the vitality of rural development, and to accelerate the development of rural revitalization.

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García-Fajardo, Belina, María Estela Orozco-Hernández, John McDonagh, Gustavo Álvarez-Arteaga, and Patricia Mireles-Lezama. "Land Management Strategies and their Implications for Mazahua Farmers’ Livelihoods in the Highlands of Central Mexico." Miscellanea Geographica 20, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mgrsd-2016-0003.

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Abstract This paper presents a case study from a Mazahua indigenous community in the rural Highlands of Central Mexico. It analyses Mazahua farming livelihoods characterised by subsistence agriculture, marginality, poverty and severe land degradation. Mazahua farmers face constrained environmental, socioeconomic and cultural conditions, which influence their local decisions on natural resource management. The results describe the capital assets base used, where land, livestock and crop production are imperative assets to support farmers’ livelihood strategies. It analyses local management practices to achieve livelihood outcomes in the short/long term, and to improve or undermine land characteristics and other related assets. It also presents a farmer typology constructed by local perceptions, a controversial element to drive sustainable development strategies at the local level. Finally, it discusses how local land management practices are adopted and their importance in developing alternatives to encourage positive trade-offs between conservation and production in order to improve rural livelihoods.

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Garibaldi, Lucas A., Barbara Gemmill-Herren, Raffaele D’Annolfo, Benjamin E. Graeub, Saul A. Cunningham, and Tom D. Breeze. "Farming Approaches for Greater Biodiversity, Livelihoods, and Food Security." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 32, no. 1 (January 2017): 68–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2016.10.001.

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Bosma, Roel H., Tin H. Nguyen, Audrie J. Siahainenia, Ha T. P. Tran, and Hai N. Tran. "Shrimp-based livelihoods in mangrove silvo-aquaculture farming systems." Reviews in Aquaculture 8, no. 1 (September 8, 2014): 43–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/raq.12072.

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Hailu, Degol. "Supporting a nation: khat farming and livelihoods in Ethiopia." Drugs and Alcohol Today 5, no. 3 (November 2005): 22–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17459265200500042.

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Pratiwi, Liana Fatma Leslie, Ali Hasyim Al Rosyid, and Maftuh Kafiya. "Sustainable Livelihood Strategies Rural Household in Sanden District Bantul Regency." Proceeding International Conference on Science and Engineering 3 (April 30, 2020): 711–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/icse.v3.590.

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People living in the countryside mostly have a profession as a farmer. Farming is one of the largest sources of income for rural households. In the district of Sanden, rural communities utilize a variety of land agroecosystems for agriculture. Utilization of various types of agricultural land agroecosystem is one of the household livelihood strategies. Livelihood strategies undertaken by rural communities aim to reduce poverty and improve household welfare. This research aims to (1) describe strategy of rural households to support the achievement of sustainable livelihoods (2) Knowing the inequality of farmers ' income distribution based on livelihood strategies used by rural households. The basic method used is a descriptive analytical method. The research site in Sanden district, Bantul regency was then taken by random farmer owners of 30 people as respondents. Rural household strategy to support sustainable livelihood achievement is calculated using descriptive statistics, and the inequality of farmer's income distribution based on livelihood strategies used by rural households is calculated using the Gini index and the Lorentz curve. The results showed that farmers ' household strategy to support the greatest sustainable livelihoods achievement in the form of consolidated strategies, and inequality of revenue distribution based on households livelihood strategies is moderate distribution inequality.

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Amabel, D’Souza, and Brenda Parlee. "Fishing Livelihoods and Diversifications in the Mekong River Basin in the Context of the Pak Mun Dam, Thailand." Sustainability 12, no. 18 (September 10, 2020): 7438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187438.

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Fishing livelihoods are under stress in many regions of the world, including the lower Mekong river basin. Building on research on the socio-economic impacts of hydroelectric development, this paper explores the spatial dimensions of livelihood diversifications. Research in 2016 and 2017, involving 26 semi-structured interviews in nine upstream, downstream, tributary and relocated villages in the vicinity of the Pak Mun hydroelectric dam, provides insight into how villagers have coped and adapted fishing livelihoods over time. Results are consistent with other research that has detailed the adverse effects of hydroelectric development on fishing livelihoods. Interviewees in the nine communities in the Isan region of Thailand experienced declines in the abundance and diversity of fish valued as food, and engaged in other household economic activities to support their families, including rice farming, marketing of fishing assets and other innovations. Stories of youth leaving communities (rural-urban migration) in search of employment and education were also shared. Although exploratory, our work confronts theories that fishing is a livelihood practice of “last resort”. Narratives suggest that both fishing and diversification to other activities have been both necessary and a choice among villagers with the ultimate aim of offsetting the adverse impacts and associated insecurity created by the dam development.

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Kmoch, Laura, Matilda Palm, U. Persson, and Martin Rudbeck Jepsen. "Upland Livelihoods between Local Land and Global Labour Market Dependencies: Evidence from Northern Chin State, Myanmar." Sustainability 10, no. 10 (October 16, 2018): 3707. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10103707.

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Livelihoods and agrarian change processes across upland South-East Asia have been explored for decades. Yet, knowledge gaps remain about contemporary livelihood strategies and land dependence in areas previously inaccessible to academic research, such as in upland Myanmar. Moreover, new strands of inquiry arise with continued globalisation, e.g., into the effects of remittances and labour migration on household incomes and livelihoods in distant upland areas. This study applied clustering techniques to income accounts of 94 households from northern Chin State, Myanmar to: (i) Identify households’ livelihood strategies; (ii) assess their dependence on access to land and natural resources; and (iii) compare absolute and relative incomes across strategies. We show that households engaged in six relatively distinct livelihood strategies: Relying primarily on own farming activities; making a living off the land with mixed income from agriculture and forest resources; engaging in wage employment; living from remittances; practicing non-forest tree husbandry; or engaging in self-employed business activities. We found significant income inequalities across clusters, with households engaging in remittance and wage-oriented livelihood strategies realizing higher incomes than those primarily involved in land-based activities. Our findings point to differentiated vulnerabilities associated with the identified livelihood strategies—to climate risks, shifting land-governance regimes and labour market forces.

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Pandey, Rishikesh. "Life and Livelihoods in the ‘Forbidden Kingdom’, the Trans-Himalaya, Nepal." Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology 11 (December 31, 2017): 24–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/dsaj.v11i0.18822.

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Rural livelihoods in Nepal are generally based on ecosystem resources. Despite a large number of studies on the Himalayan livelihoods, representation of the Trans-Himalaya, particularly Upper-Mustang, are rare. Such a scarcity could be associated with the fact that the place was isolated from the rest of the world and mainstream Nepali societies for a long time and also used to be known as ‘forbidden kingdom.’ This paper documents livelihood situation of Upper-Mustang in reference to the data collected in 66 households, in-depth interviews taken with 22 key informants, and focus group discussions conducted in 6 locations. Household livelihood system was studied with reference to five livelihood capitals, which were transformed into Livelihood Capital Index (LCI) at first and Livelihood Sustainability Index (LSI) later. Households in the Trans-Himalaya fulfill their livelihood requirement from multiple sources such as farming and livestock ranching together with small-scale enterprises, remittance and labouring. Overall status of livelihood capital is weak that cannot satisfy households’ food and livelihood requirements. There exists inter-household variation in the status of livelihood capitals.The households with diversified livelihood options have relatively secured livelihood, although such security is relative to the households of Upper-Mustang. Considering the weak status of agro-livestock system, which is mostly associated with unfavorable geographic conditions and lack of agro-livestock service provision, the region has sound scope for tourism industries and production as well as marketing of medicinal and aromatic plants, and fruits. Therefore, there is a plenty of possibility of diversifying livelihoods, however, neither the communities are eager to do so nor the state policies are encouraging. Therefore, together with expansion and advancement of physical infrastructure, effective service delivery and provision for social welfare, government programs should be facilitative for optimum and sustainable utilization of ecosystem resources for the sustainability of household livelihood system.Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology Vol.11, 2017; 24-59

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Sujakhu, Nani Maiya, Sailesh Ranjitkar, Jun He, Dietrich Schmidt-Vogt, Yufang Su, and Jianchu Xu. "Assessing the Livelihood Vulnerability of Rural Indigenous Households to Climate Changes in Central Nepal, Himalaya." Sustainability 11, no. 10 (May 24, 2019): 2977. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11102977.

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Climate change and related hazards affect the livelihoods of people and their vulnerability to shocks and stresses. Though research on the linkages between a changing climate and vulnerability has been increasing, only a few studies have examined the caste/ethnicity and gender dimensions of livelihood vulnerability. In this study, we attempt to explore how cultural and gender-related aspects influence livelihood vulnerability in indigenous farming mountain communities of the Nepal Himalaya in the context of climate change. We applied the Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI) to estimate household (social group and gender-based) vulnerability in farming communities in the Melamchi River Valley, Nepal. The results identified female-headed families, and those belonging to disadvantaged social groups as more vulnerable and in need of being preferentially targeted by policy measures. Higher exposure to climatic extremes and related hazards, dependency on natural resources, lack of financial assets, and weak social networking were identified as components that determine overall vulnerability. The study also visualizes complex adaptation pathways and analyzes the influence of gender and ethnicity on the capacities of households and communities to adapt to climate change.

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Habtemariam, Liku Workalemahu, KetemaAbebe Tufa, Lise Byskov Herslund, and Patience Mguni. "Taking a livelihood perspective to building urban water resilience: Potential and challenges in Addis Ababa." Progress in Development Studies 18, no. 4 (September 12, 2018): 235–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464993418786775.

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This article explores how livelihoods in two typical communities, condominium housing and urban agriculture cooperatives, in Addis Ababa manage water resources and green spaces in order to identify key challenges and potentials for building water-resilient livelihoods. Results show that livelihoods in the two communities are heavily affected by water stress. Being dependent on natural assets makes the farming community vulnerable, but also more flexible than people in condominiums who are locked into a malfunctioning water infrastructure. However, there is potential for building water-resilient livelihoods, if broader policy frameworks are bottom-linked with locally specific situations using landscape-based stormwater management.

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Schütte, Stefan. "Livelihoods in scarcity – combined rainfed farming systems in Ishkamesh, Afghanistan." Erdkunde 67, no. 3 (August 23, 2013): 223–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3112/erdkunde.2013.03.02.

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Vanlauwe, B. "Dynamics and diversity—soil fertility and farming livelihoods in Africa." Geoderma 109, no. 1-2 (September 2002): 162–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-7061(02)00143-x.

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Blythe, Jessica, Mark Flaherty, and Grant Murray. "Vulnerability of coastal livelihoods to shrimp farming: Insights from Mozambique." AMBIO 44, no. 4 (November 13, 2014): 275–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13280-014-0574-z.

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Snyder, Katherine A., Emmanuel Sulle, Deodatus A. Massay, Anselmi Petro, Paschal Qamara, and Dan Brockington. "“Modern” farming and the transformation of livelihoods in rural Tanzania." Agriculture and Human Values 37, no. 1 (July 10, 2019): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10460-019-09967-6.

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Zerihun, Mulatu Fekadu. "Agroforestry Practices in Livelihood Improvement in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa." Sustainability 13, no. 15 (July 29, 2021): 8477. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13158477.

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Agroforestry plays a significant role in increasing agricultural productivity. In South Africa, there is a pressing need for promoting smallholder agriculture to promote sustainable rural livelihoods, to ensure food security, to lower inflation in food prices, and address rampant rural unemployment in the country. The agricultural economy is characterised by a monopoly structure where almost every single staple in South Africa is already produced by large manufacturers that can produce it at better quality and lower cost than the average smallholder enterprise or cooperative. Such a monopoly structure fundamentally undermines the development of local markets, where local small-scale producers sell to their local community. The novelty of this study is addressing the research gap that conventional rural livelihood analyses often neglect, i.e., the role of environmental products in general, and forest and agroforestry products. Using a log linear regression model with cross-sectional data collected from a sample of 300 households, this study explores the likely impact of agroforestry practices in promoting the livelihood of rural communities in the study areas. Results obtained from multiple linear regression analysis showed that average household income increased as a function of utilization of agroforestry practices. Agroforestry contributes to sustainable rural livelihoods in South African provinces where the predominant means of livelihoods is rural subsistence farming and agriculture. Since valuation of agroforestry products and services are technically difficult, farmers often underestimate the contribution of agroforestry to the household’s livelihood income. These findings have policy implications in promoting food security in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa and beyond.

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Sapkota, Kanhaiya. "Seasonal labour migration and livelihood in the middle hill of Nepal: Reflections from Arghakhanchi District." Research Nepal Journal of Development Studies 1, no. 1 (October 5, 2018): 42–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/rnjds.v1i1.21273.

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People’s livelihood in the villages of the middle hill of Nepal are based on farming system. The relationship between climate change and seasonal labor migration in the middle hill areas is a relatively understudied research topic, particularly from an empirical point of view. This article aims at contributing to the literature by analyzing the relationship between livelihoods and human mobility in two rural communities located in the Province 5, Arghakhanchi district, Nepal. Traditional rain-fed agriculture is the most important economic activity in the area. This article highlights differences in livelihood and human mobility patterns between households. The economy of the middle hill is primarily agrarian. Over 80% of the population of the middle hill districts still lives in rural areas/settings, where levels of poverty are higher than in the neighbouring countries. They depend on farming and collecting forest products for their livelihoods. In Arghakhanchi district, during the dry season, many migrate in search of temporary work as labourers particularly in Indian states. Arghakhanchi is the district where the proportion of inhabitants from low income is relatively higher than the other surrounding districts of Province 5. These people are marginalized and experience high rates of poverty, low levels of education and poor health. They are highly vulnerable to climate change, due to poverty and dependence on climate-sensitive livelihoods in a vulnerable region. Consequently, more households are likely to participate in seasonal migration and those already migrating are credible to do so for longer times. Currently, such migrants take up low-paying unskilled works, mainly in urban areas in Uttarakhand, Panjab and Bhopal of India, which enables them to make meager savings, hardly enough to repay the debt of their family has incurred during food shortages. In the study area, the non-agricultural diversification is widespread and income from non-agricultural activities exceeds agricultural income. However, though mobility patterns in the area are determined primarily by broader economic considerations.Research Nepal Journal of Development Studies Vol.1(1) 2018 42-57

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Derkyi, Mercy, Samuel G. K. Adiku, Valerie Nelson, Benjamin Delali Dovie, Samuel Codjoe, and Esi Awuah. "Smallholder farmers’ perception of climatic and socio-economic factors influencing livelihoods in the transition zone of Ghana." AAS Open Research 1 (April 18, 2018): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/aasopenres.12839.1.

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Background: The study analyzed smallholder farmers’ perception with regards to climatic and socio-economic changes influencing their agriculture livelihoods and coping strategies thereof in the transition zone of Ghana. Methods: We used semi-structured questionnaires for household survey involving 59 households and focus group discussions (n=60) for data collection in three communities. Results: Farming systems are influenced by high and extreme temperatures, delayed onsets of rain, short raining season as well as unpredictable raining seasons. Similarly, socioeconomic factors affecting the communities and their households’ livelihood included i) bad road network; ii) high prices of farm inputs; iii) prevalent crop pests and diseases and iv) absence of irrigation facilities. It was ascertained that though most farmers have not made conscious efforts to adapt strategies in their farming system to climate change and the social stressors, as expressed in ‘doing nothing or bearing losses’ and we are at the ‘mercy’ of the weather, there are hidden resilience mechanisms that can be harnessed to strengthen their adaptation capabilities. Women in the study area have adapted to the changes in the weather and safeguarded against post-harvest loss of cassava more effectively as compared to their male counterparts. Similarly, the prevailing group farming and maintenance structure (locally known as ‘Noboa’) strengthen the shared responsibility and reciprocity among migrant’ farmers. Conclusions: Though these agrarian communities have some coping strategies to overcome some climatic and socioeconomic challenges, their general adaptive capacity in terms of physical, financial and human assets are limited. This, therefore, calls for the capacity building of both men and women on best farming practices, adaptation strategies and piloting of irrigation systems to enhance their major livelihood but these must be complemented with good road network for ease of access to the market centres.

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Arriaga-Jordán, C. M., and R. A. Pearson. "The contribution of livestock to smallholder livelihoods: the situation in Mexico." BSAP Occasional Publication 33 (2004): 99–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1463981500041698.

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Animals make an important contribution to livelihoods in smallholder farming systems throughout the developing world. In these systems there is often a dynamic interaction between livestock and crops (Powell et al., 1998). They also represent a number of other benefits to the farming family. Livestock are a major source of savings, add value to a number of resources that could not otherwise be utilized by the farming family, for example the feed biomass (weeds, straw, cultivated forages, common grazing areas, surplus grain), by transforming it into valuable products (meat, milk, eggs) for consumption and sale; or the provision of services (draught and pack power). They also enable members of the household to add value to their own labour. Women, children and the elderly are usually responsible at least partially for the care of animals, and many of them would not be able to find remunerated activities given their other responsibilities (e.g. domestic responsibilities of women), time devoted to the activity (e.g. school children who tend the animals before and after school), or due to old age (Arriaga-Jordán, 1996).

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Tran, Dung Duc, Chau Nguyen Xuan Quang, Pham Duy Tien, Pham Gia Tran, Pham Kim Long, Ho Van Hoa, Ngo Ngoc Hoang Giang, and Le Thi Thu Ha. "Livelihood Vulnerability and Adaptation Capacity of Rice Farmers under Climate Change and Environmental Pressure on the Vietnam Mekong Delta Floodplains." Water 12, no. 11 (November 22, 2020): 3282. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12113282.

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Agricultural production is the primary source of income and food security for rural households in many deltas of the world. However, the sustainability of farm livelihoods is under threat, due to the impacts of climate change and environmental pressure, including shifting hydrological regimes, droughts, water pollution, land subsidence and riverbank erosion. This study evaluated the livelihood sustainability and vulnerability of triple rice farmers on the floodplains of the Vietnam Mekong Delta (VMD). We focused on the perceptions of rice farmers, based on a survey of 300 farmers. Increasing temperatures, drought, water pollution and sediment shortages were the four factors considered by farmers to have the most impact on their agricultural livelihoods. We analyzed farmers’ capacity to sustain their livelihoods and adapt to the changing environment. Results show relatively low vulnerability of rice farmers overall, though many of those surveyed reported very low incomes from rice production. Factors of most concern to farmers were rising temperatures and more frequent droughts. Farmers were already taking steps to adapt, for example, increasing production inputs and investing more labor time, as well as switching production methods. Yet, our findings suggest that policymakers and scientists have a role to play in developing more sustainable adaptation paths. The research clarifies the livelihood vulnerability of triple rice farmers on the VMD floodplains, while more generally contributing to the body of literature on farming and climate change and environmental pressure.

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Alhassan, Suhiyini I., John K. M. Kuwornu, and Yaw B. Osei-Asare. "Gender dimension of vulnerability to climate change and variability." International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 11, no. 2 (March 8, 2019): 195–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijccsm-10-2016-0156.

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PurposeThis paper aims to investigate farmers’ vulnerability to climate change and variability in the northern region of Ghana.Design/methodology/approachThe study assessed the vulnerability of male-headed and female-headed farming households to climate change and variability by using the livelihood vulnerability index (LVI) and tested for significant difference in their vulnerability levels by applying independent two-sample-student’st-test based on gender by using a sample of 210 smallholder farming households.FindingsThe results revealed a significant difference in the vulnerability levels of female-headed and male-headed farming households. Female–headed households were more vulnerable to livelihood strategies, socio-demographic profile, social networks, water and food major components of the LVI, whereas male-headed households were more vulnerable to health. The vulnerability indices revealed that female–headed households were more sensitive to the impact of climate change and variability. However, female-headed households have the least adaptive capacities. In all, female-headed farming households are more vulnerable to climate change and variability than male-headed farming households.Research limitations/implicationsThe study recommends that female-headed households should be given priority in both on-going and new intervention projects in climate change and agriculture by empowering them through financial resource support to venture into other income-generating activities. This would enable them to diversify their sources of livelihoods to boost their resilience to climate change and variability.Originality/valueThis is the first study that examined the gender dimension of vulnerability of smallholder farmers in Ghana by using the livelihood vulnerability framework. Female subordination in northern region of Ghana has been profound to warrant a study on gender dimension in relation to climate change and variability, especially as it is a semi-arid region with unpredictable climatic conditions. This research revealed the comparative vulnerability of male- and female-headed households to climate change and variability.

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Fuchs, Lisa, Levi Orero, Nictor Namoi, and Henry Neufeldt. "How to Effectively Enhance Sustainable Livelihoods in Smallholder Systems: A Comparative Study from Western Kenya." Sustainability 11, no. 6 (March 14, 2019): 1564. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11061564.

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Increasing communities’ adaptive capacity is crucial to enhancing the sustainability of livelihoods and landscapes in smallholder systems. This study evaluates the contributions of an asset-based community-driven local development project, which has an objective to enhance farmer livelihoods through context-specific agricultural and agroforestry training, in line with farmers’ identities, interests, and preferences. The project was implemented in two areas of the wider Nyando river basin: the Lower and Middle Nyando sites. The project effects on farmer livelihoods were evaluated by analyzing overall income enhancement through the adoption of climate-smart agricultural practices via the computation of total values of harvest. Socioeconomic data from 183 households, half of which were involved in the project, were considered. The findings showed that locality played an important role in the adoption and success of good agricultural practices. Additional significant positive factors included project participation, size of land operated, horticulture farming, livestock ownership, ownership of a title deed, hours worked, and crop species richness. The number of years farmed had a significant negative correlation with the value of harvest. Considering the stark differences in livelihood effects in both sites, researchers conclude that external support for climate-smart agriculture uptake needs to be considerate of, and respond to, biophysical and socioeconomic context.

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Shampa, Sharmin Akter, Nusrat Nasrin, Marufa Khatun, and Salma Akter. "Species availability, culture technique, reproduction of prawn and shrimp in Bangladesh: A review." Research in Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries 4, no. 2 (August 27, 2017): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ralf.v4i2.33722.

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Bangladesh is considered one of the most suitable countries in the world for freshwater prawn farming because of its favorable agro climatic condition. The expansion of shrimp farming is triggered by the increased international market demand, seed production and intensive shrimp culture. Shrimp farming is having a positive impact on the livelihoods of many people in Bangladesh, especially the poorer farmers. Prawn and shrimp farming offer a reliable source of revenue that is often more profitable than other kinds of farming, or other non-farming employment. The objective of this paper was to review species availability, culture technique and artificial breeding of prawn and shrimp in Bangladesh.Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.4(2): 107-116, August 2017

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Hoang, Lua Thi, James M. Roshetko, Thuong Pham Huu, Tim Pagella, and Phuong Nguyen Mai. "Agroforestry - The Most Resilient Farming System for the Hilly Northwest of Vietnam." International Journal of Agriculture System 5, no. 1 (June 29, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/ijas.v5i1.1166.

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Over 94% of the land of northwestern Vietnam is classified as sloping. Population growth has exerted pressure on local natural resources, with agricultural expansion on steep slopes resulting in forest degradation, landscape fragmentation and severe environmental consequences. Efforts to restore forest ecosystems have been made by the government, however, as the livelihoods of 80% of the population depend on agriculture, the reconversion of land to forest has proven to be an inappropriate solution. Agroforestry offers a potentially sustainable land-use solution, which could re-establish forests, restore ecosystem services, and stabilize local livelihoods. In this paper, we assess the potential of agroforestry development in the region based on the results of two interrelated surveys conducted in 21 representative villages in six districts of three northwestern provinces: 1) a farming system diagnosis implemented in 17 representative villages; and 2) an agroforestry adoption survey with 210 households practising agroforestry in 14 villages. The analysis was strengthened by four years’ experience in implementing an extensive agroforestry project in the region. The studies focussed on assessing key benefits and constraints of existing farming systems, including agroforestry practices, adopted by farmers and identifying the potential for agroforestry development in the region. The results showed that the dominant farming system in the north-western provinces was monoculture of staple crops on slopes, which provided relatively low economic returns. Soil erosion, land degradation, and water shortages resultant from intensive farming practices were the most significant environmental issues in the area. Tree-based farming systems were rare and mostly a result of spontaneous adoption by farmers. Given the mountainous landscape and the need for soil stabilization, agroforestry was seen by farmers as a viable approach. Improving the existing and adopting new, integrated agroforestry systems were identified as viable ways toward sustainable livelihoods in Northwestern Vietnam.

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Basuki, R. S., W. Adiyoga, and N. Gunadi. "IMPACT OF IMPROVED VEGETABLE FARMING TECHNOLOGY ON FARMERS' LIVELIHOODS IN INDONESIA." Acta Horticulturae, no. 809 (January 2009): 101–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2009.809.7.

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Selvaraj, K. N. "IMPACT OF IMPROVED VEGETABLE FARMING TECHNOLOGY ON FARMERS' LIVELIHOODS IN INDIA." Acta Horticulturae, no. 809 (January 2009): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2009.809.9.

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Wildayana, Elisa, Mustika Edi Armanto, Zulkifli Idrus, Iwan Adi Radiatmoko, Syuhada Adjiz Umar, Bella Syakina, Nursittah, Mubarika, Reszki Oktavia, and Eka Sari. "Surviving Strategies of Rural Livelihoods in South Sumatra Farming System, Indonesia." E3S Web of Conferences 68 (2018): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20186802001.

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The research aimed to analyze surviving strategies of rural livelihoods in South Sumatra farming system, Indonesia. The research was conducted in in January to April 2018 using the field survey, respondents were divided into two categories, namely the respondents for Analytical Hierarchy Process and Participatory Rural Appraisal. The collected data were analyzed to determine the significance at the level of 5%. The research resulted that the very poor and poor households focused on primary aspects (food and drink), while moderate and rich households emphasized on the fulfillment of social needs. Household income was different for each household rank and different at the 5% test level. Rich households earned income from various sources, such as on-farm (farming, plantation, livestock, fishery etc.) and off-farm, while very poor and poor households focused only on-farm income. All income sources were significantly different for each group households ranks. Surviving household can be done with three strategies, namely income-generating strategy; expenditure-reducing strategy; and migration. It is needed an Governmental intervention to help the very poor and poor households in their poverty alleviation, i.e. providing direct cash fund; involving in government projects; and making public policy in favor of these groups.

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Selfa, T., R. Fish, and M. Winter. "Farming Livelihoods and Landscapes: Tensions in Rural Development and Environmental Regulation." Landscape Research 35, no. 6 (November 4, 2010): 595–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01426397.2010.514043.

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Zamroni, A. "Sustainable seaweed farming and its contribution to livelihoods in Eastern Indonesia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 718, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 012099. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/718/1/012099.

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Mohammed, U., I. S. Umar, R. S. Olaleye, J. J. Pelemo, B. S. Ahmad, U. Mohammed, and A. Umar. "Effects of banditry on income and livelihoods of yam marketers in Shiroro Local Government Area of Niger State, Nigeria." Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences 19, no. 1 (July 20, 2021): 163–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jafs.v19i1.12.

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The study was on effects of banditry on income and livelihoods of yam marketers in Shiroro Local Government Area of Niger State, Nigeria. Banditry is one the major confronting production and marketing of yam in Shiroro Local Government of Niger State. The activities on banditry over the years have paralysed economic activities since majority of the populace derived their livelihood from farming. The menace posed by banditry has affected rural populace income livelihood thereby making them sojourning in the neighbouring Local Government Area. Multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 197 of yam marketers. Data were collected using structured questionnaire and interview scheduled. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics (percentages, frequency, count and mean), multiple regression and livelihoods status index. The results revealed that majority of respondents were male with long year of experience in yam marketing. The coefficient of low participation on weekly contribution (Adashi) (1.9823.93) was negatively significant at 10% level of probability. Also, 84.8% of the respondents in the study area were of very low livelihood status. Displacement of yam marketers from their native markets to nearby markets (x̅=2.42) and rising of the price of yam stead (x̅=2.20) were the major constraints faced by yam marketers. It was recommended that yam marketers should diversify into other income generating activities in order to improve their livelihood status and government should collaborate with village heads for provision of security for yam marketers.

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Gwiriri, Lovemore C., James Bennett, Cletos Mapiye, and Sara Burbi. "Emerging from Below? Understanding the Livelihood Trajectories of Smallholder Livestock Farmers in Eastern Cape Province, South Africa." Land 10, no. 2 (February 23, 2021): 226. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10020226.

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In the context of current agrarian reform efforts in South Africa, this paper analyses the livelihood trajectories of ‘emergent’ farmers in Eastern Cape Province. We apply a rural livelihoods framework to 60 emergent cattle farmers to understand the different capitals they have drawn upon in transitioning to their current class positions and associated vulnerability. The analysis shows that, for the majority of farmers, no real ‘transition’ from subsistence farming has occurred. However, they draw limited resilience from increased livestock holdings, continued reliance on social grants and connections with communal villages. A transition into small-scale commercial farming is apparent for a small number of farmers through the deployment of financial, human and social capitals. However, in following these trajectories, most of these farmers have been made more vulnerable to shocks and stresses than previously. We suggest that key to mitigating this vulnerability will be access to low-risk financial capital, more targeted support, and strategies to support farmers that might not transition from subsistence production.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Farming livelihoods'

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