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1

Mathieson, P. A. R. "Acoustic emissions from fatigue cracks in steels." Thesis, Cranfield University, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.379486.

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2

Johansson, Ulrika. "Fatigue tests and analysis of reinforced concrete bridge deck models /." Stockholm, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-1820.

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3

Bürkner, Falko [Verfasser]. "Biaxial Dynamic Fatigue Tests of Wind Turbine Blades / Falko Bürkner." Hannover : Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1233426494/34.

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4

Shorten, James. "Relationships between sprint performance, power output and fatigue." Thesis, This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-03022010-020148/.

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5

TONIAL, IVAN RAMALHO. "SUSCEPTIBILITY OF DIFFERENT NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTS FOR INDICATION OF FATIGUE CRACKS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2017. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=31212@1.

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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
PROGRAMA DE SUPORTE À PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DE INSTS. DE ENSINO
Ensaios não-destrutivos são técnicas utilizadas na inspeção de materiais e equipamentos sem danificá-los, sendo executados nas etapas de fabricação, construção, montagem e manutenção. Constituem uma das principais ferramentas do controle e garantia da qualidade de materiais e produtos, sendo largamente utilizados nos setores petróleo/petroquímico, químico, aeronáutico, aeroespacial, siderúrgico, naval, eletromecânico, papel e celulose, entre outros. Representam métodos capazes de proporcionar informações sobre defeitos, características tecnológicas do material, ou ainda, monitoração da degradação em serviço de componentes, equipamentos e estruturas, o que permite o uso de ações de extensão de suas vidas úteis. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi comparar a adequação de diferentes técnicas não destrutivas na detecção e estimativa da dimensão de trincas de fadiga, nucleadas e propagadas intencionalmente, em material estrutural. Para tal, corpos de provas cilíndricos do aço 42CrMo4 com um entalhe em V sofreram carregamentos cíclicos até diferentes números de ciclos, o que proporcionou diferentes tamanhos de trinca. O comprimento das trincas passantes foi monitorado por meio de lupa posicionada na lateral do corpo de prova. Após a etapa de nucleação e propagação das trincas de fadiga, todos os corpos de prova foram inspecionados com emprego das técnicas de Ultrassom Convencional, Ultrassom Phased Array e Radiografia Digital, para permitir a indicação das trincas de fadiga e o estabelecimento de suas dimensões. Terminada as inspeções, os corpos de prova foram resfriados em nitrogênio líquido e fraturados com aplicação de uma carga de flexão, o que permitiu a visualização das superfícies das trincas. Em seguida, as trincas foram medidas visualmente com o auxílio de uma lupa, o que permitiu comparar as indicações (virtual) de defeitos nos corpos de prova com a existência (real) dos mesmos e, ainda correlacionar as dimensões indicadas nas inspeções com aquelas medidas nas superfícies das trincas. Neste contexto, todas as técnicas se mostraram adequadas para a indicação de defeitos. Além disso, para trincas curtas, o Ultrassom Phased Array foi a técnica que apresentou a melhor suscetibilidade para o dimensionamento de descontinuidades, enquanto que a Radiografia Digital se mostrou mais eficiente para trincas mais longas.
Non-destructive tests are techniques used in material and equipment inspection without permanent damage, applied in the stages of manufacture, construction, assembly and maintenance. They are one of the main tools to control and insure the quality of materials and products, with widely applications in oil / petrochemical, chemical, aeronautical, aerospace, steel industry, naval, electromechanical industries. They represent with capacity of providing information about defects, technological characteristics of the material, or monitoring the degradation in service of components, equipment and structures, which allows the use of useful live extensions in service. The objective of this research was to compare the application of different non-destructive techniques in the detection and size estimation of fatigue cracks, nucleated and propagated intentionally, in structural material. For this purpose, cylindrical specimens of 42CrMo4 steel with a V-notch were subjected to cyclic loading with different cycle numbers, which provided different crack sizes. The length of the cracks was monitored by a magnifying glass positioned on the specimen surface. After the crack nucleation and propagation, all specimens were subjected to non-destructive tests making use of Conventional Ultrasound, Phased Array Ultrasound and Digital Radiography, in order to provide crack indications and crack dimensions. After the inspections, the specimens were cooled down in nitrogen and fractured in three point bending to promote opened crack surfaces. In the sequence, the cracks were measured using a magnifying glass, which allowed a comparison between the indicated and measured defects. In this context, all techniques were adequate for crack indications. On the other hands, for short cracks, the Phased Array Ultrasound was the technique that presented the best susceptibility for estimate the discontinuity dimensions, while Digital Radiography proved to be more efficient for longer cracks.
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6

Grigg, William Reid. "Post-Injection Welded Joint Fatigue Tests of Sandwich Plate System Panels." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/44900.

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The Sandwich Plate System (SPS) is created by bonding two steel plates together with an elastomer core that is injected into a cavity formed by the steel plates and perimeter bars. The result is a stiffer and lighter panel that can be used for plate-like structures such as bridge decks, stadium risers or ship decks. For more versatility, the effects of welding post-injection to the SPS panels were investigated. Three post-injection welded joints were tested to determine fatigue resistance and the effects of cyclic loading on the localized debonding of the heat affected zone at the post-injection welded joint of a SPS bridge deck. Seven panels containing one of three post-injection weld configurations were investigated. Each panel was fatigue tested to ten million cycles or until failure, by applying remote bending to the post-injection welded joint. Experimental deflections and strains were compared to finite element analyses. Fatigue-life predictions were made using code based S-N curves, and a relatively new mesh-insensitive structural stress method with a master S-N curve approach. The post-injection welded joint demonstrated good fatigue resistance to recommended AASHTO loading when shims were used under the middle support to offset the camber in the SPS panels. It was also found that stresses caused by draw down of the camber had an adverse affect on the post-injection welded joint and greatly reduced its fatigue resistance.
Master of Science
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7

Tola, Tola Adrian Patricio. "Analytical and Experimental Investigation of Low-Cycle Fatigue Fracture in Structural Steel." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/100051.

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The mechanism of metal material failure due to inelastic cyclic deformations is commonly described as Low-Cycle Fatigue (LCF). Fracture in steel structures caused by earthquakes can be associated with this mechanism. Mathematical expressions describing the material deterioration due to LCF are often referred to as LCF laws. The accurate determination of the safety of steel structures against earthquake-induced failure requires the use of LCF laws which have been sufficiently validated with experimental test data. The present study combined experimental testing and computational simulation to enhance the understanding of structural steel fracture due to LCF. The experiments were conducted in specimens extracted from the flat and corner regions of two rectangular steel hollow sections with different thickness. A total of 60 cylindrical specimens with a circumferential notch were subjected to different combinations of axial and torsional loading. The loading protocols and notch geometry were designed to produce different stress states at the location of fracture initiation. Finite element analyses were conducted to obtain the stress state and inelastic strains at the fracture initiation location. This information was then used for the calibration of five existing LCF laws. The calibration also allowed the comparative evaluation of the capability of the different laws to capture fracture initiation for different stress states, with a single set of values for the various parameters. The accuracy of the calibrated LCF laws to predict fracture initiation in a large-scale test was also investigated. To this end, a test was conducted on a rectangular steel tube subjected to cyclic axial loading. A finite element analysis of this test was conducted, and predictions of the instant and location of fracture initiation using the calibrated LCF laws were compared with the experimental observations.
Doctor of Philosophy
The mechanism of material failure due to repeated cycles of large deformations is denoted as Low-Cycle Fatigue (LCF); this failure mechanism can occur in steel structures subjected to loading conditions such as those induced by earthquakes. Mathematical expressions that evaluate the material deterioration due to LCF are often used to predict the instant and location of fracture initiation in small-scale and large-scale tests. An experimental program was conducted for the study of fracture associated with LCF. A total of 60 specimens were fabricated with material extracted from the flat and corner regions of two rectangular steel tubes; the applied loads elongated and/or twisted the specimens until they ruptured. Computational simulations of these tests were conducted to obtain key information at the location of the observed fracture initiation. This information was used to adjust five mathematical expressions suggested by previous researchers that could predict the same instant of fracture initiation observed in the experiments. The accuracy of the predictions from each of these mathematical expressions was evaluated. The accuracy of these mathematical expressions to predict fracture initiation in a large-scale test was also investigated. To this end, an experiment was conducted on a rectangular steel tube subjected to repeated cycles of deformation. A computational simulation of this test was also developed, and predictions of the instant and location of fracture initiation were compared with the experimental observations.
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8

Mihalides, Dušan. "Hodnocení životnosti kompozitních konstrukcí." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-233923.

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The doctoral thesis deals with fatigue life evaluation of composites structures. The thesis pro-vides complex review of problematic and it is based on recent situation assessment. The main ob-jective of the thesis is to design the methodology of fatigue life evaluation of composites struc-tures. The designed methodology is applied to fatigue life evaluation of sailplane wing and propel-ler blades. One part of the thesis deals with laboratory fatigue tests of composite specimens which are intended for comparison of the effect of manufacturing technology and environment condition.
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9

Khong, Benjamin. "Fiabilité prédictive de composants de puissance soumis à des tests de fatigue accélérée." Toulouse, INSA, 2007. http://eprint.insa-toulouse.fr/archive/00000177/.

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Les dispositifs électroniques de puissances destinés aux applications automobiles sont soumis à des contraintes cycliques, essentiellement électro-thermiques, durant leur fonctionnement en conditions réelles. Pour vieillir de façon accélérée ces composants à base de MOSFET, un banc de fatigue dédié a été mis au point. L'objectif de ce travail est double. Tout d'abord établir l'influence des paramètres d'entrée (température, durée des cycles et valeur du courant injecté) sur la défaillance des composants de puissance. Analyser ensuite à différentes échelles la microstructure des composants vieillis afin de déterminer les raisons physiques de leur défaillance. La première partie de l'étude décrit brièvement les différents types de composants de puissance, leurs applications ainsi que leur évolution technologique. Le SPSS (Single Power Side Switch) étudié ici est un commutateur de technologie "SmartMos" récemment développé par Freescale Semiconductor. La structure du composant (connections, partie active, radiateur et soudures) ainsi que les outils d'investigation (MET, MEB, FIB, SAM, SAT…). Mis en œuvre sont ensuite décrits. Une méthodologie basée sur vieillissement contrôlé des composants a permis de pointer la délamination entre le silicium et le radiateur en cuivre comme la principale cause de défaillance électrique et de montrer comment cette délamination se propageait. Cette délamination est sans doute à l'origine de défaillances plus sévères qui conduisent à la destruction des composants. Parallèlement, la caractérisation de la microstructure granulaire de la métallisation en aluminium constituant la grille a permis de relier son évolution au nombre de cycles subis et à l'état du composant
Under regular operating conditions, power devices designed for automotive applications have to undergo cyclic stresses, generally electro-thermally driven. To perform accelerated aging tests of these MOS-based devices, a dedicated test bench has been set up. The aim of this work is twofold : firstly determining the influence of the input parameters (temperature, cycle period, injected current) on the power device failure. Then analyzing the microstructure of aged components at different scales to establish the physical causes of failure. In a first part, this study briefly describes the different types of power components, their main application and how they have technologically evolved in the past years. The SPSS (Single Power Side Switch) herein investigated is a switch whose fabrication is based on the "SmartMos" technology, recently developed by Freescale Semiconductor. The inner and outer structure of the device (connexions, source-grid active region, heat sink and solders) as well as the tools used for the analysis (TEM, SEM, FIB, SAM and SAT) are then described. A new procedure, based on the controlled aging of the devices led to the establishment of the power die/heat sink delamination as the main electric failure mode. It also allowed the monitoring of the propagation of the delamination. This power die/heat sink delamination is probably the cause of more abrupt failures leading to the complete ruin of the devices. In parallel, we have shown that the grain structure of the source metal, made of aluminum, evolves according to both the number of cycles and the condition of the tested device
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10

Tam, W. S. "Pavement evaluation and overlay design." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.378746.

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11

Martin, James David. "Sandwich Plate System Bridge Deck Tests." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31648.

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Three series of tests were conducted on a sandwich plate bridge deck, which consisted of two steel plates and an elastomer core. The first series of testing was conducted by applying a static load on a full scale sandwich plate bridge deck panel. Local strains and deflections were measured to determine the panelâ s behavior under two loading conditions. Next, fatigue tests were performed on the longitudinal weld between two sandwich plate panels. Two connections were tested to 10 million cycles, one connection was tested to 5 million cycles, and one connection was tested to 100,000 cycles. The fatigue class of the weld was determined and an S-N curve was created for the longitudinal weld group. Finally, a series of experiments was performed on a half scale continuous bridge deck specimen. The maximum positive and negative flexural bending moments were calculated and the torsional properties were examined. Finite element models were created for every load case in a given test series to predict local strains and deflections. All finite element analyses were preformed by Intelligent Engineering, Ltd. A comparison of measured values and analytical values was preformed for each test series. Most measured values were within five to ten percent of the predicted values. Shear lag in the half scale bridge was studied, and an effective width to be used for design purposes was determined. The effective width of the half scale simple span sandwich plate bridge deck was determined to be the physical width. Finally, supplemental research is recommended and conclusions are drawn.
Master of Science
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12

Babadopulos, Lucas. "Phenomena occurring during cyclic loading and fatigue tests on bituminous materials : Identification and quantification." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSET006/document.

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La fatigue est un des principaux mécanismes de dégradation des chaussées. En laboratoire, la fatigue est simulée en utilisant des essais de chargement cyclique, généralement sans période de repos. L’évolution du module complexe (une propriété du matériau utilisée dans la caractérisation de la rigidité des matériaux viscoélastiques) est suivie de manière à caractériser l’endommagement. Son changement est généralement interprété comme étant dû au dommage, alors que d’autres phénomènes (se distinguant du dommage par leur réversibilité) apparaissent. Des effets transitoires, propres aux matériaux viscoélastiques, apparaissent lors des tout premiers cycles (2 ou 3) et produisent une erreur dans la détermination du module complexe. La non-linéarité (dépendance du module complexe avec le niveau de déformation) est caractérisée par une diminution réversible instantanée du module et une augmentation de l’angle de phase qui est observée avec l’augmentation de l’amplitude de déformation. De plus, pendant le chargement, de l’énergie mécanique est dissipée en raison du caractère visqueux du comportement du matériau. Cette énergie se transforme principalement en chaleur ce qui induit une augmentation de température. Cela produit une diminution de module liée à cet auto-échauffement. Quand le matériau revient à la température initiale, le module initial est alors retrouvé. La partie restante du changement de module peut être expliquée, d’une part par un autre phénomène réversible, appelé dans la littérature « thixotropie », et d’autre part par le dommage « réel », qui est irréversible. Cette thèse explore ces phénomènes dans les bitumes, mastics (bitume mélangé avec des particules fines, dont le diamètre est inférieur à 80μm) et enrobés bitumineux. Un chapitre (sur la nonlinearité) présente des essais de « balayage d’amplitude de déformation » avec augmentation ou/et diminution des amplitudes sont présentés. Un autre se concentre sur l’auto-échauffement. Il comprend une proposition de procédures de modélisation dont les résultats sont comparés avec des résultats des cycles initiaux d’essais de fatigue. Finalement, un chapitre est dédié à l’analyse du module complexe mesuré pendant le chargement et les phases de repos. Des essais de chargement et repos ont été réalisés sur bitume (où le phénomène de thixotropie est supposé avoir lieu) et mastic, de manière à déterminer l’effet de chacun des phénomènes identifiés sur l’évolution du module complexe des matériaux testés. Les résultats de l’étude sur la nonlinearité suggèrent que son effet vient principalement du comportement non linéaire du bitume, qui est déformé de manière très non-homogène dans les enrobés bitumineux. Il est démontré qu’un modèle de calcul thermomécanique simplifié de l’échauffement local, ne considérant aucune diffusion de chaleur, peut expliquer le changement initial de module complexe observé au cours des essais cycliques sur enrobés. Néanmoins, la modélisation de la diffusion de chaleur a démontré que cette diffusion est excessivement rapide. Cela indique que la distribution de l’augmentation de température nécessaire pour expliquer complètement le module complexe observé ne peut pas être atteinte. Un autre phénomène réversible, qui a des effets sur le module complexe similaires à ceux d’un changement de température, doit donc avoir lieu. Ce phénomène est considéré être de la thixotropie. Finalement, à partir des essais de chargement et repos, il est démontré qu’une partie majeure du changement de module complexe au cours des essais cycliques vient des processus réversibles. Le dommage se cumule de manière approximativement linéaire par rapport au nombre de cycles. Le phénomène de thixotropie semble partager la même direction sur l’espace complexe que la nonlinéarité. Cela indique que les deux phénomènes sont possiblement liés par la même origine microstructurelle. Des travaux supplémentaires sur le phénomène de thixotropie sont nécessaires
Fatigue is a main pavement distress. In laboratory, fatigue is simulated using cyclic loading tests, usually without rest periods. Complex modulus (a material stiffness property used in viscoelastic materials characterisation) evolution is monitored, in order to characterise damage evolution. Its change is generally interpreted as damage, whereas other phenomena (distinguishable from damage by their reversibility) occur. Transient effects, proper to viscoelastic materials, occur during the very initial cycles (2 or 3) and induce an error in the measurement of complex modulus. Nonlinearity (strain-dependence of the material’s mechanical behaviour) is characterised by an instantaneous reversible modulus decrease and phase angle increase observed when strain amplitude increases. Moreover, during loading, mechanical energy is dissipated due to the viscous aspect of material behaviour. This energy turns mainly into heat and produces a temperature increase. This produces a modulus decrease due to self-heating. When the material is allowed to cool back to its initial temperature, initial modulus is recovered. The remaining stiffness change can be explained partly by another reversible phenomenon, called in the literature “thixotropy”, and, then, by the “real” damage, which is irreversible. This thesis investigates these phenomena in bitumen, mastic (bitumen mixed with fine particles, whose diameter is smaller than 80μm) and bituminous mixtures. One chapter (on nonlinearity) presents increasing and/or decreasing strain amplitude sweep tests. Another one focuses on selfheating. It includes a proposition of modelling procedures whose results are compared with the initial cycles from fatigue tests. Finally, a chapter is dedicated to the analysis of the measured complex modulus during both loading and rest periods. Loading and rest periods tests were performed on bitumen (where the phenomenon of thixotropy is supposed to happen) and mastic in order to determine the effect of each of the identified phenomena on the complex modulus evolution of the tested materials. Results from the nonlinearity investigation suggest that its effect comes primarily from the nonlinear behaviour of the bitumen, which is very non-homogeneously strained in the bituminous mixtures. It was demonstrated that a simplified thermomechanical model for the calculation of local selfheating (non-uniform temperature increase distribution), considering no heat diffusion, could explain the initial complex modulus change observed during cyclic tests on bituminous mixtures. However, heat diffusion modelling demonstrated that this diffusion is excessively fast. This indicates that the temperature increase distribution necessary to completely explain the observed complex modulus decrease cannot be reached. Another reversible phenomenon, which has effects on complex modulus similar to the ones of a temperature change, needs to occur. That phenomenon is hypothesised as thixotropy. Finally, from the loading and rest periods tests, it was demonstrated that a major part of the complex modulus change during cyclic loading comes from the reversible processes. Damage was xivfound to cumulate in an approximately linear rate with respect to the number of cycles. The thixotropy phenomenon seems to share the same direction in complex space as the one of nonlinearity. This indicates that both phenomena are possibly linked by the same microstructural origin. Further research on the thixotropy phenomenon is needed
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13

Zhu, Yichao. "Modelling the transition from channel-veins to PSBs in the early stage of fatigue tests." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ad163287-19cc-4318-995a-378df1d80260.

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Dislocation channel-veins and persistent slip bands (PSBs) are characteristic dislocation configurations that are of interest to both industry and academia. However, existing mathematical models are not adequate to describe the mechanism of the transition between these two states. In this thesis, a series of models are proposed to give a quantitative description to such a transition. The full problem has been considered from two angles. Firstly, the general motion and instabilities of arbitrary curved dislocations have been studied both analytically and numerically. Then the law of motion and local expansions are used to track the shapes of screw segments moving through channels, which are believed to induce dislocation multiplication by cross-slip. The second approach has been to investigate the collective behavior of a large number of dislocations, both geometrically necessary and otherwise. The traditional method of multiple scales does not apply well to describe the pile-up of two arrays of dislocations of opposite signs on a pair of neighbouring glide planes in two dimensional space. Certain quantities have to be more accurately defined under the multiple-scale coordinates to capture the much more localised resultant stress caused by these dislocation pairs. Through detailed calculations, one-dimensional dipoles can be homogenised to obtain some insightful results both on a local scale where the dipole pattern is the key diagnostic and on a macroscopic scale on which density variations are of most interest. Equilibria of dislocation dipoles in a two-dimensional regular lattice have been also studied. Some natural transitions between different patterns can be found as a result of geometrical instabilities.
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Conway, Gareth Edward. "Effects of workload, effort and fatigue on complex performance : application and tests of compensatory control theory." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.418248.

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Philippe, Matthieu. "Apport des synchronies électro-encéphalographiques (EEG) dans la détection de la fatigue mentale." Compiègne, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007COMP1719.

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La fatigue mentale est un facteur limitant de l'activité mais son impact sur le fonctionnement cérébral est encore mal caractérisé. A partir d'expérimentations de laboratoire et de terrain, nous avons étudié les interactions entre réseaux de neurones (synchronies) impliqués dans la réalisation d'une tâche cognitive en situation de fatigue mentale. Des échelles subjectives de fatigue et de somnolence, l'activité EEG, ainsi que des données comportementales ont été analysées. Les potentiels évoqués cognitifs ainsi que les synchronies ont été étudiés pour les tests qui ont donné lieu à une dégradation des performances. Une réduction raisonnée du nombre de synchronies étudiées a permis de montrer qu'il existait une désynchronisation locale post-stimulation plus importante l'après-midi que le matin dans la bande a (8-14 Hz) sur l'ensemble du scalp et pour tous les types de stimulations. D'autre part, nous avons mis en évidence une synchronisation locale dans la bande de fréquence g2 (60-80 Hz) moins importante l'après-midi que le matin, pour les stimuli non générateurs de conflit et uniquement pour les régions frontale, fronto-centrale, centrale et centro-pariétale. Ces résultats suggèrent que la réalisation du test de compatibilité spatiale l'après-midi a nécessité une mobilisation plus importante de ressources neuronales par rapport au matin, et qu'un déficit du contrôle attentionnel s'est installé pour les stimulations ne générant pas de conflit
The impact of mental fatigue on cortical activity is still unknown. Laboratory experiments, and a real conditions study, allow us to observe how neurons networks interact (synchrony) during a cognitive task under mental fatigue. Event related potentials (ERPs) and synchronies were studied for the tests which showed a performance decrement. Afternoon results showed a local post-stimulation desynchronization more important than in the morning in the α frequency band (8-14 Hz) on the whole scalp and for all the stimulation. Moreover we found in γ2 (60-80 Hz) frequency band a local post stimulation synchronization less important in the afternoon, for eaysest stimuli on frontal, fronto-central, central and centro-parietal cortical areas. Afternoon cognitive tasks would implied a more important mobilisation of neuronal necessity, and that a deficit of attentional control
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Blumoff, Sonja. "Oxygen Uptake Kinetics in Severe Intensity Exercise." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2000. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2539/.

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The purpose of this study was to describe mathematically the oxygen uptake kinetics during cycle ergometry, and to examine the effect of intensity on the kinetic responses within the severe domain. Sixteen volunteers performed a series of exercise tests at a range of intensities selected to elicit fatigue in ~3 to 10 min. A simple mono-exponential model effectively described the response across all intensities. There was a positive correlation between the response time and the time to fatigue, demonstrating that the maximal oxygen uptake was achieved faster at higher intensities within the severe domain. Models incorporating two components effectively described the responses only in tests lasting 8 min or more. It was concluded that there is a second, slow component in the oxygen uptake response only at the lower intensities within the severe domain.
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PINTO, JOAO M. A. "Modelagem de testes acelerados com esforco aplicado em niveis em um estudo de fadiga mecanica." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2004. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11245.

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Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
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18

Malvestam, Daniel. "Implementation of an In-situ Non-contact Temperature Controller for Active Thermal Fatigue Tests of Power Electronics." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för teknik och naturvetenskap, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-97059.

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A controller with thermopile IR-sensors is developed to monitor and control the temperature of power electronics during active accelerated thermal fatigue tests - power cycling. Bond wiring is the dominating method for connecting semiconductors to the package leads, distance points on a chip or chip modules within a package. 25-30\% of all package related failures of electronic devices during their operation life time can be related to bond wire failures. To test bond wires, power cycling test can be performed to stimulate failures in bond wire connections, enabling for further development and improvements in the area of bond wires. At IMTEK (Department for microsystems engineering) University of Freiburg, new types of aluminium/copper fibre-reinforced bond wires with a diameter 300 micrometers for power electronics are tested together with a power cycling equipment. During a power cycling test the component is periodically heated, with a current flow through the chip, and cooled down. These new bond wires are bonded on IGBT (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor) modules. Since it is possible to measure the overall temperature (mean value) of the chip, using IR-sensors, the developed´controller in this final thesis is robust. Further, the implemented controller can easily be extended for power cycling with e.g. 10 modules in parallel.
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19

Baxter, Thomas. "The development and application of the load-stroke hysteresis technique for evaluating fatigue damage development in composite materials." Thesis, This resource online, 1994. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-09052009-040716/.

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20

Sans, Canovas Daniel. "Advances in fibre Bragg grating sensors for damage detection in composite laminates: application in quasi-static and fatigue delamination tests." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/117357.

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The use of composite materials in industrial applications such as aeronautical, aerospace or wind energy production has greatly increased in recent decades. Due to their inherent properties, these materials allow lighter, larger and more resistant structures. However, the use of composite materials for components or structures with highly stringent requirements, is hampered by the lack of knowledge of their reliability. In this thesis, some fundamental aspects about the use of fibre Bragg grating (FBG) sensors for internal strain measurements in composite laminates are discussed. In addition, a highly accurate method for locating the crack tip position in mixed-mode delamination growth has been presented. Finally, an experimental application of FBGs to dynamic measurements in mode I fatigue test has been performed
L’ús de materials compostos en aplicacions de caràcter industrial com per exemple l’aeronàutica, aeroespacial o la de producció d’energia eòlica, ha crescut exponencialment durant les últimes dècades. Degut a les seves extraordinàries propietats, l’ús d’aquests materials permet la construcció d’estructures més lleugeres, grans i resistents, tot i que el seu ús en components d’alta responsabilitat estructural està limitat per la manca de coneixement en relació a la seva fiabilitat estructural. En aquesta tesi es discuteixen alguns aspectes significants sobre l’ús de FBGs per a mesurar camps de deformació en l’interior de laminats de material compòsit, s’ha analitzat també la capacitat de localització de la punta d’una esquerda en creixement de mode mixt i per últim s’ha desenvolupat una aplicació pràctica dels FBG en temps real en assaigs a fatiga en mode I
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21

Vigié, Héloïse. "Evolution microstructurale et comportement mécanique de l'alliage de titane beta21S après vieillissement sous air." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017INPT0133.

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L’un des principaux enjeux des acteurs aéronautiques est l’allègement des structures afin de réduire la consommation de carburant et donc les coûts de fonctionnement. A cette fin, les alliages de titane sont de plus en plus utilisés du fait de leurs très bonnes propriétés mécaniques notamment à hautes températures, pour une densité relativement faible. C’est dans ce contexte que s’inscrivent les travaux de cette thèse. L’alliage étudié est le Ti-21S, utilisé actuellement dans la fabrication des systèmes d’éjection des gaz des moteurs d’avions. La problématique de la thèse est d’évaluer les potentialités du Ti-21S, au-delà des limites conventionnelles. Pour cela, des vieillissements thermiques sous air à différentes températures (450°C - 700°C) pendant diverses durées (500h - 10000h) sont réalisés. La microstructure avant et après vieillissement est caractérisée afin de déterminer l’impact du vieillissement thermique. Ces observations montrent que les évolutions microstructurales sont directement liées à la température de vieillissement, et l’impact de la durée de vieillissement n’est pas identique pour toutes les températures de vieillissement. L’enjeu suivant de cette thèse est d’étudier le comportement mécanique en traction et en fatigue à température ambiante et à 550°C après vieillissement. Le comportement mécanique en traction est très dépendant des conditions de traitement thermique, et de ce fait de la microstructure de l’alliage. De plus, les comportements mécaniques sont également très dépendants de la température d’essai. Un autre enjeu est la compréhension des phénomènes d’oxydation sur cette plage de températures de vieillissement. La diffusion de l’oxygène dans le matériau entraîne des modifications microstructurales en proche surface, et impacte fortement la tenue mécanique de l’alliage en fragilisant le matériau. Un lien entre paramètres microstructuraux et teneur en oxygène a été mis en évidence. De même, la résistance mécanique en traction a été reliée à la microstructure
One of the main issues of the aeronautic industry is to decrease the weight of structures in order to reduce fuel consumption. Titanium alloys are more and more used due to their good mechanical properties at high temperatures, with a low density. Ti-21S, currently used in the manufacturing of nozzles, was investigated. The aim of this work is to study the potential of this alloy beyond conventional limits. Thermal treatments on air are carried out at different temperatures (450°C - 700°C) for various durations (500h - 10000h). The microstructure is characterized before and after aging in order to determine the impact of aging thermal. The observations show that microstructural evolutions are related to aging temperature, and impact of time aging is not the same for all temperatures. Another aim is to study the mechanical behavior with tensile and fatigue tests at room temperature and 550°C after aging. Mechanical tensile behavior depends on the aging temperature and the microstructure of the alloy. Moreover, mechanical behavior depends on test temperature. Another issue is the understanding of oxidation phenomena over the range of temperatures, and to determine the effects of oxidation on both microstructure and mechanical behavior. The diffusion of oxygen in the material leads to the microstructural evolution near the surface, and impacts mechanical strength by weakening the material. A link between microstructure and oxygen content is demonstrated. Similarly, the tensile strength is connected to microstructure
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22

Bathini, Udaykar. "A Study of Microstructure, Tensile Deformation, Cyclic Fatigue and Final Fracture Behavior of Commercially Pure Titanium and a Titanium Alloy." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1281973687.

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23

Bossi, Philippe. "L'ergovision en médecine du travail : son intérêt dans l'étude de la fatigue visuelle : étude évaluative des différents tests visuels proposés." Montpellier 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993MON11124.

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24

Nikitin, Alexander. "Gigacycle Fatigue of the titanium alloy." Thesis, Paris 10, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA100015/document.

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Ce projet de doctorat est aux prises avec un problème de ruptures en fatigue de un alliage de titane aéronautique en raison de haute fréquence chargement. Matériel pour cette enquête a été prise de compresseur du moteur disque de l'avion réel. Essais de fatigue à ultrasons ont été réalisées jusqu'à dépasser la limite de 1010 cycles. Cette région de la durée de vie est connu comme Gigacycle ou fatigue très grand nombre de cycles. Ce projet de thèse montre pour la première fois les résultats des tests de fatigue sur l'lliage de titane aéronautique VT3-1 dans la région Gigacycle. Les propriétés de fatigue de l'alliage de titane ont été déterminées à 109 cycles pour les conditions de chargement différentes: traction-compression, tension-tension et de torsion. Mécanismes d'initiation des fissures typiques ont été identifiés et des défauts critiques de microstructure ont été trouvés. L'effet de l'anisotropie en raison de processus de fabrication sur les propriétés de fatigue de l'alliage de titane VT3-1 forgé a été étudiée. Une influence du processus de fabrication sur les propriétés de fatigue a également été étudiée par comparaison les résultats sur extrudé et forgé VT3-1 alliage de titane. La nouvelle machine de torsion à ultrasons a été conçu et installé pour la longue durée de vie (jusqu'à 1010 cycles) de tests de fatigue en rotation. Les premiers résultats sous la chargement en torsion ultrasons ont été obtenues pour l'alliage de titane réalisé par extrusion et technologies forgés
This PhD project is dealing with a problem of fatigue failures of aeronautical titanium alloy due to high frequency loading. The material for investigation was taken from the real aircraft engine compressor disk. Ultrasonic fatigue tests were carried out up to outrun limit of 1010 cycles. This region of lifetime is known as Gigacycle or very high cycle fatigue. This PhD project shows for the first time the results of fatigue tests on the VT3-1 aeronautical titanium alloy in the Gigacycle region. The fatigue properties of the titanium alloy were determined at 109 cycles for different loading conditions: tension-compression, tension-tension and torsion loading. Typical crack initiation mechanisms were identified and critical defects of microstructure were found. The effect of anisotropy due to fabrication process on the fatigue properties of the forged VT3-1 titanium alloy was studied. An influence of technological process on fatigue properties was also studied by comparison the results on extruded and forged VT3-1 titanium alloy.The new ultrasonic torsion machine was designed and installed for the long life (up to 1010 cycles) fatigue tests under rotation. The first results under ultrasonic torsion loading were obtained for the titanium alloy made by extrusion and forged technologies
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25

Deghdegh, Khireddine. "Étude des paramètres du signal E. M. G. Associé à des exercices dynamiques : caractérisation de la fatigue lors de tests sur cycloergomètre." Lyon 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998LYO10107.

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Cette étude a pour objectif d'analyser les variations cinématiques et électromyographiques survenant lors de la répétition de sprints sur cycloergomètre. L'expérimentation porte sur l'analyse des prélèvements EMG de quatre muscles de la jambe (biceps femoris, gastrocnemius medialis, vastus lateralis, rectus femoris) combinés à l'électrogoniométrie du genou au cours d'un protocole de fatigue basé sur une série de quinze sprints. L'étude effectuée par le biais de diverses méthodes de traitement du signal a porté sur trois axes : la caractérisation de la fatigue musculaire, la corrélation des grandeurs caractéristiques du signal EMG aux données mécaniques et enfin l'analyse de la coordination intermusculaire au cours du mouvement poly-articulaire. Les évolutions des grandeurs temporelles et fréquentielles du signal EMG ainsi que les coefficients du modèle autorégressif sont analysées et discutées. Il ressort que ces paramètres constituent des arguments en faveur d'une caractérisation de la fatigue musculaire au cours du mouvement dynamique. Ainsi plusieurs aspects de la sensibilité des parmètres EMG liés à la fatigue musculaire lors de la répétition de sprints sont mis en évidence. L'examen des patterns d'activation des muscles et l'évolution des paramètres d'amplitude démontrent une sollicitation différente selon qu'il s'agit d'un muscle mono- ou biarticulaire. La séquence temporelle qui caractérise le recrutement des différents muscles fait apparaître son indépendance vis-à-vis de la fatigue musculaire. Si la diminution de la puissance mécanique est corrélée au pourcentage de fibres rapides ou (vastus lateralis) aucune relation ne semble lier cette typologie aux variations des paramètres du signal EMG. Nous nous sommes également intéressés aux représentations temps-fréquence du signal EMG. La qualité descriptive que nous offrent quelques-unes permet d'envisager leurs utilisations comme complément intéressant à l'étude de l'EMG au cours de l'exercice dynamique.
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26

Koda, Fábio. "Estudo da fadiga de contato em engrenagens cilíndricas de dentes retos." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2009. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/183.

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Devido à resistência dos fabricantes de automóveis quanto à utilização de engrenagens de FNA estudos tem sido feitos para averiguar o desempenho deste material em engrenagens. Dentro deste contexto esta dissertação tem como objetivos principais o desenvolvimento e construção de uma máquina de ensaios de fadiga de contato em engrenagens e a comparação quanto à resistência ao desgaste de engrenagens cilíndricas de dentes retos fabricadas em aço liga 8620 (cementado e temperado) e em ferro fundido nodular austêmperado (FNA). Estas engrenagens foram fornecidas em dois estados de acabamento superficial (shaving ou por fresamento). O equipamento desenvolvido funciona com o princípio de recirculação de potência e é comumente chamado de FZG. Os experimentos de desgaste têm sido feitos com dois estágios de torque: 135 N.m (running-in) e 302 N.m (steady-state) e as engrenagens são de perfil modificado. Após a realização dos ensaios, foi possível verificar que: (1) a área danificada dos flancos, devido ao fenômeno de pitting, das engrenagens de FNA foi maior do que das de aço AISI 8620; (2) a comparação entre os parâmetros de rugosidade nos estágio de fornecimento e após cada estágio do experimento mostra que as engrenagens com acabamento por shaving apresentam uma melhor distribuição da carga e um menor desgaste, (3) o regime de lubrificação na região do diâmetro primitivo durante os ensaios foi o limite (ou limítrofe) para ambos os processos de fabricação, porém o parâmetro de espessura de filme (λ) é maior para engrenagens fabricadas por shaving, fazendo com que a espessura do filme lubrificante seja maior, (4) o efeito da redução da área resistente aos esforços de contato, devido à presença dos nódulos de grafita, na resistência a fadiga foi evidenciado, porém o acabamento superficial mostrou-se mais relevante do que a distribuição e tamanho dos nódulos.
Due to the resistance of automotive manufactures on apply ADI gear studies have been made to verify the performance of this material. Inside this context this work has a main objective the construction of contact fatigue test machine in gears and the comparison, related to the wear resistance, between spur-gears made of carburized and quenched AISI 8620 low steel and austempered ductile iron (ADI). These gears were supplied in two states of finish surface (by shaving or by machining). The developed equipment functions with the principle of the power recirculation and commonly called FZG. The wear experiments were performed in two stages of torque: 135 N.m (running-in) and 302 N.m (steady-state) and the gears have modified profile. After the accomplishment of the experiments, was possible verify that: (1) The damaged area of flanks, due to the phenomenon of pitting, at ADI gears was bigger than AISI 8620 low-alloy steel gears. (2) The comparisons between the roughness parameter in the supply state and after each period of the experiment shows that gears with surface finish by shaving have better load distribution and minor wear. (3) Lubricant regime at pitch diameter was the boundary for both manufacture process, but the film thickness parameter λ is higher for shaved gears, making the lubricant film thickness has major value, (4) The reduction effect the resistive area of contact due the presence of the graphite nodules in the contact fatigue resistance was evidenced, however surface finishing was more relevant than the distribution and size nodules.
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27

Bonneric, Matthieu. "Etude de l'endommagement en fatigue de câbles d'acier sous sollicitations complexes." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLC045.

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Les câbles d’acier sont utilisés comme renforts au sein des pneumatiques poids lourds, et servent notamment à supporter les efforts dus à la pression de gonflage et au poids du véhicule. Un câble est un ensemble de fils d’acier perlitique assemblés en hélices sur différentes couches. Il existe donc de nombreuses possibilités d’assemblage pour définir l’architecture d’un câble. Lors de leur sollicitation en service, les câbles sont soumis à des chargements cycliques à l’origine d’un endommagement en fatigue. Dans un contexte de réduction de la consommation et d’allègement des véhicules, la compréhension des mécanismes impliqués représente donc un enjeu majeur pour les manufacturiers de pneumatiques, en vue d’optimiser l’architecture des câbles vis-à-vis de la tenue en fatigue. Un essai de flexion cyclique représentatif de la sollicitation en service a été mis au point. Les éprouvettes testées sont des nappes composites constituées de câbles alignés au sein d’une matrice de gomme. Des essais interrompus à différents stades de l’endommagement suivis d’observations ex-situ (tomographie à rayon X, MEB) ont été réalisés. Un modèle de simulation par éléments finis de la nappe composite a été développé en vue d’étudier les interactions filgomme. La comparaison des observations aux simulations a permis de comprendre la cinétique de l’endommagement des renforts lors d’une sollicitation de flexion cyclique.L’étude de chacun des mécanismes susceptibles de contribuer à l’endommagement d’un câble a permis d’expliquer la meilleure tenue en fatigue des architectures pénétrées par la gomme. Un outil probabiliste de prédiction de la durée de vie des câbles basé sur la propagation des défauts en surface des fils a été développé
Steel cables are used as reinforcements in heavy truck tires, in particular to support the forces resulting from the tire pressure and the vehicle's weight. A cable is a set of pearlitic steel wires assembled in helical form on different layers. There are therefore many assembly possibilities to define the cable architecture. The cables are subjected to cyclic loadings during service, resulting in fatigue damage. In a context of reduced fuel consumption and lighter vehicles, understanding the mechanisms involved is thus a major challenge for tire manufacturers, in order to optimize the architecture of cables with respect to fatigue resistance. A cyclic bending test representative of mechanical in-service loading has been developed. The tested specimens are composite layers made of cables aligned within an elastomer matrix. Interrupted tests at different stages of damage followed by ex-situ observations (X-ray tomography, SEM) were performed. A finite element model of the composite layer has been developed in order to understand wire-rubber interactions. The comparison of the observations with the simulations made it possible to understand the kinetics of cable damage during cyclic bending loading.The study of each of the mechanisms likely to contribute to the cable damage has made it possible to explain the better fatigue resistance of the architectures penetrated by the rubber. A stochastic cable fatigue life model based on wire surface defect propagation has been developed
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Camara, Aliou Badara. "Analyse du comportement en fatigue d'assemblages boulonnés." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne‎ (2017-2020), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019CLFAC105.

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L’intégrité structurelle des composants mécaniques et de leurs assemblages est un objectif majeur de conception. Les applications peuvent concerner l’aéronautique, l’automobile, le ferroviaire ainsi que les ouvrages tels que les ponts ou encore des mâts soumis à des sollicitations cycliques ou à amplitude variable. Cela amène l’ingénieur de conception à prendre en compte différents phénomènes dont celui de la fatigue, facteur dominant pouvant conduire, sous sollicitation dynamique, à la défaillance des structures ou de certaines pièces les constituant. Un outil de post-traitement a, d’une part, été développé et implémenté sous Matlab pour évaluer le niveau d’endommagement à la limite d’endurance fixée du matériau (2.106 cycles) et, d’autre part, une démarche itérative a été proposée pour le calcul de durée de vie en fatigue. Les deux critères multiaxiaux de fatigue utilisés sont le critère de Dang Van (approche de type plan critique) et celui de Zenner (approche intégrale). L’outil de post-traitement est validé par des résultats d’essais de fatigue issus de la bibliographie. Ces essais de fatigue sont réalisés sur des boulons M10 de classe de qualité 8.8. Les résultats établis sont comparés avec ceux obtenus à partir des normes existantes (Eurocode 3 et VDI 2230 notamment). Les deux critères multiaxiaux de fatigue retenus dans le cadre de ce travail sont confrontés à la banque de données des essais multiaxiaux qu’on trouve dans lalittérature. Les assemblages, boulonnés ou soudés, constituent des zones singulières dans les structures. Dans le butde mieux comprendre le comportement en fatigue du boulon dans un assemblage, un tronçon en té boulonné dans lequel le boulon peut être précontraint par serrage est modélisé par éléments finis sous le logiciel Salomé-méca. La précharge est modélisée numériquement en imposant un déplacement axial relatif entre les noeuds de l’écrou et ceux de la tige de la vis. L’effort axial FB et le moment fléchissant MB obtenus dans la vis avec le modèle numérique du tronçon en té sont validés par des solutions analytiques et des analyses expérimentales (essais de traction statique sur tronçon en té). Une étude paramétrique est menée pour analyser les influences en fatigue de la précharge dans le boulon, du diamètre de celui-ci, de son excentration par rapport à l’âme du tronçon en té et de l’épaisseur de la semelle. L’analyse s’est intéressée d’abord au niveau d’endommagement du boulon, puis à sa durée de vie en fatigue multiaxiale en utilisant l’outil de post-traitement construit dans le cadre du présent travail. Les simulations numériques de l’endommagement et de la durée de vie en fatigue montrent un comportement différent des deux approches utilisées de la fatigue multiaxiale pour la prise en compte de l’effet d’un pré-serrage important. Enfin, une campagne d’essais expérimentaux sur des tronçons en té a également été menée pour la validation du modèle numérique par rapport à l’effort axialFB et au moment de flexion MB dans le boulon
The structural integrity of mechanical components and their assemblies is a major design purpose. The applications may concern the aeronautics, the automobile, the railway as well as structures such as bridges or masts subjected to cyclic loads or to variable amplitude stress states. This leads the design engineer to take into account various phenomena, including fatigue, a dominant factor that may lead, under dynamic stress, to the failure of structures or parts of them. The mechanical components are generally subjected in service to multiaxial stress states. Taking into account the triaxiality of stress states requires the use of multiaxial fatigue criteria. They are suitable tools for assessing the material fatigue resistance against periodical stress states, especially when they are multiaxial. A fatigue post-processing tool is developed and implemented under Matlab software to assess on the one hand, the damage level at the fixed endurance limit of the material (2.106 cycles) and, on the other hand, the fatigue life up to crack initiation from an iterative fatigue calculation process. The two multiaxial fatiguecriteria used are Dang Van criterion (critical plane approach) and Zenner criterion (integral approach). Then, the fatigue post-processing tool is validated by fatigue test results from the bibliography. These fatigue tests are performed on M10 bolts of 8.8 quality class. The results are compared with those obtained from existing standards (Eurocode 3 and VDI 2230). The two multiaxial fatigue criteria used inthis work are compared and validated from the database of multiaxial tests found in the literature. Bolted or welded assemblies are singular areas in the structures. In order to better understand the fatiguebehavior of the bolt in an assembly, a tee-stub in which the bolt can be pre-stressed by clamping is modeled by finite elements under Salome-meca software. The preload is modeled numerically by imposing a relative axial displacement between the nodes of the nut and those of the rod of the screw. The FB axial force and the MB bending moment obtained in the screw with the numerical model of the tee-stub is validated by analytical solutions on the one hand and by experimental results (static tension tests on a tee-stub) on the other hand. A parametric study is conducted to analyze the fatigue influences of the bolt preload, its diameter, its location with respect to the tee-stub soul and the flange thickness. The analysis first focused on the bolt damage level, then on its fatigue life using the multiaxial fatigue post-processing tool built as part of this work. Numerical simulations of damage and fatigue life show a different behavior of the two multiaxial fatigue approaches to take into account the effect of a significanttightening. Experimental tests run on a tee-stub were also conducted to validate the numerical model with respect to the FB axial force and the MB bending moment
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29

Gautrelet, Christophe. "Développement et exploitation d'un banc vibratoire en flexion pour les essais de fatigue Linearity investigation from a vibratory fatigue bench Fatigue curves of a low carbon steel obtained from vibration experiments with an electrodynamic shaker." Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMIR21.

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Dans le but de fournir des données expérimentales pour alimenter les modèles numériques développés au Laboratoire de Mécanique de Normandie, nous avons mis en place un banc d'essais uniaxiaux en fatigue vibratoire permettant de tester des structures à grand nombre de cycles. Après la rédaction d’un cahier des charges pour définir les caractéristiques d’excitations et de mesures, une étude de qualification de ce moyen d’essais est présentée afin d’obtenir les plages de performance basée sur l’hypothèse de linéarité du système. Ensuite, pour vérifier la faisabilité en fatigue, nous avons réalisé une étude visant à établir une courbe de caractérisation d’un acier bas carbone. Néanmoins, ce banc d’essais ne permet pas de distinguer les phases d’initiation de fissure, de propagation et de rupture. Nous avons donc proposé quelques pistes pour évaluer le nombre de cycles à fissuration : la première est basée sur la variation de pente de l’amplitude de déformation mesurée à partir de jauges de déformation et la seconde utilise le décalage de la fréquence de résonance. Nous avons ainsi proposé un modèle simple de dommage non linéaire basé sur la variation de la fréquence de résonance qui permet également d'évaluer les nombres de cycles à la rupture des spécimens. La durée de vie en fatigue expérimentale obtenue par ce modèle est confrontée avec celle en fatigue obtenue par un modèle de dommage issu de la littérature
The aim of Laboratory of Mechanics of Normandy is to provide experimental data to enhance the numerical models developed for structural design. Therefore, we have set up a vibration-based uniaxial bending bench for testing structures under a high cycle fatigue. After setting up specifications to specify the characteristics of the excitations and measurements, a qualification investigation of this test bench is presented in order to obtain the performance ranges based on the assumption of the system linearity. Then, to verify the feasibility in fatigue, we conducted a study to establish a characterization curve of a low carbon steel. Nevertheless, this test bench does not distinguish the phases of initiation, propagation and fracture of the crack. We have therefore proposed some ways to assess the cycle number of crack initiation: the first one is based on the slope variation of the strain amplitude measured from strain gauges and the second one uses the resonant frequency drop. We have thus proposed a simple model of nonlinear damage based on the variation of the resonant frequency which also makes it possible to evaluate the cycle number at fracture of the specimens. The experimental fatigue life obtained by this model is compared with the fatigue life obtained by a damage model provided by the literature
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30

Ruffilli, Roberta. "Modes de fatigue des métallisations à base d'aluminium dans les composants MOSFET de puissance." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30256/document.

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Cette thèse, effectuée en collaboration entre le CEMES-CNRS, le laboratoire Satie (ENS Cachan) et NXP Semiconductors est motivée par la compréhension des mécanismes de défaillance des dispositifs MOSFET pour les applications dans l'industrie automobile. Un facteur limitant de la fiabilité à long terme des modules de puissance basse tension est le vieillissement électrothermique et/ou thermo-mécanique des parties métalliques de la source: métallisation en aluminium (ou alliage) et fils de connexion. A cause de la différence de coefficient de dilatation thermique entre la métallisation les oxydes et le substrat semi-conducteur, la température atteinte pendant les cycles de fonctionnement (quelques centaines de degrés), induit une déformation plastique inévitable dans le métal, qui est le matériau le plus mou dans l'architecture complexe du MOSFET. Nous avons caractérisé la microstructure métallique avant et après les tests de vieillissement électrothermique accélérés, en utilisant des techniques spécifiques du domaine de la métallurgie physique: microscopie électronique et ionique, cartographie d'orientation de grains et de la composition chimique. Pour la première fois, la métallisation de la source a été caractérisée sous les fils de connexion, qui sont cent fois plus épais que la métallisation. Cet emplacement est critique pour la fiabilité du composant, car le processus de soudure par ultrasons induit une déformation plastique importante qui peut affaiblir la métallisation initiale avant le vieillissement. Ceci est peu étudié dans la littérature en raison de la difficulté à accéder à la métallisation sous les fils sans altérer leur interface, souvent endommagée et fragilisée dans les modules vieillis. Nous avons mis en place des méthodes de préparation d'échantillon, basées sur le polissage ionique, pour étudier cette interface, sans introduire d'artefacts de préparation. Le processus de soudure à froid induit une déformation plastique sévère et non uniforme dans la métallisation sous les fils sans parvenir à recréer un bon contact électrique: de petites cavités et des résidus d'oxyde natif, ont été systématiquement observés à l'interface Al / Al, dans tous les modules analysés, avant et après vieillissement. Le mécanisme principal de défaillance des modules est la génération et la propagation de fissures de fatigue dans l'aluminium, associée à une oxydation locale qui empêche la fermeture de ces fissures. Sous et en dehors des fils de connexion, ces fissures traversent la métallisation perpendiculairement à la surface jusqu'au substrat en silicium en suivant les joints de grains. Cette fissuration est due à la diffusion intergranulaire accélérée des atomes d'aluminium. Dans la zone de soudure, le phénomène de fissuration parallèle à l'interface est favorisé par les imperfections initiales (cavités, oxyde). Les expériences de tomographie ionique ont montré que ces fissures sont confinées à l'interface fil-métal et ne se propagent pas dans le fil malgré sa plus faible résistance mécanique (Al pur, structure à grains plus grands). La propagation de la fissure le long de l'interface Al/Al peut provoquer une diminution du contact entre le fil et la métallisation de la source et éventuellement son décollement. Les fissures dans le métal source peuvent expliquer l'augmentation locale de la résistance et de la température du module qui accélère le processus de vieillissement jusqu'à l'échec. Cette étude a établi de nouvelles techniques dédiées et des méthodes de quantification pour évaluer le vieillissement des parties métalliques des modules MOSFET. La caractérisation complète de l'interface soudée, intrinsèquement défectueuse et la dégradation de la métallisation pendant le vieillissement électrothermique ouvrent la voie à l'amélioration possible les technologies actuelles et au développement potentiel de nouveaux procédés
This thesis, a collaboration between CEMES-CNRS, Satie laboratory (ENS Cachan) and NXP Semiconductors is motivated by the comprehension of the failure mechanisms of low voltage power MOSFET devices produced for ap- plications in the automotive industry. A limiting factor for the long-term reliability of power modules is the electro- thermal and/or thermo-mechanical aging of the metallic parts of the source: Al metallization and bonding wires. At the temperature reached during the on-off operating cycles (few hundred degrees), the difference in the coefficient of thermal expansion between the metallization and the oxide and semicon- ductor parts induces an inevitable plastic deformation in the metal, which is the softest material in the complex MOSFET architecture. We have characterized the metal microstructure before and after accelerated electro-thermal aging tests, by using specific techniques from the field of the physical metallurgy: electron and ion microscopy, grain orientation and chem- ical composition mapping. For the first time the source metallization has been characterized both away and under the bonding connections, which are one hundred times thicker than the metallization layer. The latter is a critical loca- tion for the reliability assessment because the ultrasonic bonding process may weaken the initial metallization microstructure by adding an important plas- tic deformation prior to aging. This is, however, poorly stated in the literature because of the difficulty to access the metallization under the wires without damaging their bonding, which is known to be particularly weak in case of aged modules. In order to investigate the wire-metallization interface, we have set up origi- nal sample preparations, based on ion polishing, that allowed us to disclose the metallization under the bonding wires without introducing preparation artifacts in the microstructure. The bonding process induces a severe and non- uniform plastic deformation in the metallization under the wires without re- creating a good electrical contact: small cavities and native oxide residues, have been systematically observed at the Al/Al interface, in all the analyzed mod- ules, before and after aging. The main mechanism behind the device failure is the generation and propa- gation of fatigue cracks in the aluminum metallization, associated to a local Al oxidation that prevents these crack from closing. Away and under the wire bonds, they run perpendicularly from the surface down to the silicon substrate following the grain boundaries, due to an enhanced intergranular diffusion of aluminum atoms. In the bonding area, the phenomenon of parallel cracking is favored by the initial imperfections in the wire-metallization bonding. Ion to- mography experiments have shown that these cracks are confined to the wire- metal interface and do not propagate in the wire despite its lower strength (pure Al, larger grain structure). Crack propagation along the Al/Al interface can cause a contact reduction between the wire and the source metallization and eventually its failure. Such discontinuities in the metal can explain the lo- cal increase in the device resistance and temperature that accelerates the aging process until failure. This study settled new, dedicated techniques and quantification methods to as- sess the aging of the metal parts of MOSFET devices. The full characterization of the intrinsically defective interface generated by the bonding process and the metallization degradation during electro-thermal aging indicated paths to possible improvements of current technologies and potential developments of new processes
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31

Ruffilli, Roberta. "Modes de fatigue des métallisations à base d'aluminium dans les composants MOSFET de puissance." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30256.

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Abstract:
Cette thèse, effectuée en collaboration entre le CEMES-CNRS, le laboratoire Satie (ENS Cachan) et NXP Semiconductors est motivée par la compréhension des mécanismes de défaillance des dispositifs MOSFET pour les applications dans l'industrie automobile. Un facteur limitant de la fiabilité à long terme des modules de puissance basse tension est le vieillissement électrothermique et/ou thermo-mécanique des parties métalliques de la source: métallisation en aluminium (ou alliage) et fils de connexion. A cause de la différence de coefficient de dilatation thermique entre la métallisation les oxydes et le substrat semi-conducteur, la température atteinte pendant les cycles de fonctionnement (quelques centaines de degrés), induit une déformation plastique inévitable dans le métal, qui est le matériau le plus mou dans l'architecture complexe du MOSFET. Nous avons caractérisé la microstructure métallique avant et après les tests de vieillissement électrothermique accélérés, en utilisant des techniques spécifiques du domaine de la métallurgie physique: microscopie électronique et ionique, cartographie d'orientation de grains et de la composition chimique. Pour la première fois, la métallisation de la source a été caractérisée sous les fils de connexion, qui sont cent fois plus épais que la métallisation. Cet emplacement est critique pour la fiabilité du composant, car le processus de soudure par ultrasons induit une déformation plastique importante qui peut affaiblir la métallisation initiale avant le vieillissement. Ceci est peu étudié dans la littérature en raison de la difficulté à accéder à la métallisation sous les fils sans altérer leur interface, souvent endommagée et fragilisée dans les modules vieillis. Nous avons mis en place des méthodes de préparation d'échantillon, basées sur le polissage ionique, pour étudier cette interface, sans introduire d'artefacts de préparation. Le processus de soudure à froid induit une déformation plastique sévère et non uniforme dans la métallisation sous les fils sans parvenir à recréer un bon contact électrique: de petites cavités et des résidus d'oxyde natif, ont été systématiquement observés à l'interface Al / Al, dans tous les modules analysés, avant et après vieillissement. Le mécanisme principal de défaillance des modules est la génération et la propagation de fissures de fatigue dans l'aluminium, associée à une oxydation locale qui empêche la fermeture de ces fissures. Sous et en dehors des fils de connexion, ces fissures traversent la métallisation perpendiculairement à la surface jusqu'au substrat en silicium en suivant les joints de grains. Cette fissuration est due à la diffusion intergranulaire accélérée des atomes d'aluminium. Dans la zone de soudure, le phénomène de fissuration parallèle à l'interface est favorisé par les imperfections initiales (cavités, oxyde). Les expériences de tomographie ionique ont montré que ces fissures sont confinées à l'interface fil-métal et ne se propagent pas dans le fil malgré sa plus faible résistance mécanique (Al pur, structure à grains plus grands). La propagation de la fissure le long de l'interface Al/Al peut provoquer une diminution du contact entre le fil et la métallisation de la source et éventuellement son décollement. Les fissures dans le métal source peuvent expliquer l'augmentation locale de la résistance et de la température du module qui accélère le processus de vieillissement jusqu'à l'échec. Cette étude a établi de nouvelles techniques dédiées et des méthodes de quantification pour évaluer le vieillissement des parties métalliques des modules MOSFET. La caractérisation complète de l'interface soudée, intrinsèquement défectueuse et la dégradation de la métallisation pendant le vieillissement électrothermique ouvrent la voie à l'amélioration possible les technologies actuelles et au développement potentiel de nouveaux procédés
This thesis, a collaboration between CEMES-CNRS, Satie laboratory (ENS Cachan) and NXP Semiconductors is motivated by the comprehension of the failure mechanisms of low voltage power MOSFET devices produced for ap- plications in the automotive industry. A limiting factor for the long-term reliability of power modules is the electro- thermal and/or thermo-mechanical aging of the metallic parts of the source: Al metallization and bonding wires. At the temperature reached during the on-off operating cycles (few hundred degrees), the difference in the coefficient of thermal expansion between the metallization and the oxide and semicon- ductor parts induces an inevitable plastic deformation in the metal, which is the softest material in the complex MOSFET architecture. We have characterized the metal microstructure before and after accelerated electro-thermal aging tests, by using specific techniques from the field of the physical metallurgy: electron and ion microscopy, grain orientation and chem- ical composition mapping. For the first time the source metallization has been characterized both away and under the bonding connections, which are one hundred times thicker than the metallization layer. The latter is a critical loca- tion for the reliability assessment because the ultrasonic bonding process may weaken the initial metallization microstructure by adding an important plas- tic deformation prior to aging. This is, however, poorly stated in the literature because of the difficulty to access the metallization under the wires without damaging their bonding, which is known to be particularly weak in case of aged modules. In order to investigate the wire-metallization interface, we have set up origi- nal sample preparations, based on ion polishing, that allowed us to disclose the metallization under the bonding wires without introducing preparation artifacts in the microstructure. The bonding process induces a severe and non- uniform plastic deformation in the metallization under the wires without re- creating a good electrical contact: small cavities and native oxide residues, have been systematically observed at the Al/Al interface, in all the analyzed mod- ules, before and after aging. The main mechanism behind the device failure is the generation and propa- gation of fatigue cracks in the aluminum metallization, associated to a local Al oxidation that prevents these crack from closing. Away and under the wire bonds, they run perpendicularly from the surface down to the silicon substrate following the grain boundaries, due to an enhanced intergranular diffusion of aluminum atoms. In the bonding area, the phenomenon of parallel cracking is favored by the initial imperfections in the wire-metallization bonding. Ion to- mography experiments have shown that these cracks are confined to the wire- metal interface and do not propagate in the wire despite its lower strength (pure Al, larger grain structure). Crack propagation along the Al/Al interface can cause a contact reduction between the wire and the source metallization and eventually its failure. Such discontinuities in the metal can explain the lo- cal increase in the device resistance and temperature that accelerates the aging process until failure. This study settled new, dedicated techniques and quantification methods to as- sess the aging of the metal parts of MOSFET devices. The full characterization of the intrinsically defective interface generated by the bonding process and the metallization degradation during electro-thermal aging indicated paths to possible improvements of current technologies and potential developments of new processes
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32

Luong, Viet Dung. "Etude expérimentale et modélisation numérique des phénomènes d’endommagement par fatigue des emballages." Thesis, Reims, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020REIMS012.

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Dans cette thèse, nous avons caractérisé expérimentalement les emballages en carton compact et ondulé à l’aide de tests spécifiques qui permettent de reproduire les conditions de transport. Après avoir effectué des essais de traction pour caractériser le comportement orthotrope des papiers et carton compact, nous avons déterminé par des essais de compression statique la résistance à la compression verticale (RCV) des boîtes en carton compact et des caisses en carton ondulé étudiées. Pour l’analyse dynamique, nous avons mené des expériences de vibrations aléatoires et de chocs sur ces emballages. Nous avons ensuite implémenté un modèle de comportement élastoplastique orthotrope (IPE) pour les papiers et le carton compact dans le logiciel Abaqus à l'aide du programme utilisateur VUMAT. Nous avons également proposé une homogénéisation du modèle IPE pour le carton ondulé, que nous avons implémenté dans lelogiciel Abaqus à l'aide du programme utilisateur UGENS. Nous avons montré que le modèle élastoplastique IPE permettait de décrire de manière très satisfaisante le comportement statique et dynamique des boîtes en carton compact. L’utilisation du modèle IPE homogénéisé permettait, d’une part la création facile de la géométrie, et d’autre part la réduction importante des temps de calcul. Les résultats obtenus avec le modèle homogénéisé se comparaient très bien avec ceux obtenus avec le modèle 3D complet et les résultats expérimentaux en statique et en dynamique. Enfin, pour la simulation des essais de fatigue, nous avons réalisé des simulations des essais de chocs successifs jusqu’à l’endommagement de la caisse, et nous avons utilisé un modèle de fatigue dans le logiciel Fe-Safe pour déterminer la durée de vie des caisses. Les résultats des simulations obtenus montrent que notre modèle permet de bien reproduire les résultats expérimentaux pour les trois zones d’endurance des courbes limites de dommage
In this thesis, we have experimentally characterized compact and corrugated cardboard packaging using specific tests that reproduce transport conditions. After carrying out tensile tests to characterize the orthotropic behavior of papers and cardboard, we determined by static compression tests the box compressive strength (BCT) of the cardboard and corrugated cardboard boxes. For the dynamic analysis, we conducted random vibration and shock experiments on these packages. We then implemented an orthotropic elastoplastic behavior model (IPE) for papers and cardboard in Abaqus software using the VUMAT user program. We also proposed a homogenization of the IPE model for corrugated cardboard, which we implemented in the Abaqus software using the UGENS user program. We have shown that the IPE elastoplastic model allows a very satisfactory description of the static and dynamic behavior of cardboard boxes.The use of the homogenized IPE model allowed, on the one hand, the easy design of the geometry, and on the other hand, the significant reduction in computation times. The results obtained with the homogenized model compared verywell with those obtained with the full 3D model and the experimental results in statics and dynamics. Finally, for the simulation of the fatigue tests, we carried out simulations of successive impact tests until the box was damaged, and we used a fatigue model in the Fe-Safe software to determine the fatigue life of the boxes. The results of the simulations obtained show that our model makes it possible to well reproduce the experimental results for the three endurance zones of the damage boundary curves
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33

Booth, Étienne. "Interaction entre l'anxiété, la perception de fatigue et la variabilité du rythme cardiaque en contexte d'expédition hivernale." Thèse, Université Laval, 2013. http://constellation.uqac.ca/2706/1/030586192.pdf.

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Objectif : Explorer la corrélation entre a) l'état d'anxiété et la variabilité du rythme cardiaque (VRC), b) la perception de fatigue et la VRC et c) l'état d'anxiété et la perception de fatigue. Méthode : treize étudiants (5 hommes, 8 femmes, n=13) ont été suivis pendant dix jours lors d'une expédition de ski hors piste en autonomie totale où leur état d'anxiété (STAI-Y), leur perception de fatigue (POMS-SF) et leur VRC ont été mesurés quotidiennement. La méthode d'estimation du coefficient de corrélation pour mesures répétées par modèle d'effets mixte a été utilisée (Roy, 2006). Résultats : Les corrélations entre l'anxiété et la VRC ont été estimées à -0.20 (intra sujets) et -0.20 (inter sujets). Les corrélations entre la perception de fatigue et la VRC ont été estimées à -0.31 {intra sujets) et -0.28 (inter sujets). Les corrélations entre l'anxiété et la perception de fatigue ont été estimées à 0.52 (intra sujets) et 0.65 (inter sujets) Conclusion : Les corrélations supportent la théorie que la VRC est un indicateur de la capacité d'adaptation du coeur face aux besoins sanguins immédiats et que l'augmentation de la perception de ces besoins à travers l'état d'anxiété ou la perception de fatigue est reliée à une diminution de ce potentiel d'adaptation.
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34

Dantas, João Paulo Ribeiro. "Investigação experimental da fadiga em lajes de pontes armadas com barras ou telas soldadas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3144/tde-20102010-160417/.

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Este trabalho apresenta estudos, ensaios e análises de resultados a respeito do comportamento à fadiga das estruturas de concreto armadas com barras isoladas e telas soldadas, começando pelas lajes de pontes, seus elementos mais sensíveis à fadiga. A parte experimental desta pesquisa consiste na investigação experimental do comportamento à fadiga de lajes de concreto armado, executadas com e sem pré-lajes armadas com barras de aço isoladas ou em tela soldada. Foram realizados ensaios de fadiga de barra ao ar em 36 corpos de prova de CA50 f10 mm, isoladas e em tela, com o objetivo de construir a Curva de Wöhler dessas barras de produção nacional. Além disso, foram ensaiadas 20 lajes executadas com e sem pré-lajes de concreto, montadas com diversas configurações de armadura, submetidas a ensaios estáticos e dinâmicos. A configuração de armadura adotada nas lajes da pesquisa foi baseada nas utilizadas com freqüência neste tipo de elemento das pontes. A escassez de dados precisos a respeito do comportamento de lajes armadas com barras ou com telas soldadas de fabricação brasileira submetidas a ações cíclicas conduziu ao propósito de se elaborar uma pesquisa de caráter experimental sobre esse tema, cujos resultados e conclusões pudessem fornecer informações mais precisas a respeito do desempenho das lajes.
This research presents the studies, tests and the analysis of the results about the behavior of concrete structures reinforced with rebars or steel mesh due to fatigue loading, starting with bridge slabs which are the most susceptible elements to fatigue. The experimental part of this research consists in testing the behavior due to fatigue of concrete slabs, with or without pre-slabs and reinforced with continuous bars or steel mesh. Axial testing in air of 36 specimens of CA50 f10 mm in continuous bars and mesh were made in order to build the Wöhler Curve for Brazilian conditions. Beyond that, tests were made in 20 concrete slabs with pre-slabs, with several reinforcements arrangement. The 20 slabs were submitted to static and dynamic loading. The reinforcement configuration was based on the commonly used for these elements. The scarcity of more precise data about the behavior of concrete slabs reinforced with rebars or welded mesh made in Brazil submitted to cycle loading was the major reason to make a research based on the testing results about this theme, which results and conclusions are capable of producing more accurate information about the behavior of the slabs.
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35

Tyillian, Tammy A. "Reliability of regulating treadmill exercise using ratings of perceived exertion." Virtual Press, 1998. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1115425.

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Studies assessing the reliability of the Borg rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scale for regulating exercise training intensity have reported mixed results. Differences in experimental designs and analytical techniques make it difficult to compare results. The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability of perceptually-based treadmill (TM) exercise. Eleven subjects (42.5 ± 19.5 yrs) completed a maximal test (GXT) and 3 RPEproduction trials (PT) on a TM. Each PT consisted of two 10-minute bouts where subjects selected speeds and grades to elicit an intensity equated with an RPE of 11-12 (RPE-L) and RPE of 15-16 (RPE-H). Speed and grade, heart rate (HR), oxygen uptake (V02), and ventilatory equivalent for oxygen (VE/V02) were assessed throughout the GXT and the last 3 minutes of each PT. Blood lactate concentration (BLC) was assessed at RPE-L and RPE-H during the GXT and at the completion of each PT intensity. Reliability was assessed using an ANOVA with repeated-measures, intraclass correlations, and absolute differences (ABS A) across the PTs at each intensity. No significant meangroup differences were noted in any of the physiological variables at either intensity across the PTs. Reliability coefficients were higher for the selected workload and the metabolic measures than for HR or BLC. Reliability increased across trials for all measures, and as a function of intensity for V02 (L = 0.91 & H = 0.98), HR (L = 0.60 & H = 0.84), and BLC (L = 0.50 & H = 0.64). Mean ABS A evaluated the inter-trial reliability for HR (bpm) and V02 (METS) at the low intensity PT 1 vs. PT2 = 013 bpm; A3.3 METS, PT 1 vs. PT3 = 010 bpm ; A3.3 METS, and PT2 vs. PT3 = A7 bpm; 01.6 METS and the high intensity PT 1 vs. PT2 = 011 bpm; A2.5 METS, PT 1 vs. PT3 = 011 bpm; A3.4 METS, and PT2 vs. PT3 = A9 bpm; A2.2 METS, respectively. Mean ABS A decreased for HR and V02 between PT2 vs. PT3. These data suggest that reliability of perceptually-based TMexercise varies among physiological measures and various analytical techniques, and individual variation in physiological data across PTs should be considered prior torecommending RPE for the self-regulation of exercise.
School of Physical Education
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36

Marques, Vinícius Abrão da Silva. "Desenvolvimento de testes acelerados de fadiga aplicados a atuadores eletrônicos de turbocompressores." Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 2013. https://repositorio.ufu.br/handle/123456789/14934.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
The current market trend implies in products with high quality, reliability, durability, performance and low cost. Therefore, it is necessary to invest in tests which indicate before the component s life. Different vibration tests are involved in the conception phase: development, prequalification, qualification, endurance, certification and homologation. Accelerated vibration tests can provide results in a short time which are representative of real world, avoid over-design and under-design and obtaining identical failure in lab as in field. It is very important to know the vibration components which affect the product and obtain the excitation amplitudes values in each frequency to apply in shaker tests, reproducing the same failures modes due random and sinusoidal vibrations. The objective of this work is develop a procedure to generate a sine-onrandom profile to test electronic actuators of Variable Geometry Turbocharger in accelerated vibration shaker tests. It was used the Taylor Methods and Maximum Response Spectrum/Fatigue Damage Spectrum as parameters to compare the accelerated Power Spectrum Density based on field data with standard procedure defined by ISO 16750-3 (2003) to develop shaker tests to electronics components used in automotive applications. The results show the benefits of this method to compare different types of tests and it was possible to determine the best profile to test components in a shorter time, submitted to both sine and random vibration.
As necessidades atuais do mercado e a alta competitividade vêm pressionando as empresas a investirem em inovação dos produtos com alta qualidade, baixo custo e garantindo a sua confiabilidade e durabilidade. É necessário então investir em metodologias de testes em laboratório que indiquem na etapa de desenvolvimento do produto, se o mesmo irá falhar ou não em campo quando exposto aos esforços da aplicação. Diferentes testes de vibração são aplicados para se testar a durabilidade do produto nas etapas de desenvolvimento, préqualificação, qualificação, certificação e homologação. Testes acelerados podem indicar o comportamento do produto quando exposto aos esforços naturais ao longo de sua vida, porém sendo necessária poucas horas de teste em laboratório, evitando os elevados gastos dos testes em campo. Para tanto é importante conhecer o espectro de vibração do produto para se definir o teste em excitadores eletrodinâmicos e reproduzir os mesmos modos de falha devido à vibrações. O objetivo deste trabalho é desenvolver um procedimento para definição de testes harmônicos e aleatórios aplicados a atuadores eletrônicos de turbocompressores de geometria variada em testes de vibração acelerados. Foi utilizado o Método de Taylor e os Espectros de Máxima Resposta e de Dano por Fadiga para comparar os sinais acelerados de vibração do atuador com o sinal estabelecido pela norma ISO 16750-3 (2003), a qual define testes de fadiga por vibração para componentes eletrônicos utilizados em aplicações automotivas. Os resultados mostram os benefícios da utilização deste método para comparar diferentes tipos de testes de vibração e ainda foi possível determinar o melhor sinal a ser utilizado para se testar atuadores em um curto tempo, submetidos à vibrações do tipo harmônica e aleatória.
Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica
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37

Poondla, Narendra Babu. "A STUDY OF WELDED BUILT-UP BEAMS MADE FROM TITANIUM AND A TITANIUM ALLOY." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1271095999.

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38

Pagano, Fabrizio. "Mécanismes de fatigue dominés par les fibres dans les composites stratifiés d’unidirectionnels." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLEM039/document.

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Dans un composite stratifié, les plis orientés à 0° par rapport à la direction du chargement pilotent souvent la rupture sous chargement de traction. Les fibres procurent l’essentiel de la rigidité et la résistance de ces plis. Dans ces travaux de thèse, le comportement en fatigue des plis à 0° est analysé dans des stratifiés unidirectionnels (UD) et multidirectionnels, au moyen d’essais de fatigue multi-instrumentés. Un protocole expérimental est mis en place pour éviter les ruptures prématurées typiques des essais sur UD. L’évolution en fatigue des ruptures de fibres est identifiée par leur émission acoustique. Les mécanismes de fatigue dominés par la rupture des fibres sont analysés par un modèle aux éléments finis développé à l’échelle des constituants
Under quasi-static and fatigue tension loads, the failure of a carbon fibre reinforced polymer laminate (CFRP) is usually driven by 0° plies. Carbon fibres give most of the stiffness and strength of these plies. In this work, the fatigue behaviour of 0° plies inside unidirectional (UD) and multidirectional laminates is analysed via multi-instrumented tension-tension fatigue tests. A numerical and experimental study is addressed to perform fatigue tests without the typical premature failures of the UD laminates. The acoustic emissions technique is used to identify the evolution law of fibre breaks. A finite element model is developed at the microscale (fibres and matrix) to analyse the fibre-driven fatigue mechanisms
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39

Kathekeyan, Myuran. "Fatigue performance and design of cold-formed steel roof battens under cyclic wind uplift loads." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2018. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/122471/1/Myuran_Kathekeyan_Thesis.pdf.

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This thesis investigates the fatigue pull-through failures of steel roof batten to rafter connections and proposes suitable design equations to enhance the safety of thin steel roof battens in cyclones. Suitable design equations were developed based on both linear and nonlinear damage theories by carefully investigating the factors affecting the failure via small and full-scale experimental studies and associated numerical studies. The proposed design equations have the potential to replace the current Australian design method based on complex and time-consuming prototype cyclic tests, and also those used in many other countries.
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40

Borin, Gabriela. "Influência da fadiga da musculatura inversora e eversora do tornozelo nos testes funcionais de salto e no controle postural." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5160/tde-20102014-152215/.

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A fadiga de músculos estabilizadores do tornozelo pode piorar o desempenho nas atividades funcionais e no controle postural. É necessário na prática clínica dispor de testes quantitativos que auxiliem na avaliação de possíveis déficits funcionais para proporcionar maior nível de evidência na tomada de decisões clínicas. Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o desempenho de pessoas saudáveis em testes funcionais de salto e de equilíbrio estático nas condições pré e pós fadiga dos músculos inversores e eversores do tornozelo. Foram avaliados 30 voluntários saudáveis, de ambos os gêneros com média de idade de 24,3 ± 2,0 (20 - 28) anos de idade, praticantes de atividade física de 2 a 3 vezes na semana e média 1,7 ± 0,6 (1-3) horas por dia. Foram realizados dois dias de avaliação, sendo um dia na condição sem fadiga e outro dia com fadiga dos músculos inversores e eversores do tornozelo. O intervalo mínimo entre os dias de avaliação foi de 48 horas. Os testes realizados foram a posturografia estática na plataforma de força (AMTI) em apoio bipodal olhos abertos e fechados e em apoio unipodal olhos abertos e os testes funcionais de salto (figura em oito, cruzado, lateral e quadrado). A fadiga foi induzida pela dinamometria isocinética (Byodex) nos músculos inversores e eversores de tornozelo com 30 repetições na velocidade de 120°/seg. Os dados obtidos foram tabulados e analisados no software estatístico SPSS, considerando o p <= 0,05. Os resultados demonstraram piora no desempenho dos testes funcionais e do controle postural em todas as condições, após indução de fadiga muscular. A fadiga prejudica a propriocepção e cinestesia da articulação do tornozelo pelo aumento do limiar de descarga do fuso muscular, diminuição da aferência e senso de alerta articular. Os testes funcionais de salto podem ser considerados úteis para a prática clínica, sendo ainda considerados de baixo custo
Muscle fatigue of the stabilizing muscles of the ankle may influence in the performance of functional activities and postural control. It is important to have quantitative tests that helps assess the function of individuals to provide highest level of evidence for clinical practice decisions. This study aimed to evaluate the performance in jumping functional tests and static equilibrium of healthy people in the conditions pre and post fatigue of invertors and evertor ankle muscles. Thirty healthy volunteers of both genders were evaluated with a mean age of 24.3 ± 2.0 (28 - 20) years old and physically active, 2-3 times a week and average 1.7 ± 0.6 (1-3 ) hours per day. Two days of evaluation were performed, one day in the condition without fatigue and the other day with fatigue of invertor and evertor muscles. The minimum interval between the days of evaluation was 48 hours. Tests included: static posturography on the force platform (AMTI) in bipedal support with open and closed eyes and; unipodal support with eyes open; and jumping functional tests (figure eight, cross, side and square). The fatigue was induced by isokinetic dynamometry (Byodex) of the invertor and evertor ankle muscles with 30 repetitions at 120°/sec. Data were analyzed with the statistical software SPSS and p <= 0.05. The results showed worsening in the performance of functional tests and postural control in all conditions, after induction of muscle fatigue. Fatigue impairs proprioception and kinesthetic ankle joint by increasing the threshold for discharge of muscle spindle, decreased articular afference and sense of alert. The jumping functional tests can be considered useful for clinical practice and also is considered low-cost
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41

Prédine, Éric. "Validation d'un fauteuil roulant ergomètre, des tests ergospirométrique et dynamométrique et de l'enregistrement électromyographique de la fatigue musculaire : réponse ventilatoire, cardio-circulatoire, métabolique et musculaire chez des personnes valides et handicapées au cours de l'exercice dynamique progressif." Nancy 1, 1993. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_1993_0362_PREDINE.pdf.

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I) dans ce travail, nous avons valide: 1) un prototype de fauteuil roulant ergomètre (FRE) (unité 14 INSERM) dont les particularités sont: l'axe reliant les deux roues dispose de trois pignons de diamètres différents (démultiplication de la vitesse), il est relié à l'ergomètre de fleisch par une chaine métallique et à un volant d'inertie par une courroie crantée. L'étalonnage mécanique montre une linéarité entre les puissances (w) mesurées et celles affichées par l'ergomètre; 2) un test progressif () maximal de 10 w/2 min a 60 RPM permet de déterminer la puissance maximale tolérée (PMT), le maximum de vo2 (max vo2) et la fréquence cardiaque maximale (FC). Une double mesure de vo2, FC et de force maximale manuelle (FMM) montre une excellente reproductibilité pour PMT, max vo2, FC, FMM. Par ailleurs, il existe une relation linéaire entre vo2 et w. II) nous avons comparé: a) les trois niveaux maximaux d'exercices obtenus chez des valides avec les membres inferieurs (a) et avec les membres supérieures: manivelles (b) et en FRE (c). Par rapport à (a): la PMT représente 45% pour (b) et 23% pour (c); la vo2 est respectivement de 80% en (b) et 66% en (c) alors que la FC est à 90% en (b) et (c). En conséquence, le rendement brut musculaire (RB) est de 22,5%, 14% et 8,5% respectivement pour (a), (b), (c). B) l'exercice progressif a été réalisé par 62 sujets: 47 valides (50% des femmes) et 16 hommes handicapés. La PMT est influencée par le sexe (plus basse chez les femmes) et par l'entrainement. Chez les sportifs, la PMT est plus élevée chez les handicapés supérieurs que chez les valides alors que max vo2 est plus basse. En conséquence, le RB est plus élevé chez les handicapés. L'étude de la haute (h) et basse (l) fréquence electromyographique (EMG), dont le rapport h/l (85 %) traduit la fatigue musculaire, montre une fatigue EMG évidente à la PMT pour le trapèze (58%), le deltoïde moyen (65%), le pectoral (35%) et les radiaux (74%).
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42

Fan, Jinyang. "Recherche de propriétés de fatigue dommages et dilatance de roche sous chargement cyclique discontinu." Thesis, Côte d'Azur, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AZUR4030/document.

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Étant donné que le stockage de gaz naturel ou d’air comprimé dans des niveaux souterrains constitués de sel joue un rôle essentiel pour assurer l'approvisionnement en énergie sur le long terme, le gouvernement chinois a construit de nombreux lieu de stockage dans ces niveaux géologiques ces dernières années. En raison des variations saisonnières de la pression gaz / air, les entrepôts subissent des chargements cycliques qui provoquent la fatigue des roches et conduisent à des risques de rupture qu’il faut maîtriser pour des raisons liées à la sécurité et à l'environnement. La compréhension des processus de fatigue discontinue du sel sous chargement cyclique est donc très importante et fait l'objet de cette étude, qui se concentre sur des recherches expérimentales et le développement de modèles constitutifs décrivant la déformation sous fatigue. Cette thèse s’articule suivant la méthodologie suivante : ① des essais de chargement cyclique classique pour étudier les propriétés basiques de la fatigue dans le sel. ② des tests de charge cyclique discontinu pour explorer les processus de fatigue discontinue. ③ l’instrumentation pour détecter les émissions acoustiques afin de suivre l'évolution des dommages causés par la fatigue dans le sel. ④ Le développement à la base des résultats expérimentaux obtenus de modèle constitutif pour la fatigue discontinue
Since the salt cavern storage of natural gas and compressed air plays a critical role in ensuring the energy supply and adjusting the seasonal imbalance of power, China government has been constructing numerous new storages in recent years. Because of the seasonal of the seasonal variations of the gas/air pressure, the storages undergo cyclic loading, which causes rock fatigue and induces the associated safety and environmental hazards. The investigation of the discontinuous fatigue of salt under cyclic loading is therefore very important and is the subject of this study, which focuses on the experimental investigations and the development of the constitutive models describing the fatigue deformation. This thesis includes the following principal parts: ① Conventional cyclic loading testing to investigate the basic properties of fatigue in salt. ② Discontinuous cyclic loading tests testing to investigate the discontinuous fatigue. ③ Acoustic emission detecting experimentation to track the evolution of the fatigue damage in the salt. ④ Development of the fatigue life model and constitutive model for the discontinuous fatigue, based on the obtained experimental results
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43

Martineau, Donatien. "Caractérisation de l'endommagement de composants électroniques de puissance soumis à des tests de vieillissement accéléré." Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ISAT0004/document.

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L’intégration des dispositifs électroniques de puissance dans les véhicules automobiles nécessite une connaissance approfondie de leur fiabilité. Ces éléments sont soumis à des contraintes de fatigue électrothermique de plus en plus importantes. Cette étude vise à caractériser l’évolution de composants à base de MOSFET lors de tests de fatigue accélérés et contrôlés afin de déterminer les mécanismes physiques qui conduisent à sa dégradation.Nous décrivons d'abord l’évolution technologique des composants électroniques de puissance jusqu’à la technologie de type SmartMos utilisée par Freescale Semiconductor aujourd'hui. Les outils de caractérisation microstructurale (SAM, SAT, SEM, SIM, TEM, …) sont ensuite détaillés ainsi que l'échelle spécifique pour laquelle ils sont utilisés.Le vieillissement accéléré des composants est effectué sur un banc de fatigue pour déterminer la durée de vie d'un composant selon des paramètres donnés. L'analyse complète des composants détruits a permis de conclure que la zone affectée en priorité par le cyclage électro-thermique est le métal source qui comprend la métallisation en aluminium et les fils d'amenée de courants. Ces mêmes zones sont ensuite examinées après un vieillissement contrôlé correspondant à une fraction de la durée de vie. La fatigue du composant est essentiellement caractérisée par une forte augmentation de la résistance du métal source qui engendre l’augmentation de sa résistance drain-source (RdsON). Nous avons expliqué ce phénomène par une dégradation de la métallisation qui consiste en une division des grains d'aluminium et à l’apparition de fissures le long des joints de grains.Ces caractérisations sont corrélées à une étude par éléments finis (FEM) qui permet de simuler l’augmentation et le gradient de température dans un composant pendant un cycle de vieillissement, ainsi que l’impact de l’élévation de la résistance de la métallisation source sur le comportement thermoélectrique du composant
Integration of power electronic devices in automotive applications requires a perfect knowledge of their reliability as these components are subjected to more drastic electrothermal stresses. This study aims at determining the physical mechanisms responsible for degradation and failure of modern MOSFET-based power microprocessors during accelerated and controlled fatigue tests.After a description of the recent developments in power electronics that led to today's SmartMos technology from Freescale Semiconductor, the different microstructural characterizing techniques (SAM, SAT, SEM, SIM, TEM, …) and the specific scale for which they are used are detailed.The accelerated ageing of the components were carried out on a fatigue bench to evaluate the component lifetime according to parameters such as the temperature, current and pulse durations. A complete analysis of failed components showed that the area which is primarily affected by the electro-thermal cycling is the metal source that includes aluminum metallization and connection wires. In controlled ageing tests, we showed that the drain-source resistance (Rdson) increase was due to the metal source resistance augmentation. This phenomenon is linked to the degradation of the Aluminum layer that happens through grains division and crack propagation along the grain boundaries
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44

Zheng, Zhou. "DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF MULTILAYER POLYMER FILMS FOR HIGH ENERGY DENSITY CAPACITORS &PREDICTING LONG-TERM CREEP FAILURE OF A BIMODAL POLYETHYLENE PIPE FROM SHORT-TERM FATIGUE TESTS." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1369331821.

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45

ZANELLATI, Davide. "PROVE A FATICA MULTI-ASSIALE SU SHAKER ELETTRO-DINAMICO: PROGETTAZIONE, SIMULAZIONI NUMERICHE E RISULTATI SPERIMENTALI." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Ferrara, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11392/2488038.

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Nella valutazione della durabilità strutturale, oltre all'uso dei metodi teorici e numerici, è consuetudine svolgere prove sperimentali per stimare direttamente la resistenza del materiale a seguito dell’applicazione di carichi esterni. L’interesse è spesso ristretto a carichi di flesso-torsione, considerati molto comuni nelle applicazioni ingegneristiche. Nel corso degli anni sono state proposte diverse metodologie di prova che differiscono in termini di macchine utilizzate, geometria dei campioni e tipo di eccitazione, nessuna delle quali purtroppo in grado di applicare sul provino un carico di flesso-torsione. Solo due layout sembrano promettenti, ma presentano alcune limitazioni sia dal punto di vista economico e sia dalla mancanza di una validazione sperimentale attraverso un prototipo. La seguente tesi presenta un innovativo sistema di prova in grado di eseguire prove multi-assiali su shaker tri-assiale in cui i carichi flessionali e torsionali agenti sul provino sono controllabili in modo indipendente. Il sistema, composto da un provino cilindrico intagliato con masse eccentriche a sbalzo, è eccitato da accelerazioni verticali e/o orizzontali alla base. L’estremità libera del provino è vincolata da una lamina sottile e flessibile che impedisce le deformazioni flessionali del provino quando è eccitato orizzontalmente, ma ne permette la rotazione. Tale layout quindi può essere sollecitato con carichi controllati di flessione e/o torsione, a seguito dell’applicazione simultanea di accelerazioni verticali e orizzontali alla base. Un modello analitico a parametri concentrati e uno agli elementi finiti sono impiegati per la progettazione e verifica del sistema proposto, tramite la stima delle risposte dinamiche, delle deformazioni e dello stato tensionale. Un prototipo del sistema di prova viene realizzato e poi validato tramite prove preliminari in laboratorio con accelerazioni armoniche alla base. Le deformazioni monitorate nel sistema di afferraggio tramite estensimetri sono utilizzate dai due modelli per ottenere una stima delle tensioni di picco elastico agenti nella sezione netta del provino. La stretta correlazione fra i risultati numerici e sperimentali dimostrano che il sistema di prova è realmente in grado di controllare in modo indipendente i carichi flessionali e torsionali. Successivamente, prove a fatica (a sola flessione e a sola torsione) con accelerazioni armoniche applicate da shaker vengono effettuate in laboratorio. Si dimostra che test accelerati su shaker con accelerazioni armoniche alla base permettono di eseguire prove ad ampiezza costante, i cui risultati sono comparabili con quelli ottenuti su una macchina MTS. Infine, in laboratorio vengono eseguite prove a fatica mono-assiale con carico stocastico flessionale e prove multi-assiali con carichi stocastici flesso-torsionali. Per entrambe le tipologie di prova viene presentata una metodologia previsionale della vita a fatica. I risultati numerici sono in ragionevole accordo con quelli sperimentali, provando quindi la bontà dei metodi previsionali impiegati.
In the structural durability assessment, besides the use of theoretical and numerical methods, it is customary to carry out experimental tests to directly estimate the material strength against the application of external loads. The interest is often restricted to bending-torsion loading, considered very common in engineering applications. Over the years, different test methodologies that differ in terms of machines used, geometry specimen and type of excitation, have been proposed. None of them unfortunately can apply a bending-torsion loading to the specimen. Only two layouts seem promising, but they have some limitations both from an economic point of view and from the lack of an experimental validation through a prototype. The following thesis presents an innovative testing system able to perform multi-axial tests on tri-axial shaker in which the bending and torsion loadings acting on the specimen can be controlled independently. The system is composed of a cylindrical and notched specimen and a cantilever beam with two equal tip masses mounted at the specimen free extremity. The system is excited by vertical and/or horizontal base accelerations. The free end of the specimen is constrained by a thin and flexible plate that prevents any bending deformations of the specimen against horizontal excitations, but allows its rotation. So this layout is capable to control independently bending and torsion loadings when vertical and horizontal base accelerations are applied simultaneously. An analytical lumped-mass model and a finite elements model are used to design and verify the proposed system, through the estimation of the dynamic responses, the deformations and the stress state. A testing system prototype was realized and then validated by preliminary tests in the laboratory with harmonic base accelerations . The strain values were monitored in the T-clamping system by strain gauges. Such strains are used by the two models in order to obtain an estimate of the elastic peak stress acting in the net section of the specimen. The close correlation between numerical and experimental results shows that the testing system is really capable to control the bending and torsion loadings independently. Subsequently, fatigue tests (only bending and only torsion) with harmonic accelerations applied by shakers were carried out in the laboratory. It is shown that accelerated tests on shaker with harmonic base accelerations allow to perform constant amplitude fatigue tests , whose results are comparable with those obtained on an MTS machine. Finally, uni-axial fatigue tests with bending random loading and multi-axial fatigue tests with random bending-torsion loadings were performed. A predictive method of fatigue life is presented for both types of tests . The numerical results are in reasonable agreement with the experimental ones, thus proving the goodness of the predictive methods used.
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46

Balit, Yanis. "Mechanical properties of additively manufactured or repaired single-track thickness structures by Directed Energy Deposition." Thesis, Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019IPPAX014.

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Les travaux de cette thèse ont été dédiés à l’étude de pièces minces en acier inoxydable 316L fabriquées ou réparées par Directed Energy Deposition (DED). La nouveauté principale est l’observation de la déformation à l’échelle de la microstructure. Pour ce faire, une expérience associant un essai de traction in situ dans un microscope électronique à balayage, de la corrélation d’images à haute résolution et une carte EBSD de la microstructure ont été réalisés. Les résultats obtenus permettent alors de mieux appréhender les différentes propriétés en traction ainsi que les comportements d’autoéchauffement lors d’essais cycliques. Le premier objectif a été de qualifier et quantifier les mécanismes de déformation à l’échelle de la microstructure pour expliquer le comportent anisotrope révélé lors d’essais de traction. Par conséquent, deux orientations de sollicitation permettant d’effectuer un chargement perpendiculaire ou parallèle à la direction d’impression ont été définies. Dans le premier cas, la localisation de déformation s’effectue au niveau de certaines intercouches. Pour le second, une localisation dans certaines régions correspondant à de gros grains particuliers a été observée. Le deuxième objectif a été d’évaluer la capacité du DED à réparer. Pour ce faire, des éprouvettes moitié tôle / moitié imprimées ont été fabriquées afin de solliciter l’interface en traction. Une grande différence de microstructure a été observée entre les deux matériaux. Néanmoins, l’interface n’a jamais été la zone de rupture lors d’essais de traction. De plus, une déformation homogène a été observée dans la partie tôle alors qu’une déformation hétérogène avec des pics de concentration au niveau de certaines intercouches a été remarquée dans la partie imprimée lors d’essais in situ. Enfin, une zone de faible déformation a été constatée de part et d’autre de l’interface, zone dans laquelle une plus grande dureté a été mesurée. Le dernier objectif a été d’évaluer les propriétés en fatigue par des essais d’autoéchauffement. Il a été montré que les difficultés liées à la faible épaisseur de nos éprouvettes pouvaient être surmontées en maitrisant le protocole expérimental. Un comportement anisotrope a été observé durant ces essais cycliques avec des éprouvettes perpendiculaires au sens d’impression montrant une plus grande limite d’endurance par rapport aux éprouvettes sollicitées parallèlement. Pour ces dernières, des analyses post-mortem ont montré un scénario de fatigue classique avec une fissure dominante et donc une source de dissipation de chaleur localisée. A l’inverse, une multitude de fissures aux intercouches créant de nombreux sites de dissipation a été constatée pour les éprouvettes testées perpendiculairement
This thesis was dedicated to the study of 316L stainless steel additively manufactured or repaired specimens by Directed Energy Deposition (DED). Different configurations were manufactured under optimal process parameters. The novelty of this work is the observation of the microstructural strain localization. This experiment combined an in situ tensile test inside a scanning electron microscope with high resolution digital image correlation and an electron backscatter diffraction map. These results allowed for a fresh interpretation of monotonic tensile tests as well as of self-heating experiments under cyclic loading and the failure patterns observed at the surface of specimens. The first objective was to understand the deformation mechanisms at the grain scale which could explain the observed macroscopic anisotropy of the tensile properties as reported in literature. Two loading directions, along and perpendicular, were considered with respect to the printing direction for fully printed specimens. We observed that for a tensile load perpendicular to the printing direction, the strain localization is mainly situated at some interlayers. For a tensile load along the printing direction, the strain localization was observed in some particular regions of large grains. The second objective was the assessment of DED as a repair technology. Dog bone shaped repaired specimens (half hot rolled sheet and half printed) were designed and they exhibited an important hierarchical microstructural gradient. We noticed that the interface is not a weak area during a monotonic tensile test. Moreover, while homogeneous strain was observed in the substrate half, the printed half showed a strain heterogeneity, with the highest localization found at some interlayers. An unstrained zone was observed at both sides of the interface and was associated with higher hardness. The last objective was to evaluate the fatigue properties by self-heating tests. The experiment has proven that the difficulties due to the small dimensions of the single-track thickness specimens can be overcome by careful construction of the experimental set-up. The results revealed a certain correlation between the pattern of the microstructure, the deformation pattern at this scale and the self-heating results. Anisotropy was highlighted during these cyclic tests where specimens tested perpendicularly to the printing direction showed higher fatigue limits in comparison to the ones tested along the printing direction. Post mortem analysis revealed a multitude of cracks at interlayers for the specimens tested perpendicularly to the printing direction creating several sites of heat diffusion. For the specimens tested along the printing direction, a more classical fatigue scenario was observed with one dominating crack and thus a localized heat dissipation
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47

Sasaki, Layla. "Influence du vieillissement sur la résistance à la fissuration par fatigue à haute température d'alliages de titane pour mâts-réacteurs." Thesis, Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ESMA0006/document.

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La conception de moteurs aéronautiques plus performants soumet les alliages de titane constitutifs des mâts-réacteurs à des contraintes thermiques et mécaniques plus sévères. Ces matériaux doivent d’une part être qualifiés en termes de tolérance aux dommages. D’autre part, l’exposition prolongée de ces alliages de titane à des températures élevées en service pose la question de leur vieillissement métallurgique. Le dimensionnement et la maintenance de telles aérostructures doit ainsi prendre en compte l’ensemble de ces deux problématiques cruciales.Dans ces travaux, le comportement cyclique ainsi que la résistance à la fissuration par fatigue d’alliages de titane de différentes nuances (TA6V, Ti 6242 et Ti 17) et de différentes microstructures, ont été étudiés en fonction du degré de vieillissement. L’effet du vieillissement se traduit essentiellement par une augmentation des vitesses de propagation à forte valeur du facteur d’intensité de contrainte, à température ambiante. Dans un second temps, une démarche de caractérisation poussée de ce phénomène mettant en œuvre des sollicitations variées, à différentes échelles et associées à des analyses fractographiques a été appliquée. Ceci a permis de proposer un scénario d’endommagement avant et après vieillissement pour l’alliage le plus affecté par l’exposition en température, le Ti 17. Ce scénario montre après vieillissement l’apparition d’un mode d’endommagement « statique » en lien avec un processus de rupture puis décohésion intralamellaire, sans modification notable du comportement cyclique. Enfin, une approche d’équivalence temps-température est proposée pour décrire la cinétique de dégradation des propriétés mécaniques consécutive au vieillissement
The conception of more efficient aircraft engines induces increased stress and temperature levels on the titanium alloys constitutive of the engine pylon. On the one hand, these materials have to be qualified in terms of damage tolerance. On the other hand, the long term high temperature exposure of these titanium alloys gives also rise to the question of thermal aging and metallurgical stability. Hence, the dimensioning as well as the maintenance of such aerostructures need to be considered in the light of both these critical issues.In the present work, the cyclic behavior as well as the fatigue crack resistance of different titanium alloys (TA6V, Ti 6242 et Ti 17), with various microstructures were studied after different aging conditions. Aging induces mainly an increase in crack growth rates at high values of the stress intensity factor, at room temperature. Subsequently, a thorough characterization procedure of this phenomenon was undertaken,including various types of loadings, at different scales and associated with fractographic analyses. The results allowed to suggest a damage scenario before and after aging, in the case of the alloy most affected by aging: theTi 17 alloy. This scenario shows the occurrence of a « static » mode of failure, which is linked to a damage process associated with intralamellar fracture and decohesion, without noticeable changes in the cyclic behavior. Finally, a time-temperature equivalency approach was developed to describe the kinetics of degradation of the mechanical properties induced by aging
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48

Guevenoux, Camille. "Réparation de pièces métalliques par Directed Energy Deposition : gradient microstructural, comportement mécanique et tenue en fatigue." Thesis, Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021IPPAX006.

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Le Directed Energy Deposition (DED) est un procédé de fabrication additive utilisant une buse constituée d’un faisceau laser et d’un jet de poudre coaxiaux. Le laser crée un bain liquide dans lequel la poudre est projetée, elle fond puis se solidifie formant un cordon de matière lorsque la buse se déplace. Ce procédé présente en particulier un fort potentiel pour réparer des pièces métalliques à haute valeur ajoutée. Néanmoins, le faible diamètre et les mouvements rapides du faisceau laser entraînent des gradients thermiques et des vitesses de refroidissement élevés et cette évolution thermique spécifique est responsable de la formation de microstructures différentes de celles des composants traditionnels mis en forme par forge ou fonderie. Ainsi, les composants réparés présentent une interface qui sépare le matériau de base (souvent forgé) et la région reconstruite par DED. Ce gradient microstructural conduit à un gradient de propriété et donc à des phénomènes de localisation qui affectent la durée de vie des composants réparés. Cette thèse propose une méthode de caractérisation de la zone d'interface des composants réparés. Un outil semi-analytique de modélisation des champs de température pendant le procédé de rechargement a été mis au point pour concevoir des éprouvettes représentatives géométriquement et thermiquement de la réparation sur la pièce réelle. Le gradient de microstructure à travers l'interface est d'abord caractérisé par imagerie MEB et par analyse EBSD. Des éprouvettes de traction sont ensuite prélevées à l'interface et sollicitées lors d’essais conduits sous MEB. La déformation est suivie à l'échelle micrométrique par corrélation d'images, ce qui permet d'étudier les phénomènes de localisation. Par la suite, ces cartes expérimentales sont utilisées pour identifier le comportement local du matériau dans la région de l’interface, en minimisant l’erreur entre les champs de déformation expérimental et numérique. Le gradient de propriété ainsi déterminé permet de calculer la répartition de contraintes dans des éprouvettes soumises à des essais de fatigue. La limite d'endurance des structures réparées est ensuite calculée à partir des résultats expérimentaux d'une campagne de fatigue et comparée à celle de la pièce d'origine pour déterminer l'abattement causé par le rechargement
Directed Energy Deposition (DED) process is a powder-jet additive manufacturing process involving a nozzle composed of coaxial laser beam and powder stream. The laser generates a melt pool in which the powder is projected, it melts and then solidifies creating a deposit as the nozzle moves. However, this process is particularly appealing to repair valuable metallic components. The small spot size and fast motions of the laser causes strong thermal gradient and important cooling rates and this specific thermal evolution is responsible for the formation of microstructures different from traditional processes like forge or foundry. Consequently, the repaired components exhibits an interface between the base material (generally wrought) and the region reconstructed with DED. This microstructural gradient leads to a mechanical gradient and therefore to localization phenomena which can affect the lifetime of repaired components. This thesis proposes a method to characterize the interface region of repaired components. A semi-analytic tool has been developed to model the thermal evolution during the repair process in order to design representative specimens, in terms of geometry but also in terms of thermal history. The microstructural gradient through the interface is first characterized with a SEM and EBSD analyses. Tensile specimen are then taken in the interface region and loaded during SEM in-situ tests. The strain is followed at the micrometric scale with Digital Image Correlation, what provides the information regarding localization phenomena. Those experimental data are then injected into a numerical method to identify the local parameters of the mechanical behavior by minimizing the error between the experimental and numerical fields. Using this mechanical gradient, the stress in fatigue specimens is derived. A fatigue limit is then derived from the experimental results of the fatigue tests and it is compared to the endurance of the original part to estimate the reduction of resistance caused by the repair
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49

Jannoun, Mayssam. "Fiabilité des structures en vibrations aléatoires : application aux systèmes mécatroniques embarqués." Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMIR06.

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Abstract:
Les vibrations aléatoires sont les sollicitations les plus représentatives à celles qui se trouvent dans l'environnement réel. Elles sont souvent rencontrées dans l'environnement de fonctionnement automobile, aéronautique, spatial, ferroviaire et d'autres. La particularité des vibrations aléatoires est l'utilisation de son analyse par fatigue. Grâce aux propriétés statistiques des signaux aléatoires que les méthodes spectrales permettent d'estimer la moyenne du dommage d'une façon efficace et économique mais avec certaines limitations. Une étude numérique sur un système électronique embarqué accompagnée des essais expérimentaux ont été mis en place dans cette thèse pour présenter une démarche complète d'une analyse spectrale des vibrations aléatoires. Une modélisation par éléments finis a été réalisée ainsi qu'une technique du 'zoom structural' en analyse spectrale des vibrations aléatoires a été proposée dans ce travail avec la présentation des équations de cette technique. Une application numérique a montré la validité de la technique proposée en appliquant une étude de l'endommagement par fatigue par l'approche temporelle et par l'approche spectrale. Les résultats numériques de cette application mènent à une estimation d'un temps à l'initiation de la fissure très proche du temps de défaillance observé dans les résultats des essais expérimentaux. Cette technique montre la performance et l'efficacité des méthodes spectrales dans l'estimation du dommage par fatigue aléatoire. Une étude de l'optimisation d'un système soumis aux sollicitations aléatoires a été développée. L'objectif de cette étude est de rechercher la conception optimale du système soumis aux vibrations aléatoires en posant des limitations sur le dommage qui en résulte. Ce dommage estimé par les méthodes spectrales de Dirlik et de Single Moment ne doit pas dépasser un dommage cible pour assurer la fiabilité du système étudié
Random vibrations are the most representative excitations that can be found in the real environment. They are often encountered in the automotive, aeronautical, space, railway and other operating environments. The special feature of the random vibrations is their important role in damage fatigue analysis. The spectral methods allow to estimate efficiently and economically the mean of the damage using the statistical properties of the random signals. A numerical study on an embedded electronic system with experimental tests was set up in this thesis to present a complete spectral analysis of random vibrations methodology. A finite element model was performed as well as submodelling technique in spectral analysis of random vibrations with associated equations was proposed in this work. A numerical application has shown the validity of the proposed technique by applying the fatigue damage study using the time-domain approach and the spectral approach. The numerical results of this application lead to the estimation of a crack initiation time very close to the failure time observed in the experimental tests. This technique shows the performance and efficiency of spectral methods in the estimation of random fatigue damage. The optimization of a system subjected to random excitations has been developed in this work. The objective of this study is to retrieve the optimal design of the system subjected to random vibrations with limitations on the resulting damage. This damage estimated by Dirlik and Single Moment spectral methods must not exceed defined target damage in order to insure the reliability of the studied system
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50

Iwanaga, Fabio Issao. "Avaliação da influência do tipo de agregado, do tipo de ligante, do tipo de moldagem e do tipo de fíler na vida de fadiga de misturas asfálticas densas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18143/tde-21112007-111323/.

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Abstract:
Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar o comportamento à fadiga de algumas misturas asfálticas, à luz de resultados de ensaios de fadiga por compressão diametral à tensão controlada, considerando-se a variação de quatro fatores: tipo de agregado, tipo de ligante, tipo de moldagem e tipo de filler. Todos os corpos-de-prova foram moldados na mesma faixa granulométrica (centro da faixa C do DNER ), segundo os procedimentos dos métodos Marshall, ASTM D 4867 ou AASHTO T 283, variando o tipo de agregado (basalto, granito e gabro), tipo de ligante (CAP 20 e CAP 40) e o tipo de material de preenchimento (cal hidratada). São apresentados resultados dos ensaios de resistência à tração por compressão diametral, módulo de resiliência e de fadiga. Os modelos de fadiga são apresentados em função das diferenças de tensões e deformações. Para avaliar o desempenho relativo das misturas em serviço, foram simuladas três estruturas de pavimentos com a ajuda do programa ELSYM5, para as quais foram determinadas as tensões e deformações atuantes que foram utilizadas nos modelos de fadiga para que todas as misturas fossem avaliadas sob o mesmo referencial. Os resultados indicam que em relação ao tipo de moldagem, as misturas moldadas pelo método da AASHTO T 283 apresentaram melhor desempenho (maior vida de fadiga), sendo que a maioria das misturas moldadas com CAP 40 apresentou um desempenho melhor que as moldadas com CAP 20. Com relação ao tipo de agregado os materiais gábricos apresentaram o melhor desempenho, seguidos pelos basálticos e graníticos. As misturas moldadas com cal hidratada como filler também apresentaram melhor desempenho à fadiga.
The purpose of this research is to evaluate the fatigue behavior of some asphalt mixtures, by means of indirect tests with controlled stress, considering the variation of four factors: aggregate type, asphalt type, molded type and filler type. The specimens was molded in same gradation (center of DNER C gradation), according to Marshall, ASTM D 4867 or AASHTO T 283 design method, with the variation of three aggregates (basaltic, granite and gabbro), two asphalt (CAP 20 and CAP 40) and the presence of lime. Tests results of indirect tensile strength, resilient modulus and fatigue are presented. The fatigue models are constructed as a function of the differences of stress and strain. The fatigue behavior of asphalt mixtures was evaluated based on three structures which the stress and strains was estimated with aid of ELSYM5 program. The tests results indicated that all mixtures molded with AASHTO T 283 design method presented higher fatigue life than the other ones, and almost all asphalt mixtures molded with CAP 40 presented higher fatigue life than mixtures molded with CAP 20. Considering the type of aggregate, the specimens molded with gabbro presented higher fatigue life than basaltic and granite. The mixtures molded with presence of lime presented an increase in fatigue life.
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