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Journal articles on the topic 'Fast-growing timber species'
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1
Icka, Pirro, Robert Damo, and Engjëllushe Icka. "Paulownia Tomentosa, a Fast Growing Timber." Annals ”Valahia” University of Targoviste - Agriculture 10, no. 1 (October 1, 2016): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/agr-2016-0003.
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Abstract The fast growing woody crops are a very important source for the generation of the bioenergetics biomass. Paulownia sp. Is a plant part of this group, and because of its fast growth, multiple values and high adaptability with climate conditions, is set recently in the centre of the intention. Paulownia is one of the fastest growing species in the world with low concentration of ash, sulphur and nitrogen and high calorific energy from its wood. It is considered as an energetic crop adequate for the production of the solid biocarburants and the bioethanol. The cultivation of the Paulownia because of the high absorption of CO2 from the air, to support the fast growth of the biomass, is considered as an effective mean to soften the climacteric changes. The plant is also considered as suitable to improve the abandoned lands when its cultivation is concentrated to the biomass production. The genus of Paulownia (Scrophulariaceae) is autochthones species of China and East Asia and as such is not found naturally in Albania. To study the regionalization possibilities of this species in the Korça climacteric conditions, aiming its cultivation according the fast growth coppice system were planted in 2014 in Cangonj (Devoll) 300 seedlings of P. tomentosa in a distance of 1 x 1 m. during the year 2015 were planted other 400 seedlings prepared with seeds. This article deals with the preliminary data of the regionalization performance of this high energetic value crop.
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RUNGE, TROY, CARL HOUTMAN, ALBERTO NEGRI, and JACKIE HEINRICHER. "Timber bamboo pulp." TAPPI Journal 12, no. 2 (March 1, 2013): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj12.2.9.
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Fast-growing biomass, such as bamboo, has the potential to serve an important future role in the pulp and paper industry with potential to both lower resource costs and improve a product’s sustainability. Moso bamboo is particularly interesting due to its fast growth and size, which allows it to be handled and chipped similarly to wood resources. In this study, we will share results of the chip preparation, kraft cooking, and ECF bleaching of this bamboo species and compare its pulpability, bleachability, and physical properties to a fast growing hybrid poplar tree. Results indicate that the bamboo chips cooked and bleached similarly to the poplar hardwood, allowing for co-cooking. The resulting pulps had superior tensile properties at low refining, but did have higher fines that lowered drainability as measured by Canadian Standard Freeness. The bamboo fiber morphology was also measured, indicating the fiber to have length weighted average fiber lengths and coarseness values to be greater than the poplar wood studied, which should allow this material to be used in many paper grades.
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Ismaili, Gaddafi, Khairul Khuzaimah Abdul Rahim, Alik Duju, Iskanda Openg, and Zurina Ismaili. "Strength Classification of Aras as Fast-Growing Indigenous Species Timber in Sarawak." Applied Mechanics and Materials 695 (November 2014): 617–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.695.617.
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Strength properties’ tests are conducted in the form of small clear sample. This paper aimed to acquire the strength group of fast-growing indigenous species of Aras and exotic species of Acacia mangium. Thus, the information of strength properties of species is acquired from strength property's test at green and air-dry conditions. The required information namely, bending parallel to grain, compression stress parallel to grain, shear parallel to grain and modulus of elasticity. The ultimate stresses obtained from strength properties of the species is to be converted into basic and grade stresses to determine the strength group of the species based on MS 544: Part 2 (2001). The results from the study indicated that, Acacia mangium classified under strength group SG5, whilst Aras was classified under strength group SG7. The timber is classified as medium density of Light Hardwood ranging from 0.37-0.52 g/cm3 at air-dry condition.
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Hegde, Nagaraj, Suresh Kumar, Kenyusinlo Khing, and Gopichand B. "Evaluation of Wood Quality of Underutilized Indigenous Timber Species for Reducing Timber Scarcity: A Case of Mizoram, North-East India." Science & Technology Journal 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.22232/stj.2021.09.01.07.
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Timber demand and supply gap has widened over the last few decades across different regions of the world. Indian scenario is no different. In the last decade though India’s forest cover has increased at a very slow pace, in north eastern part of India, there is a loss of forest cover at an alarming rate. This is a cause of concern for this region which is already depending only on handful of quality timbers for the structural and commercial purposes. Under this scenario, few alternative options should be looked at like exploring promising indigenous fast-growing species, or exploring some lesser-known timber species available naturally in the forest. Therefore, wood quality parameters of such timber species should be tested so as to know the specific utility of these timbers. In this study of Mizoram, wood quality parameters of five underutilized timber species were assessed and three out of five species have shown considerable quality as compared to Teak and many other mainstream species. Few selected properties are highlighted in this paper to indicate possible utility of selected species to reduce the gap in demand and supply of wood as raw material. We focused mainly on anatomical properties, gross features and cell constituents of these species in this paper. The properties observed for lesser-known species are compared with twenty Indian mainstream timbers. The results have indicated that there is a need for further expanding the scope for exploring more such species so that timber requirement of the region is meted out.
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Li, He, and Guo Ying Zhou. "Several Important Diseases of Chinese Fir Plantations and their Control Measures." Key Engineering Materials 480-481 (June 2011): 727–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.480-481.727.
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Chinese fir (Cunninghamia Lanceolata) is a unique fast growing merchantable timber species in China with good materials, and is a major fast growing timber species in provinces of southern China. With the increase in Chinese fir plantation areas and the improvement in the degree of pure forests, the diseases of Chinese fir are increasing and their damages are getting worse, which have caused great losses and affected the sustainable, rapid and healthy development of forestry in China. This article gives a description of pathogenies, symptoms and occurrence regularities of four important diseases of Chinese fir, including Glomerella cingulata, Pestalotia Sp., Pseudomonas cunninghamiae and Chlorosis, and puts forward the corresponding control measures of these diseases, which provides an important basis for disease control of Chinese fir plantations.
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Xu, Wei, Zhi Hui Wu, and Yuan Yuan Zou. "Development and Application of High-Valued Wood Products Made of Fast-Growing Poplar." Advanced Materials Research 311-313 (August 2011): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.311-313.117.
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In recent years, wood of greatly value are decreasing continuously. However, the percentage of low-grade wood or fast-growing species are increasing. The utilization of fast-growing species is one of the significant themes of investigation in wood industry. Fast-growing poplar (southern type poplar) which have been planted successfully and grown over a wide area in China are well known as famous fast-growing species of the most important commercial trees and industrial timber. In this paper, the distributions of plantation resources and methods of industrial utilization of fast-growing poplar in China were analyzed, respectively. High-valued wood products made of fast-growing poplar will be an inevitable trend in wood industry, including wood-based panel, engineered wood, solid wood door, curved laminated veneer lumber, and wood floor, in the 21st century. In this paper, varieties of poplar products inclued poplar composites board, poplar floor, poplar technological door, curved laminated veneer poplar molding components and poplar scientific wood were introduced. On the basis of research and application, the author emphatically analyzed multi-layer wood floorings made of fast-growing poplar veneer and MDF, curved furniture components made of poplar veneer, sofa frame maed from poplar composites board.
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Peng, Zhenhua, Ying Lu, Lubin Li, Qiang Zhao, Qi Feng, Zhimin Gao, Hengyun Lu, et al. "The draft genome of the fast-growing non-timber forest species moso bamboo (Phyllostachys heterocycla)." Nature Genetics 45, no. 4 (February 24, 2013): 456–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng.2569.
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Tang, Jiang-Qu, Xiao-Feng Zhang, Zhi-Xin Zhu, and Hua-Feng Wang. "Complete plastome sequence of Macaranga tanarius (L.) Muell. Arg. (Euphorbiaceae): a fast-growing timber species." Mitochondrial DNA Part B 6, no. 3 (March 4, 2021): 929–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23802359.2021.1888332.
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Corpataux, Laurent, Shinya Okuda, and Harn Wei Kua. "Panel and plate properties of Cross-laminated timber (CLT) with tropical fast-growing timber species in compliance with Eurocode 5." Construction and Building Materials 261 (November 2020): 119672. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119672.
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Ismaili, Gaddafi, Badorul Hisham Abu Bakar, and Khairul Khuzaimah Abdul Rahim. "Basic and Grade Stress for Some Timber in Sarawak." Journal of Civil Engineering, Science and Technology 2, no. 2 (December 1, 2011): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33736/jcest.92.2011.
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Strength properties’ tests are conducted in the small clear sample. This paper aim to acquire the basic and grade stresses of some fast growing species thus identifies its strength group. Thus, the information of wood properties from different species and condition are acquired from strength property's test. The required information namely, bending parallel to the grain, compression stress parallel to grain, shear parallel to grain and modulus of elasticity. The condition of the trees which is referred to green and air-dry condition. Three different species which are referred to exotic species of Acacia mangium and indigenous species of Aras. The results from the study indicated that, Acacia mangium classified under the strength group SG5, whilst Aras was classified under the strength group SG7. The timber is of medium density Light Hardwood ranging from 0.37-0.52g/cm3 air-dry condition.
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Rescalvo, Francisco J., Cristian Timbolmas, Rafael Bravo, and Antolino Gallego. "Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Mixed I-214 Poplar/Pinus Sylvestris Laminated Timber Subjected to Bending Loadings." Materials 13, no. 14 (July 14, 2020): 3134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13143134.
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The structural use of timber coming from fast growing and low-grade species such as poplar is one of the current challenges in the wood value chains, through the development of engineering products. In this work, a qualitative comparison of the behavior of mixed glued laminated timber made of pine in their outer layers and of poplar in their inner layers is shown and discussed. Single-species poplar and pine laminated timber have been used as control layouts. The investigation includes destructive four-point bending tests and three non-destructive methodologies: finite elements numerical model; semi-analytical model based on the Parallel Axes theorem and acoustic resonance testing. An excellent agreement between experimental and numerical results is obtained. Although few number of samples have been tested, the results indicate that the use of poplar as a low-grade species in the inner layers of the laminated timber can be a promising technology to decrease the weight of the timber maintaining the good mechanical properties of pine. Likewise, the need for the use of the shear modulus in both experimental measurements and numerical analysis is suggested, as well as the need to reformulate the vibration methodology for non-destructive grading in the case of mixed timber.
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Chin, K. L., P. S. H’ng, E. W. Chai, B. T. Tey, M. J. Chin, M. T. Paridah, A. C. Luqman, and M. Maminski. "Fuel Characteristics of Solid Biofuel Derived from Oil Palm Biomass and Fast Growing Timber Species in Malaysia." BioEnergy Research 6, no. 1 (July 3, 2012): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12155-012-9232-0.
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Seco, J. I. Fernandez-Golfin, and M. R. Diez Barra. "Growth rate as a predictor of density and mechanical quality of sawn timber from fast growing species." Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff 54, no. 3 (May 1996): 171–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001070050161.
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DIAS, K. B., and R. M. BARREIROS. "PRESERVATIVES FOR RAPID GROWTH TIMBER - A REVIEW." Periódico Tchê Química 15, no. 30 (August 20, 2018): 241–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v15.n30.2018.244_periodico30_pgs_241_251.pdf.
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The shortage of species that are resistant to biological deterioration has forced man to use less durable, mainly fast-growing, reforestations, such as some species of Eucalyptus and Pinus. These species have moderate or no resistance to the attack of biological agents and require condoms. The decomposition of wood and other cellulosic materials by fungi causes significant economic loss. Until recently, the most widely used wood preservative was chromium copper arsenate (CCA). However, the use of CCA in the treatment of wood has been banned for more than a decade because of issues raised regarding the environmental impact and safety of arsenic and chromium. As CCA replacements, arsenic-free and chrome-free wood preservatives are sought. Thus, the aim of research has been to develop environmentally correct and effective products against the attack of biodeteriorating agents. This article reviews the alternatives you have searched for. The search for alternatives to current condoms has been efficient, but not effective, that is, a viable alternative to existing products has not yet been found. Based on several studies, the demand for a preservative for wood can be divided into extractives of plants and by-products of processes.
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Bodnar, Akos. "Feeding Experiences of Paulownia Spp . Leaves: Potential Forage Source for Domestic Animals." International Journal of Zoology and Animal Biology 3, no. 1 (2020): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/izab-16000212.
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Paulownia spp . is a very adaptable, fast growing and multi-purpose agroforestry tree. This species is a genus of Asian hardwood trees which have been cultivated there for the past 3000 years. They are native to much of China, south to northern Laos and Vietnam, and long cultivated elsewhere in eastern Asia, notably in Japan and Korea. Paulownia plays a very critical role in providing timber, fuel wood, fodder and food in many countries of the World. Besides its fast-growing nature and several utilization opportunities, Paulownia leaves have similar feeding value to other forage crops. Due to previous studies, it has been reported that Paulownia leaves are suitable for feeding to domestic animals.
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Gailis, Arnis, Annija Kārkliņa, Andis Purviņš, Roberts Matisons, Pauls Zeltiņš, and Āris Jansons. "Effect of Breeding on Income at First Commercial Thinning in Silver Birch Plantations." Forests 11, no. 3 (March 15, 2020): 327. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11030327.
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The economic importance of fast-growing tree species like silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) is increasing due to growing demand for timber. Tree breeding provides the opportunity to increase the timber supply and thus ensure the most efficient use of forest land. Application of the results of a breeding program—the planting of young stands—is costly, and information on (potential) early income for the landowner from this investment is scarce. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize the gain from the use of improved silver birch material at the first commercial thinning. Material was collected from an open-pollinated progeny trial of 524 silver birch plus-trees at the age of 14 years in the central part of Latvia. Incomes from the first thinning were calculated at low and high timber prices. Heritability of growth traits (assessed as diameter at breast height) and timber value at first thinning were similar. Both timber market fluctuations and genetics had a notable impact on economic outcome: the internal rate of return for the selected best-performing families was 9.4% and 8.3% in the case of high and low timber prices, respectively; on average, for all families in the trial the figures were 8.1% and 6.7%, respectively. Results indicate profitability for investments in planting of improved regeneration material, even at a young age, in hemiboreal forests.
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Longui, Eduardo Luiz, Rhayssa Almeida Justo, Erick Phelipe Amorim, Adriano Wagner Ballarin, Miguel Luiz Menezes de Freitas, Fábio Minoru Yamaji, Francides Gomes da Silva Júnior, Damase Khasa, José Cambuim, and Mario Luiz Teixeira de Moraes. "Comparison between growth performance in two silvopastoral systems comprising trees, short-lived perennial shrub, a forage, and livestock)." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 10 (August 5, 2021): e43101018318. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i10.18318.
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We aim to determine the growth performance of two 20-year-old silvopastoral systems comprising two timber trees, a palm tree), a short-lived perennial shrub, a forage and livestock; and to investigate fibre features and certain physical and mechanical properties of two timber trees (Myracrodruon urundeuva and Peltophorum dubium) in two plantation systems. The first system is called MP with two timber trees and the second one is called MPS with two timbers and a palm tree. The studied systems showed that it was possible to successfully combine fast-growing species, animals, forage and woody tree species, with a production cycle of more than 50 years of different goods and services (e.g., ornamentals, palm hearts, landscaping, fruits, seeds, bee pasture, meat, and wood). The height, diameter and volume for M. urundeuva trees in the MP system were greater than in the MPS system, whereas no difference between the systems was observed for P. dubium. By comparison, the growth and volume in P. dubium were greater than in M. urundeuva. For wood properties, it was shown that both systems can be used successfully, but the MPS system performed better than the MP system, in the aim of wood production of high mechanical strength and calorific value. In addition, the MPS intercropping system can yield more goods and services than the MP system, both systems bring returns with short-term (bean seed, forage, pasture), medium-term (forage, palm products, pasture, wood), and long-term (wood) financial returns.
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Sarsekova, Dani. "GROWTH AND PRODUCTIVITY OF POPLAR SPECIES IN SOUTHEASTERN KAZAKHSTAN." CBU International Conference Proceedings 3 (September 19, 2015): 511–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/cbup.v3.646.
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A small area of forestation and an acute shortage of timber are reasons to seek ways to improve productivity and the rational use of forests in the territory of Kazakhstan. A deficit in timber can be compensated, to some extent, by planting stands of fast-growing plantation species, including top and hybrid Populus spp, which are commonly referred to as “poplar”.There is an increased interest in poplar, globally, due to its organic traits and the economic value it provides, including:rapid growth and ability to produce wood that is technically suitable for cutting within 20 years of planting;a source of suitable timber for use in most industries;the ability to grow in soils that are not generally suitable for agricultural use;a potential source of timber for widespread use in screening, landscape and recreational plantings; andthe ability of most poplar species and hybrids to asexually propagate.There has been extensive planting of poplar trees in Kazakhstan, especially in the south and south-east. Poplar trees have been planted in populated areas, along roads and in forest stands. However, these plantings are unsuitable as a source of timber for commercial or ornamental purposes. Hence, there is a need to establish plantations of poplar for timber supply in Kazakhstan.The most common types of poplar in this country are the deltoid, Algerian, and Bolle, which were used in the extensive greenery planting of southeastern Kazakhstan. The main factors ensuring high productivity of poplar plantations are the soil conditions of fertility, good aeration and adequate moisture. Results of this study indicate that the greatest height increase occurs in these trees between the age of 5 and 10 years, and for trunk diameter, between the age of 4 and 9 years. After this age, the growth rate gradual declines, with a sharp fall off in the rate noticeable between years 14 and 16. Additionally, results of this study show the high productivity of poplar plantations, in plot sizes 2.5 to 3 m by 1.5 to 2 m, with 2000 – 3000 trees per hectare. This compares with the production of timber mass from stands of 5000 – 7000 trunks per hectare, which leads to rapid growth of trees in height, but an earlier growth reduction in diameter.
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Opazo-Vega, Alexander, Víctor Rosales-Garcés, and Claudio Oyarzo-Vera. "Non-Destructive Assessment of the Dynamic Elasticity Modulus of Eucalyptus nitens Timber Boards." Materials 14, no. 2 (January 7, 2021): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14020269.
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Eucalyptus nitens is a fast-growing wood species with a relevant presence in countries like Australia and Chile. The sustainable construction goals have driven the search of structural applications for Eucalyptus nitens; however, this process has been complicated due to the defects usually presented in these timber boards. This study aims to evaluate the dynamic elasticity modulus (Exd) of Eucalyptus nitens timber boards through non-destructive vibration-based tests. Thirty-six timber boards with different levels of knots and cracks were instrumented and tested in a simply supported condition by measuring longitudinal and transverse vibrations. In the first stage, the Exd was calculated globally through simplified normative formulas. Then, in a second stage, the local variability of the Exd was estimated using operational modal analysis (OMA), finite element numerical simulations (FEM), and regional sensitivity analysis (RSA). The positive correlation found between the global static modulus of elasticity and Exd suggests that non-destructive techniques could be used as a reliable and fast alternative for the assessment of bending stiffness. Finally, the proposed method to estimate the local variability of Exdt based on the combination of OMA, FEM, and RSA techniques was useful to improve the structural selection process of timber boards for lightweight social housing floors.
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Opazo-Vega, Alexander, Víctor Rosales-Garcés, and Claudio Oyarzo-Vera. "Non-Destructive Assessment of the Dynamic Elasticity Modulus of Eucalyptus nitens Timber Boards." Materials 14, no. 2 (January 7, 2021): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14020269.
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Eucalyptus nitens is a fast-growing wood species with a relevant presence in countries like Australia and Chile. The sustainable construction goals have driven the search of structural applications for Eucalyptus nitens; however, this process has been complicated due to the defects usually presented in these timber boards. This study aims to evaluate the dynamic elasticity modulus (Exd) of Eucalyptus nitens timber boards through non-destructive vibration-based tests. Thirty-six timber boards with different levels of knots and cracks were instrumented and tested in a simply supported condition by measuring longitudinal and transverse vibrations. In the first stage, the Exd was calculated globally through simplified normative formulas. Then, in a second stage, the local variability of the Exd was estimated using operational modal analysis (OMA), finite element numerical simulations (FEM), and regional sensitivity analysis (RSA). The positive correlation found between the global static modulus of elasticity and Exd suggests that non-destructive techniques could be used as a reliable and fast alternative for the assessment of bending stiffness. Finally, the proposed method to estimate the local variability of Exdt based on the combination of OMA, FEM, and RSA techniques was useful to improve the structural selection process of timber boards for lightweight social housing floors.
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HANEDA, NOOR FARIKHAH, ICHMA YELDHA RETMADHONA, DODI NANDIKA, and ARINANA ARINANA. "Biodiversity of subterranean termites on the Acacia crassicarpa plantation." Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 18, no. 4 (October 7, 2017): 1657–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d180445.
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Haneda NF, Retmadhona IY, Nandika D, Arinana. 2017. Biodiversity of subterranean termites on the Acacia crassicarpa plantation. Biodiversitas 18: 1657-1662. The development of industrial plantation forests is one of the efforts to meet the needs of raw material of processing industry of timber forest products. In the last 15 years, the development of industrial plantation forest has grown rapidly. Plant species widely developed is fast-growing plants (fast growing trees) such as Acacia crassicarpa Cunn ex Benth. However, A. crassicarpa has a low resistance against pests, evidenced by the presence of subterranean termites attack occurred in the industrial plantation forest of A. crassicarpa. This aim of the study is to determine the diversity of subterranean termites in plantation forest of A. crassicarpa. Two methods used for data collection: baiting system and survey. Five species of subterranean termites found on sample paths were Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren, C. gestroi Wasmann, Schedorhinotermes javanicus Kemner, Longipeditermes longipes Haviland, and Pericapritermes mohri Kemner. These species can be distinguished from the morphology of the mandible. Coptotermes is most commonly found Genus in study plots.
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Cornelius, Jonathan P., Roger Pinedo-Ramírez, Carmen Sotelo Montes, L. Julio Ugarte-Guerra, and John C. Weber. "Efficiency of early selection in Calycophyllum spruceanum and Guazuma crinita, two fast-growing timber species of the Peruvian Amazon." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 48, no. 5 (May 2018): 517–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2017-0407.
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Chin, K. L., P. S. H'ng, M. T. Paridah, K. Szymona, M. Maminski, S. H. Lee, W. C. Lum, M. Y. Nurliyana, M. J. Chow, and W. Z. Go. "Reducing ash related operation problems of fast growing timber species and oil palm biomass for combustion applications using leaching techniques." Energy 90 (October 2015): 622–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2015.07.094.
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Gao, Zhen Zhong, Yuan Zhu, Xiao Jing Wang, Yan Lin, Xiao Bo Wang, and Jin Sun. "Study on the Chemical Properties of Toona Ciliate." Applied Mechanics and Materials 94-96 (September 2011): 759–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.94-96.759.
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Toona ciliata, fast-growing timber species, located in the tropical and subtropical region. In order to explore how to make better use of Toona ciliate, its chemical composition was investigated in this paper. The results show that: Cold water extractive was 1.02%. Hot water extractive was 3.39%. 1% sodium hydroxide extractive was 15.45%. Ethanol-benzene extractive was 1.53%. Content of cellulose was 48.35%. Content of acid-insoluble lignin was 24.92%. Content of holocellulose was 76.45%. Content of hemicellulose was 28.1%. pH value of wood was 6.33. Through comparing with other species, high content of cellulose and low content of extractive suggested that Toona ciliate was ideal material for pulping and board making.
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Seidi Demarchi Mikami, Adriano, and Larissa Queiroz Minillo. "ANÁLISE DO COMPORTAMENTO DE PEÇAS ESTRUTURAIS DE MADEIRA LAMINADA COLADA COM RESINA POLI-URETANA SUBMETIDAS À COMPRESSÃO AXIAL." COLLOQUIUM EXACTARUM 10, Especial (December 1, 2018): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5747/ce.2018.v10.nesp.000160.
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The interest in replacing native wood with fast growing reforestation wood is recurrent, aiming at larger quantities of material in less time with no losses in its resistive properties. This paper consists in comparing the behavior of in natura structural timber parts with glued laminated timber, made with polyurethane resin based on castor oil, with regard to the resistance to axial compression. The assembly process of these pieces aims to achieve a similar or even superior resistance to the solid ones, considering that the MLC method allows the construction of structural pieces of many sizes and formats using different pieces of wood. Two this end, two species of wood, Pinus and Eucalyptus will be compared. The polyurethane resin, manufactured by the company Imperveg, was used in the process of glueing the stacks together. Evaluations will be performed according to NBR7190 (1997) aiming to characterize the physical and mechanical properties of the pieces and the results obtained will be submitted to statistical analysis by the Anova method.
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Cary, Geoffrey J., Wade Blanchard, Claire N. Foster, and David B. Lindenmayer. "Effects of altered fire intervals on critical timber production and conservation values." International Journal of Wildland Fire 30, no. 5 (2021): 322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf20129.
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Forests exhibit thresholds in disturbance intervals that influence sustainability of production and natural values including sawlog production, species existence and habitat attributes. Fire is a key disturbance agent in temperate forests and frequency of fire is increasing, threatening sustainability of these forest values. We used mechanistically diverse, theoretical fire interval distributions for mountain ash forest in Victoria, Australia, in the recent past and future to estimate the probability of realising: (i) minimum sawlog harvesting rotation time; (ii) canopy species maturation; and (iii) adequate habitat hollows for fauna. The likelihood of realising fire intervals exceeding these key stand age thresholds diminishes markedly for the future fire regime compared with the recent past. For example, we estimate that only one in five future fire intervals will be sufficiently long (~80 years) to grow sawlogs in this forest type, and that the probability of forests developing adequate habitat hollows (~180 years) could be as low as 0.03 (3% of fire intervals). Therefore, there is a need to rethink where sawlogs can be sourced sustainably, such as from fast-growing plantations that can be harvested and then regrown rapidly, and to reserve large areas of existing 80-year-old forest from timber harvesting.
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Chen, Hong, Zhongsheng He, Wei Hong, and Jinfu Liu. "An Assessment of Stumpage Price and the Price Index of Chinese Fir Timber Forests in Southern China Using a Hedonic Price Model." Forests 11, no. 4 (April 12, 2020): 436. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11040436.
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Research Highlights: Stumpage price is the most important factor affecting the value of forests. Therefore, an understanding of the factors affecting stumpage prices and trends is critical for effective forest management. Background and Objectives: Chinese fir is the most important fast-growing timber species in China, it is also the tree species with the largest trading volume in the stumpage markets of Southern China. The aim of this study was to analyze the determinants and trends of stumpage prices for Chinese fir timber forests. Materials and Methods: Data on 928 sales of Chinese fir timber forests transacted between 2007 and 2016 were gathered from the stumpage markets in Southern China. We analyzed the relationship between stumpage prices and sales characteristics using the hedonic price method (HPM) and measured the stumpage price index with a dummy time hedonic index. Results: (1) The double logarithmic form of the HPM yielded a more accurate estimate than the semi logarithmic form. The R2ad values in the nine annual prediction models were all above 80%. Stock volume made the greatest contribution to stumpage price, followed by stand age. Stand area had no significant impact on the stumpage price. (2) Stumpage prices of Chinese fir timber forests fluctuated greatly, especially in 2010 and 2015 when the sequential price indexes were 180.01% and 74.95%, respectively. Taking 2007 as the baseline, we calculated the base price index in 2016 to be 197%, with an average annual growth rate of 7.82%. (3) The stumpage market was associated with a higher degree of risk than the timber market. Conclusions: Our findings provide valuable inputs that can guide and facilitate the Chinese government’s efforts to optimize resource allocation and standardize the stumpage market.
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Horvat, Gabrijel, and Jozo Franjić. "Invazivne biljke kalničkih šuma." Šumarski list 140, no. 1-2 (February 29, 2016): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.31298/sl.140.1-2.6.
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This paper presents an invasive plant species that occur in the forests of Kalnik. It also presents the state of the distribution and their impact on forests of Kalnik. A total of 14 invasive species in the forests of Kalnik and these are – Acer negundo L., Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle, Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., Amorpha fruticosa L., Asclepias syriaca L., Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist, Echinocystis lobata (Michx.) Torr. et Gray, Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers., Impatiens glandulifera Royle, Juncus tenuis Willd.), Phytolacca americana L., Reynoutria japonica Houtt., Robinia pseudoacacia L., Solidago gigantea Aiton. Alochtonous vegetation is not only inevitable, but it also appears to be a constant future challenge in the globalizing world which communicates on all levels with every means possible. Its influence should not by any means be marginalized. Its importance and influence is not completely negative and there are possible benefits and dangers which should be controlled by the preventive measures and physical regulation. The most important species in Kalnik forest vegetation is definitely acacia. It is especially important for private forest lands where acacia tree has become very popular because of its characteristics as a fast growing tree species without any special requirements with relation to growth and it gives fast results concerning timber and firewood. Private lots are usually very small and fragmented. There is a growing need for timber, therefore the trees are grown extensively, from stumps and roots. Other woody species still do not pose a serious threat in economical or biological sense. The impact of herbaceous plants differs in various areas. The most problematic issues for the forestersare thick layers of unwanted specieswhich grow in young forest stands or in forests in the phase of restorationwhere these unwanted speciesinvasively compete with autochthonous species. In biological sense, invasive species pose a constant threat not only to domestic vegetation and biodiversity, but also to human health. We should also mention apiculture, a very important and well developed activity on Kalnik. Above mentioned species are very important and interesting for apiculture as a type of rich bee pasturage. Apiculture in this area depends on acacia pasturage and it is one of very important reasons for growing acacia tree. Other tree species are also valuable for bee pasturage, especially late in autumn when there is no other bee pasturage available and they are mostly species which blossom in autumn and represent a valuable source of pollen (Japanese Knotweed, Prickly cucumber and European goldenrod). Generally speaking, the biggest responsibility for possible consequences of invasive plant species to the vegetation of Kalnik lies on foresters who have to recognize and monitor the appearance of invasive species, especially in state forest lands where they grow and directly influence their composition and state.
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Zaiton, Samdin, Mohd Razali Sheriza, Rosman Ainishifaa, Khaw Alfred, and Kamaruddin Norfaryanti. "Eucalyptus in Malaysia: Review on Environmental Impacts." Journal of Landscape Ecology 13, no. 2 (September 1, 2020): 79–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jlecol-2020-0011.
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AbstractDevelopment of forest plantation is mainly intended to provide income opportunity and to ensure the improvement of the socioeconomics of society. Sabah Softwood Berhad (SSB) is one of the private companies that pioneered the development and commercialization of fast growing timber species and forest plantation. The Eucalyptus plantation in SSB was initiated in response to the emergence of fungal disease that implicated the environment. Nevertheless, the impacts of plantation to the environment regarding water use, soil erosion, nutrient loss, pest and disease, biodiversity, soil quality and hydrology are reviewed. The disputes among various scientists over the physiological and plantation aspects of Eucalyptus, especially their implication towards the environment are also discussed. This paper aims to present information on the impacts posed by the Eucalyptus plantation that will guide the planters and policy makers in facilitating a management plan to mitigate the impacts of this species to the environment.
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Cao, Huimin, Jianxiong Lyu, Yongdong Zhou, and Xin Gao. "The Study of Bound Water Status and Pore Size Distribution of Chinese Fir and Poplar Cell Wall by Low-Field NMR." International Journal of Polymer Science 2021 (August 26, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/4954837.
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With the increasing shortage of timber resources and the advancement of environmental protection projects, many artificial fast-growing forests are planted and used as raw materials in China. There are significant differences in the properties of natural forest wood and artificial fast-growing forest wood, and the properties of wood mainly depend on the change in the status of bound water in the cell wall. In this study, the fiber saturation point (FSP) and pore size distributions within the cell wall of six species of fast-growing forest wood were studied by low-temperature nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technology. The effects of species, growth rings, and extractives on the FSP and pore structure were analyzed. The water vapor sorption experiments were performed, and the adsorption isotherms of the samples were fitted through the Guggenheim-Anderson-de Boer (GAB) equation. According to the least-square regression of the adsorption isotherms and combined with the low-temperature NMR experiments, the content and proportion of the different types of bound water were analyzed. The results showed that the average FSP of each Chinese fir was about 40% and that of each poplar was about 35%. There is about a 10% difference between the FSP measured by NMR technology and the adsorption bound water content obtained by adsorption isothermal. The pore size distribution results show that in all samples, the proportion of pores larger than 10.5 nm is very low, about 10%; the proportion of 1.92-10.5 nm pores is about 30%; and the proportion of pores smaller than 1.92nm is more than 50%. This work will be helpful to the study of the wood moisture status and provide reference data for wood modification.
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Ju, Shuming, Delan Xu, Cuiying Zhan, Lingzhen Ji, Tingchao Yin, Zhenglei Li, and Zhongqin Lu. "Influence of Paclobutrazol on the Growth and Photosynthesis of Sequoia sempervirens Seedlings." Journal of Horticultural Research 27, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/johr-2019-0003.
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Abstract Paclobutrazol (PAC), as a commonly used plant regulator, has the important function of improving the plant’s stress resistance. Sequoia sempervirens Endl. is a large caliber, fast-growing timber species and one of the world’s five major landscaping tree species. This study researched the effects of spraying PAC on the growth and photosynthetic activity of S. sempervirens seedlings. The results showed the plant height and the plant crown diameter were decreased significantly with the increase in PAC concentration (500 – 3,000 mg·dm−3). However, the ground shoot diameter, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, inter-cellular CO2 concentration, transpiration rate, actual photochemical quantum yield, and photosynthetic electron transport rate all showed the trend of increasing first reaching the maximum at 2,000 mg·dm−3 and then decreased. Water use efficiency showed the opposite trend. Spraying 2 times was better than once. The conclusion suggests that PAC can protect the photosynthetic activity and improve the resistance of S. sempervirens seedlings under natural cooling and draught in autumn and winter.
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Small, Christine J., and Brian C. McCarthy. "Seed Bank Variation under Contrasting Site Quality Conditions in Mixed Oak Forests of Southeastern Ohio, USA." International Journal of Forestry Research 2010 (2010): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/419482.
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Seed bank composition was sampled in 192–2.5 m2quadrats, established in six regenerating clearcut (∼7 years) and six second-growth (∼125 years) mixed-oak forest stands in southeastern Ohio. Seed bank and aboveground composition diverged markedly (Sørensen's coefficient <10%), emphasizing the importance of fast-growing, early-successional germinants to early ecosystem recovery. Seed richness was significantly (P<.01) higher in clearcut stands, suggesting declining richness with stand age. Richness estimations 28%–60% higher than observed values demonstrated high seed bank heterogeneity, emphasizing the need for intensive sampling to assess temperate forest seed bank variation. Site quality (topographic aspect) strongly influenced seed bank composition, with greater importance of early-successional trees, thicket-forming shrubs, and nonnative species on mesic sites. Thus, forest seed banks are likely to play an important, site-dependent role in shaping competitive environments for commercially important timber species after harvesting and soil disturbance and have the potential for marked influence on postharvest forest development.
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Bemmann, Albrecht, Jürgen Pretzsch, and Andreas Schulte. "Baumplantagen weltweit – eine Übersicht | Tree plantations worldwide – an overview." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 159, no. 6 (June 1, 2008): 124–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2008.0124.
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With increasing population density and industrialization, plantations with various, fast growing tree species have been established in countries where timber resources of primary and secondary forests did not cover the needed supply for the timber industry. Today, tree plantations cover an area of approximately 137 m ha, which equals 3.5% of the worldwide forest area. Dominating tree species are conifers of the genera Pinus (28%), Cunning-hamia (9%), Larix (5%) and Picea (4%) as well as deciduous trees of the genera Eucalyptus (6%), Populus (5%) and Acacia (5%). Since the demand for wood is increasing, many countries such as China, India, Thailand and |apan aim to increase their forest area by the use of plantations. This will lead to an increased competition between the cultivation of crops and the cultivation of biomass for energy and material recovery. In Europe, economic factors such as the price for land will decide how agriculture and forest areas will be managed in the future. Based on ecological factors such as biodiversity, soil erosion and C-sequestering, national standards will also influence this management. In the 1970s, the first boom of plantations was coined by numerous problems and undesirable developments. Since then however, new knowledge has been gained. As a benefit, the current multi-disciplinary management methods allow plantations to be ecological and socially acceptable.
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Breidenbach, Natalie, Oliver Gailing, and Konstantin V. Krutovsky. "Genetic structure of coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens [D. Don] Endl.) populations in and outside of the natural distribution range based on nuclear and chloroplast microsatellite markers." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 11, 2020): e0243556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243556.
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Coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) naturally growing in southern Oregon and northern California is one of the few conifer tree species that are polyploid. Despite its unique ecological and economic importance, its population genetic structure is still insufficiently studied. To obtain additional data on its population genetic structure we genotyped 317 samples collected from populations in California (data set C) and 144 trees growing in a provenance trial in France (data set F) using 12 nuclear (five random nuclear genomic nSSRs and seven expressed sequence tag EST-SSRs) and six chloroplast (cpSSRs) microsatellite or simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, respectively. These data sets were also used as reference to infer the origin of 147 coast redwood trees growing in Germany (data set G). Coast redwood was introduced to Europe, including Germany as an ornamental species, decades ago. Due to its fast growth and high timber quality, it could be considered as a potential commercial timber species, especially in perspective to climate warming that makes more regions in Germany suitable for its growing. The well performing trees in colder Germany could be potential frost resistant genotypes, but their genetic properties and origin are mostly unknown. Within the natural range in southern Oregon and northern California, only two relatively weak clusters were identified, one northern and one southern, separated by the San Francisco Bay. High genetic diversity, but low differentiation was found based on the 12 nuclear SSR markers for all three data sets F, C and G. We found that investigated 147 German trees represented only 37 different genotypes. They showed genetic diversity at the level less than diversity observed within the natural range in the northern or southern cluster, but more similar to the diversity observed in the southern cluster. It was difficult to assign German trees to the original single native populations using the six cpSSR markers, but rather to either the northern or southern cluster. The high number of haplotypes found in the data sets based on six cpSSR markers and low genetic differentiation based on 12 nuclear SSRs found in this study helps us study and better understand population genetic structure of this complex polyploid tree and supports the selection of potential genotypes for German forestry.
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GUMILAR, RUMMI AZAHRA, NURHENI WIJAYANTO, and ARUM SEKAR WULANDARI. "Effect of Azadirachta excelsa and Melia azedarach extracts on soybean germination." Nusantara Bioscience 9, no. 4 (November 2, 2017): 346–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/nusbiosci/n090402.
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Gumilar RA, Wijayanto N, Wulandari AS. 2017. Effect of Azadirachta excelsa and Melia azedarach extracts on soybean germination. Nusantara Bioscience 9: 346-351. Azadirachta excelsa and Melia azedarach are potential tree species developed in agroforestry system. Both plants are fast growing species and good for timber use. However, there is an inadequacy on both species due to their allelopathic compound contents. Allelopathic compounds in the plants are distributed from root, stem, leaf, and fruit; which at certain concentrations could inhibit germination, growth, and development of other plants. The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of root, leaf, and twig extracts of M. azedarach and A. excelsa on the germination of soybean. Result of this study showed that the root, leaf, and twig extracts of M. azedarach and A. excelsa were able to inhibit the development of soybean. 5 % twig extract of M. azedarach significantly inhibited the germination by 77.75%. Leaf and twig extracts of A. excelsa at 1.25% concentration has shown to provide stimulant effect on the germination of soybean.
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Yang, Zhongyi, Rui Zhang, and Zhichun Zhou. "Identification and Validation of Reference Genes for Gene Expression Analysis in Schima superba." Genes 12, no. 5 (May 13, 2021): 732. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12050732.
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Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) is a reliable and high-throughput technique for gene expression studies, but its accuracy depends on the expression stability of reference genes. Schima superba is a fast-growing timber species with strong resistance. However, thus far, reliable reference gene identifications have not been reported in S. superba. In this study, 19 candidate reference genes were selected and evaluated for their expression stability in different tissues of S. superba. Three software programs (geNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper) were used to evaluate the reference gene transcript stabilities, and comprehensive stability ranking was generated by the geometric mean method. Our results show that SsuACT was the most stable reference gene and that SsuACT + SsuRIB was the best reference gene combination for different tissues. Finally, the stable and less stable reference genes were verified using SsuSND1 expression in different tissues. To our knowledge, this is the first report to verify appropriate reference genes for normalizing gene expression in S. superba for different tissues, which will facilitate the future elucidation of gene regulations in this species and useful references for relative species.
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Et. al., Dr P. Rajasulochana,. "RESEARCH STUDIES ON EVALUATION OF PHYTOCHEMICAL AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF COLD ETHANOIC EXTRACT OF EUCALYPTUS OIL." INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN INDUSTRY 9, no. 2 (April 13, 2021): 1164–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/itii.v9i2.467.
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Medicinal plants which have antimicrobial compounds act against various pathogens. Myrtle family have different species. Eucalyptus is one among the myrtle family. Eucalyptus have different antimicrobial compounds. The plant grows well in many countries. This fast growing plant have different parts, each part has its own significant medicinal values lik timber, pulpwood, and different essential oils. Our research study showed phytochemical composition and antibacterial activities of eucalyputs leaves. The sample of eucalyptus is collected in the powder form. The eucalyptus powder is mixed into a cold ethanol and dry in a hot air oven. The dried extract was swapped and measured. Weighted 2.096g respectively and then the extract is used for phytochemical analysis and for quantitative analysis and then for antibacterial assay The results of this study suggest that the different concentrations of eucalyptus with various concentrations showed potential antibacterial activity.
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Cordeiro, Iracema Maria, Gustavo Schwartz, and Paulo Luiz Barros. "TIMBER SPECIES PERFORMANCE IN SECONDARY FORESTS WITH OVER USED SOILS IN EASTERN AMAZONIA." Nativa 7, no. 6 (November 11, 2019): 800. http://dx.doi.org/10.31413/nativa.v7i6.7919.
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PERFORMANCE DE ESPÉCIES MADEIREIRAS EM FLORESTAS SECUNDÁRIAS COM SOLOS SOBRE UTILIZADOS NA AMAZÔNIA ORIENTAL Este estudo teve como objetivo encontrar espécies madeireiras apropriadas para recuperar florestas secundárias sobre solos sobre utilizados na Amazônia Oriental, Brasil. Sobrevivência e crescimento de 5.383 mudas, de oito espécies plantadas na estação chuvosa de 1993 por meio de plantio de enriquecimento, foram monitoradas durante 15 anos. Cada muda foi plantada em linhas Leste-Oeste de 3 m de largura abertas em floresta secundária, adubada com esterco de gado e NPK e liberada contra lianas e espécies não comerciais. As espécies (tratamentos) foram comparadas por meio de um GLM com ANOVA e as médias com o teste de Scheffé (p ≤ 0,05). Qualidade da copa, uso comercial do fuste, bifurcação do fuste e inclinação, rebrotações, desfolhamento, lianas e ataques por cupins e fungos também foram avaliados pelo uso de análise multivariada. Todas as espécies apresentaram percentagens de sobrevivência > 95% no ano 1 e ≥ 90% no ano 15 com Schizolobium parahyba var. amazonicum tendo maiores alturas total e de fuste, 15,71 ± 5,22 m e 11,68 ± 3,91 m, respectivamente. S. parahyba, C. goeldiana, H. courbaril e T. grandis foram as espécies mais apropriadas para recuperar florestas secundárias sobre solos sobre utilizados na Amazônia Oriental.Palavras-chave: tratamentos silviculturais; espécies de rápido crescimento; Schizolobium parahyba; Cordia goeldiana; Hymenaea courbaril. ABSTRACT: This study had as objective to find appropriate timber species to recover secondary forests on over used soils in Eastern Amazonia, Brazil. Survival and growth of 5,383 seedlings, from eight species planted in the raining season of 1993 through enrichment planting, were monitored during 15 years. Each seedling was planted on East-West 3-m-wide lines opened in secondary forest, fertilized with cow dung and NPK, and liberated against lianas and non-commercial species. The species (treatments) were compared through a GLM with ANOVA and means through the Scheffé test (p ≤ 0.05). Crown quality, bole commercial usage, bole bifurcation and inclination, resprouts, defoliation, lianas, and attacks by termites and fungi were also assessed and compared using multivariate analysis. All species presented survival percentages > 95% in year 1 and ≥ 90% in year 15 with Schizolobium parahyba var. amazonicum having the highest total and bole heights, 15.71 ± 5.22 m and 11.68 ± 3.91 m, respectively. S. parahyba, C. goeldiana, H. courbaril, and T. grandis were the most appropriated species to recover secondary forests on over used soils in Eastern Amazonia.Keywords: silvicultural treatments; fast growing species; Schizolobium parahyba; Cordia goeldiana; Hymenaea courbaril.
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Kaur, R., J. A. Brito, and D. W. Dickson. "A First Report of Paulownia elongata as a Host of Meloidogyne spp. in Florida." Plant Disease 91, no. 9 (September 2007): 1199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-91-9-1199c.
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Paulownia elongata S.Y. Hu (Scrophulariaceae) is a fast-growing tree cultivated for highly prized timber. In April 2007, root-knot nematodes were found to be infecting 5-year-old plants of P. elongata growing on a farm in Levy County, Florida. Symptoms included leaf yellowing, stunted growth, and reduced trunk diameter. Infected roots were severely galled and frequently rotted. Large and coalesced galls were observed on secondary roots and distinct galls were present on tertiary roots. Species identifications were done by morphological characters of females and isozyme phenotypes (esterase and malate dehydrogenase) extracted from young egg-laying females and resolved with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in a BioRad Mini Protean III system (BioRad, Hercules, CA). Four species of root-knot nematodes were found to be infecting P. elongata. Morphology of perineal patterns and the isozyme phenotypes were consistent with those of M. arenaria, M. incognita, M. javanica, and M. mayaguensis (1). M. incognita and M. javanica have been described earlier on P. fortunei and P. tomentosa (2), but to our knowledge, this is the first report of P. elongata as a host of these four Meloidogyne spp. References: (1) R. M. D. G. Carneiro et al. Nematology 6:287, 2004. (2) V. Sharma and M. D. Mehrotra. Indian J. For. 22:149, 1999.
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Cao, Rulong, Juhani Marttila, Veikko Möttönen, Henrik Heräjärvi, Pekka Ritvanen, and Erkki Verkasalo. "Mechanical properties and water resistance of Vietnamese acacia and rubberwood after thermo-hygro-mechanical modification." European Journal of Wood and Wood Products 78, no. 5 (June 18, 2020): 841–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00107-020-01552-7.
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Abstract Low density and poor mechanical performance often limit utilisation of sawn wood from fast-growing plantation forests. Thermo-hygro-mechanical modification (THM) of timber is one innovation for improving the properties of light-weight wood species. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of THM and subsequent thermal treatment on dry density, modulus of elasticity (MOE), compression strength, Brinell hardness, and swelling behaviour in immersion tests on two fast-growing Vietnamese species, acacia (Acacia mangium) and rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis). Test boards were modified in an industrial kiln, in which a tangential thickness compression of 14% and 12% were aimed for acacia and rubberwood, respectively, either with or without subsequent thermal treatment at 210 °C. Dry density, MOE, Brinell hardness, compression strength, and dimensional changes in water immersion tests of specimens were measured from the modified and unmodified reference materials, the latter ones being kiln dried at 50 °C. The results showed that the responses of the mechanical properties were more evident for rubberwood than for acacia. In rubberwood, the MOE and compression strength of wood thermo-hygro-mechanically modified with or without thermal treatment were higher than those of kiln-dried reference specimens throughout the thickness profile. In case of acacia, similar differences between the modified and reference specimens were observed only in the surface layer. Density and Brinell hardness of thermo-hygro-mechanically modified rubberwood were higher than those of reference specimens, but after thermal treatment they did not differ from (acacia) or were lower (rubberwood) than those of THM specimens. Post-compression thermal treatment increased the hydrophobicity of THM specimens.
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Kaur, Amanpreet, and Rajesh Monga. "Eucalyptus Trees Plantation: A Review on Suitability and their Beneficial Role." International Journal of Bio-resource and Stress Management 12, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 016–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.23910/1.2021.2174.
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Eucalyptus is fastest growing species popularly known as gum tree, red iron tree, safeda and belonging to the family Myrtaceae. E. tereticornis and E. grandis are important commercial species with a clean straight bole and compact crown. Large scale plantations have been raised on forest and farm lands, community lands, field boundaries and road/rail/canal strips in India. It is most suitable species for degraded land, waterlogged areas, problematic soils etc. Although, it is a controversial tree because of high water consumption, nutrient depletion, allopathic effects etc., it is also source of pulp, paper, essential oil, timber, medicinal use, etc. Moreover it also provides ecological, socioeconomic and industrial services. Improvement in physical and chemical properties of on Sodic wastelands, heavy metal accumulation in different tissues of in mined soil; carbon sequestration potential, etc. were reported in studies. On unit basis of dry biomass produced, it consumes very little water compared to other trees. If bark of the tree is left on site, the balance of nutrients remaining is (80-88%) of inputs for N, P, K, Ca and Mg which lasts for several years without considering the original nutrients that are still present in soil. In the face of growing economy and increased demand for wood products, it remains to be the desired species that grows fast and produce wood to meet the demand of wood for fuel, construction and furniture materials. Relieving wood product scarcity, landscape re-greening, contribution to poverty reduction, biodiversity restoration and conservation are valuable contribution in forest sector.
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Wang, Ying, Huwei Yuan, Min Li, Yujuan Li, Xiangjian Ma, Feng Tan, and Jian Zhang. "Phenotypic and physiological responses of two willow varieties to salt stress." Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 61, no. 1-4 (May 18, 2013): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07929978.2014.977548.
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Willows are one of the most important landscaping, biofuel, and raw timber tree species in the world. Cultivating fast-growing, salt-tolerant willow varieties is an effective way to balance wood supply and demand in China. This paper presents a comparative evaluation of the phenotypic development and physiological responses of two willow varieties, Salix L0911 (L0911) and Salix matsudana (SM), to salt stress. L0911 developed more biomass than SM and demonstrated higher tolerance to long-term exposures to NaCl-salinity. The two varieties demonstrated similar trends of physiological changes under salt stress, but the extent of the induced responses were higher in L0911, suggesting the involvement of specific responses in the salt-tolerant mechanism. Specifically, the activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, soluble proteins and proline contents were higher in L0911 compared to SM, and the content of malondialdehyde and Na+ and Na+/K+ ratios were lower, demonstrating that the improved tolerance to salinity in L0911 is based on antioxidant response and improved ion selectivity.
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Wulandari, Dewi, Saridi, Weiguo Cheng, and Keitaro Tawaraya. "Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Colonization Enhanced Early Growth ofMallotus paniculatusandAlbizia samanunder Nursery Conditions in East Kalimantan, Indonesia." International Journal of Forestry Research 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/898494.
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Forest over logging, forest fire, forest conversion, and opencast mining have promoted deforestation in Indonesia, and reforestation is needed immediately. However, reforestation is limited by low seedling quality and production, and slow seedling growth in nurseries. Native tropical tree and fast-growing species,Mallotus paniculatusandAlbizia saman, are potential to promote the first rotation of reforestation. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are known to promote nutrient uptake and plant growth. We examined the effects of two native AM fungi,Gigaspora decipiensandGlomus clarum, on the growth ofM. paniculatusandA. samanseedlings under nursery conditions. At harvest, after six months, we determined AM colonization, shoot dry weight, and shoot N and P concentration. Approximately 90% and 50% ofM. paniculatusandA. samanroots, respectively, were colonized by AM fungi, without any difference between the inoculation treatments.G. decipiensandG. clarumincreased shoot height, leaf number, shoot dry weight, and shoot N and P uptake of both species. A positive correlation was observed between N and P uptake and shoot dry weight. These results suggest that AM fungi are effective in accelerating nutrient uptake and plant growth, which will, in turn, promote reforestation and sustainable forest timber production.
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Lu, Huicui, Godefridus Mohren, Miren del Río, Mart-Jan Schelhaas, Meike Bouwman, and Frank Sterck. "Species Mixing Effects on Forest Productivity: A Case Study at Stand-, Species- and Tree-Level in the Netherlands." Forests 9, no. 11 (November 17, 2018): 713. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f9110713.
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Many monoculture forests have been converted to mixed-species forests in Europe over the last decades. The main reasons for this conversion were probably to increase productivity, including timber production, and enhance other ecosystem services, such as conservation of biodiversity and other nature values. This study was done by synthesizing results from studies carried out in Dutch mixed forests compared with monoculture stands and evaluating them in the perspective of the current theory. Then we explored possible mechanisms of higher productivity in mixed stands, in relation to the combination of species, stand age and soil fertility, and discussed possible consequences of forest management. The study covered five two-species mixtures and their corresponding monoculture stands from using long-term permanent forest plots over multiple decades as well as two inventories (around 2003 and 2013) across the entire Netherlands. These forest plot data were used together with empirical models at total stand level, species level and tree level. Overyielding in Douglas-fir–beech and pine–oak mixtures was maintained over time, probably owing to the intensive thinning and was achieved on the poorer soils. However, this overyielding was not always driven by fast-growing light-demanding species. On individual tree level, intra-specific competition was not necessarily stronger than inter-specific competition and this competitive reduction was less seen at lower soil fertility and dependent on species mixtures. Moreover, size-asymmetric competition for light was more associated with tree basal area growth than size-symmetric competition for soil resources. Overall, this study suggests a substantial potential of species mixing for increasing productivity and implies developing forest management strategies to convert monospecific forests to mixed-species forests that consider the complementarity in resource acquisition of tree species.
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Nuroniah, Hani Sitti, Hesti Lestari Tata, Mawazin, Endri Martini, and Sonya Dewi. "Assessment on the Suitability of Planting Non-Native Peatlands Species Falcataria moluccana (Miq.) Barneby & Grimes in Rewetted Peatlands." Sustainability 13, no. 13 (June 22, 2021): 7015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13137015.
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Sengon (Falcataria moluccana), a fast-growing timber tree that naturally grows on mineral soils, is currently promoted in peatlands. This study aimed to (1) experimentally test the response of sengon seedlings in waterlogged conditions in the nursery; (2) describe and analyze the biophysical condition of a sengon plantation and its growth; (3) describe sengon farm practices on peatlands; and (4) identify key actor’s perception on planting sengon on peatlands. This study combined an experiment in nursery, field measurements, and key-informant interviews. The nursery experiment showed that peat soil affected seedling’s growth: survival rates decreased by 25–33% after 3 months of inundation. Sengon growth at age 1–5-years-old in peat soil was slower than that on mineral soils. Sengon growth in peatland was influenced by peat depth and peat maturity. Sengon plantation in Central Kalimantan was driven by market availability and industrial wood demand. Fourty-three percent of respondents thought sengon does not grow well in peat soils, but 57% of respondents thought that additional soil treatment will enhance site suitability. Based on key-informants’ experience, 64% disagree with sengon development in peatlands. Our study provides evidence that sengon is predominantly not suitable to be planted on peatlands. Therefore, cautions need to be taken when planting sengon on peatland areas.
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Sunseri, Thaddeus. "‘Something else to burn’: forest squatters, conservationists, and the state in modern Tanzania." Journal of Modern African Studies 43, no. 4 (October 24, 2005): 609–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x05001242.
Full textAbstract:
In the last fifteen years, Tanzanian forest policy has embraced an agenda of biodiversity preservation coupled with privatisation that calls for the expansion of state oversight over forests and woodlands. Reflecting the hegemony of conservationist donors and international and local NGOs, and couched in a language of community conservation, this agenda decries peasant intrusion into forest reserves to burn charcoal for the urban market and to expand fields for agriculture. This agenda is a departure from over a century of state forestry that sought to exploit forests for domestic consumer and development needs, and to compete in export timber and charcoal markets. Following the Second World War, state forestry anchored peasants in selected forest reserves as licensed cultivators in the face of an ongoing labour shortage, in order to create tree plantations that replaced indigenous hardwoods with fast-growing exotic softwoods. This trend continued after independence as forestry was perceived as a means for agricultural modernisation and economic self-reliance, particularly after the Arusha Declaration. Current changes in forest policy prioritise forests more as ‘refugia’ for endemic plant and animal species, rather than as sources of timber and fuel, moving forest policy more in the direction of wildlife conservation, which has long aimed at excluding peasants and pastoralists from reserves. Recent evictions of peasants from forest reserves, and ongoing tensions between villagers, the state and conservationists, are the direct result of NGO pressure to protect forest reserves and to expand forest conservation into previously unreserved lands.
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Waring, Kristen M., and Kevin L. O'Hara. "Ten-Year Growth and Epicormic Sprouting Response of Western Larch to Pruning in Western Montana." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 20, no. 4 (October 1, 2005): 228–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/20.4.228.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Western larch (Larix occidentalis Nutt.) is a fast-growing, deciduous conifer that is often managed for timber production in the inland Northwest. No previous study has documented the response of this species to artificial pruning. Trees pruned as part of a pruning cost study in 1992 were followed for 10 years to assess growth and epicormic sprout response. Trees were pruned to two heights: 2.4 and 5.5 m in three stands in western Montana. Epicormic sprouting occurred in a majority of trees in the first 2 years after pruning, but subsequently many sprouts died so that by year 10, only approximately 30% of trees had sprouts. Volume increment was adversely affected by more severe pruning among smaller trees pruned to the shorter lift. The volume increment of the trees that received the 5.5 m lift was generally unaffected, but trees receiving the 2.4 m lift were more sensitive to pruning. Initial tree diameter and residual crown length were important variables in predicting the 10-year volume increment in pruned trees. West. J. Appl. For. 20(4):228–232.
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Dewi, Nilasari, Nurheni Wijayanto, and Gusmaini . "DIMENSI DAN SISTEM PERAKARAN SENTANG (Azadirachta excelsa Jack.) DALAM SISTEM AGROFORESTRI DENGAN MENIRAN (Phyllanthus sp.) Dimension and Rooting System of Sentang (Azadirachta excelsa Jack) in Agroforestry with Meniran (Phyllanthus sp.)." Journal of Tropical Silviculture 9, no. 2 (February 25, 2019): 116–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/j-siltrop.9.2.116-119.
Full textAbstract:
Sentang (Azadirachta excelsa) is one of fast-growing tree species which is resistant to disease and pest. It also has good quality of timber with high economic value. Sentang planting can be integrated with meniran (Phyllanthus sp.). Planting in the agroforestry system will impact positively and negatively to both plants. The aim of this research was to analyze growth of sentang in agroforestry system. This research was conducted in Cultivation for Conservation Unit of Medicinal Plants Biofarmaka, IPB, Dramaga, West Java, Indonesia. The experimental design used was a completely randomized design to analysis sentang growth. The treatment applied was P0= monoculture and P1 = agroforestry. The total height growth and total stem diameter on monoculture are not significantly different with agroforestry. However, the high growth of sentang on the agroforestry was higher than monoculture in the first month, and the stem diameter on the agroforestry system was lower in the second month. Agroforestry systems do not provide any real effect on the growth of the canopy and rooting sentang except in diameter of root.Keywords: agroforestry, Azadirachta excelsa, plant dimension, rooting system
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Zhang, Xiongqing, Quang V. Cao, Hanchen Wang, Aiguo Duan, and Jianguo Zhang. "Projecting Stand Survival and Basal Area Based on a Self-Thinning Model for Chinese Fir Plantations." Forest Science 66, no. 3 (January 18, 2020): 361–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forsci/fxz086.
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Abstract The self-thinning rule has played a critical role in controlling stand stocking and modeling stand development in forest stands. Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) is a native and fast-growing tree species used for timber production and is widely grown in southern China. Effective management of this important tree species requires accurate and reasonable predictions of stand growth and survival. Remeasured data from 48 plots distributed in Fujian, Jiangxi, Guangxi, and Sichuan provinces were used to develop models to predict stand survival and basal area based on the self-thinning trajectories. These trajectories were constructed using a self-thinning slope of –1.605, as suggested by Reineke (1933) (Method 1), and the slopes estimated either from two groups of sites (Method 2) or from climate variables (Method 3). Results indicated that the stand growth and survival models using Method 3 performed best, followed by Method 2 and Method 1. In addition, stand growth and survival curves predicted from Method 3 were more similar in shape to those from the observed values, as compared with Method 1. Overall, the models based on the self-thinning lines using climate-sensitive slopes provided reasonable predictions of the stand development dynamics. Therefore, these results facilitate modeling of the relation between stand growth/survival and self-thinning under climate change.
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Hou, Guolong, Claudio O. Delang, Xixi Lu, and Roland Olschewski. "Valuing Carbon Sequestration to Finance Afforestation Projects in China." Forests 10, no. 9 (September 2, 2019): 754. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10090754.
Full textAbstract:
Afforestation programs have huge potential to store carbon, thereby contributing to mitigate climate change. However, the voluntary acceptance by landowners crucially depends on their economic outcome. We (i) assess the carbon sequestration potential of afforestation projects in various Chinese regions by comparing different tree species, project durations and regional particularities, (ii) analyze the costs and benefits of tree species used for timber and fruit production as well as bamboo, and (iii) compare them with alternative crops under different climatic and economic conditions. Finally, we calculate the minimum compensation required by farmers to convert cropland to forests assuming a joint production of timber or fruits and carbon sequestration. No compensation is needed when cropland with relatively low revenues is to be converted. In contrast, compensation payments must be high for converting land used for cash crops, such as sugarcane. For fruit trees, the amount of carbon sequestered is low, but selling fruits and nuts is quite profitable. Consequently, in most cases there is no compensation needed. The minimum price per carbon credit decreases with increasing project duration because more carbon is stored per hectare, and in consequence, the required payments per credit are lower. This does not hold for fast-growing trees like eucalyptus and poplar, for which the minimum price increases with extended project duration. Bamboo shows a high carbon sequestration potential, and becomes economically more attractive by including carbon revenues. Carbon credits can often compensate the opportunity costs of alternative land uses, except for afforestation on highly productive cropland. We demonstrate that the economic attractiveness of afforestation projects is strongly context dependent and varies substantially across regions. The findings can contribute to the cost-efficient design of carbon sequestration projects. The methodology can be applied to other regions in the developing world.