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Academic literature on the topic 'Fatty acid apparent concentration factor'
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Journal articles on the topic "Fatty acid apparent concentration factor"
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Zhao, Jinbiao, Yu Bai, Gang Zhang, Ling Liu, and Changhua Lai. "Relationship between Dietary Fiber Fermentation and Volatile Fatty Acids’ Concentration in Growing Pigs." Animals 10, no. 2 (2020): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10020263.
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This study was conducted to determine whether differences in fiber fermentation in fiber-rich feed ingredients exist and to assess relationship between fiber fermentation and concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in pig. Castrated males (barrows) were allotted randomly to six diets formulated with different amounts of wheat bran (WB), corn bran (CB), sugar beet pulp (SBP), oat bran (OB), soybean hulls (SH) or rice bran (RB). The apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of soluble dietary fiber (SDF) for OB and SH diets was greater (P < 0.05) than for the other diets. The fermentation of total dietary fiber (TDF) and insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) in the hindgut were greater (P < 0.05) for SBP and SH diets than for WB, CB, OB and RB diets. The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) values of all fiber components in SBP, SH and OB diets were greater (P < 0.05) than for WB, CB and RB diets. The concentration of VFA in feces was positively correlated with the ATTD of IDF and cellulose, and ATTD of IDF is the best factor for predicting fecal VFA concentration. Overall, dietary fiber source affected fermentable characteristics of fiber components in the different digestive segments of pig intestine.
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Fernandez-Gallardo, S., M. A. Gijon, M. C. Garcia, E. Cano, and M. Sanchez Crespo. "Biosynthesis of platelet-activating factor in glandular gastric mucosa. Evidence for the involvement of the ‘de novo’ pathway and modulation by fatty acids." Biochemical Journal 254, no. 3 (1988): 707–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2540707.
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The biosynthesis of platelet-activating factor (PAF), a phospholipid autocoid with potent ulcerogenic properties that is produced in secretory exocrine glands by physiological secretagogues, was assessed in microsomal preparations of glandular gastric mucosa. For this purpose, 1-O-alkyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (lyso-PAF):acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.67); the enzymes of the ‘de novo’ pathway: 1-O-alkyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-phosphate (alkyl-lyso-GP):acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase and 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol (alkylacetyl-G):CDP-choline cholinephosphotransferase (EC 2.7.8.16); and some enzymes involved in the catabolism of PAF and lyso-PAF were assayed. Only the enzymes of the ‘de novo’ pathway and small amounts of PAF acetylhydrolase, phospholipase A2 and a lysophospholipase D acting on either lipids could be detected in the gastric preparations, whereas lyso-PAF:acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase activity was undetectable. The specific activity of alkyl-lyso-GP:acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase in the gastric mucosa was about one-tenth of that found in spleen microsomes and its apparent Km for acetyl-CoA was 454 microM compared with 277 microM in spleen microsomes. Glandular mucosa homogenates contained preformed PAF at a concentration of 2.7 +/- 0.7 ng equivalents of PAF (hexadecyl)/mg of protein. When gastric microsomes were incubated with micromolar concentrations of fatty acids (arachidonic, palmitic and oleic) prior to the assay of dithiothreitol (DTT)-insensitive cholinephosphotransferase, a dose-dependent reduction in the formation of PAF was observed, arachidonic acid being the most potent inhibitor, followed by linoleic acid (only tested on spleen microsomes) and oleic acid. By contrast, 1,2-diolein and phosphatidylcholine (dipalmitoyl) showed no or little effect. These results indicate that glandular gastric mucosa can produce PAF through the ‘de novo’ pathway, and that fatty acids, especially unsaturated, can reduce that synthesis by modulating the expression of DTT-insensitive cholinephosphotransferase.
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Dawson, Janet M., Henry M. R. Greathead, Jim Craigon, et al. "The interaction between nutritional status and growth hormone in young cattle: differential responsiveness of fat and protein metabolism." British Journal of Nutrition 79, no. 3 (1998): 275–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19980045.
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The effect of dietary intake level on in vivo plasma leucine and plasma palmitate flux rates and on the response to a bolus injection of bovine growth hormone (GH) was investigated in six young steers. Animals were fed on a pelleted diet of dried grass–barley (0.7:0.3, w/w) in quantities sufficient to supply 0.8, 1.2, 1.6, 2.0, 2.4 or 2.65 × maintenance energy requirement, offered in hourly portions. Continuous intravenous infusions of [1-13C]leucine or [1-13C]palmi-tate were used to determine the flux of amino acid and fatty acid through the plasma pool before, immediately (1–3 h) after and 22–24 h after a subcutaneous injection of bovine GH (0.55 mg/kg body weight). Hourly blood samples were taken for 27 h to monitor the temporal responses of circulating hormones and metabolites following GH administration. The animal on the lowest plane of nutrition had elevated plasma GH and reduced insulin-like growth factor-1 concentrations compared with those fed on higher intake levels. Plasma leucine flux and leucine concentration increased with intake while palmitate flux and plasma non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations were inversely related to intake. Leucine flux rate decreased in the animals fed on the two highest intake levels in response to GH 22–24 h after administration, but plasma leucine concentrations were reduced in all animals at this time. Only the animal fed on the lowest intake level showed an immediate response to GH (within 3 h of administration) with increased palmitate flux and plasma NEFA concentrations but a lipolytic response was apparent in other animals 22–24 h post-administration although the magnitude of the response was markedly reduced at high intakes. We conclude that lipid and protein metabolism are differentially responsive to GH and nutritional status.
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Murata, Masakazu, Takashi Ide, and Kenji Hara. "Reciprocal responses to dietary diacylglycerol of hepatic enzymes of fatty acid synthesis and oxidation in the rat." British Journal of Nutrition 77, no. 1 (1997): 107–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19970013.
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The activities of hepatic enzymes of fatty acid synthesis and oxidation were compared in rats fed on diacylglycerol and triacylglycerol. In the first trial, rats were fed on diacylglycerol or triacylglycerol (rapeseed oil) for 14 d. The diacylglycerol preparation contained 65·2 g and 32·6 g fatty acids/100 g total fatty acids as 1,3-species and 1,2-species respectively. Fatty acid compositions of these dietary lipids were similar. Dietary acylglycerols were added to experimental diets to provide the same amounts of fatty acids (93·9 g/kg diet). Dietary diacylglycerol compared with triacylglycerol significantly reduced the concentrations of serum and liver triacylglycerol. The activities of enzymes of fatty acid synthesis (fatty acid synthetase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49) and malic enzyme (EC 1.1.1.40)) were significantly lower in rats fed on diacylglycerol than in those fed on triacylglycerol. In contrast, the rates of mitochondrial and peroxisomal oxidation of palmitoyl-CoA in liver homogenates were higher in rats fed on diacylglycerol than in those fed on triacylglycerol. In the second trial, varying amounts of dietary triacylglycerol were replaced by diacylglycerol while the dietary fatty acid content was maintained (93·9 g/kg diet). After 21 d of the feeding period the significant reductions in serum and liver triacylglycerol levels were confirmed in groups of rats fed on the diets in which diacylglycerol supplied more than 65·8 g fatty acids/kg diet (65·8 and 93·9 g/kg). Reductions in the activities of enzymes of fatty acid synthesis and increases in palmitoyl-CoA oxidation rates by both mitochondrial and peroxisomal pathways were also apparent when diacylglycerol replaced triacylglycerol in diets to supply more than 65·8 g fatty acid/kg. Increasing dietary levels of diacylglycerol also progressively increased the activities of enzymes involved in the β-oxidation pathway (carnitine palmitoyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.21), acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.99.3), acyl-CoA oxidase (EC 1.3.3.6), enoyl-CoA hydratase (EC 4.2.1.17), 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.35), 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase (EC 1.3.1.34) and Δ3,Δ2-enoyl-CoA isomerase (EC 5.3.3.8)) in the liver. These results suggest that alteration of fatty acid metabolism in the liver is a factor responsible for the serum triacylglycerol-lowering effect of dietary diacylglycerol.
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Liang, Huan, Erlong Zhao, Chunyan Feng, et al. "Effects of slow-release urea on in vitro rumen fermentation parameters, growth performance, nutrient digestibility and serum metabolites of beef cattle." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 41, no. 4 (2020): 1399. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2020v41n4p1349.
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Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of slow-release urea (SRU) on in vitro rumen fermentation parameters, growth performances, nutrient digestibility, and serum metabolites of beef cattle. The single factor design was applied in both experiments. Three diets with different nitrogen sources including soybean meal (Control group), slow-release urea (SRU group), and common urea (Urea group) was designed (concentrate to forage ratio was 4:6). The diets were formulated to be isoenergetic and isonitrogenous, 75% of the soybean meal in the control diet was replaced by 1.41% SRU and 1.15% urea in SRU group and Urea group, respectively. In experiment 1, five healthy Jinjiang cattle (average body weight (BW) was 380 ± 17.1 kg) with permanent rumen fistulas were used in in vitro ruminal fermentation experiment. The results showed that supplementing SRU increased the dry matter degradation rate (DMD), digestible organic matter (DOM) and propionic acid concentration in cultivated fluid, and SRU supplementation decreased pH, NH3-N, total volatile fatty acid (TVFA), acetic acid, butyric acid concentration and microbial growth efficiency (MOEFF) in cultivated fluid. In experiment 2, eighteen Simmental crossbred cattle BW= 315 ± 5.2 kg) were stratified by BW and then assigned to the three groups to have equal BW among groups. The results showed that supplementing SRU reduced the average dry matter intake (ADMI), apparent digestibility of ether extract (EE), the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), the levels of IgG and IgA, and the production of thiiodothronine (T3) in serum, SRU supplementation increased the apparent digestibility of dry matter and organic matter (OM) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) concentration in serum. These results indicated that some soybean meal could be replaced by SRU and urea in the production of beef cattle. In addition, compared with urea, SRU had a good sustained-release effect. The replacement of some soybean meal by SRU in the diet had no adverse impact on rumen fermentation, growth performance, and serum metabolites of beef cattle.
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Chen, Xin, Brad Kimura, Jodi Nagelberg, and Karen C. McCowen. "Fasting hypoglycaemia secondary to carnitine deficiency: a late consequence of gastric bypass." BMJ Case Reports 14, no. 7 (2021): e241703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2021-241703.
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Twelve years following gastric bypass surgery, a cachectic 69-year-old woman presented with both fasting and postprandial hypoglycaemia. Postprandial symptoms were relieved by dietary modification and acarbose, as is common in such cases. During a supervised fast, symptomatic hypoglycaemia occurred. Concurrent laboratory testing showed suppression of plasma insulin, c-peptide, proinsulin and insulin-like growth factor II. However, beta-hydroxybutyrate was also low, surprising given insulin deficiency. Elevated plasma free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations suggested that lipolysis was not impaired, making cachexia/malnutrition a less likely cause of hypoglycaemia. The apparent diagnosis was failure to counter-regulate—subsequent plasma carnitine measurements showed carnitine deficiency which presumably prevented FFA transport across mitochondrial membranes for ketogenesis. Repletion with high-dose oral carnitine supplements effected resolution of fasting hypoglycaemia.
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Danieli, Lussiana, Gasco, Amici, and Ronchi. "The Effects of Diet Formulation on the Yield, Proximate Composition, and Fatty Acid Profile of the Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens L.) Prepupae Intended for Animal Feed." Animals 9, no. 4 (2019): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9040178.
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The black soldier fly (BSF; Hermetia illucens L.) is a very promising insect species due to the ability to convert low-value substrates in highly nutrient feed. This work aimed to study the effect of three nominally isoenergetic diets containing plant ingredients such as barley, alfalfa, and wheat byproducts, formulated to be higher in nonfiber carbohydrates (TMD1), fibers (TMD2), and protein (TMD3) in comparison to an extensively genetic modified cereal (cornmeal)-based diet (C), on the growth, yield, and nutritive traits of BSF prepupae (BSFPs). Three growing trials with four biological replicates were carried out. Proximate and fatty acid analyses were performed on the diets and BSFPs. Feed conversion ratios (FCR), dry matter and nutrient yields, and apparent concentration factors (aBCF) for fatty acids (FAs) were calculated. Diet formulation had a substantial effect on the survival, development rate, and larval yield, but the FCR was unaffected. The BSFPs fed TMD3 did not result in a higher crude protein content in comparison to the C or TMD2 diets. Despite the leveled fat content of the diets, BSFPs reared on TMD1 were highest in fat, saturated FA, and fat yield. An apparent bioconcentration factor (aBCF) value lower than unity that was found for the unsaturated FA suggests that the BSFPs inefficiently absorb them from the diet or possibly turn them into saturated FA. However, the unsaturated FA accumulation in BSFPs depended on the levels that were found in the diet, which suggested some possibilities for the FA profile modulation. Overall, the TMD2 performed well despite the low-value of its main ingredients and high fiber content and can be considered to be a feasible option for the mass rearing of BSFPs that are intended for animal feed.
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Hatami, Ali, Daryoush Alipour, Fardin Hozhabri, and Meisam Tabatabaei. "Short communication: The effect of different inclusion levels of polyethylene glycol as a silage additive on ensilage characteristics of pomegranate peel and in vitro rumen fermentation." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 13, no. 2 (2015): e06SC01. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2015132-6463.
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<p>This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of ensiling pomegranate peel (PP) with different levels of polyethylene glycol (PEG) on its chemical composition, tannin content, <em>in vitro</em> gas production and fermentation characteristics. Fresh PP was chopped and ensiled in mini silos made of polyvinyl chloride tubing. Five levels of PEG were studied: 0 (control), 5, 10, 15, and 20% of fresh PP (dry matter basis). Total phenolics, total tannins, crude ash, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber content and pH decreased with increasing PEG levels, whereas dry matter and non-fiber carbohydrates content, non-tannin phenols, lactic acid and ammonia concentrations and buffering capacity increased. The water soluble carbohydrates and ether extract concentrations were not influenced by the addition of PEG. The partitioning factor and efficiency of microbial biomass production were quadratically decreased (<em>p</em>=0.020 and <em>p</em>=0.032, respectively) as PEG inclusion increased, but the <em>in vitro </em>apparent dry matter disappearance did not differ among treatments. Compared to control, the <em>in vitro</em> true disappearance and <em>in vitro</em> fiber digestibility had a tendency to be higher in silages treated with PEG (<em>p</em>=0.081 and <em>p</em>=0.069, respectively). The metabolizable energy content and total volatile fatty acids concentration increased quadratically by PEG inclusion. The asymptotic gas production and rate of gas production were higher in PEG-treated silages. Overall, ensiling PP with PEG can improve the fermentation characteristics of this by-product.</p>
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Ike, Kelechi A., Oludotun O. Adelusi, Joel O. Alabi, et al. "Effects of Different Essential Oil Blends and Fumaric Acid on In Vitro Fermentation, Greenhouse Gases, Nutrient Degradability, and Total and Molar Proportions of Volatile Fatty Acid Production in a Total Mixed Ration for Dairy Cattle." Agriculture 14, no. 6 (2024): 876. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14060876.
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The present study evaluated the inclusion of fumaric acid and essential oil blends (EOBs) containing anise, cedarwood, clove, cumin, eucalyptus, garlic, ginger, lavender, lemongrass, nutmeg, oregano, and peppermint at different proportions on in vitro dry matter (DM) disappearance (DMD), fiber fraction disappearance, the efficiency of microbial production, and the total volatile fatty acids (VFAs). Ten treatments without (control treatment) or with different EOB/fumaric combinations were used in the study with eight replicates. The EOB inclusion level was 200 μL/g of feed (total mixed ration, (TMR)) while fumaric acid was administered at 3% of the TMR (DM basis). The highest DMD, in vitro true degradable DM, partitioning factor (PF24), and in vitro apparent degradable DM were recorded for the fumaric only treatment and the control. Neutral detergent fiber disappearance was reduced with the inclusion of EOB/fumaric combinations. The production of microbial mass and undegraded DM were higher (p < 0.001) for all EOBs and EOB and fumaric treatments. The inclusion of EOB and fumaric combinations reduced (p < 0.001) the total gas production, methane, and ammonia, with a higher PF24 value noted for EOB3 treatment. The inclusion of individual EOB1 containing garlic, lemongrass, cumin, lavender, and nutmeg in a ratio of 4:2:2:1:1 or combined with fumaric acid yielded the highest propionate concentration across all treatments. We concluded that EOBs decreased methane production and nutrient degradability with better results with the individual EOB1 or EOB1/fumaric combination, which showed a potential enhancement in energy production.
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Valckx, S., V. Van Hoeck, L. Jordaens, et al. "5 THE EFFECT OF ELEVATED NONESTERIFIED FATTY ACID CONCENTRATIONS ON MURINE IN VITRO FOLLICULOGENESIS AND SUBSEQUENT OOCYTE DEVELOPMENTAL COMPETENCE." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 25, no. 1 (2013): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv25n1ab5.
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Metabolic disorders, like negative energy balance and obesity, are characterized by elevated serum non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations, due to upregulated lipolysis. We previously showed that short-term (24-h) NEFA exposure of bovine oocytes during their final maturation is detrimental to oocyte and embryo quality (Van Hoeck et al. 2011 PLoS ONE 6, e23183). However, the typical chronic exposure as present in diseased females has never been studied before. Therefore, we aimed to use a murine preantral follicle culture model to study the effect of long-term NEFA exposure on folliculogenesis, antrum formation, and the developmental competence of the enclosed oocyte. Early secondary murine follicles (n = 629) from 13-day-old B6CBAF1 mice were individually cultured for 12 days. Follicles were exposed to 4 treatments containing physiological or pathological concentrations of stearic acid (SA), palmitic acid (PA), or oleic acid (OA) for 12 days: BASAL (72 µM NEFA mix, n = 154), high SA (280 µM SA, n = 160), high OA (210 µM OA, n = 159), and NEFA (720 µM NEFA mix, n = 156). Oocytes were routinely fertilized 20 h after a final maturation stimulus [hCG, epidermal growth factor (EGF)]. Presumptive zygotes were denuded and cultured until the blastocyst stage (Day 5 pre-implantation). Data were analyzed with a mixed-model ANOVA or binary logistic regression. The SA-exposed follicles displayed a reduced Day-12 antrum formation, compared to BASAL and NEFA follicles (68 v. 78 and 83%, P = 0.03 and P < 0.01), which was similar for OA follicles compared with the NEFA follicles (72 v. 83%, P = 0.04). Follicles cultured in SA conditions were, on average, 10, 13, and 11% smaller in diameter compared with BASAL, OA, and NEFA follicles (P = 0.05, P = 0.01, and P = 0.04, respectively). Likewise, the follicular growth during the 12-day culture was significantly reduced for SA follicles compared with BASAL and NEFA follicles (P < 0.01). Neither Day-12 oocyte diameter nor oocyte growth were affected by treatment. After fertilization, the oocytes from NEFA-exposed follicles showed a decreased cleavage rate on Day 1 pre-implantation, compared with BASAL oocytes (53 v. 69%; P < 0.01). Accordingly, the percentage of Day-5 blastocysts was reduced for oocytes from NEFA follicles compared with BASAL follicles (42 v. 63%; P < 0.01). Also, oocytes from SA and OA follicles showed reduced blastocyst rates compared with BASAL oocytes (32 and 33 v. 63%; P < 0.01). Exposure of follicles to SA or OA seems to slightly impair antrum formation and follicle growth. Furthermore, oocytes originating from NEFA-, OA-, and SA-exposed follicles had a dramatically reduced developmental competence compared with oocytes from follicles cultured in physiological BASAL conditions, an effect most apparent at blastocyst formation. In conclusion, we show for the first time that elevated NEFA concentrations affect murine follicular development and that this negative effect is carried through to the oocyte and pre-implantation embryo development. Ongoing research focuses on the pathways involved.
Conference papers on the topic "Fatty acid apparent concentration factor"
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Dominguez Olivo, J. M., B. Brown, and S. Nesic. "Modeling of Corrosion Mechanisms in the Presence of Quaternary Ammonium Chloride and Imidazoline Corrosion Inhibitors." In CORROSION 2016. NACE International, 2016. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2016-07406.
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Abstract The mitigation of corrosion in carbon steel pipelines due to the addition of corrosion inhibitors has traditionally been described by using adsorption isotherms. Consequently, current models of corrosion mitigation by inhibitors are based on the use of adsorption isotherms to predict surface coverage, inhibitor efficiency and ultimately the corrosion rate as a function of inhibitor concentration. However, a coverage does not properly describe the underlying electrochemical mechanisms, nor can it predict the resulting change in corrosion potential. The goal of this research is to analyze and explain how the underlying electrochemical reactions are affected by the presence of adsorbed corrosion inhibitor and the shift in corrosion potential that occurs. Two CO2 corrosion inhibitors are studied here: tail oil fatty acid / diehylenetriamine imidazoline and quaternary alkyl benzyl dimethyl ammonium chloride. A mechanistic model was developed based on electrochemical kinetics and by using a mitigation factor, θ, which accounts for the overall retardation in the anodic and cathodic reactions. It was found that the retardation of the electrochemical reactions affected by these inhibitor can be modeled by using a single parameter: surface coverage factor.