Academic literature on the topic 'Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME)'

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Journal articles on the topic "Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME)"

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Anuar, S. T., S. M. Mugo, and J. M. Curtis. "A flow-through enzymatic microreactor for the rapid conversion of triacylglycerols into fatty acid ethyl ester and fatty acid methyl ester derivatives for GC analysis." Analytical Methods 7, no. 14 (2015): 5898–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ay00800j.

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Chen, Xiu, Lei Chen, Yin Nan Yuan, Yong Bin Lai, Xing Qiao, and Ling Ling Cai. "Combustion Characteristics of Biodiesel Derived from Palm and Rapeseed Oil." Applied Mechanics and Materials 448-453 (October 2013): 1633–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.448-453.1633.

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The chemical composition of palm and rapeseed biodiesel (fatty acid methyl ester, FAME) was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Combustion characteristics of biodiesel were studied by thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry and collision theory. Combustion characteristic index C was put forward for describing biodiesel combustion characteristic. The reactive atom combustion mechanism was put forward. Biodiesel combustion process comprised three steps, viz., volatilizing, dissociating and combining. First, biodiesel volatilizes, viz., FAME (liquid) volatilize and became FAME (gas). Second, FAME, O2 and N2 molecular were dissociated into C*, H*, O* and N* reactive atoms. Third, C*, H* and N* reacted, respectively, with O* to CO2, CO, H2O and NOx, and released energy. The study showed that the biodiesel was mainly composed of FAME: C14:0-C24:0, C16:1-C22:1, C18:2 and C18:3. Biodiesel had a good burnability. Combustion characteristic indexes of palm methyl ester (PME) and rapeseed methyl ester (RME) were 4.97E-05 and 3.65E-05, respectively. The combustion characteristic had relation to chemical composition. The combustion characteristic of biodiesel was better with increasing saturated fatty acid methyl esters and length of carbon-chain, and was poorer with increasing unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters and unsaturated degree. The combustion characteristic of PME was better than that of RME.
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Cheng, Zheng Zai, Su Su Lin, Rui Lei, Xiao Chao Yan, and Yu Jing Nie. "Synthesis of Biodisiel from Used Cooking Oils Catalyzed by Solid Acid." Advanced Materials Research 236-238 (May 2011): 496–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.236-238.496.

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The synthesis of biodiesel expressed as fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) were studied to achieve an economic and practical method for utilization of used cooking oil (UCO). UCO samples with the acid value of more than 80 mgKOH/g mixed with methanol were heterogeneously catalyzed by solid aminosulfonic acid under some conditions . The conversion of UCO into FAME was 86.0% at the reaction time of 2 hours, mole ratio of methanol to UCO of 5:1, showing much higher catalyzed activity of solid aminosulfonic acid. the samples of FAME prepared from UCO was analyzed by GC/MS and the results showes that the majority of biodiesel has fatty acid methyl esters of carbon lengths from C14–C24, with an average of C18 methyl ester.
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Suaniti, Ni Made, I. Wayan Bandem Adnyana, and Tjokorda Gde Tirta Nindhia. "Ester Group Detection of Biodiesel from Used Cooking Oil with Sulphuric and Toluene Sulphuric Acid Catalysts." Key Engineering Materials 877 (February 2021): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.877.153.

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Used cooking oil is potential as raw material to produce biodiesel. We discovered fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs) and methyl esters (FAMEs) as biodiesel content indicator from esterification and trans-esterification reactions of used cooking oil with sulphuric acid and toluene sulphuric acid as catalysts. The purpose of this study was to examine some characteristics of FAEE and FAME synthesis from used cooking oil. The FAEEs and FAMEs were detected by separation in thin layer chromatography (TLC) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) and compared to laurate standar. The used cooking oil was produced after frying of meat chicken for seven hours in a household. The Retardation Factor (Rf) of TLC of FAME of methyl laurate was 0.36 and FAEE of ethyl laurate was 0.23. The wavenumber indicating specific functional group of =CH was 3392 cm-1, while of alcohol as ester compound was 1739.79 cm-1. The wavenumber of C-C and CO groups were 1635.64 cm-1 and 1165 cm-1, respectively. These indicate the ester group in used cooking oil, which reflects the formation of bio-diesel.
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Jamshaid, M., H. H. Masjuki, M. A. Kalam, N. W. M. Zulkifli, A. Arslan, and Z. M. Zulfattah. "Effect of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester on Fuel-Injector Wear Characteristics." Journal of Biobased Materials and Bioenergy 14, no. 3 (June 1, 2020): 327–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbmb.2020.1974.

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This paper presents the experimental results carried out to evaluate the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) obtained from cotton-seed oil and palm oil on fuel-injector wear characteristics. The cottonseed oil methyl ester (COME) and palm oil methyl ester (POME) were produced in the laboratory using alkaline transesterification. Gas chromatography based on 'BS EN 14103:2011' standard was used to analyze the percentage of fatty acids in COME and POME. The physicochemical properties of the two methyl esters were measured based on ASTM and EN standards. Various unique blends using cottonseed–palm oil methyl ester (CPME) were tested. Thirteen (13) different types of fuel blends were prepared from COME, POME, and petroleum diesel fuel (DF100). The wear and lubricity characteristics were measured using a high-frequency reciprocating rig (HFRR) based on ASTM D6079 standard. The worn surfaces of the specimen plates were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The COME100, POME100, and CPME100 showed excellent lubricity properties for the fuel injector in terms of lower COF and wear coefficient when compared with DF100. COME100, POME100 and CPME100 showed lower average COF compared to DF100 by 16.9%, 13.9% and 16.1%, respectively. This may be due to the presence of unsaturated fatty acids in the methyl esters composition. Consequently, the fatty acid methyl esters can be used to reduce the friction and wear of the fuel injectors due to the improvement in the tribological properties of the fuel.
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Ucciani, Eugène, Alain Debal, Michel Gruber, and Robert L. Wolff. "Fatty Acid Composition of Some Ranunculaceae Seed Oils." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 51, no. 3-4 (April 1, 1996): 151–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1996-3-403.

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Abstract The fatty acid composition of seed oils of eight Ranunculaceae was determinated in order to characterize new sources of gamma-linolenic acid. Fatty acids were identified as fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) by capillary gas-liquid chromatography (GC) and capillary GC-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). For trienic FAME the use of a cyanopropyl-polysiloxane stationary phase (CP-Sil 88) allowed the separation with high resolution of methyl ester of columbinic acid (trans-5,cis-9,cis-12 18:3) and gamma-linolenic acid (cis-6,cis-9,cis-12 18:3). The results confirmed the presence of columbinic acid in Thalictrum seed oils, and that of gamma-linolenic acid in Anemone and related species seed oils. The taxonomic subdivision of Ranunculaceae into sub-families and tribes, which resulted from morphological considerations, did not account for the above results.
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Chandrasekaran, Manivachagam, Krishnan Kannathasan, and Venugopalan Venkatesalu. "Antimicrobial Activity of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters of Some Members of Chenopodiaceae." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 63, no. 5-6 (June 1, 2008): 331–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2008-5-604.

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Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) extracts of four halophytic plants, viz. Arthrocnemum indicum, Salicornia brachiata, Suaeda maritima and Suaeda monoica belonging to the family Chenopodiaceae, were prepared and their composition was analyzed by GC-MS. The FAME extracts were also screened for antibacterial and antifungal activities. The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of more saturated fatty acids than unsaturated fatty acids. Among the fatty acids analyzed, the relative percentage of lauric acid was high in S. brachiata (61.85%). The FAME extract of S. brachiata showed the highest antibacterial and antifungal activities among the extracts tested. The other three extracts showed potent antibacterial and moderate anticandidal activities.
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Lai, Yong Bin, Yu Qi Zhang, Xiu Chen, Yin Nan Yuan, Ling Ling Cai, Xin Qiao, and Meng Hong Yuan. "Reduce Cold Filter Plugging Point and Kinematic Viscosity of Cottonseed-Based Biodiesel Fuel." Advanced Materials Research 1033-1034 (October 2014): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1033-1034.129.

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The chemical compositions, cold filter plugging point (CFPP) and kinematic viscosity of cottonseed methyl ester (CSME) are investigated. Through blending with-10 petrodiesel (-10PD) and treating with Flow Fit, the CFPP and kinematic viscosity of CSME are improved. The study shows that CSME is mainly composed of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), and the contents of saturated fatty acid methyl ester (SFAME) and unsaturated fatty acid methyl ester (UFAME) were 27.69% and 71.65% respectively. The CFPP and kinematic viscosity (40 °C) of CSME are-1 °C and 4.63 mm2/s respectively. Blending with-10PD decreased the CFPP of CSME to-12 °C.With temperature decreasing, the kinematic viscosities of CSME and CSME/-10PD increase. The lower the temperature is, the more differenced the kinematic viscosities of CSME and CSME/-10PD are. Treating with less than 3% (volume fraction) of Flow Fit, the CFPP of CSME and CSME/-10PD decreased significantly.
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Wang, Ying, Cun Zhou, Guo Zheng, and Yu Sun. "Synthesis and Optimization of Trimethylolpropane Rapeseed Oil Ester." Advanced Materials Research 1015 (August 2014): 610–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1015.610.

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Lubricant base oil is an environmentally friendly lubricant with good lubricity and biodegradability. The thermostability and stability of rapeseed oil get improved through chemical modification. Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME),prepared by rapeseed oil as starting material with methanol by transesterification,the composition of FAME was detected by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS).Trimethylolpropane (TMP) esters of fatty acids were synthesized by transesterifying FAME with TMP using zinc oxide as catalyst. The structures of products were characterized by mean of FTIR. The reaction conditions were studied and optimized, the optimum conditions were as follows: the temperature at 140°C~150°C, the reactant mass ratio of 1:9, the reaction time for 6 h, the mass content of catalyst of 0.5%.The thermal stability of product was conducted by thermogravimetry (TG) .It could be concluded that TMP esters of fatty acids possess better thermal stability.
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Gören, Ahmet C., Gökhan Bilsel, Mehmet Altun, and Fatih Satıl. "Fatty Acid Composition of Seeds of Satureja thymbra and S. cuneifolia." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 58, no. 7-8 (August 1, 2003): 502–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2003-7-810.

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Abstract The chemical composition of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) from seeds of S. thymbra and S. cuneifolia were analyzed by GC/MS. 7 FAMEs were identified from the seeds of S. thymbra mainly as 9-octadecenoic acid methyl ester (43.9%), hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (11.4%), 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid methyl ester (Z,Z,Z) (30.2%), and octadecanoic acid methyl ester (14.1%), while from the seed of S. cuneifolia 10 FAMEs were obtained with the main components, similar to S. thymbra. These were identified as 9-octadecenoic acid methyl ester (10.1%), hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (methyl palmitate, 34.6%), 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid methyl ester (Z,Z,Z) (6.3%) and octadecanoic acid methyl ester (1.8%).
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME)"

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Pisac, Claudia A. "An experimental study of combustion characteristics of fatty acid methyl ester biodiesel." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2299/14641.

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The thesis presents an experimental investigation of combustion performance and emissions of waste cooking oil (WCO) based biodiesel. To evaluate the comparative performance of biodiesel and diesel, combustions tests were conducted using Continuous Combustion rig (CCR) and Land Rover VM diesel engine. Firstly, physical properties of WCO biodiesel and diesel samples were measured in the laboratory. Elemental analysis of WCO biodiesel showed that there are differences between the functional groups in diesel and biodiesel which lead to major differences in the combustion characteristics of the two fuel types. It was found that biodiesel had 10% lower carbon content, almost no sulphur content for biodiesel and up to 12% more oxygen content compared with diesel. This explains the lower caloric value for WCO biodiesel (up to l8 %) compared with diesel. However, higher oxygen content and double bounds in WCO biodiesel increase its susceptibility to oxidation. The CCR test results showed an increase in combustion gas temperature with the increases in biodiesel blend ratio in diesel. This was due to a faster reaction rate for biodiesel than that of diesel leading to a faster brakeage of the hydrocarbon chain to release more heat. The engine tests were performed to measure the torque and emissions for different engine speeds and loads. In general a decrease in engine torque with up to 9% for biodiesel was observed, which was due to the lower calorific value of biodiesel compared with that of diesel. The brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) increased as the biodiesel blend ratio in diesel increases due a greater mass of fuel being injected at a given injection pressure, compared with diesel. Using WCO blends ratio up to 75% in diesel showed a reduction in exhaust emission compared with diesel, however, at the cost of increased fuel consumption. A common conclusion can be drawn in favour of the WCO biodiesel as being a greener alternative to petro-diesel when used in blend with diesel. However, due to large variations in the biomass used for biodiesel production could lead to variations in physical and chemical properties between biodiesel produced from different biomass. Therefore more stringent standards need to be imposed for biodiesel quality in order to diminish the effect of variation in physicochemical properties on engine performance and emissions. The future work in developing standard test procedures for establishing fuel properties and limits/targets would be beneficial in using a large amount of waste cooking oil in the production of biodiesel, thus contributing to reduction in CO2 and waste minimisation.
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Sekora, Nicholas Scott Lawrence Katheryn Kay Scott. "Identification of plant-parasitic nematodes using FAME analysis." Auburn, Ala, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10415/1806.

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Bahceci, Humeyra. "Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Analysis Of Bacterial Isolates From Salt Lake, Turkey And Characterization Of Their Extracellular Enzymes." Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12605483/index.pdf.

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In this study, 11 bacterial isolates from Salt Lake,Turkey were identified by using fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis. They were screened for production of industrially important enzymes xylanase, cellulase, &
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-amylase and protease. These enzymes were characterized in terms of enzyme activity, stability, optimum temperature and optimum pH. One of the isolates was identified as Bacillus pumilus, and two of them were identified as Bacillus subtilis. Other isolates were determined to be Bacillus licheniformis. All the isolates were determined to produce xylanase. Optimum temperatures and optimum pH values of xylanases were 50-55 °
C and pH 7.0-8.0. Xylanases were quite stable up to pH 8.0 and 70 °
C. Isolates were not significant cellulase producers. Four of the isolates did not produce any cellulase enzyme and the rest produced negligible amounts of cellulase. Therefore, xylanases from the isolates were promising for pulp and paper industry, which requires cellulase free and stable xylanases. All the isolates produced appreciable quantities of &
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-amylase. Optimum temperatures and optimum pH values of &
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-amylases 60-80 °
C and pH 7.0-8.0. &
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-Amylases were quite stable up to pH 9.0 and 80 °
C. &
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-Amylases from the isolates were promising for starch processing industry, which requires &
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-amylases stable at high temperatures and for detergent industry, which requires &
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-amylases stable at alkaline pH values. Considerable protease productions were achieved by all the isolates. TTG 2 was the best protease producer with 271 U/ml. Optimum temperatures and optimum pH values of proteases were 50-60 °
C and pH 7.0-7.4. Proteases were quite stable up to pH 9.0 and 80 °
C. Proteases from the isolates were promising for detergent and leather industry, in which proteases must be stable at alkaline pH values.
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Westberg, Emilie. "Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Biodiesel Deposits Formed on a Hot Metal Surface." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för fysik, kemi och biologi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-95617.

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This thesis aims to investigate the formation of deposits from thermally degraded biodiesel on a hot metal surface under the influence of sodium or copper contaminations. Biodiesel or Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAMEs) is a widely utilized biofuel with the potential to replace fossil fuels, however, issues regarding the thermal and oxidative stability prevent the progress of biodiesel for utilization as vehicle fuel. The thermal degradation of biodiesel causes formation of deposits often occurring in the fuel injectors, which could result in reduced engine efficiency, increased emissions and engine wear. However, still have no standard method for evaluation of a fuels’ tendency to form deposits been developed. In this study biodiesel deposits have been formed on aluminum test tubes utilizing a Hot Liquid Process Simulator (HLPS), an instrument based on the principle of the Jet Fuel Thermal Oxidation Tester (JFTOT). Quantitative and qualitative analyses have been made utilizing an array of techniques including Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) and Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (ATR-FTIR). A multi-factorial trial investigating the effects of sodium hydroxide and copper contaminations at trace levels and the impact of a paraffin inhibitor copolymer additive on three different FAME products, two derived from rapeseed oil and one from waste cooking oil as well as a biodiesel blend with mineral diesel, was conducted.The results exhibited that FAMEs are the major precursor to deposit formation in diesel fuel. The SEM analyses exploited the nature of FAME deposits forming porous structures on hot metal surfaces. Sodium hydroxide proved to participate in the deposit formation by forming carboxylic salts. However, the copper contamination exhibited no enhancing effect on the deposits, possibly due to interference of the blank oil in which copper was received. The paraffin inhibitor functioning as a crystal modifier had significant reducing effect on the deposit formation for all biodiesel samples except for the FAME product derived from waste cooking oil. Further studies are needed in order to investigate the influence of glycerin and water residues to the biodiesel deposit formation. Mechanisms involving oxidative or thermal peroxide formation, polymerization and disintegration have been suggested as degradation pathways for biodiesel. The involvement of oxidation intermediates, peroxides, was confirmed by the experiments performed in this thesis. However, the mechanisms of biodiesel deposit formation are complex and hard to study as the deposits are seemingly insoluble. Nevertheless, ATR-FTIR in combination with JFTOT-processing has potential as standard method for evaluation of deposit forming tendencies of biodiesel.
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Babajide, Omotola Oluwafunmilayo. "Optimisation of biodiesel production via different catalytic and process systems." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_3380_1365754281.

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The production of biodiesel (methyl esters) from vegetable oils represents analternative means of producing liquid fuels from biomass, and one which is growing rapidly in commercial importance and relevance due to increase in petroleum prices and the environmental advantages the process offers. Commercially, biodiesel is produced from vegetable oils, as well as from waste cooking oils and animal fats. These oils are typically composed of C14-C20 fatty acid triglycerides. In order to produce a fuel that is suitable for use in diesel engines, these triglycerides are usually converted into the respective mono alkyl esters by base-catalyzed transesterification with short chain alcohol, usually methanol. In the first part of this study, the transesterification reactions of three different vegetable oils
sunflower (SFO), soybean (SBO) and waste cooking oil (WCO) with methanol was studied using potassium hydroxide as catalyst in a conventional batch process. The production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil was also studied via continuous operation systems (employing the use of low frequency ultrasonic technology and the jet loop reactor). The characterisation of the feedstock used and the methyl ester products were determined by different analytical techniques such as gas chromatography (GC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and thin layer chromatography (TLC). The effects of different reaction parameters (catalyst amount, methanol to oil ratio, reaction temperature, reaction time) on methyl ester/FAME yield were studied and the optimum reaction conditions of the different process systems were determined. The optimum reaction conditions for production of methyl esters via the batch process with the fresh oil samples (SFO and SBO) were established as follows: a reaction time of 60 min at 60 º
C with a methanol: oil ratio of 6:1 and 1.0 KOH % wt/wt of oil
while the optimum reaction conditions for the used oil (WCO) was observed at a reaction time of 90 min at 60 º
C, methanol: oil ratio of 6:1 and 1.5% KOH wt/wt of oil. The optimum reaction conditions for the transesterification of the WCO via ultrasound technology applied in a continuous system in this study were: a reaction time of 30 min, 30 º
C, 6:1 methanol/oil ratio and a 0.75 wt% (KOH) catalyst concentration. The ultrasound assisted transesterification reactions performed at optimum conditions on the different oil samples led to higher yields of methyl esters (96.8, 98.32 and 97.65 % for WCO, SFO and SBO respectively) compared to methyl esters yields (90, 95 and 96 % for WCO, SFO and SBO respectively) obtained when using conventional batch procedures. A considerable increase in yields of the methyl esters in the ultrasound assisted reaction process were obtained at room temperature, in a remarkably short time span (completed in 30 min) and with a lower amount of catalyst (0.75 wt % KOH) while the results from the continuous jet loop process system showed even better results, at an optimum reaction condition of 25 min of reaction, a methanol: oil ratio of 4:1 and a catalyst amount of 0.5 wt%. This new jet loop process allowed an added advantage of intense agitation for an efficient separation and adequate purification of the methyl esters phase at a reduced time of 30 min. The use of homogeneous catalysts in conventional processes poses many disadvantages
heterogeneous catalysts on the other hand are attractive on the basis that their use could enable the biodiesel production to be more readily performed as a continuous process resulting in low production costs. Consequently, a solid base catalyst (KNO3/FA) prepared from fly ash (obtained from Arnot coal power station, South Africa) and a new zeolite, FA/Na-X synthesized from the same fly ash were used as solid base catalysts in the transesterification reactions in the conversion of a variety of oil feedstock with methanol to methyl esters. Since fly ash is a waste product generated from the combustion of coal for power generation, its utilization in this manner would allow for its beneficiation (as a catalytic support material and raw material for zeolite synthesis) in an environmentally friendly way aimed at making the transesterification process reasonably viable. Arnot fly ash (AFA) was loaded with potassium (using potassium nitrate as precursor) via a wet impregnation method while the synthesized zeolite FA/Na-X was ion exchanged with potassium (using potassium acetate as precursor) to obtain the KNO3/FA and FA/K-X catalysts respectively. Several analytical techniques were applied for characterization purposes. The results of the XRD and XRF showed that the AFA predominantly contained some mineral phases such as quartz, mullite, calcite and lime. The high concentration of CaO in AFA was apparent to be beneficial for the use of fresh fly ash as a support material in the heterogeneous catalysed transesterification reactions. XRD characterisation of KNO3/FA results indicated that the structure of KNO3/FA gradually changed with the increase in KNO3 loading. The catalyst function was retained until the loading of KNO3 was over 10 %. IR spectra showed that the KNO3 was decomposed to K2O on the fly ash support during preparation at a calcination temperature of 500 º
C. The CO2-TPD of the KNO3/FA catalysts showed that two basic catalytic sites were generated which were responsible for high catalytic abilities observed in the transesterification reactions of sunflower oil to methyl esters. On the other hand, XRD results for the as- received zeolite synthesized from AFA showed typical diffraction peaks of zeolite NaX. SEM images of the FA /NaX showed nano platelets unique morphology different from well known pyramidal octahedral shaped crystal formation of faujasite zeolites and the morphology of the FA /KX zeolite did not show any significant difference after ion exchange. The fly ash derived zeolite NaX (FA /NaX) exhibited a high surface area of 320 m2/g. The application of the KNO3/FA catalysts in the conversion reactions to produce methyl esters (biodiesel) via transesterification reactions revealed methyl ester yield of 87.5 % with 10 wt% KNO3 at optimum reaction conditions of methanol: oil ratio of 15:1, 5 h reaction time, catalyst amount of 15 g and reaction temperature 160 °
C, while with the use of the zeolite FA/K-X catalyst, a FAME yield of 83.53 % was obtained for 8 h using the ion exchanged Arnot fly ash zeolite NaX catalyst (FA/KX) at reaction conditions of methanol: oil ratio of 6:1, catalyst amount of 3 % wt/wt of oil and reaction temperature of 65 º
C. Several studies have been carried out on the production of biodiesel using different heterogeneous catalysts but this study has been able to uniquely demonstrate the utilization of South African Class F AFA both as a catalyst support and as a raw material for zeolite synthesis
these catalyst materials subsequently applied sucessfully as solid base catalysts in the production of biodiesel.

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Lane, Matthew S. "THE EFFECT OF GLYPHOSATE ON SOIL MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1301068421.

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Pourkhesalian, Ali Mohammad. "Effects of biodiesel chemical composition on the chemical and physical properties of the primary and secondary diesel particulate matter." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2015. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/86757/14/86757_Ali_Mohammad_Pourkhesalian_Thesis.pdf.

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This thesis improves our insight towards the effects of using biodiesels on the particulate matter emission of diesel engines and contributes to our understanding of their potential adverse health effects. The novelty of this project is the use of biodiesel fuel with controlled chemical composition that enables us to relate changes of physiochemical properties of particles to specific properties of the biodiesel. For the first time, the possibility of a correlation of the volatility and the Reactive Oxygen Species concentration of the particles is investigated versus the saturation, oxygen content and carbon chain length of the fuel.
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Albuquerque, Anderson dos Reis. "Autoxidação de ésteres metílicos de ácidos graxos: estudo teórico-experimental." Universidade Federal da Paraí­ba, 2010. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/7179.

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In this work, computational chemistry calculations and thermal analysis experiments were performed in order to determine the oxidative stability of four fatty acid methyl esters (stearate, oleate, ricinoleate and linoleate), whose fatty chains may be inserted in oils and biodiesel. In the computational chemistry investigation the sequence of stabilities, based on the dissociation energy of the C-H bond was: C18:2 < C18:1 < C18:1;12-OH < C18:0, for the B3LYP 6-31G(d) and MP2 6-311++G(2d,p); and C18:2 < C18:1;12-OH < C18:1 < C18:0, for the B3LYP 6-311++G(2d,p). The spin density analysis allowed stating that the ricinoleate hydroxyl does not act as a pro-oxidizing, as the radicals formed in C-12 or OH are not stabilized by the unsaturation in C9, showing, thus, the behavior of a secondary alkyl alcohol in relation to these sites, whereas their allylic hydrogen display an energy similar to the oleate hydrogens. In the experimental investigation carried out TG, it was possible to observe the formation of hydroperoxides by means of the mass gain in an oxygen atmosphere for oleate, linoleate and ricinoleate, but only volatilization for the stearate. In this investigation, a small heating rate (2 ºC/min) was utilized. The kinetic calculations based on PDSC, in the dynamic and isothermal modes showed that the oxidation susceptibility is quite dependent of temperature, atmosphere and the method employed, being more critical in relation to the methyl ricinoleate. In the dynamic mode, in an air atmosphere at 110ºC, the relative susceptibility was 1 : 17 : 17 : 226 (C18:0 : C18:1 : C18:1;12-OH : C18:2). In an O2 atmosphere this proportion was 1 : 11 : 1 : 102. In the isothermal mode PDSC, at the same temperature, the proportion was 1 : 1230 : 1585 : 23001 in an air atmosphere, and 1 : 33 : 40 : 445 in an O2 atmosphere. Performing a structure/property relationship, the oxidation temperature determined at a heating rate of 10 ºC/min was shown to be strongly correlated with the BDE (C-H) obtained by DFT and MP2, confirming the relationship between the first exothermic event of PDSC in the dynamic mode and the C-H bond strength. Therefore, PDSC is shown as a accelerated testing technique able to determine the true oxidative stability of lipids, as it supplies information on the rate controlling step of auto-oxidation (L-H + R1● → L● + R1-H), whereas the Rancimat method does not supply such information. Ternary ester blends were made and their oxidative stabilities were assessed by means of PDSC in a synthetic air atmosphere. Four equations were obtained with high linear correlation coefficients (R2 > 0.98). A biodiesel representation model was also developed, expressing its main oxidation sites and molecular descriptors for several physico-chemical properties. This representation is expressed by the molecular formula Ca Hb H*c Hd** He***(O2)f (0H)g and shows as one of its advantages the easy display of biodiesel data, what makes more evident the study of structure/property relationship. Its application for the four FAME s and twenty-three blends allowed determining the oxidation temperature (OT) in an air atmosphere, based on the descriptors for allylic hydrogen (H*) and bis-allylic hydrogens (H**). From such model a program in language C was elaborated, whose input is the FAME mole fraction and whose output is the OT in a synthetic air atmosphere. Keywords: Auto-oxidation, FAME (fatty acid methyl esters), Biodiesel, PDSC, DFT.
Nesse trabalho, cálculos de química computacional e experimentos de análise térmica foram realizados para determinar a estabilidade oxidativa de quatro ésteres metílicos de ácidos graxos (estearato, oleato, ricinoleato e linoleato), cuja cadeia graxa pode estar inserida em óleos e biodiesel. Na investigação por química computacional a seqüência de estabilidade com base na energia de dissociação da ligação C-H foi: C18:2 < C18:1 < C18:1;12-OH < C18:0, para o B3LYP 6-31G(d) e MP2 6-311++G(2d,p); e C18:2 < C18:1;12-OH < C18:1 < C18:0, para o B3LYP 6-311++G(2d,p). A análise da densidade de spin permitiu afirmar que a hidroxila do ricinoleato não age como pró-oxidante, pois os radicais formados no C-12 ou OH não são estabilizados pela insaturação no C9, comportando-se, portanto, como um álcool alquílico secundário em relação a esses sítios, enquanto que seus hidrogênios alílicos possuem energia próxima aos do oleato. Na investigação experimental por TG foi possível observar a formação dos hidroperóxidos através do ganho de massa em atmosfera de oxigênio para o oleato, linoleato e ricinoleato, mas apenas volatilização para o estearato. Para tanto, uma pequena taxa de aquecimento (2 ºC/min) foi utilizada. Os cálculos cinéticos obtidos por PDSC nos modo dinâmico e isotérmico mostraram que a susceptibilidade relativa à oxidação é bastante dependente da temperatura, da atmosfera e do método empregados, sendo mais crítica em relação ao ricinoleato de metila. No modo dinâmico, em atmosfera de ar à 110ºC, a susceptibilidade relativa foi de 1 : 17 : 17 : 226 (C18:0 : C18:1 : C18:1;12-OH : C18:2). Em atmosfera de O2 essa proporção foi de 1 : 11 : 1 : 102. Na PDSC modo isotérmico nessa mesma temperatura a proporção foi de 1 : 1230 : 1585 : 23001 em atmosfera de ar, e 1 : 33 : 40 : 445 em atmosfera de O2. Fazendo uma relação estrutura-propriedade, a temperatura de oxidação na taxa de aquecimento de 10 ºC/min mostrou-se bastante correlacionada com a BDE (C-H) obtidas por DFT e MP2, confirmando a relação entre o primeiro evento exotérmico da PDSC no modo dinâmico e a força da ligação C-H. Nesse sentido, a PDSC apresenta-se como a técnica de ensaio acelerado capaz de determinar a verdadeira estabilidade oxidativa de lipídeos, pois fornece informações sobre a etapa contraladora da velocidade de autoxidação (L-H + R1● → L● + R1-H), enquanto que o método Rancimat não fornece essa informação. Foram realizadas misturas ternárias dos ésteres e verificadas suas estabilidades oxidativas por PDSC em atmosfera de ar sintético. Quatro equações foram obtidas com elevada correlação linear (R2 > 0.98). Foi desenvolvido também um modelo de representação do biodiesel expressando seus principais sítios de oxidação e descritores moleculares para diversas propriedades físico-químicas. Essa representação é dada pela fórmula molecular Ca Hb H*c Hd** He***(O2)f (0H)g e tem como uma das vantagens a simplificação de apresentação dos dados para biodieseis, o que torna mais palpável o estudo de relação estrutura-propriedade. Sua aplicação para os quatro FAMEs e vinte e três misturas permitiu determinar a temperatura de oxidação (OT) em atmosfera de ar com base nos descritores para hidrogênios alílicos (H*) e bis-alílicos (H**). A partir desse modelo foi elaborado um programa em linguagem C, tendo como dados de entrada a fração molar dos FAMEs e como saída a OT em atmosfera de ar sintético.
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Mayer, Júlia Gonçalves. "Comparação da análise de ácidos graxos TRANS em biscoito por cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massas (cg-em) e por espectroscopia no infravermelho com transformada de fourier e reflectância total atenuada (FT-IR-ATR)." Niterói, 2018. https://app.uff.br/riuff/handle/1/5892.

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Os métodos analíticos utilizados para medir o percentual de ácido graxo trans (AGT) em alimentos envolvem cromatografia em fase gasosa com detecção de ionização de chama (CG-DIC), espectrometria de massas (CG-EM) e espectroscopia no infravermelho com transformada de Fourier e refletância total atenuada (FT-IR-ATR). O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar a viabilidade e a aplicabilidade do uso das técnicas de FT-IR-ATR, sem extração, com extração prévia da gordura e após hidrólise e metilação dos ácidos graxos, para avaliar o conteúdo de AGT em biscoitos recheados e comparar os resultados obtidos com os encontrados para a determinação de ácido elaídico pela técnica de CG-EM. Foram escolhidas 9 marcas de biscoitos recheados sabor chocolate e 1 pacote de gordura vegetal hidrogenada, para ser usada como padrão secundário para análise de AGT por FT-IR-ATR. As amostras foram analisadas, inicialmente, quanto aos seus conteúdos de umidade e lipídeos totais. Para todas as amostras não foi observada concentração de umidade superior a 6,03 g/100 g. Os lipídeos totais variaram de 12,51±0,58 a 23,84±0,09 g/100 g. A presença de AGT foi identificada por FT-IR-ATR pela visualização da banda próxima a 966 cm−1 e confirmada com adição de padrão às amostras. Ao analisar as amostras de biscoito homogeneizadas e sem outro preparo, não foi viável a utilização do método de FT-IR-ATR, visto que a absorção de radiação infravermelha de substâncias da amostra se sobrepõe à absorção na região das ligações duplas trans, o que demonstra que a matriz do alimento pode influenciar na análise. Quanto a presença dos AGT, ácido elaídico (C18:1, n-9 trans) foi identificado e confirmado em todas as amostras através de CG-EM. Ao comparar a quantificação pelos métodos CG-EM e FT-IR-ATR em amostras de extratos e na forma de ácidos graxos metilados (FAME), foram observadas concentrações baixas de ácido elaídico/ácidos graxos trans (de 0,03±0,01 a 0,86±0,01 g/100 g de biscoito) obtidas pelos diferentes métodos. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre as concentrações de AGT determinadas pelos três métodos testados para oito das nove amostras analisadas. O presente trabalho mostrou que a técnica de FT-IR-ATR, analisando o extrato lipídico e as amostras em forma de FAME foi adequado para estimar os teores de AGT em biscoito recheado de chocolate, visto que proporciona uma análise mais rápida, com um menor número de etapas e menor consumo de reagentes em relação às análises por CG-EM
The analytical methods used to measure the percentage of trans fatty acids in foods involve gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID), mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and attenuated total reflectance fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FT-IR). The aim of the present study was to investigate the feasibility and applicability of ATR-FT-IR techniques, without extraction, with previous extraction of fat and after hydrolysis and methylation of fatty acids to evaluate the content of TFA in filled biscuits, and compare the results obtained with those found for the determination of elaidic acid by the CG-MS technique. Were chosen 9 marks of chocolate filled biscuit and 1 packet of hydrogenated vegetable fat to be used as a secondary standard for AGT analysis by ATR-FT-IR. The samples were initially analyzed for their moisture contents and total lipids. For all samples, no moisture content higher than 6.03 g/100 g. Total lipids ranged from 12.51 ± 0.58 to 23.84 ± 0.09 g/100g. The presence of TFA was identified by ATR-FT-IR through the visualization of the band near 966 cm−1 and confirmed with addition of standard to the samples. When analyzing the homogenized cookie samples and without further preparation, the use of the ATR-FT-IR method was not feasible because the absorption of infrared radiation from sample substances overlaps the absorption in the region of the trans double bonds, which demonstrates that the food matrix may influence the analysis. Regarding the presence of TFA, elaidic acid (C18: 1, n-9 trans) was identified and confirmed in all samples by GC-MS. When comparing quantification by GC-MS and ATR-FT-IR in samples of extracts and in the form of fatty acids methly esters (FAME), low concentrations of elaidic acid / trans fatty acids were observed (0.03 ± 0.01 to 0.86 ± 0.01 g / 100 g of biscuit) obtained by the different methods. No significant differences were found between the concentrations of TFA determined by the three methods tested for eight of the nine samples analyzed. The present study showed that the ATR-FT-IR technique, analyzing the lipid extract and the samples in the form of FAME, was adequate to estimate the TFA contents in chocolate filled biscuit, because it provides a faster analysis with a smaller number of steps and lower toxic chemicals in relation to GC-MS analyzes
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10

Bacha, Kenza. "Interaction entre les carburants diesel et biodiesel et les composants du système d'injection diesel." Thesis, Mulhouse, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MULH4471.

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Le système d’injection Diesel doit résister à des conditions opératoires (pression, température) de plus en plus sévères, et être compatible avec les évolutions du carburant diesel, telles que l’introduction des Esters Méthyliques d’Acide Gras (EMAG) et l’utilisation de différents additifs, qui peuvent affecter la durabilité des véhicules, suite à la formation de dépôts. L’objectif des travaux de cette thèse est la compréhension des mécanismes de formation des dépôts issus de l’oxydation des carburants et la détermination des paramètres majeurs participant aux interactions dépôts-substrats (état de surface, matériaux, géométrie, thermique…). Deux études ont été abordées dans cette thèse. La première étude porte sur l’oxydation accélérée des carburants Diesel, des EMAG et des mélanges Diesel/EMAG en phase liquide en utilisant le moyen d’essai PetroOxy, la cinétique d’oxydation a été déterminée pour les différents carburants et la caractérisation des produits d’oxydation a été effectuée utilisant les moyens d’analyse (FTIR-ATR, ATG/DTG et GC/MS). La seconde étude est dédiée à la reproduction du dépôt sur les substrats en (aluminium, acier inoxydable, PEEK, revêtement or sur aluminium, revêtement silcoklean sur acier inoxydable) en utilisant le moyen d’essai Micro Cokage et la caractérisation du dépôt obtenu dans chaque cas en utilisant les moyens d’analyse (FTIR-ATR, ATG/DTG, FEG et XPS). Les résultats de ces travaux ont permis de déterminer l’impact de la nature et du taux d’EMAG ajouté au Diesel sur la stabilité à l’oxydation des carburants ; de mettre en place une hypothèse de formation de dépôt à partir de l’oxydation des carburants en phase liquide jusqu’à la formation de nanoparticules de dépôt sphériques ; et déterminer l’impact du substrat sur la formation et l’adhésion du dépôt à la surface du matériau
Diesel injection system must withstand more severe operating conditions (pressure, temperature), and be compatible with the evolution of diesel fuel, such as the introduction of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) and use of different additives, which may affect the durability of the vehicle, following the formation of deposits. The objective of this work is to understand the mechanisms of deposit formation from fuel oxidation and determine the major parameters involved in deposit-substrate interactions (surface condition, materials, geometry, temperature...). Two studies were discussed. The first study focuses on the liquid phase accelerated oxidation of Diesel fuel, FAME and mixtures (Diesel / FAME) using PetroOxy device, the oxidation kinetic was determined for the different fuels and characterization of oxidation products was carried out using the (FTIR-ATR, ATG / DTG and GC / MS). The second study was dedicated to the reproduction of deposit on different substrates (aluminum, stainless steel, PEEK, aluminum coating on gold, silcoklean coating on stainless steel) using the Micro Coking device, and characterization of the deposit obtained in each case using (FTIR-ATR, ATG / DTG, XPS and FEG). The results of this work permit to determine the impact of FAME nature and FAME concentration on fuel oxidation stability; an hypothesis was proposed to explain deposit formation
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Books on the topic "Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME)"

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European Committee for Standardization. Automotive fuels: Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) for diesel engines : requirements and test methods. Brussels: CEN, European Committe for Standardization, 2004.

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Castro, Ana Maria De. Fatty acid methyl ester analysis of microbial communities in biofilters inoculated with different sources. Ottawa: National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999.

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Fat and oil derivatives - Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME): Determination of ester and linolenic acid methyl ester contents. BSI, 2003.

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Institution, British Standards, and European Committee for Standardization., eds. Fat and oil derivatives - Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME): Determination of acid value. BSI, 2003.

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Fat and oil derivatives - Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME): Determination of methanol content. BSI, 2003.

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Fat and oil derivatives - Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME): Determination of iodine value. BSI, 2003.

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Institution, British Standards, and European Committee for Standardization., eds. Fat and oil derivatives - Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME): Determination of free glycerol content. BSI, 2003.

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Institution, British Standards, and European Committee for Standardization., eds. Fat and oil derivatives - Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME): Determination of oxidation stability (accelerated oxidation test). BSI, 2003.

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Institution, British Standards, and European Committee for Standardization., eds. Fat and oil derivatives - Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME): Determination of potassium content by atomic absorption spectrometry. BSI, 2003.

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Fat and oil derivatives - Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME): Determination of sodium content by atomic absorption spectrometry. BSI, 2003.

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Book chapters on the topic "Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME)"

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Cavigelli, Michel A., G. Philip Robertson, and Michael J. Klug. "Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles as measures of soil microbial community structure." In The Significance and Regulation of Soil Biodiversity, 99–113. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0479-1_8.

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Sagala, T. S. H., S. Hartini, and H. F. Prasetyo. "Root cause analysis fulfillment upon the implication of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) as biofuel for sustainable energy in Eastern Java and Bali Nusa Tenggara (MOR V)." In Contemporary Research on Business and Management, 232–36. London: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003196013-57.

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Sulaiman, Sarina. "Identification of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester in Palm Oil Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer." In Multifaceted Protocol in Biotechnology, 63–74. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2257-0_6.

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Aji, Aminah Qayyimah Mohd, and Mariyamni Awang. "Palm Fatty Acid Methyl Ester in Reducing Interfacial Tension in CO2–Crude Oil Systems." In ICIPEG 2016, 217–27. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3650-7_18.

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Li, Junge, Xiaocao Yu, Bin Liu, Tiegang Hu, and Xibin Wang. "Experimental Research on Macroscopic and Microscopic Characteristics of Ethanol-Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Blends Sprays." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 187–96. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3527-2_17.

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Lapuerta, M., and L. Canoira. "The Suitability of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) as Blending Agents in Jet A-1." In Biofuels for Aviation, 47–84. Elsevier, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-804568-8.00004-4.

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Sukpancharoen, Somboon, Natacha Phetyim, Chaiviwat Krittasin, and Manatsanan Chanthasuwannasin. "Experimental Optimization of Castor Oil Transesterification by Central Composite Design for Biodiesel Production." In Advances in Energy Research and Development. IOS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/aerd220034.

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Thailand is an agriculture-based country with the potential to cultivate a vast array of plant species, including castor. Castor oil is produced by pressing castor seeds. Castor oil was selected as the preferred vegetable oil for biodiesel production. Castor oil is primarily composed of ricinoleic acid, a hydroxyl fatty acid. Response surface methodology was used in this study to optimize the biodiesel production process parameters. This study varies the molar ratio of methanol to oil, the concentration of the catalyst, the reaction temperature, and the reaction time. As a catalyst, potassium hydroxide was used in the transesterification process. In this study, response surface methodology is utilized in conjunction with central composite design (CCD) experiment design. Therefore, the optimal yield of castor oil transesterification is 4.02 methanol to 1 oil, a catalyst concentration of 0.90%, a reaction temperature of 49.87 ∘C, and a reaction time of 59.21 minutes. These optimal conditions resulted in a %fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yield of castor oil biodiesel of 88.25 %, which is within 5% of the predicted %FAME yield. Transesterification under optimal conditions demonstrates that the physiochemical properties of castor oil biodiesel are enhanced. The viscosity of castor oil is approximately 235 cSt at 40 ∘C. After transesterification, the viscosity of castor oil decreases to 15.2 cSt at 40 ∘C under optimal conditions. The density and flash point of castor oil biodiesel is 0.92 g/cm3 and 196 ∘C, respectively. It discovers that the flash point of castor-oil biodiesel complies with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard, whereas its viscosity and density do not. However, castor oil biodiesel can be blended with diesel petroleum to reduce its viscosity and meet ASTM specifications.
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Changa, Taity, Jane Asiyo Okalebo, and Shaokun Wang. "Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of Soil Microbial Communities in a Pasture: A Case Study of Bromus inermis Pasture in Eastern Nebraska." In Agrometeorology [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93548.

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Today’s intensified agricultural production is characterized by crop and pasture monocultures, which have a significant impact on soil microbial diversity and abundance. This chapter provides a case study in which the relative importance of brome grass (Bromus inermis) monoculture pasture versus intra-site microhabitat diversity is explored using fatty acid methyl ester (FAMEs) assay to delineate the presence and abundance of several classes of soil microbes instrumental in soil nutrient cycling, plant health, plant organic matter decomposition, and soil stabilization. The chapter explores spatio-temporal variability of bacteria, actinomycetes, saprophytes, mycorrhizae, and micro-eukaryotes over two durations (summer and fall) collected using two distinct sampling methods. One of the methods is commonly employed, namely, transect-based, while the other is informed by soil electroconductivity measurements conducted over the entire pasture site from a previous survey.
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Sebastião Cidreira Vieira, José, Wilame Silva Castro, Makson Rangel de Melo Rodrigues, and Neemias da Silva Nascimento. "Processing of Gong Oil (Pachymerus nucleorum) to Obtain Biodiesel by Methyl Route." In Elaeis guineensis. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97721.

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Brazil is a large world producer of vegetable oils. This condition puts it in the vanguard of the use of renewable fuels on the planet, and may constitute an excellent opportunity for scientific and technological development of the country. The most widely used method for producing biodiesel is basic homogeneoustransesterification. Its disadvantage is the use of high quality raw materials, which raises the final cost of the process by about 85%. The final cost of biodiesel production can be reduced considerably with the inclusion of raw materials of low added value containing high content of free fatty acids (FFA), the great challenge is the development of different routes and production scales capable of making the production process of this energy input viable. In addition, the valorization of different raw materials and implementation of innovative technologies to make obtaining biodiesel ecologically sustainable and more competitive in relation to fossil diesel is of fundamental importance. Among the several species with potential for biodiesel production in Brazil, the gong (Pachymerus nucleorum) stands out, which, when heated, decomposes, originating an oil equal to that extracted from the seeds of oilseed plants. This is the larval stage of a coleopteran of the family Bruchidae, a beetle, which lives inside fruits of buriti (Mauritia flexuosa), tucum (Bactris setosa), babaçu (Attalea speciosa) and carnauba (Copernicia prunifera) until the adult stage. This work aimed to extract the oil from the larvae of Pachymerus nucleorum and adapt it to obtain biodiesel. The physical–chemical characterization of this raw material in natura revealed high FFA content (1.63% and 1.74%). The gong oil was submitted to esterification by acid catalysis, aiming to adapt it to the basic homogeneous transesterification process. The results indicated a significant reduction of FFA (0.85% and 0.55%). The infrared spectra (FTIR) of the esterified oil and biodiesel indicated the presence of methyl esters and low moisture content. Gas chromatography (GC-FID) revealed that the composition of the biodiesel consists of saturated fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). The esterification reaction of gong oil when pretreated provided evidence that the feedstock may be suitable for biodiesel production. At present, there are no studies involving the extraction and suitability of gongo oil for the specific production of biodiesel. This issue needs to be addressed so that we can advance in the esterification-transesterification processes of feedstocks with high acidity index.
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Calvert, Jack, Abdelwahid Mellouki, John Orlando, Michael Pilling, and Timothy Wallington. "Rate Coefficients and Mechanisms of Atmospheric Oxidation of the Esters." In Mechanisms of Atmospheric Oxidation of the Oxygenates. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199767076.003.0010.

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Esters are emitted directly into the atmosphere from both natural and anthropogenic sources and are produced during the atmospheric oxidation of ethers. Methyl acetate and ethyl acetate have found widespread use as solvents. Vegetable oils and animal fats are esters. Transesterification of vegetable oils and animal fats with methanol gives fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) which are used in biodiesel. Many esters have pleasant odors and are present in essential oils, fruits, and pheromones, and are often added to fragrances and consumer products to provide a pleasant odor. Table VII-A-1 provides a list of common esters and their odors. It is surprising to note that despite their ubiquitous nature, volatility, and fragrance, it is only very recently that quantitative measurements of esters in ambient air have been reported (Niedojadlo et al., 2007; Legreid et al., 2007). The atmospheric oxidation of saturated esters is largely initiated by OH radical attack. Reaction with O3 and NO3 radicals contributes to the atmospheric oxidation of unsaturated esters. As discussed in chapter IX, UV absorption by esters is only important for wavelengths below approximately 240 nm and, hence, photolysis is not a significant tropospheric loss mechanism. When compared to the ethers from which they can be derived, the esters are substantially less reactive towards OH radicals. The ester functionality —C(O)O— in R1C(O)OR2 deactivates the alkyl groups to which it is attached with the deactivation being most pronounced for the R1 group attached to the carbonyl group. The atmospheric oxidation mechanisms of the esters are reviewed in the present chapter. The reaction of OH with methyl formate has been studied by Wallington et al. (1988b) and Le Calvé et al. (1997a) over the temperature range 233–372 K. Data are summarized in table VII-B-1 and are plotted in figure VII-B-1. The room temperature determination of k(OH + CH3OCHO) by Wallington et al. is in agreement with that by Le Calvé et al. (1997) within the experimental uncertainties. Significant curvature is evident in the Arrhenius plot in figure VII-B-1.
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Conference papers on the topic "Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME)"

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Bow, Yohandri, Abu Hasan, Rusdianasari Rusdianasari, Zakaria Zakaria, Bambang Irawan, and Nedia Sandika. "Biodiesel from Pyrolysis Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) using Fly Ash as a Catalyst." In 5th FIRST T1 T2 2021 International Conference (FIRST-T1-T2 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/ahe.k.220205.030.

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Soloiu, Valentin, Jeffery Lewis, April Covington, Brian Vlcek, and Norman Schmidt. "The Influence of Peanut Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Blends on Combustion in an Indirect Injection Diesel Engine." In ASME 2011 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2011-60053.

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The project investigates the effects of peanut FAME on diesel engine combustion and thermal efficiency. The cold flow properties and viscosity were tested and were found that the cloud point (CP) and pour point (PP) of peanut FAME were 17°C and 8°C respectively, and was able to achieve CP of 0°C when blended 20:80 (wt%) with diesel No. 2 (P20). The dynamic viscosity of peanut FAME was 4.2cP (P100) and 2.85cP at 54°C (P20), both fuels are within the ASTM standard for biodiesel. The lower heating value (LHV) of peanut FAME was 37.10MJ/kg (P100) and 41.3MJ/kg (P20) compared to 41.7MJ/kg for diesel No.2 (D100), which supports the usage of peanut FAME in compression ignition engines. At residence time of 5ms from start of injection, P50 has shown positive combustion characteristics with ignition delay of 1.072ms at 2600rpm, 4.78 bmep (100% load). The P50 heat release displayed similar development compared with diesel No. 2, where premixed phase combined with diffusion combustion and reaching a maximum of 20.0J/CAD, which was higher than 17.5J/CAD for D100. Convection flux for both D100 and P50 had values of 1.4MW/m2. The total heat flux, calculated by Annand model, produced maximum values of 2.1MW/m2 for D100 compared with 2.3MW/m2 for the P50. The mechanical efficiency was only a 4% loss when observing the transition from D100 to P50. These findings support peanut FAME as a viable option when blended and used with diesel engines in order to meet the standards set forth by the RSF-2 and EISA allowing the U.S. to decrease foreign energy dependency and benefiting society through a cleaner burning fuel than is currently in use.
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Yusabri, Muhammad Yerizam, and Aida Syarif. "Characterization of Blending Composition Variations in Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) Biofuels With Diesel to Biodiesel." In 4th Forum in Research, Science, and Technology (FIRST-T1-T2-2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/ahe.k.210205.001.

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Molie`re, Michel, Elvio Panarotto, Maher Aboujaib, Jean Michel Bisseaud, Anthony Campbell, Joseph Citeno, Pierre-Andre´ Maire, and Laurent Ducrest. "Gas Turbines in Alternative Fuel Applications: Biodiesel Field Test." In ASME Turbo Expo 2007: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2007-27212.

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As fuel candidates for power generation are mushrooming worldwide, there is presently a surge of interest around liquid biofuels that form a large and contrasting family. Among biofuels, biodiesels are natural candidates due to their compatibility with gasoil and their increasing use in the transportation sector. While biodiesels are similar to gasoils in terms of physical data, both their chemical properties and combustion behavior can be markedly different. In the framework of a development program devoted to biofuels and in collaboration with the Swiss power producer Groupe E, GE Energy has carried out a preliminary characterization of the combustion and emissions of a FAME (fatty acid methyl ester) at the Cornaux power plant, canton of Neuchaˆtel. This Field Test has been performed in a Frame 6B equipped with standard combustors and involved both a pure FAME consisting of RME (rapeseed methyl ester) and FAME co-fired with natural gas.
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Kumar Gogoi, Tapan, and Jyotirmoy Kakati. "Characterization of Biodiesel Produced From Terminalia Seed Oil and Engine Performance Evaluation With 10% and 20% Blending." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-66624.

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In this article, biodiesel produced from Terminalia seed oil is characterized. Oil content in Terminalia fruit seed was found to be 46.0%. Free fatty acid (FFA) content in Terminalia seed oil was 6.0%; hence a twostep acid base catalyzed transesterification process was used for producing biodiesel from the Terminalia seed oil. Terminalia seed oil contains 23.47% palmitic, 8.04% stearic 37.90% oleic and 20.97% linoleic acid. Calorific value, kinematic viscosity and density of Terminalia fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) were 39.594 MJ/kg, 5.49 mm2/s and 890.6 kg/m3 respectively. Most of the fuel properties of Terminalia FAME meet ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 biodiesel standards. Cetane index, fire point and pour point of Terminalia FAME were found to be 54.92, 172°C and −1°C respectively. Further, an engine performance study with 10% (B10) and 20% (B20) blending of Terminalia FAME with diesel fuel shows higher brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), lower brake thermal efficiency (BTE), higher peak pressure and early pressure rise in case the blends compared to petroleum based diesel fuel. Terminalia seed thus could be potential feedstock for biodiesel production and its 10% blending with conventional diesel fuel could be used in engine without compromising with the engine performance.
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Kakati, Jyotirmoy, Tapan K. Gogoi, Sukhamoy Pal, and Ujjwal K. Saha. "Potentiality of Yellow Oleander (Thevetia Peruviana) Seed Oil as an Alternative Diesel Fuel in Compression Ignition Engines." In ASME 2021 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2021-67419.

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Abstract Biodiesel has been accepted as a clean and an eco-friendly green diesel fuel by the entire world. In India, various non-edible oils have been tested for exploring their suitability as a fuel in diesel engines. In the north eastern states of India, many oil bearing seeds such as Koroch (a variety of Pongamia glabra), Nahar (Mesua ferrea), Terminalia (Terminalia belerica Robx), Kutkura (Meyna spinosa Roxb), Amari (Amoora Wallichii King), Yellow oleander (Thevetia peruviana) and others are found in abundance. In this article, the Yellow oleander seed oil (YOSO) has been investigated for biodiesel production and characterization. The oil content in Yellow oleander seed is found to be 63.87%. The free fatty acid (FFA) content in YOSO is measured, and is found to be 32.0%; hence the two-step acid-base catalysis transesterification process has been adopted for producing biodiesel from the YOSO. YOSO contains 5.03% palmitic, 6.92% stearic, 48.14% oleic and 31.37% linoleic acid. The density, calorific value and kinematic viscosity of Yellow oleander fatty acid methyl ester (YO-FAME) are 879.7 kg/m3, 40.159 MJ/kg and 4.63 mm2/s respectively. Most of the fuel properties of YO-FAME meet ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 biodiesel standards. The YO-FAME exhibits a low sulphur content of 13.0 ppm and a high cetane number of 58.3. Fire point and pour point of YO-FAME were found to be 158°C and 5°C respectively. The physio-chemical properties of YO-FAME has been compared with FAME of Yellow oleander, Ratanjot (Jatropha curcus), Terminalia (Terminalia belerica Robx.) and Nahar (Mesua ferrea).
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Wang, Weijing, Sandeep Gowdagiri, and Matthew A. Oehlschlaeger. "Autoignition Variation of Biodiesel Surrogates: Influence of Saturation." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-64956.

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The autoignition of three biodiesel surrogates (methyl decanoate, methyl 9-decenoate, and a mixture of methyl 5-decenoate and methyl 6-decenoate), representative of the organic structures found in fatty-acid methyl ester (FAME) biodiesels, has been studied using the reflected shock technique. Measurements of ignition delay times were carried out at 20 atm for temperatures ranging from 700 to 1300 K, spanning all three regimes of reactivity of interest to diesel engines. At high temperatures (> 900 K) the three surrogate components have indistinguishable ignition delay. While in the negative-temperature-coefficient (NTC) and low-temperature regimes (< 900 K) the deviation in ignition delay based on the location of the double bond with the methyl decenoate carbon chain is around a factor of two. The results show that location of double bonds within FAME biodiesel components will have an important role in governing the NTC and low-temperature reactivity for FAME biodiesels but is unimportant at high-temperatures, of significance for the development of biodiesel surrogates and modeling strategies for diesel engine simulations.
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Anderson, Kevin R., Christopher McNamara, and Ariel Gatti. "Analysis of a Multi-Cascade Methyl Linoleate / SCO2 / Transcritical CO2 / R-410A Refrigeration Cycle for Use in High Temperature High Pressure Environments." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-65547.

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This paper presents the results of an analysis of a hybrid cascaded Methyl Linoleate / Supercritical (SCO2) / Transcritical CO2 / R-410A cycle for extreme environment refrigeration applications. The particular application of this cascaded CO2 refrigeration cycle stems from a space exploration application of a Venus lander mission. The payload of the Venus lander is subject an extremely harsh environment, i.e. the objective is to maintain a 1 cubic meter payload cavity at 35 °C, with dissipation of 500 W to an environmental temperature of 465 °C. Complicating the situation is the Venus local atmosphere is 9 MPa, and the atmosphere is mainly comprised of CO2 (95.5% by volume, 3.5% N2 by volume). Because this temperature is so high, to stay under the saturation dome we need some fairly exotic fluids to do a normal vapor compression system. Some of the only fluids with critical points allowing for this particular application are sulfuric acid and Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) type bio-diesels such as Methyl Linoleate (MLL). The actual heat rejection process and throttling processes are the primary challenges of this research topic. Results of a COP comparison and a lift curve are carried out in order to determine efficiency and guide feasibility of realizing the actual hardware to be used in the cycle.
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Anderson, Kevin R., and Trevor Steele. "Analysis of a FAME/MLL Screw Multi-Stage Compressor for High Temperature, High Pressure Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle." In ASME 2020 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting collocated with the ASME 2020 Heat Transfer Summer Conference and the ASME 2020 18th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2020-20002.

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Abstract This paper presents the analysis and design of a compressor for application to a Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) Methyl Linoleate (MLL) bio-refrigerant cascade working cycle. This working fluid is being used in the topping cycle of an active electronics payload cooling system design to operate at elevated temperatures and pressures such as those witnessed by a Venus lander. The twin-screw, three-stage compressor operates at escalated temperatures of approximately 520 °C (960 °F). The total compressor power of 143.4 W is shared as 43.5 W, 47.7 W, and 53.3 W over stages 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The screw compressor is baselined with a D = 1 inch diameter rotor and an L/D (stroke/bore) ratio of L/D = 2 per stage. The compression ratio corresponds to a volume ratio of 6.5. The swept volume for a 4+6 rotor configuration is estimated to be 1.13 CFM at 2000 RPM with an asymmetric profile and no leakage. The volumetric efficiency of the compressor is estimated to be on the order of 80% due to the higher molecular weight of the FAME/MLL working fluid. The SCORG turbomachinery software is used to verify the thermodynamics analysis and affords a volumetric displacement of 0.025 L/rev at 2000 RPM and 80% adiabatic efficiency.
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Pucher, Greg, William Allan, and Pierre Poitras. "Emissions From a Gas Turbine Sector Rig Operated With Synthetic Aviation and Biodiesel Fuel." In ASME Turbo Expo 2010: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2010-22494.

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Differences in exhaust emissions, smoke production, exhaust pattern factor, deposit build-up and fuel nozzle spray characteristics for various blends of conventional commercial jet fuel (Jet A-1) with synthetic and biodiesel formulations were investigated. Three synthetic fuel formulations and four Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) were evaluated as such. The synthetic fuels were tested in both neat (100%) and 50% by volume blends with Jet A-1, while the FAME fuels were blended in 2% and 20% proportions. The Combustion Chamber Sector Rig (CCSR), which houses a Rolls Royce T-56-A-15 combustion section, was utilized for emissions, deposits and exhaust pattern factor evaluation. A combustion chamber exhaust plane traversing thermocouple rake was employed to generate two dimensional temperature maps during operation. Following combustion testing, several combustion system components, including the combustion chamber, fuel nozzle and igniter plug were analyzed for relative levels of deposit build-up. A Phase Doppler Anemometry (PDA) system was employed to determine differences in droplet size distributions while an optical spray pattern analyzer was used to compare the spray pattern for the various fuel blends as they emerged from the T-56 nozzle.
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Reports on the topic "Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME)"

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Morris, Jr, Shardo Robert W., Higgins James, Cook Kim, Tanner Rhonda, West Sam, Shafer Zachary, Kelley Linda, and Jennifer. Evaluation of the Impact of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) Contamination on the Thermal Stability of Jet A. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada594760.

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Van Wychen, Stefanie, Kelsey Ramirez, and Lieve M. L. Laurens. Determination of Total Lipids as Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) by in situ Transesterification: Laboratory Analytical Procedure (LAP). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1118085.

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Wilson, George R. Diesel Lubricity Additive Effect on Jet Fuel Thermal Oxidative Stability with Supplementary Information on Fatty Acid Methyl Ester and Jet Engine Nozzle Performance. Coordinating Research Council, Inc., August 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21813/crcav-03-04.

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