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Journal articles on the topic 'Farrowing induction'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 5 February 2022

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Sharp, Katharine G., Kayla M. Mills, Larissa Shirley, Ricardo Garcia, and Kara R. Stewart. "PSVII-21 Impacts of various farrowing induction protocols on attended farrowings." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_3 (2020): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa054.373.

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Abstract Genetic selection has resulted in increased number of piglets born accompanied by an increase in pre-weaning mortality. Attending farrowings to assist sows is effective at reducing mortality in piglets. Inducing sows to farrow may help to ensure that labor is present for the farrowing process. The purpose of this study was to evaluate farrowing induction protocols on the farrowing process. Primiparious and multiparious sows (n=58) were assigned to one of the following treatments: no induction (NO, n=24), 2cc of Lutalyse on d114 followed by 1cc Oxytocin 24 hours later (OXY24, n=13), 2cc of Lutalyse on d114 followed by 0.5cc Oxytocin 6 and 12 hours later (OXY6, n=21). Details of the farrowing process were recorded in addition to sow blood glucose and hemoglobin levels at four intervals: piglet 1, piglet 6, 2 hours after piglet 1, and end of farrowing. Seventy-seven percent (10/13) of the OXY24 sows farrowed within 36 hours of induction compared to 62% (13/21) of the OXY6 sows. The length of the farrowing process was not different among treatments (NO = 3.55 ± 0.3, OXY24 = 4.76 ± 1.13, OXY6 = 3.86 ± 0.5, P=0.22) or parity groups (P=0.58). Across all treatments, total born averaged 13.2 piglets with 5.5% stillborns and 4.5% mummies. Induction had no effect on piglets born alive (NO = 11.9, OXY24 = 12.4, OXY6 = 11.4, P=0.42), stillborns (NO = 0.71, OXY24 = 0.70, OXY6 =1.76, P=0.73) or mummies (NO = 0.54, OXY24 = 0.70, OXY6 = 0.71, P=0.84). Number of piglets that were pulled from the sow did not differ among treatments (P=0.89) or by parity (P=0.18). Blood glucose and hemoglobin at the end of the farrowing process was not different among treatments (P=0.75 and P=0.83, respectively). These current results indicate farrowing induction protocols have no negative impacts on attended farrowings.

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Shirley, Larissa K., Katie Brown, Caleb M. Shull, and Amanda Minton. "PSV-6 Effect of Farrowing Induction on the Farrowing Process and Piglet Survivability." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_1 (2021): 209–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab054.343.

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Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the effect of farrowing induction on the farrowing process and piglet livability on a commercial sow farm. Sows (n=594) were blocked by parity (P0, P1, or P2+) and randomly allotted to one of three treatment groups; no induction (CON), or 1cc prostaglandin the morning of d115 followed by either 1cc prostaglandin 6 hours later (LUT) or 0.25cc oxytocin 6 hours later (LO). Sows that farrowed within 6 hours of their initial prostaglandin remained on the study as a separate treatment group (LUT1). Sows that did not farrow by d117 were induced and removed from study. A total of 279 farrowings, resulting in 3,996 piglets born, were attended and details of the farrowing process recorded. During farrowing a 5ml colostrum sample was collected for evaluation of total protein and fat. Sows were followed after weaning and subsequent reproductive performance was recorded. As expected, LUT1 farrowing date was earlier than the other three treatments (P&lt; 0.0001). Farrowing duration was not different among treatments (P=0.2986, average 3.5–3.9 hours). Farrowing induction did not affect NBA (P=0.124), total born (P=0.187), percent mummies (P=0.925), or percent stillborns (P=0.687). Individual piglet birth weights were lower in LUT1 when compared to CON, LUT and LO (3.00 vs 3.07, 3.09 and 3.12 lbs, P=0.011). The number of piglets requiring assistance during farrowing was greater for LUT and LUT1 (21% and 21.3%) compared to CON and LO (15.1% and 17.5%, P=0.003). The number of piglets born with broken umbilical cords was higher in LUT (39.6%) compared to all other treatments (CON=33.3%, LO=33.5%, LUT1=32.8%, P=0.002). Pre-weaning survivability was not different among treatments (CON=82.3%, LUT=80.7%, LO=81.4%, LUT1=81.6%, P=0.738). Colostrum from CON tended to have higher fat compared to LUT, LO and LUT1 (9.2 vs 8.3, 8.1 and 8.6%, P=0.0168). No differences in wean-to-first service, total born, percent stillborns, or percent mummies were found in subsequent farrowings.

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Wähner, Martin, and U. Hühn. "Improving management for the benefit of people and pigs: Synchronized farrowing in the pig." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 19, no. 1-2 (2003): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah0302001w.

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The induction of farrowing within a reproductive management framework already plays a considerable routine role in the husbandry of the sow herd. This issue increases the awareness of the effects that the various chosen farrowing synchronizing injections and treatment programs have in parturient sows and piglets. The application of biotechnologically derived methods to synchronize the commencement of the birth process and the management of farrowing can be traced back to the 1970?s. Following the availability of Prostaglandin F2? various treatment programs for synchronizing farrowings were developed. The injection to induce farrowing must not be given prior to the 114th day of gestation, in order to ensure minimal risk of affecting the final and important growth surge of the fetuses. The combination of PGF2? with a long acting Oxytocin (Hypophysin?) allows for a further reduction in the individual variation in the commencement of farrowing and reduces the duration of farrowing for each parturient sow. The synchronization eases the observation, recording and husbandry tasks required for the sow and neo-natal piglets, facilitates an effective cross fostering system and where problematic, reduces the frequency of dystocias and MMA type disorders.

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Mills, Kayla M., Larissa K. Shirley, Katharine G. Sharp, Ricardo M. Garcia, and Kara R. Stewart. "PSV-1 Effects of Induction on Piglet Blood Parameters at Time of Farrowing." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_1 (2021): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab054.338.

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Abstract Typically, sows are induced to farrow using prostaglandin followed by an injection of oxytocin 24 hours later. Benefits of induction can include decreased rate of stillbirths, dystocia, and postnatal mortality along with increasing the likelihood of farrowings being attended. Several studies have indicated that oxytocin administration may negatively impact fetal oxygen supply during parturition, potentially from umbilical cords breaking prior to birth, resulting in increased preweaning mortality. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine if various induction protocols impact umbilical cord breakage and fetal blood parameters at birth. Fifty-eight primiparous and multiparous sows were assigned to one of three treatments: no induction (NO; n=24), or 2 cc Lutalyse administered on d114 of gestation followed by either 1 cc of oxytocin 24 hours later (OXY24; n=13) or 0.5 cc of oxytocin at 6 and 12 hours after Lutalyse (OXY6; n=21). Details of the farrowing process were recorded, and umbilical cord blood was collected from piglets at birth and evaluated on an iSTAT machine using an Abbott EC8+ test cartridge. There were no differences in total born, number born alive, stillborns, mummies, or assistance needed during farrowing. Sows in the OXY24 treatment tended to have longer farrowings when compared to both NO and OXY6 (5.6 vs 3.7 vs 3.7 hours; P=0.09). OXY24 gilts (38%) and NO sows (33%) tended to have more piglets born with broken umbilical cords than other parities and treatments (OXY24 sows: 19%; NO gilts: 18%; OXY6 gilts: 25%; OXY6 sows: 18%; P=0.07). Piglets born from NO sows had higher base excess, total carbon dioxide, and glucose which suggests that these piglets had prolonged moments of asphyxiation (P&lt; 0.01). OXY24 piglets had the lowest blood pH which is indicative of hypoxic birthing conditions (P&lt; 0.01). There were no signs of asphyxia in the blood parameters of piglets born from OXY6 sows. Therefore, multiple low doses of oxytocin to induce farrowing may be more beneficial for the welfare of the piglet during farrowing.

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Ko, J. C. H., L. E. Evans, W. H. Hsu, and S. M. Hopkins. "Farrowing induction with cloprostenol-xylazine combination." Theriogenology 31, no. 4 (1989): 795–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0093-691x(89)90024-1.

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Decaluwe, R., G. P. J. Janssens, I. Declerck, A. De Kruif, and D. Maes. "Induction of parturition in the sow." Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift 81, no. 3 (2012): 158–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/vdt.v81i3.18353.

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Inducing parturition in the sow can be used to improve farrowing supervision, which may lead to more weaned piglets. However, if not applied properly, it may lead to premature delivery. Therefore, induction of parturition should be performed not earlier than two days before the average gestation length of the sows of a farm. To induce parturition, different protocols, such as single administration of prostaglandins, double administration of prostaglandin with 6-hour interval (split-dose technique) and a combination of prostaglandins and oxytocin 24 hours later, and different administration routes, such as intramuscular injection in the neck region and injection in the vulvar region, can be used. Other strategies exist but they are less effective and/or less frequently used. A single injection of prostaglandins results in 60% of the sows farrowing within working hours (22-32 hours after injection). Using the split-dose technique or the combination of prostaglandins and oxytocin 24 hours later, the percentage increases with 20%. The use of oxytocin however increases the risk of asphyxia in the piglets, especially in case of inappropriate use. Whether farrowing induction should be applied and which protocol used depend on the herd and the preferences of the farmer.

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Jovic, Slavoljub, Vitomir Cupic, Gordana Ristic, et al. "The influence of the induction of farrowing on live birth, body mass, appearance of dystocia, mortality and surviving of neonatal pigs in litter during the first ten days." Veterinarski glasnik 70, no. 1-2 (2016): 13–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vetgl1602013j.

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The objective of this work was to investigate the influence of the the day of farrowing induction on the number of newborn piglets (live born and dead born), body mass and mortality of neonatal pigs in litter by the tenth day of age. For the investigation purpose, there were chosen 167 pregnant animals, 34 gilts and 133 sows, divided into 3 groups each, according to the day of pregnancy when prostaglandin analogue, dinoprost-tromethamine, was applied (from 112th to 114th day). Fastest- induced parturition was in gilts which were administered dinoprost on the 113th day of pregnancy, (34,30 ? 6,23) h after application, that is, in sows which were administered prostaglandin on the 114th day of pregnancy, (29,57 ? 4,14) h after application of dinoprost. Most gilts (75 %) and sows (90,91%) started farrowing 24-36 h after dinoprost application, when it was given on the 113th day of pregnancy. During daily twelve-hour working time (7-19 h), 67,07% out of all the treated animals started farrowing. When farrowing was induced on the 112th day of pregnancy, 17 sows (12,78%) needed obstetric assistance for dystocia, while 47 (35,34 %) sows had troublesome farrowing. Along with the delayed induction, body mass of newborn pigs increased, and the largest recorded weight was 1,27 kg in sows, that is 1,38 kg in gilts, which were given dinoprost on the 114th day of pregnancy, with the lowest number of live born pigs of body mass less than 1 kg (23,76%). In this experiment there was determined the connection between the body mass and vitality of newborn piglets, so the lowest mortality rate of the pigs by the 10th day of age was noticed in sows and gilts which were given dinoprost on the 114th day of pregnancy (11,05%), in regard to the pigs born of sows and gilts which were given dinoprost on the 112th day of pregnancy (15,39 %).

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Otto, MA, AP Machado, LP Moreira, et al. "Colostrum yield and litter performance in multiparous sows subjected to farrowing induction." Reproduction in Domestic Animals 52, no. 5 (2017): 749–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/rda.12975.

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Kirkden, R. D., D. M. Broom, and I. L. Andersen. "Piglet mortality: The impact of induction of farrowing using prostaglandins and oxytocin." Animal Reproduction Science 138, no. 1-2 (2013): 14–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2013.02.009.

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Dierking, Shannon, Talia Everding, Jodi Morton, Jeffrey A. Clapper, and Crystal L. Levesque. "288 Plasma Concentrations of Cortisol During the Periparturient Period in Gilts." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_1 (2021): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab054.184.

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Abstract An increase in plasma concentrations of cortisol is one signal that begins parturition and uterine contractions in pregnant sows; however, it is not known whether a critical level of cortisol is necessary or the role that it may play in the duration of parturition. The objective of the study was to characterize plasma concentrations of during the periparturient period and assess its relationship with initiation of parturition, litter size, and farrowing duration. Blood was collected via indwelling catheters from 5 primiparous gilts twice daily (0700 and 1900 h) from d113 of gestation until the birth of the first piglet, after which blood was collected every 15 minutes until farrowing was considered complete. Time of birth of each piglet was recorded. Farrowing duration was defined as the time between birth of the first and last piglets. Plasma concentrations of cortisol were determined by radioimmunoassay. Litter size was 12, 12, 18, 17, and 14 piglets and farrowing duration was 72 minutes, 4.1, 6.7, 5.8, and 4 hours, respectively. Quadratic and linear regressions were performed using the RStats package in RStudio (version 1.2.5025). Serum concentrations of cortisol were 3.37 ± 1.55 and 5.73 ± 2.18 ng/mL prior to parturition and at the birth of the first piglet, respectively. There was a positive quadratic relationship (P ≤ 0.07) between time of birth of each piglet and plasma cortisol levels; peak cortisol was 14.45 ± 3.20 ng/mL. There was a positive correlation between initial cortisol level and average piglet birth weight (P = 0.0124) but no relationship with total litter weight (P &gt; 0.05). Determination of the periparturient changes in cortisol may be useful in designing farrowing induction protocols.

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ICHIKAWA, Hiroki, and Yuzo KOKETSU. "Farrowing Induction Practices for Periparous Sows and Reproductive Performance in Commercial Swine Herds." Journal of Veterinary Epidemiology 15, no. 1 (2011): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2743/jve.15.15.

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ONUMA, HIDEO, KOHJI IWAI, HIROSHI KASHIMA, NAOMU KUDOH, YOHJI OHNAMI, and MOTOHIRO KIKUCHI. "Induction of Daytime Farrowing with Prostaglandin F2^|^alpha; Analogue (ONO-1052) and Oxytocin." Journal of the Japan Veterinary Medical Association 42, no. 10 (1989): 695–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.12935/jvma1951.42.695.

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Foisnet, A., C. Farmer, C. David, and H. Quesnel. "Farrowing induction induces transient alterations in prolactin concentrations and colostrum composition in primiparous sows1." Journal of Animal Science 89, no. 10 (2011): 3048–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2010-3507.

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Gaggini, TS, J. Perin, LS Arend, ML Bernardi, I. Wentz, and FP Bortolozzo. "Altrenogest Treatment Associated with a Farrowing Induction Protocol to Avoid Early Parturition in Sows." Reproduction in Domestic Animals 48, no. 3 (2012): 390–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/rda.12085.

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McGuire, Miranda R., Jenelle Dunckelberger, John Eggert, Allan P. Schinckel, and Egbert Knol. "PSIII-3 Effect of Day of Induction on Sow and Piglet Performance." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_3 (2020): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa054.406.

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Abstract Induction can be a useful herd management tool. However, inducing too early can negatively impact critical biological processes for the sow and her piglets. Although inducing at 115 d of gestation is widely accepted for commercial sows, the natural gestation length of purebred lines can exceed 115 days. Therefore, the objective of this study was to estimate the effect of induction at 115 vs. 117 d of gestation on the performance of purebred sows and their piglets. Purebred Landrace females from a commercial multiplier were used for this study. Sows were mated to one of the following genetic lines: A, B, or C. Of the 601 sows placed on test, 264 and 135 sows farrowed as a result of induction at 115 or 117 days of gestation, respectively. From these 399 sows, piglets sired by line C (n=1,715) were used for subsequent analyses. Traits of the sow analyzed included: percent stillborn, sow mortality (from 0 to 24 days post-farrowing), and removal rate (between farrowing and weaning). Traits of the piglet analyzed included: weaning weight, lactation ADG, and pre-weaning mortality. All traits were analyzed using a generalized linear model, except for mortality and removal rate, which were analyzed using a LOGIT model. Piglets from the 117 group had significantly greater weaning weight (P=0.02), significantly greater ADG (P=0.0009), and numerically lower pre-weaning mortality (P=0.16) than piglets from the 115 group. Sows induced at 117 days of gestation had numerically lower percent stillborn, lower mortality, and lower removal rate than sows induced at 115 days of gestation, although not significant (P=0.13, P=0.48, and P=0.50, respectively). In conclusion, there was a numerically or significantly favorable effect of inducing sows at 117 vs. 115 d of gestation on both sow performance and early-life piglet performance.

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Vallet, Jeffrey L., and Jeremy R. Miles. "The effect of farrowing induction on colostrum and piglet serum immunocrits is dependent on parity1." Journal of Animal Science 95, no. 2 (2017): 688–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2016.0993.

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Vallet, Jeffrey L., and Jeremy R. Miles. "The effect of farrowing induction on colostrum and piglet serum immunocrits is dependent on parity." Journal of Animal Science 95, no. 2 (2017): 688. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas2016.0993.

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Decaluwé, R., G. P. J. Janssens, M. Englebienne, and D. Maes. "Effectiveness of different farrowing induction protocols in sows using alphaprostol on day 114 of gestation." Veterinary Record 174, no. 15 (2014): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.102024.

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CHANTARAPRATEEP, P., P. PRATEEP, C. LOHACHIT, A. KUNAVONGKRIT та P. POOMSUWAN. "Investigation into the use of prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α:) and oxytocin for the induction of farrowing". Australian Veterinary Journal 63, № 8 (1986): 254–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1986.tb02988.x.

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Cupic, Vitomir, Slavoljub Jovic, Gordana Ristic, Slobodanka Vakanjac, Blagoje Dimitrijevic, and Dejana Cupic-Miladinovic. "The effect of combined use of prostaglandin and oxytocin in sows, on the duration of partus, number of pigs and period between two expulsions of piglets." Veterinarski glasnik 69, no. 3-4 (2015): 177–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vetgl1504177c.

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The objective of this work is to investigate the influence of combined application of prostaglandin and oxytocin on the duration of farrowing in sows, number of newborn piglets and interval between two expulsions of piglets. The experiment was carried out on 133 pregnant sows of Danish Landrace-Yorkshire Large white breed, which were divided into three groups depending on the day of the induction of partus (112th, 113th and 114th day of pregnancy). Within each group, the sows were divided into three subgroups, and they were given synthetic prostaglandin PGF2-alfa (dinoprost-DINOLYTIC) analogue in dosage of 10 mg (eq. 2ml of preparation)/animal (I subgroup) single or combined with one (after having fifth piglet) (II subgroup), or two (after having fifth and tenth piglet) (III subgroup) application of oxytocin (OXYTOKEL) in dosage of 20 i.j. + 15 i.j. (eq. 2 ml + 1,5 ml preparation/animal), (two applications). Obtained results show that in the sows treated only with prostaglandin, the longest farrowing (6,41?2,20 h) was in those which obtained the drug on the 112th day of pregnancy, and the shortest (4,56?1,30 h) in the ones treated on the 114th day of pregnancy. In the the sows in which (beside prostaglandin) oxytocin was administered once, the longest farrowing (6,38?1,30) was in those treated on the 113th day of pregnancy, and the shortest (6,38?1,30) in those treated on the 114th day of pregnancy. In the sows treated (beside prostaglandin) with oxytocin twice, the longest farrowing (7,17?2,30) was in the group treated on the 112th day of pregnancy, and the shortest (5,10?1,20) in the ones treated on the 113th day of pregnancy. Generally speaking, the longest duration of farrowing (7,17?2,30) was in the animals which (beside prostaglandin) obtained oxytocin twice, and the shortest duration (4,56?1,30) was in the ones which (beside prostaglandin) were treated only with prostaglandin. The greatest number of newborn piglets (358) was in sows which obtained prostaglandin on the 114th day of pregnancy combined with one application of oxytocin, and the smallest number (250) in sows which obtained perostaglandin on the 112th day of pregnancy combined with two application of oxytocin. The longest interval (0,22 ? 0,06) between two expulsions of piglets was in sows in which partus was induced on the 112th day of pregnancy in combination with two applications of oxytocin, and the shortest interval (0,11?0,03) in which partus was induced on the 114th day of pregnancy, witout oxytocin application.

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STONE, B. A., P. A. HEAP, and B. M. GODFREY. "Induction of farrowing in sows with prostaglandin F2-alpha, alone or in combination with a parasympathomimetic or oxytocic." Australian Veterinary Journal 64, no. 8 (1987): 254–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1987.tb09697.x.

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Yang, Ping-Cheng, Wen-Der Fang, San-Yuan Huang, Wen-Bin Chung та Walter H. Hsu. "Farrowing induction with a combination of prostaglandin F2α and a peripherally acting α2-Adrenergic agonist AGN 190851 and a combination of prostaglandin F2α and oxytocin". Theriogenology 46, № 7 (1996): 1289–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0093-691x(96)00300-7.

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Kirkwood, R. N., and P. A. Thacker. "Effects of pre-partum oestradiol injection on parturition in sows and piglet survival." Animal Science 60, no. 3 (1995): 481–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800013357.

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AbstractFifty-four multiparous Yorkshire × Landrace sows were allocated equally to receive an intramuscular (i.m.) injection of 3 ing oestradiol-17β (E2) or no injection at 112 days of gestationto determine the effect of E2 on the timing and duration offarrowing. All sows received an injection (i.m.) of 10 mg prostaglandin F2x af 113 days of gestation. Of the soivs allocated to treatment, 21 oestrogen-treated and 19 control sows were assigned to be observed for the onset of parturition. A further six oestrogen-treated and eight control sows were included to increase the data base for litter production. The time of piglet delivery was monitored between 08·00 and 18·00 h on day 114 of gestation. Blood samples were obtained from each offour piglets from four E2-treated and five control litters. More E2-treated (8/21) than control sows (1/19) farrowed before 08.00 h of day 114 (P < 0·05) although, for those sows farrowing during the observation period, there was no effect on the time to onset or duration of parturition. Plasma oestradiol concentrations were higher (P < 0·06) in piglets delivered by E2-treated sows. However,this was not associated with any effect on piglet pre-weaning survival. It is concluded that exogenous oestradiol can influence the timing of onset offarrowing in some sows. Although further refinement in terms of timing of E2 injections is required, it seems likely that exogenous E2 may have a useful role to play in hastening the induction of parturition in sows.

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Knox, Robert V., Ashley Daniel, Jenny Patterson, Lidia S. Arend, and George Foxcroft. "17 Effects of birth traits, physical or fenceline boar exposure and group size on pubertal measures and lifetime fertility of replacement gilts." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_2 (2019): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz122.021.

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Abstract In experiment 1, prepubertal gilts with (n = 264) and without (n = 43) birth records received Fenceline (FBE) or Physical (PBE) Boar Exposure (BE) in a Boar Exposure Area (BEAR). At 185 d of age, gilts (13/pen) received BE for 15 min/d for 3 wk. At the start of Week 3, anestrual gilts received PG600 or no-PG600 (Control). At estrus, females were moved into stalls and inseminated at 2nd heat. Gilts born in larger litters were lighter (r = -0.26) while heavier pigs grew faster to puberty (r = 0.25). PBE increased estrus in Week 1 (38%) over FBE (28%). In Week 3, PBE-PG600 increased estrus (79.9%) compared with PBE- Control (36.2%), while FBE-PG600 and Control did not differ (52.7 vs. 42.5%). By 6 wk, estrus tended to be greater (P < 0.08) for PBE (91.2%) than FBE (83.2%). Reduced fertility associated with: 1) small birth litter; 2) heaviest birthweight; 3) slower growth rate; 4) delayed puberty and age at 1st service; and 5) abnormal estrus interval. Experiment 2 tested the pubertal response to PBE or FBE with 10 or 20 gilts/pen. Gilts (n = 180) at 168 d with 1.8 m2 floor space received BE once/d for 15 min for 1–3 wk. At the start of Week 3, anestrual gilts received PG600. Estrus in Week 1 (7.3%) did not differ, but a BE x Pen effect occurred in Week 2 (estrus range: 15–34%). In Week 3, PG600 increased estrus (P < 0.03) in Pens of 10 (83.7%) compared to Pens of 20 (64.1%). BE method had no effect and Pens of 10 had greater estrus (P = 0.05) than Pens of 20 (88.3 vs 75.8%). These results indicated that use of PBE, a BEAR, smaller group size, and PG600 can be used in combinations to enhance puberty induction. Birth and pubertal measures influenced service and farrowing rate, litter size, and age at removal.

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Chitakasempornkul, Kessinee, Mariana B. Meneget, Guilherme J. M. Rosa, et al. "Investigating causal biological relationships between reproductive performance traits in high-performing gilts and sows1." Journal of Animal Science 97, no. 6 (2019): 2385–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz115.

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Abstract Efficient management of swine production systems requires understanding of complex reproductive physiological mechanisms. Our objective in this study was to investigate potential causal biological relationships between reproductive performance traits in high-producing gilts and sows. Data originated from a nutrition experiment and consisted of 200 sows and 440 gilts arranged in body weight blocks and randomly assigned to dietary treatments during late gestation at a commercial swine farm. Reproductive performance traits consisted of weight gain during late gestation, total number born and number born alive in a litter, born alive average birth weight, wean-to-estrous interval, and total litter size born in the subsequent farrowing. Structural equation models combined with the inductive causation algorithm, both adapted to a hierarchical Bayesian framework, were employed to search for, estimate, and infer upon causal links between the traits within each parity group. Results indicated potentially distinct reproductive networks for gilts and for sows. Sows showed sparse connectivity between reproductive traits, whereas the network learned for gilts was densely interconnected, suggesting closely linked physiological mechanisms in younger females, with a potential for ripple effects throughout their productive lifecycle in response to early implementation of tailored managerial interventions. Cross-validation analyses indicated substantial network stability both for the general structure and for individual links, though results about directionality of such links were unstable in this study and will need further investigation. An assessment of relative statistical power in sows and gilts indicated that the observed network discrepancies may be partially explained on a biological basis. In summary, our results suggest distinctly heterogeneous mechanistic networks of reproductive physiology for gilts and sows, consistent with physiological differences between the groups. These findings have potential practical implications for integrated understanding and differential management of gilts and sows to enhance efficiency of swine production systems.

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Mills, Kayla M., Larissa K. Shirley, Katharine Sharp, Ricardo Garcia, Aridany Suarez-Trujillo, and Kara R. Stewart. "Effects of induction on the farrowing process and piglet blood parameters at the time of farrowing1." Translational Animal Science 5, no. 2 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tas/txab032.

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Abstract Historically, sows have been induced to farrow using prostaglandin followed by an injection of oxytocin 24 h later. Benefits of induction can include decreased rate of stillbirths, dystocia, and postnatal mortality along with increasing the likelihood of farrowings being attended. Several studies have indicated that oxytocin administration may negatively impact fetal oxygen supply during parturition, potentially from umbilical cords breaking prior to birth, resulting in increased preweaning mortality. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine if various induction protocols impact umbilical cord breakage and fetal blood parameters at birth. Fifty-eight primiparous and multiparous sows were assigned to one of three treatments: no induction (NO; n = 24) or 2 cc prostaglandin administered on day 114 of gestation followed by either 1 cc of oxytocin 24 h later (OXY24; n = 13) or 0.5 cc of oxytocin at 6 and 12 h after prostaglandin (OXY6; n = 21). Details of the farrowing process were recorded, and umbilical cord blood was collected from piglets at birth and evaluated on an iSTAT machine using an Abbott EC8+ test cartridge. There were no differences in total born, number born alive, stillborns, mummies, or assistance needed during farrowing. Induced sows were more likely to farrow by day 115 compared to naturally farrowing sows (P = 0.02). Sows in the OXY24 treatment tended to have longer farrowings when compared to both NO and OXY6 (4.8 vs. 3.6 vs. 3.9 h; P = 0.09). Colostrum from OXY6 sows tended to have a greater amount of lactose present than NO and OXY24 (P = 0.05). Colostrum from sows with longer gestation lengths had a higher percentage of fat (P = 0.03). Piglets born from NO sows had higher base excess, total carbon dioxide, and glucose, which suggests that these piglets had prolonged moments of asphyxiation (P &lt; 0.01). OXY24 piglets had the lowest blood pH which is indicative of hypoxic birthing conditions (P &lt; 0.01). Preweaning mortality was driven largely by a low birth weight coupled with low colostrum intake (P = 0.03). All piglets, regardless of treatment, displayed signs of stress during farrowing. Induction did not influence preweaning mortality but has the potential to decrease the incidence by increasing attended farrowings.

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Hlavová, Karolina, Hana Kudláčková, and Martin Faldyna. "The impact of parturition induction with cloprostenol on immunological parameters in the sow colostrum." Porcine Health Management 6, no. 1 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40813-020-00174-y.

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Abstract Background Farrowing induction with prostaglandin F2 analogue cloprostenol is commonly used on commercial farms to manage the timing of farrowing. When labour induction is applied, the questions arise about possible side effects of such a hormonal intervention on physiological processes connected with labour and lactation, including colostral immunity. Results In this study, immune cells composition, lysozyme concentration, complement bacteriolytic activity and proinflamatory (GM-CSF2, IL-1β, IL-6, a TNFα) and anti-inflammatory (IL-4, IL-10, TGFβ1 a TGFβ2) cytokines were measured in colostrum samples from sows farrowing naturally (NP) and from sows with farrowing induced using cloprostenol administration on day 113 of gestation (IP). A significantly higher proportion of lymphocytes was found in colostrum of induced sows compared to colostrum of non-induced sows. No significant differences between NP and IP were found in complement activity, in the proportions of granulocytes, macrophages and lymphocyte subpopulations. Lower lysozyme concentration and higher IL-1β, IL-6, TGFβ1 and TNFα concentrations were found in IP sow colostrum compared to colostrum from NP sows. Conclusions An increased proportion of colostral lymphocytes can positively influence the cellular immunity transmission from sow to her offspring. On the other hand, a lower lysozyme concentration can adversely affect newborn’s intestinal immunity, as well as changes in cytokine concentrations can have an adverse effect on newborn piglet intestinal epithelium development and its defence function.

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Haas, Cristina Sangoi, Monike Quirino dos Santos, Monique Tomazele Rovani, et al. "Prepartum progestagen supplementation in swine: a strategy to facilitate piglet care and prevent early parturition." Ciência Rural 47, no. 11 (2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20170380.

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ABSTRACT: Gestation length in swine has a considerable amplitude and both early and delayed parturition are common. This variation increases the occurrence of unassisted farrowing and could lead to a wide-ranging age at weaning for piglets born from one batch. Supervision of sow parturition is crucial to reduce mortality of neonate piglets. To facilitate assistance, induction of farrowing using prostaglandin F2α (PGF) has been widely used in batch farrowing systems, whereby synchronization would concentrate the time of farrowing, allowing for better organization of employees. However, a viable alternative method that can be implemented to manage farrowing is to sustain high progestagen levels in the final days of gestation and, consequently, prevent early parturition. Efficient techniques to delay farrowing such as using oral progestagen supplementation have been previously described, but are only recently being considered for commercial use. The present manuscript reviews publications regarding delaying parturition and discusses the use of intravaginal devices (IVDs) containing progestagen. There is limited data addressing the effect of progestagen treatment during gestation on productive and reproductive performance. Therefore, future studies should focus on improving synchronization protocols following progestagen supplementation and evaluating piglet viability and sow fertility, before widely using progestagen supplementation to manipulate parturition.

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Trevisi, P., D. Luise, F. Correa, et al. "Maternal antibiotic treatment affects offspring gastric sensing for umami taste and ghrelin regulation in the pig." Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 12, no. 1 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40104-021-00557-3.

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Abstract Background Scarce is knowledge on the process regulating the development of acid secretion, orexigenic signaling, and chemosensing in the stomach of young pigs. Changes of early microbial encounters by suckling pigs can interact with the gut maturation, by the induction of different molecular signaling. Our goal was to assess if the age of offspring and the maternal environment, influenced by sow antibiotic treatment peripartum, could affect gastric morphology and the expression of genes involved in the control of hydrochloric secretion, feed intake, taste, and inflammation in offspring stomach. Methods 84 pigs from sows fed a diet with amoxicillin (on –d10 to +d21 from farrowing, ANT) or without (CON) were sacrificed at d14, d21, d28 (weaning) or d42. Samples of oxyntic (OXY), pyloric (PY) and cardiac mucosae close to OXY were collected and parietal and enteroendocrine cells (EECs) were counted. Relative gene expression of a set of 11 key genes (ATP4A, SSTR2, GAST, GHRL, MBOAT4, PCSK1, GNAT1, TAS1R1, TAS1R3, IL8 and TNF) was assessed by qRT-PCR. In addition, 40 offspring obtained from the same ANT and CON sows were offered a normal or a fat-enriched diet for 4 weeks between 140 and 169 d of age, and then OXY and PY were sampled. Results The number of parietal and EECs increased with age (P < 0.001). ATP4A increased with age (within suckling, P = 0.043, post-weaning vs. suckling, P < 0.001), SSTR2 increased only after weaning (P < 0.001). In OXY, GHRL increased during suckling (P = 0.012), and post-weaning as a trend (P = 0.088). MBOAT4 tended to increase during suckling (P = 0.062). TAS1R1 increased from suckling to post-weaning period (P =0.001) and was lower in ANT offspring (P = 0.013). GNAT1 in PY was higher in ANT offspring (P = 0.041). Antibiotic treatment of sows peripartum increased expression of GHRL and MBOAT4 in OXY of growing-finishing offspring aged 5 months. Conclusions Data show that sensing for umami taste and ghrelin regulation can be affected by maternal environment, but the development of acid secretion, orexigenic signaling and taste perception in the stomach are mostly developmentally controlled.

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