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1
Hayes, Teresa L., Wendy F. Marley, and Matthew A. Carle. Artificial sweeteners & fat replacers. Cleveland, Ohio: Freedonia Group, 1998.
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Hayes, Teresa L., Wendy F. Marley, and Rebecca L. Friedman. Artificial sweeteners & fat replacers. Cleveland: Freedonia Group, 2000.
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3
Babington, Mary F., Autumn N. Lodge, and Tonia P. Bell. Private companies in food & beverage additives & substitutes: Flavors, nutraceuticals, preservatives, artificial sweeteners, fat replacers & related products. Cleveland: Freedonia Group, 1999.
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4
Allport, Susan. The queen of fats: Why omega-3s were removed from the Western diet and what we can do to replace them. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006.
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Allport, Susan. The queen of fats: Why omega-3s were removed from the Western diet and what we can do to replace them. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2007.
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6
Dickson, Robert L. Konjac flour/carrageenan gel as a suitable fat replacer in a ground meat system. 1996.
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7
Sibel, Roller, and Jones Sylvia A, eds. Handbook of fat replacers. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press, 1996.
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Roller, Sibel, and Sylvia A. Jones. Handbook of Fat Replacers. CRC Press, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780367802066.
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Andrews, Rob, and Clare England. Poor diets. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0335.
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Apart from breast milk, no single food contains all the essential nutrients the body needs to be healthy and function efficiently. The nutritional value of a person’s diet depends on the overall balance of foods eaten over a period of time, as well as on the needs of the individual. Over the last 60 years, there has been increasing agreement about the balance of nutrients and foods that make up a ‘good’ diet. This consists primarily of wholegrains (i.e. cereal grains, or foods made from them, containing bran, germ, and endosperm, e.g. wholemeal breads, oatmeal, and dark rye); vegetables and fruit, including nuts and pulses; moderate amounts of fish and low-fat dairy foods; and limited amounts of meat. The consumption of saturated fat should be low, with saturated fat being replaced by mono- and polyunsaturated vegetable fats and fish oils. Trans-fatty acids should be minimized, and added sugar should provide no more than 10% of energy intake. However, as omnivores, humans can survive on a wide range of different foods, and many people worldwide eat diets that fall far short of this ideal.
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Do Created Wetlands Replace The Wetlands That Are Destroyed? Fact Sheet 246-96. [S.l: s.n., 1998.
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Barger, Lilian Calles. New Foundations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190695392.003.0006.
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This chapter surveys the historical relationship between social scientific thought and theology, and the fact/value distinction that plagued both disciplines. The migration into theology of social scientific theory, historicism, and pragmatism in the early twentieth century served as a foundation for constructing a new theological method that recast the relationship between the text, the self, and the world. The question of whether science would replace religion in determining the lived values of a society occupied social thinkers. Finding common ground required traversing the gulf between facts and values. In the course of the twentieth century, epistemological questions gave way to ethical ones. The question of right action replaced the question of what was true. Developments of social theory recognizing a plurality of knowledge allowed a mutual recognition. These changes contributed to the liberationist theological method, one that began with the world rather than with abstract truth applied to the world.
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Air traffic control: FAA plans to replace its host computer system because future availability cannot be assured. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington, D.C. 20013): The Office, 1998.
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United States. Dept. of Defense., ed. Defense Far Supplement... The 1991 Edition Effective Date: December 31, 1991 This Replaces The 1988 Edition... U.S. Deparment Of Defense. [S.l: s.n., 1999.
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Allport, Susan. Queen of Fats: Why Omega-3s Were Removed from the Western Diet and What We Can Do to Replace Them. University of California Press, 2006.
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Allport, Susan. Queen of Fats: Why Omega-3s Were Removed from the Western Diet and What We Can Do to Replace Them. University of California Press, 2006.
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McClelland, Clive. and. Edited by Danuta Mirka. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199841578.013.0011.
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The topical label ofSturm und Drang, which draws on parallels between certain movements of Haydn’s middle-period symphonies and the trend in German Romantic literature (Wyzewa 1909) was deemed misguided and no longer fit for purpose in the discipline of topic theory. In this chapter it is replaced bytempesta. This termacknowledges the origins of the topic not in Haydn’s symphonies, but in early opera, since the musical language clearly derives from depictions of storms and other devastations in the theater.Tempestais to be regarded as the counterpart ofombra, the menacing style of music associated with the supernatural. Both styles are often juxtaposed in infernal scenes, where the creeping terror ofombrais contrasted with the fast frenzy oftempesta. The aesthetic framework for these topics is Burke’s “sublime of terror” (1758) rather than the German literarySturm und Drang.
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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Ways and Means. and United States. Congress. Joint Committee on Taxation., eds. Description and analysis of proposals to replace the federal income tax: Scheduled for public hearings before the Committee on Ways and Means on June 6-8, 1995. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1995.
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Division, DynCorp Environmental Programs, and United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Water., eds. Report of EPA efforts to replace freon for the determination of oil and grease and total petroleum hydrocarbons: Phase II. [Washington, DC]: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, 1995.
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19
Succi, Sauro. Lattice Boltzmann Models for Microflows. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199592357.003.0029.
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The Lattice Boltzmann method was originally devised as a computational alternative for the simulation of macroscopic flows, as described by the Navier–Stokes equations of continuum mechanics. In many respects, this still is the main place where it belongs today. Yet, in the past decade, LB has made proof of a largely unanticipated versatility across a broad spectrum of scales, from fully developed turbulence, to microfluidics, all the way down to nanoscale flows. Even though no systematic analogue of the Chapman–Enskog asymptotics is available in this beyond-hydro region (no guarantee), the fact remains that, with due extensions of the basic scheme, the LB has proven capable of providing several valuable insights into the physics of flows at micro- and nano-scales. This does not mean that LBE can solve the actual Boltzmann equation or replace Molecular Dynamics, but simply that it can provide useful insights into some flow problems which cannot be described within the realm of the Navier–Stokes equations of continuum mechanics. This Chapter provides a cursory view of this fast-growing front of modern LB research.
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The Queen of Fats: Why Omega-3s Were Removed from the Western Diet and What We Can Do to Replace Them (California Studies in Food and Culture). University of California Press, 2008.
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21
Gamberini, Andrea. New Scenarios, Old Questions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824312.003.0013.
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This chapter, beginning Part II, takes as its theme the advent of the regional states—new and broader political formations that replaced city-states from the middle of the fourteenth century. It looks briefly at the causes of a transformation that profoundly altered the balance of late medieval Italy and which ended with the introduction of other, different political cultures. Far from simplifying the political picture, the regional state absorbed but did not dissolve the many existing territorial bodies, resulting in a stratification of languages and ideas and a configuration of extreme tensions. The Milan Duchy is employed as a case study in order to investigate these phenomena analytically.
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Goldsmith, Jack, and Tim Wu. Who Controls the Internet? Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195152661.001.0001.
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Is the Internet erasing national borders? Will the future of the Net be set by Internet engineers, rogue programmers, the United Nations, or powerful countries? Who's really in control of what's happening on the Net? In this provocative new book, Jack Goldsmith and Tim Wu tell the fascinating story of the Internet's challenge to governmental rule in the 1990s, and the ensuing battles with governments around the world. It's a book about the fate of one idea--that the Internet might liberate us forever from government, borders, and even our physical selves. We learn of Google's struggles with the French government and Yahoo's capitulation to the Chinese regime; of how the European Union sets privacy standards on the Net for the entire world; and of eBay's struggles with fraud and how it slowly learned to trust the FBI. In a decade of events the original vision is uprooted, as governments time and time again assert their power to direct the future of the Internet. The destiny of the Internet over the next decades, argue Goldsmith and Wu, will reflect the interests of powerful nations and the conflicts within and between them. While acknowledging the many attractions of the earliest visions of the Internet, the authors describe the new order, and speaking to both its surprising virtues and unavoidable vices. Far from destroying the Internet, the experience of the last decade has lead to a quiet rediscovery of some of the oldest functions and justifications for territorial government. While territorial governments have unavoidable problems, it has proven hard to replace what legitimacy governments have, and harder yet to replace the system of rule of law that controls the unchecked evils of anarchy. While the Net will change some of the ways that territorial states govern, it will not diminish the oldest and most fundamental roles of government and challenges of governance. Well written and filled with fascinating examples, including colorful portraits of many key players in Internet history, this is a work that is bound to stir heated debate in the cyberspace community.
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Kenney, Padraic. Night and Fog. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199375745.003.0003.
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What do states do with the opponents they have imprisoned? This chapter explores the treatment of prisoners as a way to understand political incarceration. For political prisoners, arbitrary and uncertain rules replace rights in the twentieth century. Prisoners see rules as capricious, but the capriciousness undermines prisoners’ sense of themselves and of their fate. Prison denies ordinary sensations and strips prisoners of their identity, even of their humanity. It instills uncertainty through the use of informers, purposeless labor, and torture. Examples in the chapter include Nazi Germany, Poland in the 1930s and in the Stalinist era, British Northern Ireland during the Troubles, and apartheid South Africa.
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Subramaniam, Banu, ed. New Cartographies of Variation. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038655.003.0011.
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This concluding chapter summarizes the major points posited so far in this book, and contains the author's personal reflections on the need for new cartographies of study in the presence of these naturecultural paradigms. It emphasizes the need to replace insular and narrowly focused areas of study with communal histories and communal storytelling. Naturecultural visions show us that individual disciplines are each imbued with cultural norms and histories while being blind to those influences. Hence, the chapter also returns to the metaphor of ghosts in representing the silenced eugenic history of ecology and evolutionary biology and our consequent refusal to suitably acknowledge the horrors of eugenics.
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Pfaller, Robert. Little Gestures of Disappearance: Interpassivity and the Theory of Ritual. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474422925.003.0004.
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There is a recurrent remark in many anthropological studies concerning ritual: the more people believe (for instance in their religion), the less they appear willing to follow this very religion’s rituals. This hostility reveals a question proper to the theory of interpassivity: Is it possible that people suspect ritual not to express their inner beliefs, but rather to replace them? Is ritual a vicarious agent that renders inner conviction superfluous? Do we have to conclude for cultural history in general that which Freud did for fetishism, namely: that the colourful materiality of the ritual and its objects is, in fact, the symptom of an abandoned belief?
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Connolly, William E. Then and Now: Participant‐Observation in Political Theory. Edited by John S. Dryzek, Bonnie Honig, and Anne Phillips. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199548439.003.0045.
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This article examines changes in the study of participant-observation in the field of political theory. It explains that in the early 1960s, political theory was widely considered as a moribund enterprise. Empiricists were pushing a new science of politics, designed to replace the options of constitutional interpretation, impressionistic theory, and traditionalism. But by the mid-1960s the end of ideology screeched to a halt because of growing outrage about the Vietnam War, worries among college students about the draft, and the emergence of a civil rights movement. The academic study of political theory was revived and a series of studies emerged to challenge the fact-value dichotomy, the difference between science and ideology, and the public roles of academics.
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Vihman, Marilyn May. Phonological Templates in Development. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793564.001.0001.
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Based on cross-linguistic data from several children each learning one of eight languages and grounded in the theoretical frameworks of usage-based phonology, exemplar theory, and Dynamic Systems Theory, this book explores the patterns or phonological templates children develop once they are producing 20–50 words or more. The children are found to begin with ‘selected’ words, which match some of the vocal forms they have practised in babbling; this is followed by the production of more challenging adult word forms, adapted—differently by different children and with some shaping by the particular adult language—to fit that child’s existing word forms. Early accuracy is replaced by later recourse to an ‘inner model’ of what a word can sound like; this is a template, or fixed output pattern to which a high proportion of the children’s forms adhere for a short time, before being replaced by ‘ordinary’ (more adult-like) forms with regular substitutions and omissions. The idea of templates developed in adult theorizing about phonology and morphology; in adult language it is most productive in colloquial forms and pet names or hypocoristics, found in informal settings or ‘language at play’. These are illustrated in some detail for over 200 English rhyming compounds, 100 Estonian and 500 French short forms. The issues of emergent systematicity, the roles of articulatory and memory challenges for children, and the similarities and differences in the function of templates for adults as compared with children are central concerns.
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Doyle, William, ed. The Oxford Handbook of the Ancien Régime. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199291205.001.0001.
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In this book, a team of contributors surveys and presents current thinking about the world of pre-revolutionary France and Europe. The idea of the Ancien Régime was invented by the French revolutionaries to define what they hoped to destroy and replace. But it was not a precise definition, and although historians have found it conceptually useful, there is wide disagreement about what the Ancien Régime's main features were, how they worked, how old they were, how far they stretched, how dynamic or inert they were, and how far the revolutionaries succeeded in their ambitions to eradicate them. In this collection, old and newer areas of research into the Ancien Régime are presented and assessed, and there has been no attempt to impose any sort of consensus. The result shows what a lively field of historical enquiry the Ancien Régime remains, and points the way towards a range of promising new directions for thinking and writing about the intriguing complex of historical problems that it continues to pose.
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Moody, Alys. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198828891.003.0006.
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This book has traced a history of modernism’s decline and of its doubters. In post-Vichy France, the US circa 1968, and late apartheid South Africa, modernism’s fate was precarious, its reputation tarnished, and its politics reviled. The inescapability of the political in these contexts compromised the structural conditions of the autonomous literary field on which modernism had been built. In turn, it threw into crisis the philosophical defense of autonomy and the literary legacies of modernism, which grew out of and were guaranteed by this autonomous literary field. The stories we tell about late twentieth-century literary history reflect this dilemma. According to received wisdom, the period between 1945 and 1990 saw postmodernism replace modernism in both literature and scholarship, and new waves of postcolonial literature and theory discredited the Eurocentric specter of modernism. ...
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Baldwin, Thomas. Truth in British Idealism and its Analytic Critics. Edited by Michael Glanzberg. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199557929.013.5.
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Arguments about truth were central to the debates between British idealists such as Bradley and their analytic critics such as Russell. Bradley’s thesis of the “unreality” of relations led him to the holistic monism of the Absolute, within which truth is no relation between judgment and fact but the expansion of judgment until it becomes reality. Russell argued that this idealist monism rests on the mistaken assumption that all relations are internal, and should be replaced by a realist pluralism of facts. Initially Russell followed Moore in holding that truth is a simple property of judgments which are facts. But that position cannot deal sensibly with falsehood, so Russell then moved to his multiple-relation theory of judgment. But having been persuaded by Wittgenstein that this was not a tenable position, he adopted the semantic correspondence theory of logical atomism.
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Mac Suibhne, Breandán. Prologue. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198738619.003.0001.
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Observing the abandonment of traditional beliefs and practices in the 1830s, the scholar John O’Donovan remarked that ‘a different era—the era of infidelity—is fast approaching!’ In west Donegal, that era finally arrived c.1880, when, over much of the district, English replaced Irish as the language of the home. Yet it had been coming into view since the mid-1700s, as the district came to be fitted—through the cattle trade, seasonal migration, and protoindustrialization—into regional and global economic systems. In addition to the market, an expansion of the administrative and coercive capacity of the state and an improvement in the plant and personnel of the Catholic Church—processes that intensified in the mid-1800s—proved vital factors, as the population dwindled after the Famine, in the people breaking faith with the old and familiar and adopting the new.
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Steane, Andrew. Science and Humanity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824589.001.0001.
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This volume offers an in-depth presentation of the structure of science and the nature of the physical world, with a view to showing how it complements and does not replace other types of human activity, such as the arts and humanities, spirituality and religion. The aim is to better inform scientists, science educators, and the general public. Many think that science can and does establish that the natural world is a vast machine, and this is the whole truth of ourselves and our environment. This is wrong. In fact, scientific models employ a rich network of interconnecting concepts, and the overall picture suggests the full validity of further forms of truth-seeking and truth-speaking, such as art, jurisprudence, and the like. In fundamental physics, the equations that describe physical behaviour interact in a subtle symbiotic way with symmetry principles which describe overarching guidelines. The relationship between physics and biology is similar, and so is the relationship between biology and the humanities. Darwinian evolution is an exploratory mechanism which allows richer patterns and truths to come to be expressed; it does not negate or replace those truths. The area of values, of what can or should command our allegiance, requires a different kind of response, a response that is not completely captured by logical argument, but which is central to human life. Religion, when it is understood correctly and done well, is the engagement with the idea that we have a meaningful role to play, and much to learn.
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Steane, Andrew. Reflection. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824589.003.0006.
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This chapter reflects on the sequence of the book so far, and applies the discussion to some aspects of human life. It is false to say that an arch is explained by the properties of stones. It would still be false to say that an arch is explained by what stones are, even if all arches everywhere were made of stones. Similar observations extend throughout science, and from this it can, and should, be deduced that the moral stature of human beings is neither eroded nor replaced by the study of the physical mechanism of human beings. It is the duty of scientists writing for the general public to make this clear and not fudge it. It is false to say, for example, that the language of justice and responsibility is less objective than statements about wavefunctions coming from physics, or statements about genes in biology.
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Seibt, Johanna. What Is a Process? Modes of Occurrence and Forms of Dynamicity in General Process Theory. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198777991.003.0007.
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This chapter suggests that contemporary research in process ontology can be sorted into two varieties. The radical strategy, implemented in General Process Theory, takes our reasoning of processes to motivate a comprehensive rejection of a network of traditional presumptions in ontology (“substance paradigm”). More recent work on processes displays a more conservative approach where the traditional research paradigm is not replaced but expanded. One pivotal disagreement between the radical and conservative strategy is, it is suggested, the traditional tenet that all concrete individuals must be particulars. With focus on recent work by Stout and Steward the chapter argues that convincing arguments for the individuality of processes are undermined by the fact that such process individuals are conceived of as particulars. Such approaches are focused on the distinction between processes and “events” but fail to acknowledge an important distinction among processes that is an integral part of the data for process ontology.
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Kennel, Charles F. Convection and Substorms. Oxford University Press, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195085297.001.0001.
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The magnetosphere is the region where cosmic rays and the solar wind interact with the Earth's magnetic field, creating such phenomena as the northern lights and other aurorae. The configuration and dynamics of the magnetosphere are of interest to planetary physicists, geophysicists, plasma astrophysicists, and to scientists planning space missions. The circulation of solar wind plasma in the magnetosphere and substorms have long been used as the principle paradigms for studying this vital region. Charles F. Kennel, a leading scientist in the field, here presents a synthesis of the convection and substorm literatures, and an analysis of convection and substorm interactions; he also suggests that the currently accepted steady reconnection model may be advantageously replaced by a model of multiple tail reconnection events, in which many mutually interdependent reconnections occur. Written in an accessible, non-mathematical style, this book introduces the reader to the exciting discoveries in this fast-growing field.
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Palmeri, Thomas J., Jeffrey D. Schall, and Gordon D. Logan. Neurocognitive Modeling of Perceptual Decision Making. Edited by Jerome R. Busemeyer, Zheng Wang, James T. Townsend, and Ami Eidels. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199957996.013.15.
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Mathematical psychology and systems neuroscience have converged on stochastic accumulator models to explain decision making. We examined saccade decisions in monkeys while neurophysiological recordings were made within their frontal eye field. Accumulator models were tested on how well they fit response probabilities and distributions of response times to make saccades. We connected these models with neurophysiology. To test the hypothesis that visually responsive neurons represented perceptual evidence driving accumulation, we replaced perceptual processing time and drift rate parameters with recorded neurophysiology from those neurons. To test the hypothesis that movement related neurons instantiated the accumulator, we compared measures of neural dynamics with predicted measures of accumulator dynamics. Thus, neurophysiology both provides a constraint on model assumptions and data for model selection. We highlight a gated accumulator model that accounts for saccade behavior during visual search, predicts neurophysiology during search, and provides insights into the locus of cognitive control over decisions.
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Welsh, Mary Sue. Keeping Up with the Speed Kings. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037368.003.0004.
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This chapter describes the decision of Edna's mother to move to Philadelphia to support her daughter's new career. She rented a small townhouse at 1910 Panama Street for the two of them and her youngest daughter, Peggy, who was attending Beaver College (known today as Arcadia University), just northwest of Philadelphia in the suburb of Glenside. The chapter also details Edna's first rehearsal with the orchestra on September 29, 1930. She knew that she might face resistance from some of the men of the orchestra, but the wave of hostility that came at her was a shock. It was so palpable it felt like a slap. Later she discovered that the men were angry about more than just the fact that a woman had invaded their private domain. They were also upset that Vincent Fanelli had been replaced so precipitously after he developed a problem in his right hand.
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Kirby, David A. The Changing Popular Images of Science. Edited by Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Dan M. Kahan, and Dietram A. Scheufele. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190497620.013.32.
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Studies of popular culture show that contemporary images of science have become far less negative and much more complex than earlier stereotypical depictions. Scientists are now more likely to be characterized as heroes rather than villains, and modern scientist characters exhibit a moral complexity not found in previous portrayals. But the historic depiction of scientists as white, privileged American males has not changed. Scholarly analyses demonstrate a shift away from fictional interpretations of scientific knowledge as inherently dangerous toward a representation of science as being threatening only when it is unregulated and freed from ethical constraints. Recent entertainment media renders science more accessible by demystifying the scientific process even if these texts still portray science as a domain for elites. Past representations of science as a secretive and mysterious practice have also been replaced by a new public image of science as a practice that has an almost preternatural certainty.
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Shue, Henry. Mitigation. Edited by Stephen M. Gardiner and Allen Thompson. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199941339.013.41.
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Mitigation—preventative actions to reduce the human forcing of climate change with the goal of keeping climate change within a range to which humans can adapt—must be prompt, rigorous, and focused on eliminating emissions of carbon dioxide, beginning with rapid cessation of the use of coal. Carbon dioxide is by far the most threatening greenhouse gas because it remains in the atmosphere for millennia longer than any other major greenhouse gas, and the heat retained on the planet by atmospheric carbon dioxide will continue to emerge from its transitional storage in the deep oceans for millennia after the atmospheric carbon finally dissipates. Sustainable development can be increased and ocean acidification can be stopped only if the dominant fossil fuel regime is promptly replaced by an affordable and accessible alternative energy regime. Poorer countries cannot be reasonably expected to cooperate with vigorous mitigation unless they are assisted with necessary adaptation.
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Taraldsen, Knut Tarald. Spanning versus Constituent Lexicalization. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190876746.003.0003.
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This chapter seeks to evaluate the relative merits of two competing views of how lexical insertion should work in a nanosyntactic framework. One view holds that a sequence of heads meeting certain conditions, a “span,” can be replaced by a single morpheme even when those heads do not form a constituent in the input tree. The other view allows lexical insertion only to target constituents. The article focuses on certain properties of portmanteau prefixes identified by investigating the nominal class prefixes in Bantu languages. Accounting for portmanteau prefixes looks like a serious challenge to the theory restricting lexical insertion to constituents. They can be accommodated by positing only a richer syntactic structure than is usual. However, various empirical arguments show that the richer syntactic structure is in fact needed in an analysis of the nominal class prefixes in Bantu and that this conclusion extends to class prefixes in other languages.
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Hydén, Lars-Christer. Embodied Memories. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199391578.003.0006.
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For persons with dementia, engaging in joint activities like storytelling is fraught with challenges related to the fact that fewer linguistic and cognitive resources are available, compared with before the disease. Of particular importance are challenges concerning finding words and names, constructing utterances and stories, as well as remembering events and stories—and the combined effect of these. Having fewer resources available makes it difficult to tell stories in conversations, to listen to others’ storytelling, or to identify and grab a turn in a conversation to put in a word. One alternative is for the person with dementia to use embodied resources. The person with dementia can use other resources in combination with abilities that are still fully functional. Instead of gestures accompanying words in a story, gestures can take the lead role, with words only stressing or supporting bodily gestures, or gestures may even replace words entirely.
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Walsh, Bruce, and Michael Lynch. The Genetic Effective Size of a Population. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830870.003.0003.
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The effects of genetic drift usually assume an idealized population of constant size. This chapter shows how the population size for such an idealized population can be replaced with an effective population size for populations with age structure, unequal sex ratios, a history of expansion or contraction, inbreeding, and population subdivision. These demographic features impact the entire genome more or less equally. A relatively recent understanding is that selection at a site can dramatically reduce the local effective population size experienced by nearby linked sites (the Hill-Robertson effect). This can arise from background selection to remove deleterious new mutations or from selective sweeps wherein favorable new mutations are driven toward fixation. The Hill-Robertson effect is a general way to describe the fact that selection at a site makes selection are other linked sites less efficient, and, therefore, more neutral. This chapter discusses the implications of this finding for genome structure.
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Reintges, Chris H., and Sonia Cyrino. Analyticization and the syntax of the synthetic residue. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747307.003.0010.
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Current understanding of syntactic variation and change relies on the notion of parameters of varying magnitude (micro- and macroparameters). This chapter focuses on the flipside of parameter change, namely the retention and survival of synthetic morphological structure in a context of widespread analyticization. The global effects of synthetic-to-analytic drift are examined in two diachronic scenarios: one in which the process has almost, though not entirely been completed (Coptic Egyptian), and another one in which the process is still under way (Brazilian Portuguese). Coptic has gone very far in abandoning its former synthetic features and thus exhibits a high degree of analyticity. In Brazilian Portuguese, the analyticization process is an advanced state, with synthetically inflected tenses exhibiting a decreasing productivity and gradually being replaced by the corresponding auxiliary verb constructions in the spoken language. The restriction on verb movement is a side effect of ongoing analyticization that affects language’s word order.
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Dallmayr, Fred. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190670979.003.0001.
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Tocqueville asserted that the principle of democratic equality is a “providential fact.” In its actual unfolding, however, the “providential” aspect was replaced by a strictly empirical, humanly engineered process or development, and the spirit of “equality” gave way to the unleashing of unlimited self-interest, which produced growing inequality. This chapter traces the transformation from a qualitative conception into a purely quantitative, empirical, and “minimalist” definition of democracy. Apart from violating equality, the transformation also ignores the “paradigm shift” of democracy (vis-à-vis monarchy): that popular sovereignty cannot be occupied, but remains (in the terms of Claude Lefort) an “empty space.” The chapter also discusses the steady globalization of this definition, meaning the transfer of liberal minimalism from the Western “center” to the non-Western “periphery,” often through policies of “regime change.” In this manner, the domestic rise of inequality is paralleled by the rise of global elitism and hegemonic domination.
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Stöltzner, Michael. The Logical Empiricists. Edited by Helen Beebee, Christopher Hitchcock, and Peter Menzies. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199279739.003.0007.
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Causation was a central theme for the movement of Logical Empiricism (LE); during its classical European phase — the 1920s and 1930s — and beyond. It would not become one of LE's alleged ‘dogmas’, unlike verificationism and the analytic–synthetic distinction. Rather, the topic of causation paradigmatically exhibits two important features of LE. First, the movement was intimately connected to the scientific developments of the day; its representatives tried to accommodate their analyses to those developments rather than insist on an unassailable philosophical outlook come what may. Second, their joint allegiance to scientific empiricism and modern logic, and the common agenda to replace traditional metaphysics by a scientific world conception, cannot conceal the fact that the members of LE stemmed from different intellectual backgrounds and pursued, the manifold cross-references notwithstanding, original trains of thought. Hence they reacted in different ways to the scientific revolutions that occurred during the heyday of LE, quantum theory foremost.
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Marek, Porzycki, and Rachwał Anna. 13 National Report for Poland. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198727293.003.0013.
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This chapter discusses the law on creditor claims in Poland, where a comprehensive insolvency law reform is ongoing. In May 2015, Parliament adopted the final text of the Restructuring Law (RL). Due to enter into force on 1 January 2016, it will cover four restructuring proceedings: arrangement approval; fast arrangement; arrangement; and reorganization. Their common aim will be rescuing the debtor’s enterprise via an arrangement adopted by a majority of creditors. They will apply in case of both threatened and actual insolvency, and replace the current reorganization bankruptcy and rarely used rehabilitation proceedings. The existing Bankruptcy and Rehabilitation Law will have its provisions on reorganization bankruptcy and rehabilitation proceedings repealed, and be renamed ‘Bankruptcy Law’. The chapter deals with insolvency claims, administration claims, and non-enforceable claims in turn. Each section covers: the definition and scope of the claim; rules for submission, verification, and satisfaction or admission of claims; ranking of claims; and voting and other participation rights in insolvency proceedings.
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United States. General Accounting Office. and United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Finance., eds. FAA financing: Issues and options in deciding to reinstate or replace the airline ticket tax : statement of John H. Anderson, Jr., Director, Transportation Issues, Resources, Community, and Economic Development Division, before the Committee on Finance, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1997.
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Del Giudice, Marco. Evolutionary Psychopathology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190246846.001.0001.
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This book presents a unified approach to evolutionary psychopathology, and advances an integrative framework for the analysis and classification of mental disorders based on the concepts of life history theory. The framework does not aim to replace existing evolutionary models of specific disorders—which are reviewed and critically discussed in the book—but to connect them in a broader perspective and explain the large-scale patterns of risk and comorbidity that characterize psychopathology. The life history framework permits a seamless integration of mental disorders with normative individual differences in personality and cognition, and offers new conceptual tools for the analysis of developmental, genetic, and neurobiological data. The concepts synthesized in the book are used to derive a new taxonomy of mental disorders, the fast-slow-defense (FSD) model. The FSD model is the first classification system explicitly based on evolutionary concepts, a biologically grounded alternative to transdiagnostic models based on empirical correlations between symptoms. The book reviews a wide range of common mental disorders, discusses their classification in the FSD model, and identifies functional subtypes within existing diagnostic categories.
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Ophir, Adi, and Ishay Rosen-Zvi. Goy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198744900.001.0001.
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The distinction between Jew and his other, the gentile, has been so central to Jewish history that the vast scholarship dedicated to Jewish-gentile relations has treated the category of the gentile as self-evident and has never questioned its history. This book shows that this category was in fact born at a particular moment, that it replaced older categories of otherness, and that it was both informed by and embedded in new modes of separation of Jews from non-Jews. The book traces the development of the term and category of the goy from the Bible—where it simply means “people,” through the plurality of others in Second Temple literature, to rabbinic literature—where it signifies any individual who is not a Jew, erasing all ethnic and social differences among different others. The book argues that the abstract concept of the gentile first appeared in Paul’s Letters, but only in rabbinic literature did this category become the center of a stable and long-standing discursive structure. It then reconstructs the specific type of other the goy came to be, and compares it to the famous other of Greek and Hellenistic antiquity—the Barbarian.
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Wong, Magdalena. Everyday Masculinities in 21st-Century China. Hong Kong University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5790/hongkong/9789888528424.001.0001.
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Everyday Masculinities in 21st-Century China: The Making of Able-Responsible Men argues that a moral dimension in Chinese masculinity is of growing significance in fast-changing China. The author introduces the twin concepts of ability and responsibility as integral expressions of the dominant and hegemonic form of masculinity in present-day Nanchong. Able-responsible men—those who can create wealth and shoulder responsibilities—have replaced the 'moneyed elite' of the earlier reform-and-opening-up era as the dominant male ideal. The many case studies in the book vividly illustrate the coercive social forces that affect not just men and boys, but also women, and reveal that there is resistance as well as complicity. The book lays bare the socio-political context that nurtures the cultural expressions of hegemonic masculinity under the rule of President Xi Jinping, who has emerged in public consciousness as the embodiment of the ideal able-responsible man. There are new perspectives on many topical issues that China faces, including urbanization, labour migration, the one-child policy, love and marriage, gender and intergenerational dynamics, hierarchical male relationships, and the rise of mass displays of nationalism. The book is a rare effort to answer the question, 'Is there an indigenous Chinese masculinity?'