Relevant bibliographies by topics / Fatigue and fracture nanomechanical testing device

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Academic literature on the topic 'Fatigue and fracture nanomechanical testing device'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 3 June 2025
Last updated: 6 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Fatigue and fracture nanomechanical testing device"

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Bertorello, Argüelles, Mollón, Bonhomme, Viña, and Viña. "Use of a LHFB Device for Testing Mode III in a Composite Laminate." Polymers 11, no. 8 (2019): 1243. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11081243.

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The present paper studies the fatigue delamination behaviour of an epoxy/carbon composite material under mode III loading using a longitudinal half fixed beam (LHFB) device initially designed for mode III static tests of composite materials formed by the stacking of plies. For this purpose, a series of tests was carried out at different levels of loading representative of the fatigue behaviour of the material, from the crack onset phase through the delamination phase to final fracture. The experimental results were treated statistically, obtaining the values of the fatigue limit for probabilities of fracture of 5% and 50%. Finally, a fractographic analysis of the fracture surfaces was performed which allowed us to identify the same characteristic patterns of static mode III fracture, namely broken fibres, cusps and saw-teeth, in addition to a new morphology consisting of the formation of agglomerations of resin produced by the friction between the lips of the specimen in the fracture zone that point to dynamic mode III fracture. These agglomerations eventually crack and become detached from the fibres, leaving these free of resin.
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Shimamoto, Akira, Do Yeon Hwang, and Tetsuya Nemoto. "Development of Biaxial Servo Controlled Fatigue Testing System." Key Engineering Materials 321-323 (October 2006): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.321-323.57.

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Destructive accident sometimes takes place though the equivalent stress is rather low in the viewpoint of strength of materials. The propagation of fatigue cracks under multi-axial stress state and cycling load gives the reason. Fatigue fracture has been considered as one of the most commonly encountered industrial problems that lead to the damage of components in engineering products. In general, the machine structure is always under stress concentration or stress cycles. Moreover, the structure material is usually under two axes or multi-axial stresses instead of uniaxial stress state. It is important, therefore, to clarify the propagation behavior and the fatigue failure problem of the crack under the multi-axial stresses and cycling load from the safety reliability and accident prevention measure. In this study, a biaxial fatigue experimental device was developed which can carry out a wide range of fatigue tests under biaxial stresses. The developed experimental device was identified with a biaxial fatigue experiments including static uniaxial and biaxial tensile test by using the aluminum alloy flat plate as specimens. The propagation behavior of fatigue crack for center notched cruciform specimen in the equal biaxial fatigue test was verified.
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Sharma, Kartik, Aditi Goel, and Khushnuma Shah. "Cyclic Fatigue Fracture Resistance Evaluation of Three NiTi Rotary Multiple File Systems: An in-vitro Comparative Study." Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research 35, no. 5 (2023): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jammr/2023/v35i54968.

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Background: This in-vitro study used cyclic fatigue testing device to compare the cyclic fatigue fracture resistance of three rotary multiple file system; Neoendo flex, Hanu Dent and Hero Gold.
 Place and Duration of Study: Between November 2022 and January 2023 in Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics at the Institute of Dental Sciences Sehora in Jammu, Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir.
 Methodology: In this research three rotary nickel titanium systems Neoendo flex, Hanu Dent and Hero Gold; Micromega of size #25 with 4% taper were subjected to cyclic fatigue testing. Each system contained ten files which were 25 mm long. Each experimental file had EDTA gel applied to it before being put into endodomotor handpiece with rubber stopper. The dental hand piece was attached to portable device making it easy to insert each instrument inside the artificial canal. The files were working in the artificial canal as long as fracture occurred. The number of cycles until fracture was then calculated using the time. NCF = Number of rotations per minute x Time to fracture.
 Results: Hero Gold was followed by Hanu Dent in terms of mean values for the number of seconds to fracture. When utilized in curved canals, Neoendo Flex showed least resistance to cyclic fatigue fracture.
 Clinical Significance: To endodontists, the choice of file systems in cleaning and shaping of root canal is a mystery. This in vitro study investigated the choice of rotary root canal preparation file systems. NiTi endodontic files that have undergone heat treatment have dramatically enhanced the cyclic fatigue résistance extending the average life of file systems.
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Somashekharayya, Hiremath. "Engineering Solutions for evaluating durability and Enhancing Safety of Coronary, Aortic, and Structural Heart Class III medical devices: A Comprehensive Framework." International Journal of Innovative Research in Engineering & Multidisciplinary Physical Sciences 7, no. 6 (2019): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14774310.

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Durability testing for Coronary, Aortic, and Structural Heart (Cardiovascular) Class III medical devices (implants), such as heart valves and stents, is critical for ensuring patient safety and device reliability. The mechanical failures and associated complications in the Coronary, Aortic, and Structural Heart Class III devices can lead to significant clinical consequences, including reduced cardiac function, reintervention, or even death. This paper explores the challenges associated with Coronary, Aortic, and Structural Heart Class III medical device durability, focusing on engineering methods and test approaches such as fatigue-to-fracture testing, bench modeling, and computational modeling. By understanding and implementing these methods, the medical device industry can improve device design, enhance patient safety, and meet regulatory standards effectively.
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Langaliya, Akshayraj, Neeta Patel, Athulya Pallipurath, Girish Parmar, Anjali Kothari, and Kairavi Jhala. "Analysis of cyclic fatigue resistance of different endodontic nickel–titanium rotary instruments: An in vitro study." Journal of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics 27, no. 1 (2024): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jcde.jcde_204_23.

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Abstract Aims: The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the cyclic fatigue resistance of three different endodontic nickel–titanium rotary instruments using a dynamic testing device. Materials and Methods: Ten files each of ProTaper Gold (PG), Hyflex Electro-discharge Machining (HEDM), and TruNatomy (TN) were tested in a custom-fabricated dynamic cyclic fatigue testing device at 60° curvature having a radius of curvature of 5 mm. The number of cycles to the fracture (NCF) of each instrument was calculated and three continuous groups were compared by the Kruskal–Wallis test and Dunn post hoc test was used for pairwise comparison. Results: Cyclic fatigue resistance of HEDM was the highest, followed by TN. PG had the lowest among the three. Conclusion: Within the limitations of the present in vitro results, it can be concluded that HEDM files appeared to be suitable for shaping complex canals with the greater number of cycles before it fractures.
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Sekar, Vadhana, Ranjith Kumar, Suresh Nandini, Suma Ballal, and Natanasabapathy Velmurugan. "Assessment of the role of cross section on fatigue resistance of rotary files when used in reciprocation." European Journal of Dentistry 10, no. 04 (2016): 541–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1305-7456.195171.

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ABSTRACT Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the role of cross section on cyclic fatigue resistance of One Shape, Revo-S SU, and Mtwo rotary files in continuous rotation and reciprocating motion in dynamic testing model. Materials and Methods: A total of 90 new rotary One Shape, Revo-S SU, and Mtwo files (ISO size 25, taper 0.06, length 25 mm) were subjected to continuous rotation or reciprocating motion. A cyclic fatigue testing device was fabricated with 60° angle of curvature and 5 mm radius. The dynamic testing of these files was performed using an electric motor which permitted the reproduction of pecking motion. All instruments were rotated or reciprocated until fracture occurred. The time taken for each instrument to fracture was recorded. All the fractured files were analyzed under a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to detect the mode of fracture. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey's honestly significant difference post hoc test. Results: The time taken for instruments in reciprocating motion to fail under cyclic loading was significantly longer when compared with groups in continuous rotary motion. There was a statistically significant difference between Mtwo rotary and the other two groups in both continuous and reciprocating motion. One Shape rotary files recorded significantly longer duration to fracture resistance when compared with Revo-S SU files in both continuous and reciprocating motion. SEM observations showed that the instruments of all groups had undergone a ductile mode of fracture. Conclusion: Reciprocating motion improved the cyclic fatigue resistance of all tested groups.
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Vanderby, R., R. P. McCabe, and R. T. Dueland. "Fatigue Study of Six and Eight mm Diameter Interlocking Nails with Screw Holes of Variable Size and Number." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 10, no. 04 (1997): 194–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1632595.

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SummaryClinical fatigue failure of 6 mm diameter interlocked nails (ILN) with holes accommodating 3.5 mm screws has been reported. This problem was investigated by testing eight different designs of 6 mm and 8 mm diameter ILN with a 2 plus 2 screw hole pattern and a multiple holed pattern. Interlocking nails with holes to accommodate 3.5 and 4.5 mm screws in 8 mm ILN and 2.7 and 3.5 mm screws in 6 mm diameter ILN were used. A rotating beam testing device produced uniform bending moments across a test region of the ILN containing at least two holes. These moments fully reversed with each cycle. Fatigue failure occurred through screw holes. Using statistical modeling, reduction of the 6 mm ILN hole size from accommodating 3.5 screws to 2.7 mm screws increased the estimated fatigue life (EFL) of the latter by 52 times, comparable to the EFL of the 8 mm ILN with 4.5 screw holes. Reducing the 8 mm ILN screw hole size from accommodating 4.5 screws to 3.5 mm screws increased the comparative EFL by eight times. Fatigue testing is a good method to compare fatigue behavior of various implant designs. This gives a surgeon more information when selecting an ILN for fracture fixation.Occasional breakage of interlocking nails (ILN) in clinical cases prompted fatigue testing of original ILN and new designs of ILN. This study documented base line fatigue resistance information of the various ILN designs. Results indicated smaller screw holes markedly increased the fatigue resistance of both 6 mm and 8 mm diameter ILN. This information will aid the surgeon in planning fracture treatment.
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Feng, Ning, Xin Wang, Jiazheng Guo, Qun Li, Jiangtao Yu, and Xuecheng Zhang. "Design Theory and Experimental Research of Ultrasonic Fatigue Test." Machines 10, no. 8 (2022): 635. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines10080635.

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Ultrasonic fatigue testing is a key technology that is more efficient and energy saving compared to conventional fatigue testing. In order to investigate the behavior of metallic materials at ultra-high frequencies and to verify the validity of ultrasonic fatigue test results, this paper builds a test apparatus that can be used to conduct ultrasonic fatigue tests, and this paper proposes a complete procedure from theoretical analysis to the investigation of test laws for 20 kHz tensile and the compression test. Firstly, the initial sizes of the sample are calculated with an analytical method, then the three-dimensional model is simulated and optimized with finite element software, and the optimum result for the sample size is then obtained according to the sensitivity of the sample size to the effect of frequency. The next step is to analyze the influenced trend of the sample size, including L1, L2, L3, R1 and R2, on the resonant frequency and maximum stress of the sample. According to the optimized results, the sample was processed, and an ultrasonic fatigue test was carried out to ensure the sample fatigue fracture finally occurred. Finally, the S-N curve of the material was plotted based on the data recorded in the test and compared with the conventional fatigue life curve to verify the feasibility of the ultrasonic fatigue test device and test method. The fracture of the sample was observed using an optical microscope, and its macroscopic fracture morphology was analyzed. The fracture morphology of the sample can be divided into three typical zones: the fatigue crack source zone, the extension zone and the transient zone, where the fatigue cracks all originate from on the surface of the sample. The results demonstrate the validity of the ultrasonic fatigue test results and provide new ideas for the design and optimization of ultrasonic fatigue samples and shorter processing times, providing a reference for subsequent ultrasonic fatigue tests on typical materials.
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Vaško, Alan, Juraj Belan, and Eva Tillová. "Study of the fatigue behaviour of synthetic nodular cast irons at low and high frequency cyclic loading." MATEC Web of Conferences 157 (2018): 07014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815707014.

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The paper presents the results of low and high frequency fatigue tests carried out on nodular cast iron. The specimens of synthetic nodular cast irons from three different melts were studied in the high cycle fatigue region (from 105 to 108 cycles) using fatigue experimental equipments for low and high frequency cyclic loading. Low frequency fatigue tests were carried out at frequency f ≈ 120 Hz using the fatigue experimental machine Zwick/Roell Amsler 150HFP 5100. High frequency fatigue tests were carried out at frequency f ≈ 20 kHz using the ultrasonic fatigue testing device KAUP-ZU. Both of them were carried out at sinusoidal cyclic push-pull loading (stress ratio R = -1) at ambient temperature (T ≈ 20 °C). The relationship σa = f (N) and fatigue strengths were determined experimentally; mechanical properties, microstructures and fracture surfaces were investigated.
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Deptuła, Adam, Wojciech Macek, and Marian A. Partyka. "Analysis of loading history influence on fatigue and fracture surface parameters using the method of induction trees." MATEC Web of Conferences 252 (2019): 08003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201925208003.

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In fatigue life testing under various loading conditions, researchers observe the profile, surface and morphology of materials. In this study authors research the fatigue life of material and the surface fracture geometry. Areal field and fractal based characterisation are evaluated for the whole fracture surfaces. Results of this test were correlated to notch geometry and loading conditions. It was confirmed, for notched specimens, that the change from torsion to proportional bending with torsion fatigue life increase significantly, the same as changing loading from bending with torsion to bending. The measurement device was equipped with a motorised nosepiece using five dedicated microscopic objective lenses from 2.5× to 100× magnification. This paper presents the application of the induction tree method for analysis of loading history influence on fatigue and fracture surface parameters. In a decision tree, nodes store tests checking values of example attributes and leaves store categories assigned to them. For each of possible test results, there is one branch coming from a node to a subtree. In this way, it is possible to represent any attributes of the hypothesis admissible for a given set. Analysis of selected parameters will estimate their impact on the surface structure.
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Book chapters on the topic "Fatigue and fracture nanomechanical testing device"

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Oskui, Abuzar Es'haghi, Mahmoud Ebrahimi, Shokouh Attarilar, Qudong Wang, Naghdali Choupani, and Faramarz Djavanroodi. "On the Development of a Testing Device for Fracture Characterization under Mixed-Mode Loading Conditions." In Advances in Accelerated Testing and Predictive Methods in Creep, Fatigue, and Environmental Cracking. ASTM International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp164320210083.

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Agha, Akshat, and Fadi Abu-Farha. "Advanced Anti-Buckling Device Coupled with Real-Time Digital Image Correlation for Complex Cyclic Tension-Compression Testing of Lightweight Materials." In Evaluation of Existing and New Sensor Technologies for Fatigue, Fracture, and Mechanical Testing. ASTM International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp163820210045.

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Conference papers on the topic "Fatigue and fracture nanomechanical testing device"

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Yang, Qiang, Chun Yu Bai, and Bin Wen Wang. "Evolution Mechanism of Three-Point Bending Impact Fatigue Damage in Ultra-High Strength Steel 23Co14Ni12Cr3MoE Material." In The 12th International Conference on Fracture Fatigue and Wear. Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4028/p-3eo2at.

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Carrier-based aircraft takeoff and landing devices endure repeated high-speed, high-energy, and high-load impacts during operation. This repeated impact results in fatigue damage, a primary cause of failure in these devices, commonly known as impact fatigue. To address multiple impact fatigue failures in the takeoff and landing process of carrier-based aircraft, an investigation into the three-point bending impact fatigue characteristics of ultra-high-strength steel 23Co14Ni12Cr3MoE (abbreviated as A100 material) was conducted using experimental and microscopic techniques. A reproducible impact loading device for three-point bending tests was devised, leveraging a drop hammer impact tester. This innovative setup enabled the proposal of a three-point bending impact fatigue testing method. Test specimens featuring U-shaped, V-90°, and V-60° notches were designed, drawing inspiration from the Charpy pendulum impact test for metallic materials (GB/T 229-2007). Impact fatigue testing was then performed on the drop hammer tester across five distinct energy levels: 25J, 30J, 35J, 40J, and 45J.The study comprehensively examined the load response, energy absorption, and fatigue life of the A100 material in relation to the number of notches and impacts. Post-experiment analysis using a light microscope and SEM electron microscope revealed key morphological features of the A100 material's impact fatigue fracture surface: the crack initiation zone, stable crack propagation zone, rapid crack propagation zone, and shear lip area. Notably, as impact energy rose, the crack propagation zone expanded, while the shear lip area contracted.These findings contribute significantly to understanding the fatigue behavior of A100 material under repeated impact conditions, critical for enhancing the durability and safety of carrier-based aircraft takeoff and landing devices.
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Ballarini, Roberto, Robert L. Mullen, Harold Kahn, and Arthur H. Heuer. "Fatigue and Fracture Testing of Microelectromechanical Systems." In ASME 1998 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1998-1152.

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Abstract Polysilicon fracture mechanics specimens have been fabricated using standard MEMS (microelectromechanical systems) processing techniques, and as a result, have characteristic dimensions comparable to typical MEMS devices. These specimens are fully integrated with simultaneously fabricated electrostatic actuators which are capable of providing sufficient force to ensure catastrophic crack propagation from notches produced using micromachining. Thus, the entire fracture experiment takes place on-chip, without any possible influences from external sources. Fracture has been initiated using both monotonic and cyclic resonance loading. A typical device is shown in the figure below. This talk will review the (1) design of the experiment, (2) fabrication procedure, (3) measurements of bending strength, critical energy release rate, and fatigue life under cyclic loading, and (4) changes being incorporated in the structural design to make the testing procedure more robust.
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Isakov, Matti, Sakari Terho, and Veli-Tapani Kuokkala. "Low-cycle impact fatigue testing based on an automatized split Hopkinson bar device." In FRACTURE AND DAMAGE MECHANICS: Theory, Simulation and Experiment. AIP Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0034182.

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Huang, S., S. Kim, S. Sherman, R. Boudreaux, and A. Saunders. "Fatigue-to-Fracture Testing, Finite Element Analysis, and Metallographic Analysis to Estimate Fatigue Durability of Superelastic Nitinol Stents for Medical Device Use." In MS&T18. MS&T18, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7449/2018mst/2018/mst_2018_1020_1027.

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Huang, S., S. Kim, S. Sherman, R. Boudreaux, and A. Saunders. "Fatigue-to-Fracture Testing, Finite Element Analysis, and Metallographic Analysis to Estimate Fatigue Durability of Superelastic Nitinol Stents for Medical Device Use." In MS&T18. MS&T18, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7449/2018/mst_2018_1020_1027.

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Swift, Richard, Brian Choules, and Seoggwan Kim. "A Comparison of the Finite Element Method and Bench Testing for the Fatigue to Fracture Evaluation of a Group of Self-Expanding Nitinol Stents." In ASME 2011 6th Frontiers in Biomedical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/biomed2011-66014.

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The design of self-expanding nitinol stents to treat peripheral arterial disease offers a number of unique challenges. Primary among these is the potentially complex loading environment that these stents must endure, without fracture, for an extended period. As an example, for the superficial femoral artery (SFA), the loading environment on a stent can consist of axial, bending, torsional and pulsatile loads. These loads induce alternating strain that must be accommodated in the device design to ensure suitable fatigue life. Other stent design criteria relate to satisfactory radial force, as well as the ability to achieve delivery system requirements (i.e., volumetric constraints, good compression and deployment characteristics).
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Lall, Pradeep, and Madhu Kasturi. "Evolution of Thermal Interface Material-to-Copper Interfacial Fracture Toughness Subjected to Monotonic and Fatigue Loading After Thermal Cycling." In ASME 2023 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2023-111977.

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Abstract Automotive electronics increasingly use high-performance semiconductors to enable a number of advanced driver assistance systems. Thermal management in chip-based electronic systems is quickly becoming one of the most significant impediments to enhanced performance and integration density. The ongoing downsizing and integration of semiconductor devices have increased by heat generated per unit volume of the chip. Thermal interface material (TIM) facilitates heat dissipation from chip to package and from package to heat sink. Exposure to the wide temperature ranges typical in automotive conditions may result in the early propagation of fractures at the TIM-to-Copper contact, leading to high thermal resistance and device thermal runaway. In this paper, bimaterial samples have been created by dispensing TIM materials onto the copper surface and curing them based on the specified conditions. A total of three different TIM materials are used in this study. Two types of samples are prepared, namely with and without pre-crack. The samples are tested in four-point bend monotonic and fatigue loading conditions. The pre-cracked samples are used for fatigue four-point bend loading, and the no-pre-crack samples are used for monotonic four-point bend loading. Before testing, to calculate the bi-material samples’ KIC and KIIC fracture toughness values, they are subjected to automotive-grade thermal cycling from −40°C to +125°C for up to 1000 cycles. Interfacial crack initiation, propagation, and failure mechanisms are investigated. The interfaces’ strain-energy release rate and fracture toughness are assessed.
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de Almeida, Jose´ Carlos Lima, Ronaldo Rosa Rossi, and Ricardo Sobral. "TN X SN Fatigue Curves for KS Hook and Chain Using Finite Elements Modelling and Model Test." In ASME 2007 26th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2007-29051.

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The new scenario of oil exploration in ultra deep water moves forward to 3000 m, has been putting for the companies that accept this technological challenger significant, border of the techno-scientific knowledge. Therefore, nowadays in this case of ultra deep waters, where the forces above the mooring lines are increase and the use of the new material in Petrobras Floating Production Units, it is necessary the good numerical analyses and experimental test by the mooring line. It appears the need to look for a solution for the problems according to the changes of the polyester rope in the production platform without the bottom extension change and its foundation (fixed point). According to this challenge it was necessary to develop a remote connection and disconnection device. This device is the KS hook and its optimization has been created using the fracture mechanical conception optics and computers tools (FEM and mooring software). There are two conditions to develop this device: one condition is functional and the other is structural. For the functional condition, it’s necessary to create the facilities for handling and installations. For the structural conditions, it is necessary to use the special wrought steel material, treatment for steel characteristic and right geometry. Finite Elements Modeling analyze used the Ansys software, considered the hardness profile material for Minimum Break Load (MBL). The lifetime design is about 25 years for this case and the fatigue analysis considered the residual stress and plasticity for structural device. Previous simulation is especially important in predicting behavior and in the development of new design products before testing. The model was meshed with 3D first order tetrahedral elements solid45. The mesh was sufficiently fine to ensure minimal loss of accuracy in curved geometry. There isn’t a TN fatigue curve (reference API Fatigue curves) for this KS Hook device geometry, in this case become necessary to use the model test to obtain this curve with the extrapolation of the results. The Finite Elements Modeling analyze used with the Material SN Fatigue curve will be used for this validation. Previous simulation is especially important in predicting behavior and in the development of new design products before testing.
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Tsai, C. S., Hui-Chen Su, and T. C. Chiang. "Experimental Study of Full-Scale Buckling Restrained Brace With Inspection Windows." In ASME 2017 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2017-65497.

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The buckling restrained brace (BRB) has been worldwide accepted as a powerful tool to protect structures from earthquake damage. However, the steel core of the traditional BRB is enclosed by the buckling-restraining unit, it is therefore impossible to observe the condition of the steel core during manufacturing and after earthquakes. Presented in this paper is experimental study on a full-scale buckling restrained brace with inspection windows that allow directly observing the condition of the internal components of the BRB, especially for the steel core. Experimental study in deciding the sizes and locations of the inspection windows to inspect the condition of the steel core during testing without influencing the functionality of the full-scale BRB has been conducted to search for a feasible BRB that is economical and convenient for manufacturing and installation as well as meets testing protocols. Test results of the full-scale BRBs under cyclic loadings showed that the mechanical behavior of the full-scale BRB with inspection windows opened on the buckling-restraining unit was stable and that fracture always occurred at the energy dissipation segments after low cycle fatigue tests. The condition of the steel core can be clearly observed through the inspection windows without dismantling the device during the tests. The test results also indicate that the selected inspection windows on the full-scale BRB have little influence on the strength of the device and that an appropriately designed BRB device with inspection windows can be considered as a stable energy dissipation device. A good indicator to decide the necessity of replacement of the BRB device to prepare for next earthquakes has also been proposed in this study.
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Rahim, M. Kaysar, Jeffrey C. Suhling, Richard C. Jaeger, and Pradeep Lall. "Evolution of Die Stress and Delamination During Thermal Cycling of Flip Chip Assemblies." In ASME 2005 Pacific Rim Technical Conference and Exhibition on Integration and Packaging of MEMS, NEMS, and Electronic Systems collocated with the ASME 2005 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2005-73348.

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Underfill encapsulation is used with flip chip die assembled to laminate substrates to distribute and minimize the solder joint strains, thus improving thermal cycling fatigue life. Any delaminations that occur at the underfill/die interface will propagate to the neighboring solder bumps and lead to solder joint fatigue and failure. The onset and propagation of delaminations in flip chip assemblies exposed to thermal cycling are governed by the cyclic stresses and damage occurring at the underfill to die interface. For this reason, underfills are optimized by increasing their adhesion strength, interfacial fracture toughness, and resistance to thermal aging. In this work, we have sought to develop a fundamental understanding of delamination initiation and growth in flip chip assemblies through simultaneous characterization of the stress and delamination states at the die to underfill interface. Mechanical stresses on the device side of the flip chip die have been measured using special (111) silicon stress test chips containing piezoresistive sensor rosettes that are capable of measuring the complete three-dimensional silicon surface stress state in the silicon (including the interfacial shear and normal stresses at the die to underfill interface). By continuous monitoring of the sensor resistances, the die surface stresses were measured during post-assembly thermal cycling environmental testing from −40 to 125 C. With this approach, the stress distributions across the chip, and the stress variations at particular locations at the die to underfill interface have been interrogated for the entire life of the flip chip assembly. In order to correlate the stress changes at the sensor sites with delamination onset and propagation, CSAM evaluation of the test assemblies was performed after every 125 thermal cycles. A total of 75 flip chip assemblies with 3 different underfills have been evaluated. For each assembly, the complete histories of three-dimensional die surface stresses and delamination propagation have been recorded versus the number of thermal cycles. Through these measurements, we have been able to identify the stress histories that lead to delamination initiation for each underfill encapsulant, and the variation of the stresses that occur before and during delamination propagation. The progressions of stress and delamination have been mapped across the entire surface of the die, and a series of stress/delamination videos have been produced. One of the most important discoveries is that the shear stresses occurring at the corners of flip chip die have been demonstrated to be a suitable proxy for prognostic determination of future delamination initiations and growth.
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