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David-Erb, Melanie. "Language of instruction: Concerning its choice and social prestige in Burkina Faso." International Review of Education 67, no. 4 (March 12, 2021): 435–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11159-021-09885-y.
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AbstractThis article explores and discusses one of the main findings of the author’s recent dissertation, namely that parents’ and pupils’ choice of language of instruction in formal schooling depends on its social prestige. The author first reviews the latest research on language in education in sub-Saharan Africa, and asks why indigenous languages are so rarely used in formal schooling in this region, despite political demands for their greater use and ample scientific research showing their positive effects. Burkina Faso exemplifies this seemingly contradictory situation. Indigenous languages and French are complementary in formal and non-formal schooling as well as in areas of informal education; however, a closer look at the areas of application of each language reveals that indigenous languages have lower prestige than French, as well as lower expected and required outcomes. This is one possible explanation for the low usage rates of indigenous languages in formal schooling and reveals the extent to which the choice of language of instruction depends on its social prestige.
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Fernández-Coello, Alejandro, Viktória Havas, Montserrat Juncadella, Joanna Sierpowska, Antoni Rodríguez-Fornells, and Andreu Gabarrós. "Age of language acquisition and cortical language organization in multilingual patients undergoing awake brain mapping." Journal of Neurosurgery 126, no. 6 (August 2016): 1912–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2016.5.jns152791.
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OBJECTIVEMost knowledge regarding the anatomical organization of multilingualism is based on aphasiology and functional imaging studies. However, the results have still to be validated by the gold standard approach, namely electrical stimulation mapping (ESM) during awake neurosurgical procedures. In this ESM study the authors describe language representation in a highly specific group of 13 multilingual individuals, focusing on how age of acquisition may influence the cortical organization of language.METHODSThirteen patients who had a high degree of proficiency in multiple languages and were harboring lesions within the dominant, left hemisphere underwent ESM while being operated on under awake conditions. Demographic and language data were recorded in relation to age of language acquisition (for native languages and early- and late-acquired languages), neuropsychological pre- and postoperative language testing, the number and location of language sites, and overlapping distribution in terms of language acquisition time. Lesion growth patterns and histopathological characteristics, location, and size were also recorded. The distribution of language sites was analyzed with respect to age of acquisition and overlap.RESULTSThe functional language-related sites were distributed in the frontal (55%), temporal (29%), and parietal lobes (16%). The total number of native language sites was 47. Early-acquired languages (including native languages) were represented in 97 sites (55 overlapped) and late-acquired languages in 70 sites (45 overlapped). The overlapping distribution was 20% for early-early, 71% for early-late, and 9% for late-late. The average lesion size (maximum diameter) was 3.3 cm. There were 5 fast-growing and 7 slow-growing lesions.CONCLUSIONSCortical language distribution in multilingual patients is not homogeneous, and it is influenced by age of acquisition. Early-acquired languages have a greater cortical representation than languages acquired later. The prevalent native and early-acquired languages are largely represented within the perisylvian left hemisphere frontoparietotemporal areas, and the less prevalent late-acquired languages are mostly overlapped with them.
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KAN, PUI FONG, and KATHRYN KOHNERT. "Fast mapping by bilingual preschool children." Journal of Child Language 35, no. 3 (June 27, 2008): 495–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000907008604.
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ABSTRACTPrevious studies show that young monolingual children's ability to ‘fast map’ new word forms is closely associated with both their age and existing vocabulary knowledge. In this study we investigate potential relationships between age, fast mapping skills and existing vocabulary knowledge in both languages of developing bilingual preschool children. Participants were twenty-six typically developing children, ages 3 ; 0 to 5 ; 3. All children learned Hmong as their primary home language (L1) and English as a second language (L2). Fast mapping and vocabulary knowledge tasks were administered in L1 and L2. For vocabulary knowledge, scores were comparable in L1 and L2; for fast mapping, scores were somewhat greater in L1 than L2. In contrast to previous findings with monolingual children, fast mapping performance was not related to age or existing vocabulary knowledge in either Hmong or English. There were, however, significant positive and negative cross-language correlations between L1 fast mapping and L2 vocabulary.
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Loeb, Diane Frome, Christene Stoke, and Marc E. Fey. "Language Changes Associated With Fast ForWord-Language." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 10, no. 3 (August 2001): 216–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360(2001/020).
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Based principally on reports of two experimental investigations, the Scientific Learning Corporation claims that Fast ForWord-Language (FFW-L) yields 1-1/2 to 3 years language gain over a 6-week period. We evaluated various aspects of this claim by measuring the language changes of four children who received FFW-L language intervention in their homes. Language change was assessed immediately following intervention and 3 months later, using standardized language measures, spontaneous measures of syntactic complexity, reading measures, pragmatic measures, and parent and teacher reports. Three of the four children successfully completed FFW-L, and all made gains on some of the same standardized measures used by P. Tallal et al. (1996), although the improvements we observed were generally smaller than those previously reported. All children also made gains on measures of pragmatic performance. However, very few changes were observed in the children's Developmental Sentence Scores (DSSs), indicating that gains in productive use of grammar changed only marginally. One child showed evidence of gains in standard assessment of his phonological awareness skills. According to questionnaire data, parents and teachers did not report many differences in performance after intervention; however, parental satisfaction with the program was generally high. Sixty-one percent of the gains observed at posttesting were maintained 3 months following intervention; however, a number also were not maintained. Of the total 595 items assessed at pretest and posttest, significant positive change occurred on 58 or 10% of the items. Our findings suggest that, although FFW-L delivered at home by parents may lead to some important changes in children's performance on structured tasks, broad, dramatic gains in spontaneous language use are less likely and may not be long-lasting. Future experimental investigations should include measures of pragmatic performance to substantiate the preliminary findings of these case studies.
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Nowakowski, Karol, Michal Ptaszynski, and Fumito Masui. "MiNgMatch—A Fast N-gram Model for Word Segmentation of the Ainu Language." Information 10, no. 10 (October 16, 2019): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info10100317.
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Word segmentation is an essential task in automatic language processing for languages where there are no explicit word boundary markers, or where space-delimited orthographic words are too coarse-grained. In this paper we introduce the MiNgMatch Segmenter—a fast word segmentation algorithm, which reduces the problem of identifying word boundaries to finding the shortest sequence of lexical n-grams matching the input text. In order to validate our method in a low-resource scenario involving extremely sparse data, we tested it with a small corpus of text in the critically endangered language of the Ainu people living in northern parts of Japan. Furthermore, we performed a series of experiments comparing our algorithm with systems utilizing state-of-the-art lexical n-gram-based language modelling techniques (namely, Stupid Backoff model and a model with modified Kneser-Ney smoothing), as well as a neural model performing word segmentation as character sequence labelling. The experimental results we obtained demonstrate the high performance of our algorithm, comparable with the other best-performing models. Given its low computational cost and competitive results, we believe that the proposed approach could be extended to other languages, and possibly also to other Natural Language Processing tasks, such as speech recognition.
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Набати, Ш. "Designation speed of movement by language units in Russian and Persian languages." Russkii iazyk za rubezhom, no. 2(285) (April 29, 2021): 44–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.37632/pi.2021.285.2.007.
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В статье анализируются языковые единицы, обозначающие темп движения в русском и персидском языках. Информация о темпе присутствует у большинства глаголов со значением движения. Анализ показывает, что языковые единицы в явном или скрытом виде обозначают перемещение субъекта и объекта с нормальным, быстрым и медленным темпом. В семантике глаголов, обозначающих перемещение с нормальным темпом, выделяется информация о стандартном положении в пространстве, отсутствии или наличии средств перемещения, добровольном перемещении, характеристике шагов (размеренность, выделенность) и т.д. Глаголы, обозначающие перемещение с медленным темпом, передают информацию о перемещении с трудом, о физическом недостатке, перемещении относительно опоры и т.д. Глаголы, обозначающие быстрый темп движения, сообщают о перемещении в направлении удаления от субъекта и о среде перемещения, намерении попасть в цель, скорости, принудительном перемещении, о намеренном погружении в жидкость, о полном отрыве от поверхности двух ног одновременно и т.д. In this work, the linguistic units denoting the pace of movement in Russian and Persian languages are subject to analysis. Information on the pace of movement is present in most verbs denoting movement. The analysis shows that linguistic units in explicit or latent form indicate the movement of the subject and the object with a normal, fast and slow pace. In the semantics of the verbs denoting moving at a normal pace, information is highlighted about the standard position in space, the absence of means of movement, the availability of means of movement, voluntary movement, characteristic steps (dimensionality, emphasis), etc. Verbs indicating movement at a slow pace transmit information about movement with difficulty, physical disability, movement relative to a support, etc. Verbs indicating a fast pace of movement report movement in the direction of moving away from the subject and the environment of movement, the intention to hit the target, speed, forced movement, intentional immersion in a liquid, complete separation from the surface of two legs at the same time, etc.
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Pelicon, Andraž, Ravi Shekhar, Blaž Škrlj, Matthew Purver, and Senja Pollak. "Investigating cross-lingual training for offensive language detection." PeerJ Computer Science 7 (June 25, 2021): e559. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.559.
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Platforms that feature user-generated content (social media, online forums, newspaper comment sections etc.) have to detect and filter offensive speech within large, fast-changing datasets. While many automatic methods have been proposed and achieve good accuracies, most of these focus on the English language, and are hard to apply directly to languages in which few labeled datasets exist. Recent work has therefore investigated the use of cross-lingual transfer learning to solve this problem, training a model in a well-resourced language and transferring to a less-resourced target language; but performance has so far been significantly less impressive. In this paper, we investigate the reasons for this performance drop, via a systematic comparison of pre-trained models and intermediate training regimes on five different languages. We show that using a better pre-trained language model results in a large gain in overall performance and in zero-shot transfer, and that intermediate training on other languages is effective when little target-language data is available. We then use multiple analyses of classifier confidence and language model vocabulary to shed light on exactly where these gains come from and gain insight into the sources of the most typical mistakes.
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PARK, SUNGWOO, and HYEONSEUNG IM. "A calculus for hardware description." Journal of Functional Programming 21, no. 1 (November 19, 2010): 21–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956796810000249.
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AbstractIn efforts to overcome the complexity of the syntax and the lack of formal semantics of conventional hardware description languages, a number of functional hardware description languages have been developed. Like conventional hardware description languages, however, functional hardware description languages eventually convert all source programs into netlists, which describe wire connections in hardware circuits at the lowest level and conceal all high-level descriptions written into source programs. We develop a calculus, called lλ (linear lambda), which may serve as an intermediate functional language just above netlists in the hierarchy of hardware description languages. In order to support higher-order functions, lλ uses a linear type system, which enforces the linear use of variables of function type. The translation of lλ into structural descriptions of hardware circuits is sound and complete in the sense that it maps expressions only to realizable hardware circuits, and that every realizable hardware circuit has a corresponding expression in lλ. To illustrate the use of lλ as a practical intermediate language for hardware description, we design a simple hardware description language that extends lλ with polymorphism, and use it to implement a fast Fourier transform circuit and a bitonic sorting network.
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Deshpande, Mr Onkar. "Postal Address Identification and Sorting." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 30, 2021): 4946–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.36023.
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In this fast-moving world, a normal man can take considerable time to find a postal card in a bunch of postcards with significant issues like unclear handwriting, having trouble recognizing some uncommon or ambiguous names. Also, in postal offices or industries, it negatively impacts the efficiency of the postal system. I am making a system for Indian postal automation based on recognizing pin-code on the postcard. In India, there are multiple languages were speak. Indian postcards are mainly written in three languages the state's official language, English, and Devanagari language. In India, more than 50% of people write Pincode digits in either English or Devanagari language, so I am making such a system that sorts both English and Devanagari language postcards. Moreover, the system is mature enough to recognize handwritten as well as printed digits. As a result, the system gets an accuracy of 92.59% on the English language postcards, 90% accuracy on the Devanagari language postcards e and the digit recognition model gives accuracy 99.23% Devanagari numerals and 99.43% accuracy on English numerals.
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BOCALE, Paola. "HOW ARE LANGUAGES LEARNED? THEORIES ON THE PROCESS OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE ACQUISITION." Ezikov Svyat volume 18 issue 2, ezs.swu.v18i2 (June 30, 2020): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/ezs.swu.bg.v18i2.1.
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is work discusses theories on teaching, learning and acquiring foreign languages. The input hypothesis has drawn attention to its role and importance in language acquisition. On the other hand, however, empirical research has emphasized the role that output and interaction play in acquiring and improving language skills. In most communicative acts, there are factors that jeopardise the process of communication, such as lack of lexical knowledge and speech too fast for the listener to understand, causing different comprehension problems. These occur between native speakers and non-native speakers, inside and outside the classroom. Negotiation of meaning can be only defined within an interactive process as the mutual collaboration between speakers and listeners in order to clarify a language misunderstanding using different linguistic strategies such as, for example, word repetition, simplified structures and clarification questions. From one point of view, negotiation of meaning is a communicative exchange and a step towards achieving communication goals. Learners and tutors are involved in communication to solve a problem whose clarification allows conversation to be carried on. From the other point of view, negotiation of meaning is an effective way of expanding the knowledge of learners, because some of the explanations can be internalised and added to their target language repertoire. Learning can be effective only if interaction is included in the overall language aquisition process.
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McConnell, B. S. "Algorithmic Communication with Extraterrestrial Intelligence." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 213 (2004): 445–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900193696.
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ACETI (algorithmic communication with extraterrestrial intelligence) builds upon mathematical languages to create a general purpose programming language. While the underlying framework may be quite simple, the programs derived from even a small instruction set, when run on a sufficiently fast computing substrate, may interact with their users in real-time and may exhibit complex behavior.
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Mirzakhmedova, Hulkar Vasilovna OrMiHulkar Vasilovna, Kudratulla Sharipovich Omonov, and Nadira Tashmirzaevna Khalmurzaeva. "METHODS OF IMPROVING LANGUAGE SKILLS USING MEDIA SOFTWARE." Journal of Central Asian Social Studies 02, no. 03 (May 31, 2021): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/jcass/volume02issue03-a8.
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Today, fast and high-quality teaching of foreign languages to staff is becoming a daily task. The role of computer and pedagogical software in carrying out this task is invaluable. To this end, the article provides an analysis of the effective methods, advantages and disadvantages of using such pedagogical software tools - Rosetta Stone, Lingualeo, SmartNotebook. It also discusses the normative and legal acts on the teaching of foreign languages, Presidential Decrees and Orders, their practical expression and pedagogical software and their mechanisms of study in foreign languages.
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Yaffe, Philip. "Fast-tracking foreign languages." Ubiquity 2007, September (September 2007): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1295289.1295292.
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Muis, Muhsin. "BAHASA ARAB DI ERA DIGITAL: EKSISTENSI DAN IMPLIKASI TERHADAP PENGUATAN EKONOMI KEUMATAN." Al-Fathin: Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra Arab 3, no. 01 (August 9, 2020): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.32332/al-fathin.v3i01.2319.
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As long as we hold fast to the Qur'an and the Hadith in every activity of our lives, there is a role for Arabic in it. No even exception in the economic field, especially those based on Islamic law. Although lately there have been various translations into several languages, even all languages on earth, but it cannot be denied that it requires an in-depth and comprehensive understanding of Arabic before carrying out any process of translation, especially the language of the two Islamic Shari'a sources uses diction or sentence structure which cannot be easily transliterated or interpreted. Thus, as long as Muslims in this world exist, Arabic language continues to exist as well and its impact on every activity of life will always be strong, including the matter of strengthening the economic welfare
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Rohimah, Dya Fatkhiyatur. "INTERNASIONALISASI BAHASA INDONESIA DAN INTERNALISASI BUDAYA INDONESIA MELALUI BAHASA INDONESIA BAGI PENUTUR ASING (BIPA)." An-Nas 2, no. 2 (August 10, 2018): 199–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.36840/an-nas.v2i2.104.
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Language is the key to civilization, through language also communication will run well. The importance of language has become a necessity, as well as Indonesian language. In this fast-paced era, where technology is rapidly expanding and rapidly Indonesia is urgently needed to show its existence on the world scene. To do this, there are many methods that can be taken. For example through language and culture. The government has also issued a regulation on this matter. This regulation is contained in Law No. 24 of 2009 on Flags, Languages, and Emblems of State and National Anthem. That the government is committed to internationalizing Indonesian. The current real step in the effort is through BIPA (Bahasa Indonesia Bagi Penutur Asing). Where learners not only learn Indonesian language but also Indonesian culture. With the existence of BIPA is expected the language and culture of Indonesia will become more known by the world, and can parallel with other countries that have been recognized internationally.
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Sartor, Valerie. "Teaching English in Turkmenistan." English Today 26, no. 4 (November 3, 2010): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078410000313.
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The English language has fast become a global language. In Asia, from the far steppes of Mongolia to the beaches of Thailand, to the shores of the Caspian Sea, English print, music, and along with language, Western values, have spread and multiplied. New technology and media, especially the Internet (Crystal, 1996/2003), have helped carry English to people of all nationalities and economic classes. But many scholars feel that the rise of English is connected with the downfall of indigenous languages (Fishman, 1996; Crawford, 1996; McCarty, 2003). Minority languages face extinction as English rides the wave of increasing globalization (Romaine, 2001). Since 2007, Newsweek, The China Daily, and other international media sources have been citing English as the language of economic success in China. Adherents of English claim that it brings positive social change, economic opportunities, consumer goods, and new technologies (Castells, 2001). Such materialistic temptations cause some minority youth to discount the value of their languages and traditions. In Native America, for example, a small minority of Native Americans youth may feel that exchanging, dismissing, or even abandoning their native language and culture for English and a Western lifestyle represents progress and success in the form of material goods and a modern lifestyle (Crawford, 1996; McCarty, 2003). Similarly, in China, English is viewed as the language of economic success by many young Chinese. Opponents of the rise of English view the language, and its underlying cultural messages, as imperialistic. Phillipson (1992) accuses ESL educators of making a negative cultural impact upon unsuspecting indigenous peoples all over the world. Skutnabb-Kangas (2000) asserts that English can be used as a tool by Western nations for global dominance.
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Vollmann, Ralf, and Tek Wooi Soon. "Zur Situation von Sprache und Kultur der Tsou in Taiwan." europa ethnica 76, no. 1-2 (2019): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.24989/0014-2492-2019-12-69.
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Background: In Taiwan, there are 16 recognized minorities speaking Formosan languages; the Tsou in the Alishan mountaneous region are a small distinct group of 4000 people; their language is endangered. Material and method: This is a report on various conversations with three Tsou about cultural and sociolinguistic aspects of Tsou culture and language use which were collected during a short field trip in 2018. Analysis: The subjective view of indigenous people being the last generation of competent speakers of a small language is reported, in a mixture of viewpoints, old stories and explanations about traditional culture. Conclusions: Members of small communities made the step into modernity in a rather fast process enforced from outside which challenges their traditional group identity in many ways. Modernisation comes at the price of losing the indigenous language.
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Sugimori, Masami. "Signifying, Ordering, and Containing the Chaos: Whiteness, Ideology, and Language in Intruder in the Dust." Faulkner Journal 22, no. 1-2 (2006): 54–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/fau.2006.0003.
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Urazbay, Karina Rakhimzhankyzy, and Aigul Yesengeldievna Niyazova. "Authentic video materials in the practical lessons of English." Bulletin of Toraighyrov University. Pedagogics series, no. 2,2021 (July 12, 2021): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.48081/fqux3848.
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The fast development of innovation has brought numerous advancements to instruction, especially within the instructing of languages. In addition to textbooks and other activities, foreign language teachers use a variety of audiovisual tools to create successful classrooms. In this article attempts to explore the purpose of using video in English as a foreign language classroom and discussed the benefits of using authentic video materials when teaching a foreign language. The features of working with authentic video materials are also considered. According to the author of the article, authentic video materials allow students to improve their speech comprehension skills and enter into a discussion. Also, special attention is paid to the selection of video materials that may be interesting, understandable and relevant to the modern reality of a foreign language society. The article emphasizes the broad possibilities of Internet resources. Authentic video materials stimulate interest and also expand students’ knowledge of the linguistic characteristics of the target language. The use of authentic video materials in teaching a foreign language opens up great opportunities for teachers and students to master the language.
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MORFORD, JILL P., CORRINE OCCHINO-KEHOE, PILAR PIÑAR, ERIN WILKINSON, and JUDITH F. KROLL. "The time course of cross-language activation in deaf ASL–English bilinguals." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 20, no. 2 (October 21, 2015): 337–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136672891500067x.
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What is the time course of cross-language activation in deaf sign–print bilinguals? Prior studies demonstrating cross-language activation in deaf bilinguals used paradigms that would allow strategic or conscious translation. This study investigates whether cross-language activation can be eliminated by reducing the time available for lexical processing. Deaf ASL–English bilinguals and hearing English monolinguals viewed pairs of English words and judged their semantic similarity. Half of the stimuli had phonologically related translations in ASL, but participants saw only English words. We replicated prior findings of cross-language activation despite the introduction of a much faster rate of presentation. Further, the deaf bilinguals were as fast or faster than hearing monolinguals despite the fact that the task was in their second language. The results allow us to rule out the possibility that deaf ASL–English bilinguals only activate ASL phonological forms when given ample time for strategic or conscious translation across their two languages.
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Sebastian, Mary Priya, and G. Santhosh Kumar. "Verb Phrases Alignment Technique for English-Malayalam Parallel Corpus in Statistical Machine Translation Special issue on MTIL 2017." Journal of Intelligent Systems 28, no. 3 (July 26, 2019): 479–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jisys-2018-0066.
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Abstract Machine translation (MT) from English to foreign languages is a fast developing area of research, and various techniques of translation are discussed in the literature. However, translation from English to Malayalam, a Dravidian language, is still in the rising stage, and works in this field have not flourished to a great extent, so far. The main reason of this shortcoming is the non-availability of linguistic resources and translation tools in the Malayalam language. A parallel corpus with alignment is one of such resources that are essential for a machine translator system. This paper focuses on a technique that enables automatic setting up of a verb-aligned parallel corpus by exploring the internal structure of the English and Malayalam language, which in turn facilitates the task of machine translation from English to Malayalam.
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Litvin, A. A., V. Yu Velychko, and V. V. Kaverynskyi. "TREE-BASED SEMANTIC ANALYSIS METHOD FOR NATURAL LANGUAGE PHRASE TO FORMAL QUERY CONVERSION." Radio Electronics, Computer Science, Control, no. 2 (July 7, 2021): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15588/1607-3274-2021-2-11.
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Context. This work is devoted to the problem of natural language interface construction for ontological graph databases. The focus here is on the methods for the conversion of natural language phrases into formal queries in SPARQL and CYPHER query languages. Objective. The goals of the work are the creation of a semantic analysis method for the input natural language phrases semantic type determination and obtaining meaningful entities from them for query template variables initialization, construction of flexible query templates for the types, development of program implementation of the proposed technique. Method. A tree-based method was developed for semantic determination of a user’s phrase type and obtaining a set of terms from it to put them into certain places of the most suiting formal query template. The proposed technique solves the tasks of the phrase type determination (and this is the criterion of the formal query template selection) and obtaining meaningful terms, which are to initialize variables of the chosen template. In the current work only interrogative and incentive user’s phrases are considered i.e. ones that clearly propose the system to answer or to do something. It is assumed that the considered dialog or reference system uses a graph ontological database, which directly impacts the formal query patterns – the resulting queries are destined to be in SPARQL or Cypher query languages. The semantic analysis examples considered in this work are aimed primarily at inflective languages, especially, Ukrainian and Russian, but the basic principles could be suitable to most of the other languages. Results. The developed method of natural language phrase to a formal query in SPARQL and CYPHER conversion has been implemented in software for Ukrainian and Norwegian languages using narrow subjected ontologies and tested against formal performance criteria. Conclusions. The proposed method allows the dialog system fast and with minimum number of steps to select the most suitable query template and extract informative entities from a natural language phrase given the huge phrase variability in inflective languages. Carried out experiments have shown high precision and reliability of the constructed system and its potential for practical usage and further development.
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Nasution, Jamaluddin. "ANALISIS KESULITAN BAHASA INDONESIA BAGI PEMELAJAR DI SAMSIFL UZBEKISTAN PADA EMPAT KETERAMPILAN BERBAHASA." MEDAN MAKNA: Jurnal Ilmu Kebahasaan dan Kesastraan 17, no. 2 (December 3, 2019): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/mm.v17i2.2134.
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The difficulties faced by students vary, such as intelligence and non-intelligence factors. This study is to know; (1) what the most difficult language skills, (2) the reasons of students at the difficulties in the language skills, and (3) how the students face their difficulties. The method of this study is descriptive, conducted in ILFS class of English and Translation Program at SAMSIFL (Samarkand State Institute of Foreign Languages) Uzbekistan. The result are listening (61.68), speaking (69.07), writing (71.89), and reading (76.29). Result of questionnaires; students like Indonesian language (85.71%), the Indonesian pronunciation (65.71%), symbols/letters is not different (80.00%), no difficulty in uttering Indonesian language words (77.14%), good and helpful guidance book (91.43%), speaker speaks fast (97.14%), difficulties in listening (94.29%), no difficulty in reading (85.71%), no difficulty in writing (80.00%), difficulty in speaking (71.43%), most liked language skills is reading (57.14%), most hated language skills is listening (94.29%), most difficult language skills is listening (88.57%), easiest language skills is reading (71.43%), and the students’ action facing the difficulties is asking the teacher (85.71%). It is expected that the ILFS teaching concerns on students’ difficulties firstly and give motivation during the teaching process.
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Lin, J. W. B. "qtcm 0.1.2: a Python implementation of the Neelin-Zeng Quasi-Equilibrium Tropical Circulation Model." Geoscientific Model Development 2, no. 1 (February 11, 2009): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2-1-2009.
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Abstract. Historically, climate models have been developed incrementally and in compiled languages like Fortran. While the use of legacy compiled languages results in fast, time-tested code, the resulting model is limited in its modularity and cannot take advantage of functionality available with modern computer languages. Here we describe an effort at using the open-source, object-oriented language Python to create more flexible climate models: the package qtcm, a Python implementation of the intermediate-level Neelin-Zeng Quasi-Equilibrium Tropical Circulation model (QTCM1) of the atmosphere. The qtcm package retains the core numerics of QTCM1, written in Fortran to optimize model performance, but uses Python structures and utilities to wrap the QTCM1 Fortran routines and manage model execution. The resulting "mixed language" modeling package allows order and choice of subroutine execution to be altered at run time, and model analysis and visualization to be integrated in interactively with model execution at run time. This flexibility facilitates more complex scientific analysis using less complex code than would be possible using traditional languages alone, and provides tools to transform the traditional "formulate hypothesis → write and test code → run model → analyze results" sequence into a feedback loop that can be executed automatically by the computer.
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Lin, J. W. B. "qtcm 0.1.2: A Python Implementation of the Neelin-Zeng Quasi-Equilibrium Tropical Circulation model." Geoscientific Model Development Discussions 1, no. 1 (October 30, 2008): 315–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-1-315-2008.
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Abstract. Historically, climate models have been developed incrementally and in compiled languages like Fortran. While the use of legacy compiled languages results in fast, time-tested code, the resulting model is limited in its modularity and cannot take advantage of functionality available with modern computer languages. Here we describe an effort at using the open-source, object-oriented language Python to create more flexible climate models: the package qtcm, a Python implementation of the intermediate-level Neelin-Zeng Quasi-Equilibrium Tropical Circulation model (QTCM1) of the atmosphere. The qtcm package retains the core numerics of QTCM1, written in Fortran to optimize model performance, but uses Python structures and utilities to wrap the QTCM1 Fortran routines and manage model execution. The resulting "mixed language" modeling package allows order and choice of subroutine execution to be altered at run time, and model analysis and visualization to be integrated in interactively with model execution at run time. This flexibility facilitates more complex scientific analysis using less complex code than would be possible using traditional languages alone, and provides tools to transform the traditional "formulate hypothesis → write and test code → run model → analyze results" sequence into a feedback loop that can be executed automatically by the computer.
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Lins, Rafael D., and Bruno O. Lira. "ΓCMC: Fast lazy functional languages." Microprocessing and Microprogramming 37, no. 1-5 (January 1993): 159–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-6074(93)90038-m.
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Mokhtar, Mohd Ieruwan Mohamed. "The Effectiveness of Gadget in Speaking Arabic as a Foreign Language During the Covid 19." American Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 6, no. 1 (August 23, 2021): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.20448/801.61.39.46.
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In the 4th Industrial Revolution (IR 4.0) era, learning a foreign language including Arabic has continued to become challenging for non-native speakers besides it has been identified as one of the difficult foreign languages around the world, according to the UNESCO report. To overcome this, the contemporary Arabic language students are practically being engaged with different technological gadgets in mastering the language. Nevertheless, the story is different for students facing connectivity and technological barriers. In general, the advancement of technology in line with IR 4.0 has undoubtedly helped in making the learning process more resourceful than usual. The technology equipment has been helping educators to communicate knowledge effectively. The use of technological tools is essential in facilitating learning processes, especially in languages which is a productive skill. However, many parties have been facing challenges of coping with the frequent changes and advancements in technology as it moves fast. Likewise, ethics in education while using these gadgets during the learning process must be observed. As the objectives of this study is to investigate and identify the effects that contribute to the difficulties in learning Arabic, the implementation of technological gadgets in learning a language is significant. It empowers the learners to practice throughout the learning process while addressing their needs. This helps educators change their negative perceptions of teaching the Arabic language as a foreign language by using any technological gadget. This paper is a theoretical study (conceptual) and not a research paper. The methodology used was the descriptive qualitative method.
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Sawadogo, Mahamadou. "The concept of complimenting in light of the Moore language in Burkina Faso." Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) 28, no. 1 (February 13, 2018): 139–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/prag.00005.saw.
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Abstract This paper sheds light on the concept of complimenting, based on its practice in the Moore language spoken in Burkina Faso, West Africa. It revisits Holmes’ (1986) definition of “compliments” and proposes a model which gives new insight into the concept of complimenting behaviour across languages and cultures. The proposed model may have implications for our understanding of politeness strategies as proposed by Brown and Levinson (1987), particularly with the urge to integrate third person in the model, as a close examination of data from Moore would suggest. The data analyzed were collected in naturally occurring discourse.
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McPherson, Laura. "Seenku." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 50, no. 2 (January 9, 2019): 220–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100318000312.
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Seenku (ISO 639-3: sos) is a Western Mande language of the Samogo group, whose other members include languages like Dzùùngoo (Solomiac 2014), Jowulu (Djilla, Eenkhoorn & Eenkhoorn-Pilon 2004), and Duungooma (Hochstetler 1996), spoken on either side of the Mali-Burkina Faso border. The endonymic language name Seenku [sɛ̃́ː-kû] (also spelled on Ethnologue as Seeku) literally means ‘thing of the Sɛ̃ː ethnicity’, but it is widely known to outsiders as Sembla (variant spelling Sambla), which doubles as an exonym for the ethnicity. Seenku has two primary dialects, Northern and Southern, spoken in villages approximately 40 km west of Bobo-Dioulasso in Burkina Faso (see map in Figure 1). This study focuses on the more populous southern dialect, particularly the variety spoken in and around the large village center of Bouendé (local name [ɡ͡béné-ɡũ̏]), with a population of approximately 12,000 speakers; the Northern dialect, spoken around the village center of Karangasso (local name [təmî]), has a population of approximately 5000 speakers and was the subject of a sketch grammar (Prost 1971). The southern dialect had until recently received little scholarly attention, with the exception of a Master's thesis on the morphophonology at the Université de Ouagadougou (Congo 2013), but is now the subject of the NSF Documenting Endangered Languages grant supporting this research (BCS-1664335). Other published work includes McPherson (2017a, b, c, d).
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West, William W. "But a Language Shouldn't Change That Fast." English Journal 75, no. 8 (December 1986): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/819071.
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A. Mullen, Lincoln, Kenneth Benoit, Os Keyes, Dmitry Selivanov, and Jeffrey Arnold. "Fast, Consistent Tokenization of Natural Language Text." Journal of Open Source Software 3, no. 23 (March 28, 2018): 655. http://dx.doi.org/10.21105/joss.00655.
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Ibarra, Oscar H., Michael A. Palis, and Sam M. Kim. "Fast parallel language recognition by cellular automata." Theoretical Computer Science 41 (1985): 231–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3975(85)90073-8.
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Kutrib, Martin, and Andreas Malcher. "Fast reversible language recognition using cellular automata." Information and Computation 206, no. 9-10 (September 2008): 1142–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ic.2008.03.015.
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Bertsch, E., and M. J. Nederhof. "Fast parallel recognition of LR language suffixes." Information Processing Letters 92, no. 5 (December 2004): 225–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ipl.2004.08.010.
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Wu, Jianxiong. "A Crowdsourcing Approach to Chinese Vocabulary Learning." IALLT Journal of Language Learning Technologies 44, no. 2 (April 15, 2015): 43–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/iallt.v44i2.8543.
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The fast development of new technology, particularly web-based andmobile technology, has been transforming ways how languages aretaught and learned. The current study examines the use of Memrise, acrowdsourcing spaced repetition program, by college students ofChinese, and its effects on Chinese character learning. The findings ofthe study demonstrate the effectiveness of the program. The study hasalso identified important factors and conditions that should exist inorder for the use of the program to be successful. Based on the findingsof the study, suggestions are made for language teachers in regards tousing Memrise or similar programs in vocabulary teaching. Eventhough the current study focuses on Chinese character learning, thefindings of the study can be applied to any other languages.
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Wan, Kai, and Ping Wang. "Multi-Tasking Based on ARM9-μC/OSII A/D Acquisition System Design and Implementation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 427-429 (September 2013): 624–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.427-429.624.
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In order to achieve fast and efficient data acquisition and digital-to-analog conversion, based on ARM9 Micro-controller S3C2410 and embedded real-time operating system μC/OS-II of multi-tasking A / D acquisition system. Not only able to finish with high precision, reliable, stable, real-time multi-channel analog signals and on-off signal data acquisition, and displays it on the LCD in real time. Completed in ADS1.2 compiled environment, system software using C language and assembly language mix programming, which makes full use of the advantages of different languages. This paper constructs the system's overall design, hardware circuit design method is given in detail, at the same time describes key transplant μC/OS-II embedded operating systems and software design.
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Oz, Furkan, and Kursat Kara. "A CFD Tutorial in Julia: Introduction to Laminar Boundary-Layer Theory." Fluids 6, no. 6 (June 3, 2021): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids6060207.
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Numerical simulations of laminar boundary-layer equations are used to investigate the origins of skin-friction drag, flow separation, and aerodynamic heating concepts in advanced undergraduate- and graduate-level fluid dynamics/aerodynamics courses. A boundary-layer is a thin layer of fluid near a solid surface, and viscous effects dominate it. Students must understand the modeling of flow physics and implement numerical methods to conduct successful simulations. Writing computer codes to solve equations numerically is a critical part of the simulation process. Julia is a new programming language that is designed to combine performance and productivity. It is dynamic and fast. However, it is crucial to understand the capabilities of a new programming language before attempting to use it in a new project. In this paper, fundamental flow problems such as Blasius, Hiemenz, Homann, and Falkner-Skan flow equations are derived from scratch and numerically solved using the Julia language. We used the finite difference scheme to discretize the governing equations, employed the Thomas algorithm to solve the resulting linear system, and compared the results with the published data. In addition, we released the Julia codes in GitHub to shorten the learning curve for new users and discussed the advantages of Julia over other programming languages. We found that the Julia language has significant advantages in productivity over other coding languages. Interested readers may access the Julia codes on our GitHub page.
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Friel-Patti, Sandy, Kim DesBarres, and Linda Thibodeau. "Case Studies of Children Using Fast ForWord." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 10, no. 3 (August 2001): 203–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360(2001/019).
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We report five case studies in which the children were enrolled in Fast ForWord (FFW). The purpose of the case studies was twofold: (a) to obtain independent objective data with the commercially available computer-based language intervention program, FFW; and (b) to identify patterns of performance with FFW related to the children's pre-intervention language profiles. Five children (3 boys, 2 girls) between the ages of 5;10 and 9;2 (years; months) enrolled in a private school for children with language-learning difficulties participated. Outcome measures included both standard scores from general tests of language and measures taken from language-sample analyses. There were modest changes in standardized measures of language after experience with FFW for 3 of the 5 children using the criterion of 95 % confidence interval. There were no clinically significant changes in language sample measures. Several interesting patterns of response to FFW intervention are discussed.
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Saidova, Makhsudakhon Abbasovna. "DEVELOPMENT OF STUDENTS ' ORAL SPEECH IN GERMAN LANGUAGE WITH THE HELP OF PREZI PROGRAM." Journal of Central Asian Social Studies 02, no. 01 (January 1, 2021): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/jcass/volume02issue01-a12.
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In today's fast-evolving era, science and technology are growing at a rapid pace. The delivery of students-students using new innovative pedagogical Technologies is one of the main requirements of today's education. In particular, the process of passing foreign language lessons requires the use of advanced pedagogical technologies, interactive, innovative methods, communicative media.
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Шепелева, И., and I. Shepeleva. "Linguistic Borrowing As One of the Factors of Communication&Mutual Cultural Penetration." Scientific Research and Development. Modern Communication Studies 6, no. 4 (September 6, 2017): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5976f491b90454.08617951.
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Development of every world language is influenced by many factors, the most important being historic and social ones. These factors inevitably cause penetration into the recipient language of the new elements, borrowed from their neighbors and partners in the process of communication in different spheres. The dialogue of cultures is based on language practice and takes place all the time. Moreover, the donor language and the receiving language may change roles in the process of historic development. The article focuses on the continuous process of enrichment of European languages by means of borrowing certain elements from speech of their neighbors and foes. At the initial stage borrowed words are received as some alien elements and lack understanding on the part of majority of native population. Socially these borrowings enjoy a higher status than native lexis. However, as the time goes, these elements lose their novelty, and are often adapted to the norms of the recipient language and sometimes they undergo radical transformation. Finally they become part and parcel of the local thesaurus. Nowadays due to globalization of world processes and fast development of high technologies and means of communication linguistic borrowing as the logical consequence of international cooperation has greatly increased in scope and is now an organic part of the global transformation process.
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Adejumo, Jethro Akinyemi. "A Survey on the Acceptability of Equivalence-Based Translation Into Yorùbá Language in the Domain of Information and Communication Technology." International Journal of Translation, Interpretation, and Applied Linguistics 1, no. 1 (January 2019): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijtial.2019010101.
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This article contains a descriptive survey on the acceptability of equivalence-based translation of the menu of TECNO Android phones into the Yorùbá language, one of the three major languages in Nigeria. Words translated into Yorùbá were categorized into strategies of borrowing, semantic extension and composition and analysed from equivalence effect. In the follow-up survey, information and communication technology experts and general mobile phone users were carefully chosen and consulted for an assessment of the appropriateness of the translation. The study concluded that equivalence, the key term of linguistic translation theories, is still a viable concept in the translation of information and communication technology and equivalence-based translation into Yorùbá will not only promote the language but also contribute to effective communication in a multilingual global village that the world is fast becoming.
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Zhang, Leticia Tian, and Daniel Cassany. "‘Is it always so fast?’." Spanish in Context 16, no. 2 (August 27, 2019): 217–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sic.00035.zha.
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Abstract While much research has proved the benefits of subtitled audiovisuals for foreign language learning, few studies address such practices in out-of-classroom settings or focus on Asia-based video-sharing platforms. This study bridges this gap by introducing an increasingly popular viewing-commenting system in Japan and China, known as danmu or danmaku, which displays viewers’ timeline-synchronized comments on video content. We analyse the metalinguistic comments which entail viewers’ knowledge of the language, their comprehension issues and sociolinguistic attitudes toward its use. Adopting an inductive or data-driven methodology, we extracted and manually coded 390 comments that are related to the Spanish language, Spanish–Chinese translation and learning Spanish. Results show that viewers are mostly interested in linguistic features that differ from Chinese or English (e.g. the complex grammar) and they use danmu to access sociolinguistic issues that are central to daily communication such as the fast speech rate, language varieties, and frequent use of vulgarisms.
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Barilari, Marco, Adélaïde de Heering, Virginie Crollen, Olivier Collignon, and Roberto Bottini. "Is Red Heavier Than Yellow Even for Blind?" i-Perception 9, no. 1 (January 2018): 204166951875912. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041669518759123.
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Across cultures and languages, people find similarities between the products of different senses in mysterious ways. By studying what is called cross-modal correspondences, cognitive psychologists discovered that lemons are fast rather than slow, boulders are sour, and red is heavier than yellow. Are these cross-modal correspondences established via sensory perception or can they be learned merely through language? We contribute to this debate by demonstrating that early blind people who lack the perceptual experience of color also think that red is heavier than yellow but to a lesser extent than sighted do.
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Fonyuy, Kelen Ernesta. "The rush for English education in urban Cameroon: sociolinguistic implications and prospects." English Today 26, no. 1 (February 23, 2010): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078409990289.
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The growing demand for English in parts of Cameroon that were once firmly under French influence.In the last decade, multilingual Cameroon has awoken to a new linguistic reality characterised by reconstructing linguistic identities in order to fit in the global space. This is seen in more and more urban Francophones pursuing English medium education and the Anglophones consolidating their identity alignment to the English language. From a sociolinguistic perspective, this paper evaluates the prominence and implications and prospects of this rush for English education in contemporary urban Cameroon. The case study method and cost-benefit analysis confirm that there is a fast growing interest in English medium education and the beginnings of English as an L1 in urban Cameroon. The result is a paradoxical sociolinguistic outcome: first of all, there is a shift by the majority Francophone group, who are shifting from a predominantly French medium to an English medium education, principally for economic benefits. Secondly, the Anglophones are increasingly shifting to English as an L1, without losing French as they live in basically French-speaking urban zones. This state of language shift implies that there will subsequently be bilingualism without diglossia in Cameroon's two official languages, and loss of the long-standing French language hegemony in Cameroon. At the same time, this shift threatens Cameroon's ancestral languages, forcing them increasingly into attrition and possibly endangerment.
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Shumilov, Artem, and Andrey Philippovich. "Gesture-based animated CAPTCHA." Information & Computer Security 24, no. 3 (July 11, 2016): 242–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ics-12-2014-0082.
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Purpose This paper aims to describe the development of a new experimental CAPTCHA (completely automated public turing test to tell computers and humans apart), which is supposed to provide better protection against spam bots compared to the existing captcha solutions. Design/methodology/approach In the new CAPTCHA, the authors are using animated images of hand gestures to represent letters and numbers. A lot of people use sign language as their primary means of communication, but an automatic algorithm able to reliably recognize such gestures from videos without any additional data has yet to be developed. Findings The experiment showed that at first, it takes time for people who do not use sign languages in their everyday lives to adapt to the new CAPTCHA, but after several successful recognitions, they have no more trouble with it than with a typical captcha implementation. Originality/value The paper shows that people with little to no knowledge of sign languages can still recognize gestures on video relatively fast. Therefore, a gesture-based implementation can be used not only on websites aimed at sign language speakers but also as a general-purpose captcha service.
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Wu, Qianhui, Zijia Lin, Guoxin Wang, Hui Chen, Börje F. Karlsson, Biqing Huang, and Chin-Yew Lin. "Enhanced Meta-Learning for Cross-Lingual Named Entity Recognition with Minimal Resources." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 34, no. 05 (April 3, 2020): 9274–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i05.6466.
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For languages with no annotated resources, transferring knowledge from rich-resource languages is an effective solution for named entity recognition (NER). While all existing methods directly transfer from source-learned model to a target language, in this paper, we propose to fine-tune the learned model with a few similar examples given a test case, which could benefit the prediction by leveraging the structural and semantic information conveyed in such similar examples. To this end, we present a meta-learning algorithm to find a good model parameter initialization that could fast adapt to the given test case and propose to construct multiple pseudo-NER tasks for meta-training by computing sentence similarities. To further improve the model's generalization ability across different languages, we introduce a masking scheme and augment the loss function with an additional maximum term during meta-training. We conduct extensive experiments on cross-lingual named entity recognition with minimal resources over five target languages. The results show that our approach significantly outperforms existing state-of-the-art methods across the board.
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Deppeler, Joanne M., Anna M. Taranto, and John Bench. "Language and Auditory Processing Changes Following Fast ForWord." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Audiology 26, no. 2 (November 1, 2004): 94–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/audi.26.2.94.58276.
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Marr, Stefan, Benoit Daloze, and Hanspeter Mössenböck. "Cross-language compiler benchmarking: are we fast yet?" ACM SIGPLAN Notices 52, no. 2 (May 11, 2017): 120–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3093334.2989232.
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Gillam, Ronald B. "Computer-Assisted Language Intervention Using Fast ForWord®." Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 30, no. 4 (October 1999): 363–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461.3004.363.
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A computer-assisted language intervention program called Fast ForWord® (Scientific Learning Corporation, 1998) has received a great deal of attention at professional meetings and in the popular media. Newspaper and magazine articles about this program contain statements like, "On average, after only 6 to 7 weeks of training, language-learning impaired children ages 4 to 12 showed improvement of more than one and a half years in speech processing and language ability." (Scientific Learning Corporation, 1997). Are the claims that are being made about this intervention approach just a matter of product promotion, or is this really a scientifically proven remedy for language-learning impairments? This article critiques the theoretical basis of Fast ForWord®, the documented treatment outcomes, and the clinical methods associated with the procedure. Fifteen cautionary statements are provided that clinicians may want to consider before they recommend Fast ForWord® intervention for the children they serve.
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Dollaghan, Christine A. "Fast Mapping in Normal and Language-Impaired Children." Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 52, no. 3 (August 1987): 218–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshd.5203.218.
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In this study, the fast mapping skills of a group of 11 normal children (ages 4:0–5:6) were compared to those of a group of 11 language-impaired children (ages 4:1–5:4) exhibiting expressive syntactic deficits. Fast mapping is a hypothesized process enabling children to create lexical representations for new words after as little as a single exposure. Subjects encountered a nonsense word and its novel object referent. Subsequent tasks probed the amount and kinds of information about the new word that the subjects had entered into memory. Normal and language-impaired subjects did not differ in their ability to infer a connection between the novel word and referent, to comprehend the novel word after a single exposure, and to recall some nonlinguistic information associated with the referent. However, the language-impaired subjects were less successful than the normal subjects in producing the new word, recalling significantly fewer of its three phonemes.