Academic literature on the topic 'Fast-growing timber species'

Abstract The fast growing woody crops are a very important source for the generation of the bioenergetics biomass. Paulownia sp. Is a plant part of this group, and because of its fast growth, multiple values and high adaptability with climate conditions, is set recently in the centre of the intention. Paulownia is one of the fastest growing species in the world with low concentration of ash, sulphur and nitrogen and high calorific energy from its wood. It is considered as an energetic crop adequate for the production of the solid biocarburants and the bioethanol. The cultivation of the Paulownia because of the high absorption of CO2 from the air, to support the fast growth of the biomass, is considered as an effective mean to soften the climacteric changes. The plant is also considered as suitable to improve the abandoned lands when its cultivation is concentrated to the biomass production. The genus of Paulownia (Scrophulariaceae) is autochthones species of China and East Asia and as such is not found naturally in Albania. To study the regionalization possibilities of this species in the Korça climacteric conditions, aiming its cultivation according the fast growth coppice system were planted in 2014 in Cangonj (Devoll) 300 seedlings of P. tomentosa in a distance of 1 x 1 m. during the year 2015 were planted other 400 seedlings prepared with seeds. This article deals with the preliminary data of the regionalization performance of this high energetic value crop.

Fast-growing biomass, such as bamboo, has the potential to serve an important future role in the pulp and paper industry with potential to both lower resource costs and improve a product’s sustainability. Moso bamboo is particularly interesting due to its fast growth and size, which allows it to be handled and chipped similarly to wood resources. In this study, we will share results of the chip preparation, kraft cooking, and ECF bleaching of this bamboo species and compare its pulpability, bleachability, and physical properties to a fast growing hybrid poplar tree. Results indicate that the bamboo chips cooked and bleached similarly to the poplar hardwood, allowing for co-cooking. The resulting pulps had superior tensile properties at low refining, but did have higher fines that lowered drainability as measured by Canadian Standard Freeness. The bamboo fiber morphology was also measured, indicating the fiber to have length weighted average fiber lengths and coarseness values to be greater than the poplar wood studied, which should allow this material to be used in many paper grades.

Strength properties’ tests are conducted in the form of small clear sample. This paper aimed to acquire the strength group of fast-growing indigenous species of Aras and exotic species of Acacia mangium. Thus, the information of strength properties of species is acquired from strength property's test at green and air-dry conditions. The required information namely, bending parallel to grain, compression stress parallel to grain, shear parallel to grain and modulus of elasticity. The ultimate stresses obtained from strength properties of the species is to be converted into basic and grade stresses to determine the strength group of the species based on MS 544: Part 2 (2001). The results from the study indicated that, Acacia mangium classified under strength group SG5, whilst Aras was classified under strength group SG7. The timber is classified as medium density of Light Hardwood ranging from 0.37-0.52 g/cm3 at air-dry condition.

Timber demand and supply gap has widened over the last few decades across different regions of the world. Indian scenario is no different. In the last decade though India’s forest cover has increased at a very slow pace, in north eastern part of India, there is a loss of forest cover at an alarming rate. This is a cause of concern for this region which is already depending only on handful of quality timbers for the structural and commercial purposes. Under this scenario, few alternative options should be looked at like exploring promising indigenous fast-growing species, or exploring some lesser-known timber species available naturally in the forest. Therefore, wood quality parameters of such timber species should be tested so as to know the specific utility of these timbers. In this study of Mizoram, wood quality parameters of five underutilized timber species were assessed and three out of five species have shown considerable quality as compared to Teak and many other mainstream species. Few selected properties are highlighted in this paper to indicate possible utility of selected species to reduce the gap in demand and supply of wood as raw material. We focused mainly on anatomical properties, gross features and cell constituents of these species in this paper. The properties observed for lesser-known species are compared with twenty Indian mainstream timbers. The results have indicated that there is a need for further expanding the scope for exploring more such species so that timber requirement of the region is meted out.

Chinese fir (Cunninghamia Lanceolata) is a unique fast growing merchantable timber species in China with good materials, and is a major fast growing timber species in provinces of southern China. With the increase in Chinese fir plantation areas and the improvement in the degree of pure forests, the diseases of Chinese fir are increasing and their damages are getting worse, which have caused great losses and affected the sustainable, rapid and healthy development of forestry in China. This article gives a description of pathogenies, symptoms and occurrence regularities of four important diseases of Chinese fir, including Glomerella cingulata, Pestalotia Sp., Pseudomonas cunninghamiae and Chlorosis, and puts forward the corresponding control measures of these diseases, which provides an important basis for disease control of Chinese fir plantations.

In recent years, wood of greatly value are decreasing continuously. However, the percentage of low-grade wood or fast-growing species are increasing. The utilization of fast-growing species is one of the significant themes of investigation in wood industry. Fast-growing poplar (southern type poplar) which have been planted successfully and grown over a wide area in China are well known as famous fast-growing species of the most important commercial trees and industrial timber. In this paper, the distributions of plantation resources and methods of industrial utilization of fast-growing poplar in China were analyzed, respectively. High-valued wood products made of fast-growing poplar will be an inevitable trend in wood industry, including wood-based panel, engineered wood, solid wood door, curved laminated veneer lumber, and wood floor, in the 21st century. In this paper, varieties of poplar products inclued poplar composites board, poplar floor, poplar technological door, curved laminated veneer poplar molding components and poplar scientific wood were introduced. On the basis of research and application, the author emphatically analyzed multi-layer wood floorings made of fast-growing poplar veneer and MDF, curved furniture components made of poplar veneer, sofa frame maed from poplar composites board.

Strength properties’ tests are conducted in the small clear sample. This paper aim to acquire the basic and grade stresses of some fast growing species thus identifies its strength group. Thus, the information of wood properties from different species and condition are acquired from strength property's test. The required information namely, bending parallel to the grain, compression stress parallel to grain, shear parallel to grain and modulus of elasticity. The condition of the trees which is referred to green and air-dry condition. Three different species which are referred to exotic species of Acacia mangium and indigenous species of Aras. The results from the study indicated that, Acacia mangium classified under the strength group SG5, whilst Aras was classified under the strength group SG7. The timber is of medium density Light Hardwood ranging from 0.37-0.52g/cm3 air-dry condition.

Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・論文博士
博士(農学)
乙第11684号
論農博第2567号
新制||農||915(附属図書館)
学位論文||H17||N4067(農学部図書室)
23497
UT51-2005-D602
(主査)教授 川井 秀一, 教授 小松 幸平, 教授 矢野 浩之
学位規則第4条第2項該当

The goal of thesis is an analyse of protective functions of fast-growing timber species and a set of theirs part in the total non-energic meaning. The meaning of these timber species is very wide. The analyse is focused on first of all ameliorative function, and on sinking of wind erosion impact, then on insulating function, containing appreciation of impact on sinking of noisiness and catch of dustiness in an environment, and sanitation function which is represented by the production of oxygen.

The aim of those thesis was an analysis of a off - producing function the fast - growing growths namely in the several standpoints. I deal with a prosecution of the fast - growing poplars in a theoretic part at first. Then I specifyed the three main functions the fast - growing timber species namely at an off - producing usage. It means a function ameliorative, sanitation, aesthetic, biological, produce and insulative here. Mostly I then attended to an water and windy erosion.

In this digital and computing world, data formation and collection rate are growing very rapidly. With these improved proficiencies of data storage and fast computation along with the real-time distribution of data through the internet, the usual everyday ingestion of data is mounting exponentially. With the continuous advancement in data storage and accessibility of smart devices, the impact of big data will continue to develop. This chapter provides the fundamental concepts of big data, its benefits, probable pitfalls, big data analytics and its impact in Bioinformatics. With the generation of the deluge of biological data through next generation sequencing projects, there is a need to handle this data trough big data techniques. The chapter also presents a discussion of the tools for analytics, development of a novel data life cycle on big data, details of the problems and challenges connected with big data with special relevance to bioinformatics.

In this digital and computing world, data formation and collection rate are growing very rapidly. With these improved proficiencies of data storage and fast computation along with the real-time distribution of data through the internet, the usual everyday ingestion of data is mounting exponentially. With the continuous advancement in data storage and accessibility of smart devices, the impact of big data will continue to develop. This chapter provides the fundamental concepts of big data, its benefits, probable pitfalls, big data analytics and its impact in Bioinformatics. With the generation of the deluge of biological data through next generation sequencing projects, there is a need to handle this data trough big data techniques. The chapter also presents a discussion of the tools for analytics, development of a novel data life cycle on big data, details of the problems and challenges connected with big data with special relevance to bioinformatics.

The development of information technology is particularly noticeable in the methods and techniques of data acquisition, high-performance computing, and bandwidth frequency. According to a newly observed phenomenon, called a storage low (Fayyad & Uthurusamy, 2002), the capacity of digital data storage is doubled every 9 months with respect to the price. Data can be stored in many forms of digital media, for example, still images taken by a digital camera, MP3 songs, or MPEG videos from desktops, cell phones, or video cameras. Such data exceeds the total cumulative handwriting and printing during all of recorded human history (Fayyad, 2001). According to current analysis carried out by IBM Almaden Research (Swierzowicz, 2002), data volumes are growing at different speeds. The fastest one is Internet-resource growth: It will achieve the digital online threshold of exabytes within a few years (Liautaud, 2001). In these fast-growing volumes of data environments, restrictions are connected with a human’s low data-complexity and dimensionality analysis. Investigations on combining different media data, multimedia, into one application have begun as early as the 1960s, when text and images were combined in a document. During the research and development process, audio, video, and animation were synchronized using a time line to specify when they should be played (Rowe & Jain, 2004). Since the middle 1990s, the problems of multimedia data capture, storage, transmission, and presentation have extensively been investigated. Over the past few years, research on multimedia standards (e.g., MPEG-4, X3D, MPEG-7) has continued to grow. These standards are adapted to represent very complex multimedia data sets; can transparently handle sound, images, videos, and 3-D (three-dimensional) objects combined with events, synchronization, and scripting languages; and can describe the content of any multimedia object. Different algorithms need to be used in multimedia distribution and multimedia database applications. An example is an image database that stores pictures of birds and a sound database that stores recordings of birds (Kossmann, 2000). The distributed query that asks for “top ten different kinds of birds that have black feathers and a high voice” is described there by Kossmann (2000, p.436).

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is a thin, aerobic, non-spore forming, slow-growing (doubling time twelve hours) non-motile rod-shaped bacteria, belonging to the family Mycobacteriaceae. Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex is made up of several species, including M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), M. africanum, M. canetii, M.caprae, M. microti, and others. Transmission is via inhalation of aerosolized respiratory secretions. After inhalation, majority of bacilli are captured in the upper respiratory tract by mucus and removed through a process called clearance, although bacteria in small droplets can reach the alveoli where the bacilli are ingested by macrophages. If clearance is not effective infection may result. With the involvement of CD4 lymphocytes, interferon-γ and tumour necrosis factor-α, a granuloma is formed, and bacilli may be destroyed. In many cases, the bacilli are not destroyed and can spread into lymphatics or via blood to other sites (any organs) where it can lie dormant for years. This asymptomatic situation is called latent TB infection (LTBI). It may reactivate in 10% of people throughout their lifetime; this increases with immunosuppression and HIV infection. The course of illness is chronic and indolent. However, rapid progression to fulminant disease may result if the host is immunocompromised. Pulmonary TB is the most common and important form of TB because it is the infectious form of the disease. In areas where reactivation predominates (like the UK), there is a higher proportion of extrapulmonary TB. Tuberculosis bacilli resist destaining with acid alcohol treatment hence the term. This retention is due to complexing of the carbolfuschin Ziehl-Neelsen stain with mycolic acids present in the waxy cell wall, including lipoarabinomannan (which facilitates survival in macrophages). Microscopy will diagnose TB in 80% of smear-positive patients with a first sputum sample, a further 15% with the second, and 5% with a third. In endemic areas finding acid-fast bacilli in sputum has a 98% specificity, but this is not the case in the UK, a low-prevalence setting, where atypical mycobacteria can have a similar prevalence. In the best settings only 60% of culture-positive patients are also sputum smear-positive as liquid culture, the gold standard, and most sensitive test.

Can we feed the world? Although the rate of increase is falling, the world’s population continues to grow at an explosive rate, doubling since the early 1960s. Fortunately, the quantity of food has increased even faster. The average human being in 2010 has 25 percent more food than in 1960 despite the huge increase in population. Although that’s an average figure, the proportion of humanity that is undernourished has also fallen. Extending and intensifying has improved our fate. But we have reached a point where not much more nature can be converted into farmland without serious negative impacts on other vital environmental services such as water catchments, carbon sequestrations, and conservation of biodiversity. A quarter of the world’s ice-free surface is already used for farming. So how can we increase food production to feed the increasing number of people as well as improve the nutrition of the millions who are still malnourished, especially in Africa? Pessimists regularly predict catastrophic food shortages. The specter of starvation can be traced back to the ideas of the English parson Thomas Malthus, who fretted about the population explosion he witnessed toward the end of the eighteenth century. A typical couple at the time had four children and sixteen grandchildren, which meant the population was growing exponentially. Malthus anxiously predicted a shortage of food, as he didn’t believe new farmland could be cleared fast enough to keep feeding all those extra mouths. Linear growth in the area under cultivation—and hence, the production of food—was the best that could be hoped for. Something would have to give, and Malthus was convinced that humanity would be stricken by genocidal war, plague, and other epidemics. Starvation on a massive scale would then restore the balance between population levels and food supply. Yet the catastrophe he predicted never came about. The world’s population continues to grow rapidly. Fortunately, the food supply has expanded even faster in most parts of the world. Overall, there is more than enough for all of us. The fact that shortages exist is a question of politics, communication, and knowledge transfer.

Today there is a rapidly growing interest in the use of ceramics for structural applications. In applying structural ceramics it is necessary to estimate the time dependent failure behavior of the material. An analytical method is required to utilize flexural fast fracture and stress rupture data to predict the time dependent behavior of complex structures. This paper proposes an empirical equation to correlate the data. The proposed equation is applied to flexural and spin disk data. The flexural data correlate reasonably well. The spin disk data correlate well if the assumption is made that the stress in the flexural stress rupture specimens of the data base are those of steady state creep.

Increased research into the chemistry, physics and material science of hydrogen cycling compounds has led to the rapid growth of solid-phase hydrogen-storage options. The operating conditions of these new options span a wide range: system temperature can be as low as 70K or over 600K, system pressure varies from less than 100kPa to 35MPa, and heat loads can be moderate or can be measured in megawatts. While the intense focus placed on storage materials has been appropriate, there is also a need for research in engineering, specifically in containment, heat transfer, and controls. The DOE’s recently proposed engineering center of expertise underscores the growing understanding that engineering research will play a role in the success of advanced hydrogen storage systems. Engineering a hydrogen system will minimally require containment of the storage media and control of the hydrogenation and dehydrogenation processes, but an elegant system design will compensate for the storage media’s weaker aspects and capitalize on its strengths. To achieve such a complete solution, the storage tank must be designed to work with the media, the vehicle packaging, the power-plant, and the power-plant’s control system. In some cases there are synergies available that increase the efficiency of both subsystems simultaneously. In addition, system designers will need to make the hard choices needed to convert a technically feasible concept into a commercially successful product. Materials cost, assembly cost, and end of life costs will all shape the final design of a viable hydrogen storage system. Once again there is a critical role for engineering research, in this case into lower cost and higher performance engineering materials. Each form of hydrogen storage has its own, unique, challenges and opportunities for the system designer. These differing requirements stem directly from the properties of the storage media. Aside from physical containment of compressed or liquefied hydrogen, most storage media can be assigned to one of four major categories, chemical storage, metal hydrides, complex hydrides, or physisorption. Specific needs of each technology are discussed below. Physisorption systems currently operate at 77K with very fast kinetics and good gravimetric capacity; and as such, special engineering challenges center on controlling heat transfer. Excellent MLVSI is available, its cost is high and it is not readily applied to complex shape in a mass manufacture setting. Additionally, while the heat of adsorption on most physisorbents is a relatively modest 6–10kJ/mol H2, this heat must be moved up a 200K gradient. Physisorpion systems are also challenged on density. Consequently, methods for reducing the cost of producing and assembling compact, high-quality insulation, tank design to minimize heat transfer while maintaining manufacturability, improved methods of heat transfer to and from the storage media, and controls to optimize filling are areas of profitable research. It may be noted that the first two areas would also contribute to improvement of liquid hydrogen tanks. Metal hydrides are currently nearest application in the form of high pressure metal hydride tanks because of their reduced volume relative to compressed gas tanks of the same capacity and pressure. These systems typically use simple pressure controls, and have enthalpies of roughly 20kJ/mol H2 and plateau pressures of at most a few MPa. During filling, temperatures must be high enough to ensure fast kinetics, but kept low enough that the thermodynamically set plateau pressure is well below the filling pressure. To accomplish this balance the heat transfer system must handle on the order of 300kW during the 5 minute fill of a 10kg tank. These systems are also challenged on mass and the cost of the media. High value areas for research include: heat transfer inside a 35MPa rated pressure vessel, light and strong tank construction materials with reduced cost, and metals or other materials that do not embrittle in the presence of high pressure hydrogen when operated below ∼400K. The latter two topics would also have a beneficial impact on compressed gas hydrogen storage systems, the current “system to beat”. Complex hydrides frequently have high hydrogen capacity but also an enthalpy of adsorption >30kJ/mol H2, a hydrogen release temperature >370K, and in many cases multiple steps of adsorption/desorption with slow kinetics in at least one of the steps. Most complex hydrides are thermal insulators in the hydrided form. From an engineering perspective, improved methods and designs for cost effective heat transfer to the storage media in a 5 to 10MPa vessel is of significant interest, as are materials that resist embrittlement at pressures below 10MPa and temperatures below 500K. Chemical hydrides produce heat when releasing hydrogen; in some systems this can be managed with air cooling of the reactor, but in other systems that may not be possible. In general, chemical hydrides must be removed from the vehicle and regenerated off-board. They are challenged on durability and recycling energy. Engineering research of interest in these systems centers around maintaining the spent fuel in a state suitable for rapid removal while minimizing system mass, and on developing highly efficient recycling plant designs that make the most of heat from exothermic steps. While the designs of each category of storage tank will differ with the material properties, two common engineering research thrusts stand out, heat transfer and structural materials. In addition, control strategies are important to all advanced storage systems, though they will vary significantly from system to system. Chemical systems need controls primarily to match hydrogen supply to power-plant demand, including shut down. High pressure metal hydride systems will need control during filling to maintain an appropriately low plateau pressure. Complex hydrides will need control for optimal filling and release of hydrogen from materials with multi-step reactions. Even the relatively simple compressed-gas tanks require control strategies during refill. Heat transfer systems will modulate performance and directly impact cost. While issues such as thermal conductivity may not be as great as anticipated, the heat transfer system still impacts gravimetric efficiency, volumetric efficiency and cost. These are three key factors to commercial viability, so any research that improves performance or reduces cost is important. Recent work in the DOE FreedomCAR program indicates that some 14% of the system mass may be attributed to heat transfer in complex hydride systems. If this system is made to withstand 100 bar at 450K the material cost will be a meaningful portion of the total tank cost. Improvements to the basic shell and tube structures that can reduce the total mass of heat transfer equipment while maintaining good global and local temperature control are needed. Reducing the mass and cost of the materials of construction would also benefit all systems. Much has been made of the need to reduce the cost of carbon fiber in compressed tanks and new processes are being investigated. Further progress is likely to benefit any composite tank, not just compressed gas tanks. In a like fashion, all tanks have metal parts. Today those parts are made from expensive alloys, such as A286. If other structural materials could be proven suitable for tank construction there would be a direct cost benefit to all tank systems. Finally there is a need to match the system to the storage material and the power-plant. Recent work has shown there are strong effects of material properties on system performance, not only because of the material, but also because the material properties drive the tank design to be more or less efficient. Filling of a hydride tank provides an excellent example. A five minute or less fill time is desirable. Hydrogen will be supplied as a gas, perhaps at a fixed pressure and temperature. The kinetics of the hydride will dictate how fast hydrogen can be absorbed, and the thermodynamics will determine if hydrogen can be absorbed at all; both properties are temperature dependent. The temperature will depend on how fast heat is generated by absorption and how fast heat can be added or removed by the system. If the design system and material properties are not both well suited to this filling scenario the actual amount of hydrogen stored could be significantly less than the capacity of the system. Controls may play an important role as well, by altering the coolant temperature and flow, and the gas temperature and pressure, a better fill is likely. Similar strategies have already been demonstrated for compressed gas systems. Matching system capabilities to power-plant needs is also important. Supplying the demanded fuel in transients and start up are obvious requirements that both the tank system and material must be design to meet. But there are opportunities too. If the power-plant heat can be used to release hydrogen, then the efficiency of vehicle increases greatly. This efficiency comes not only from preventing hydrogen losses from supplying heat to the media, but also from the power-plant cooling that occurs. To reap this benefit, it will be important to have elegant control strategies that avoid unwanted feedback between the power-plant and the fuel system. Hydrogen fueled vehicles are making tremendous strides, as can be seen by the number and increasing market readiness of vehicles in technology validation programs. Research that improves the effectiveness and reduces the costs of heat transfer systems, tank construction materials, and control systems will play a key role in preparing advanced hydrogen storage systems to be a part of this transportation revolution.