Journal articles: 'Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME)'

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Anuar, S. T., S. M. Mugo, and J. M. Curtis. "A flow-through enzymatic microreactor for the rapid conversion of triacylglycerols into fatty acid ethyl ester and fatty acid methyl ester derivatives for GC analysis." Analytical Methods 7, no. 14 (2015): 5898–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ay00800j.

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Chen, Xiu, Lei Chen, Yin Nan Yuan, Yong Bin Lai, Xing Qiao, and Ling Ling Cai. "Combustion Characteristics of Biodiesel Derived from Palm and Rapeseed Oil." Applied Mechanics and Materials 448-453 (October 2013): 1633–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.448-453.1633.

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The chemical composition of palm and rapeseed biodiesel (fatty acid methyl ester, FAME) was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Combustion characteristics of biodiesel were studied by thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry and collision theory. Combustion characteristic index C was put forward for describing biodiesel combustion characteristic. The reactive atom combustion mechanism was put forward. Biodiesel combustion process comprised three steps, viz., volatilizing, dissociating and combining. First, biodiesel volatilizes, viz., FAME (liquid) volatilize and became FAME (gas). Second, FAME, O2 and N2 molecular were dissociated into C*, H*, O* and N* reactive atoms. Third, C*, H* and N* reacted, respectively, with O* to CO2, CO, H2O and NOx, and released energy. The study showed that the biodiesel was mainly composed of FAME: C14:0-C24:0, C16:1-C22:1, C18:2 and C18:3. Biodiesel had a good burnability. Combustion characteristic indexes of palm methyl ester (PME) and rapeseed methyl ester (RME) were 4.97E-05 and 3.65E-05, respectively. The combustion characteristic had relation to chemical composition. The combustion characteristic of biodiesel was better with increasing saturated fatty acid methyl esters and length of carbon-chain, and was poorer with increasing unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters and unsaturated degree. The combustion characteristic of PME was better than that of RME.

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Cheng, Zheng Zai, Su Su Lin, Rui Lei, Xiao Chao Yan, and Yu Jing Nie. "Synthesis of Biodisiel from Used Cooking Oils Catalyzed by Solid Acid." Advanced Materials Research 236-238 (May 2011): 496–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.236-238.496.

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The synthesis of biodiesel expressed as fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) were studied to achieve an economic and practical method for utilization of used cooking oil (UCO). UCO samples with the acid value of more than 80 mgKOH/g mixed with methanol were heterogeneously catalyzed by solid aminosulfonic acid under some conditions . The conversion of UCO into FAME was 86.0% at the reaction time of 2 hours, mole ratio of methanol to UCO of 5:1, showing much higher catalyzed activity of solid aminosulfonic acid. the samples of FAME prepared from UCO was analyzed by GC/MS and the results showes that the majority of biodiesel has fatty acid methyl esters of carbon lengths from C14–C24, with an average of C18 methyl ester.

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Suaniti, Ni Made, I. Wayan Bandem Adnyana, and Tjokorda Gde Tirta Nindhia. "Ester Group Detection of Biodiesel from Used Cooking Oil with Sulphuric and Toluene Sulphuric Acid Catalysts." Key Engineering Materials 877 (February 2021): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.877.153.

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Used cooking oil is potential as raw material to produce biodiesel. We discovered fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs) and methyl esters (FAMEs) as biodiesel content indicator from esterification and trans-esterification reactions of used cooking oil with sulphuric acid and toluene sulphuric acid as catalysts. The purpose of this study was to examine some characteristics of FAEE and FAME synthesis from used cooking oil. The FAEEs and FAMEs were detected by separation in thin layer chromatography (TLC) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) and compared to laurate standar. The used cooking oil was produced after frying of meat chicken for seven hours in a household. The Retardation Factor (Rf) of TLC of FAME of methyl laurate was 0.36 and FAEE of ethyl laurate was 0.23. The wavenumber indicating specific functional group of =CH was 3392 cm-1, while of alcohol as ester compound was 1739.79 cm-1. The wavenumber of C-C and CO groups were 1635.64 cm-1 and 1165 cm-1, respectively. These indicate the ester group in used cooking oil, which reflects the formation of bio-diesel.

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Jamshaid, M., H. H. Masjuki, M. A. Kalam, N. W. M. Zulkifli, A. Arslan, and Z. M. Zulfattah. "Effect of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester on Fuel-Injector Wear Characteristics." Journal of Biobased Materials and Bioenergy 14, no. 3 (June 1, 2020): 327–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbmb.2020.1974.

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This paper presents the experimental results carried out to evaluate the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) obtained from cotton-seed oil and palm oil on fuel-injector wear characteristics. The cottonseed oil methyl ester (COME) and palm oil methyl ester (POME) were produced in the laboratory using alkaline transesterification. Gas chromatography based on 'BS EN 14103:2011' standard was used to analyze the percentage of fatty acids in COME and POME. The physicochemical properties of the two methyl esters were measured based on ASTM and EN standards. Various unique blends using cottonseed–palm oil methyl ester (CPME) were tested. Thirteen (13) different types of fuel blends were prepared from COME, POME, and petroleum diesel fuel (DF100). The wear and lubricity characteristics were measured using a high-frequency reciprocating rig (HFRR) based on ASTM D6079 standard. The worn surfaces of the specimen plates were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The COME100, POME100, and CPME100 showed excellent lubricity properties for the fuel injector in terms of lower COF and wear coefficient when compared with DF100. COME100, POME100 and CPME100 showed lower average COF compared to DF100 by 16.9%, 13.9% and 16.1%, respectively. This may be due to the presence of unsaturated fatty acids in the methyl esters composition. Consequently, the fatty acid methyl esters can be used to reduce the friction and wear of the fuel injectors due to the improvement in the tribological properties of the fuel.

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Ucciani, Eugène, Alain Debal, Michel Gruber, and Robert L. Wolff. "Fatty Acid Composition of Some Ranunculaceae Seed Oils." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 51, no. 3-4 (April 1, 1996): 151–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1996-3-403.

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Abstract The fatty acid composition of seed oils of eight Ranunculaceae was determinated in order to characterize new sources of gamma-linolenic acid. Fatty acids were identified as fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) by capillary gas-liquid chromatography (GC) and capillary GC-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). For trienic FAME the use of a cyanopropyl-polysiloxane stationary phase (CP-Sil 88) allowed the separation with high resolution of methyl ester of columbinic acid (trans-5,cis-9,cis-12 18:3) and gamma-linolenic acid (cis-6,cis-9,cis-12 18:3). The results confirmed the presence of columbinic acid in Thalictrum seed oils, and that of gamma-linolenic acid in Anemone and related species seed oils. The taxonomic subdivision of Ranunculaceae into sub-families and tribes, which resulted from morphological considerations, did not account for the above results.

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Chandrasekaran, Manivachagam, Krishnan Kannathasan, and Venugopalan Venkatesalu. "Antimicrobial Activity of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters of Some Members of Chenopodiaceae." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 63, no. 5-6 (June 1, 2008): 331–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2008-5-604.

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Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) extracts of four halophytic plants, viz. Arthrocnemum indicum, Salicornia brachiata, Suaeda maritima and Suaeda monoica belonging to the family Chenopodiaceae, were prepared and their composition was analyzed by GC-MS. The FAME extracts were also screened for antibacterial and antifungal activities. The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of more saturated fatty acids than unsaturated fatty acids. Among the fatty acids analyzed, the relative percentage of lauric acid was high in S. brachiata (61.85%). The FAME extract of S. brachiata showed the highest antibacterial and antifungal activities among the extracts tested. The other three extracts showed potent antibacterial and moderate anticandidal activities.

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Lai, Yong Bin, Yu Qi Zhang, Xiu Chen, Yin Nan Yuan, Ling Ling Cai, Xin Qiao, and Meng Hong Yuan. "Reduce Cold Filter Plugging Point and Kinematic Viscosity of Cottonseed-Based Biodiesel Fuel." Advanced Materials Research 1033-1034 (October 2014): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1033-1034.129.

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The chemical compositions, cold filter plugging point (CFPP) and kinematic viscosity of cottonseed methyl ester (CSME) are investigated. Through blending with-10 petrodiesel (-10PD) and treating with Flow Fit, the CFPP and kinematic viscosity of CSME are improved. The study shows that CSME is mainly composed of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), and the contents of saturated fatty acid methyl ester (SFAME) and unsaturated fatty acid methyl ester (UFAME) were 27.69% and 71.65% respectively. The CFPP and kinematic viscosity (40 °C) of CSME are-1 °C and 4.63 mm2/s respectively. Blending with-10PD decreased the CFPP of CSME to-12 °C.With temperature decreasing, the kinematic viscosities of CSME and CSME/-10PD increase. The lower the temperature is, the more differenced the kinematic viscosities of CSME and CSME/-10PD are. Treating with less than 3% (volume fraction) of Flow Fit, the CFPP of CSME and CSME/-10PD decreased significantly.

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Wang, Ying, Cun Zhou, Guo Zheng, and Yu Sun. "Synthesis and Optimization of Trimethylolpropane Rapeseed Oil Ester." Advanced Materials Research 1015 (August 2014): 610–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1015.610.

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Lubricant base oil is an environmentally friendly lubricant with good lubricity and biodegradability. The thermostability and stability of rapeseed oil get improved through chemical modification. Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME),prepared by rapeseed oil as starting material with methanol by transesterification,the composition of FAME was detected by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS).Trimethylolpropane (TMP) esters of fatty acids were synthesized by transesterifying FAME with TMP using zinc oxide as catalyst. The structures of products were characterized by mean of FTIR. The reaction conditions were studied and optimized, the optimum conditions were as follows: the temperature at 140°C~150°C, the reactant mass ratio of 1:9, the reaction time for 6 h, the mass content of catalyst of 0.5%.The thermal stability of product was conducted by thermogravimetry (TG) .It could be concluded that TMP esters of fatty acids possess better thermal stability.

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Gören, Ahmet C., Gökhan Bilsel, Mehmet Altun, and Fatih Satıl. "Fatty Acid Composition of Seeds of Satureja thymbra and S. cuneifolia." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 58, no. 7-8 (August 1, 2003): 502–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2003-7-810.

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Abstract The chemical composition of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) from seeds of S. thymbra and S. cuneifolia were analyzed by GC/MS. 7 FAMEs were identified from the seeds of S. thymbra mainly as 9-octadecenoic acid methyl ester (43.9%), hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (11.4%), 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid methyl ester (Z,Z,Z) (30.2%), and octadecanoic acid methyl ester (14.1%), while from the seed of S. cuneifolia 10 FAMEs were obtained with the main components, similar to S. thymbra. These were identified as 9-octadecenoic acid methyl ester (10.1%), hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (methyl palmitate, 34.6%), 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid methyl ester (Z,Z,Z) (6.3%) and octadecanoic acid methyl ester (1.8%).

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Yusuff, Adeyinka S., Kudirat A. Thompson-Yusuff, and Jyoti Porwal. "Sulfonated biochar catalyst derived from eucalyptus tree shed bark: synthesis, characterization and its evaluation in oleic acid esterification." RSC Advances 12, no. 17 (2022): 10237–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ra09179d.

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Brennan, Brian, Fiona Regan, Raquel Fernández, José I. Amor, Yan Delaure, Silvio Mangini, and Matthew R. Jacobs. "Highlighting extraction and derivatization method comparisons for optimal sample preparation of Nannochloropsis sp. algal oils prior to FAME determination." Analytical Methods 12, no. 5 (2020): 630–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ay02190f.

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Saadon, Norkamruzita, Nor Ashikin Mohd Yusof, Noraini Razali, Marshahida Mat Yashim, and Amira Khairin Roslan. "Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) Production from Waste Cooking Oil." Advanced Materials Research 1113 (July 2015): 322–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1113.322.

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Biodiesel is clear liquid with a light to dark yellow color. Biodiesel is one of the alternative fuels that are attractive because of its favorable characteristics such as being non-toxic, biodegradable, renewable, carbon neutral and low emission. Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) is a type of biodiesel. In this study, it was produced by using transesterification of waste cooking oil (WCO) which was reacted with methanol and heterogeneous catalyst. The two heterogeneous catalysts that were used in this study were sodium (Na) metal hydroxide supported on oil palm frond (OPF) and Na metal supported on oil palm kernel shell (OPKS). The support metal used was sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH). OPF and OPKS were used as they are the major residues obtained from the oil palm plantation that covers approximately 14.72% of Malaysian’s total landmass. The parameters that in this study were the reaction temperatures of the transesterification process from 30°C to 60°C and the catalyst loading from 0.5wt% to 3wt%. The reaction time and ratio methanol to oil were kept constant which were 4 hours and 1:10 respectively. This experiment was conducted in order to investigate the effect of two different heterogeneous catalysts on both temperature and catalyst loading on the yield production of FAME. The results were obtained by using GCMS analysis. From the experiment that was conducted, the results of FAME production by using two different catalysts indicate that the higher the reaction temperature is, the higher the production of FAME which is at 60°C. It also shows that the percentage yield of FAME increases with the increase of catalyst loading until it reaches the best value which is at 1wt%.

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Irawan, Bambang, Rusdianasari, and Abu Hasan. "Pyrolysis Process of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) Conversion into Biodiesel." International Journal of Research in Vocational Studies (IJRVOCAS) 1, no. 2 (September 2, 2021): 01–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.53893/ijrvocas.v1i2.21.

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Biodiesel is a biomass fuel that can replace petroleum diesel fuel. One of the advantages of biodiesel fuel as renewable energy source that it is more environmentally friendly than fossil fuels because biodiesel significantly reduces greenhouse gas emissions compared to fossil fuels. FAME (fatty acid methyl ester) is a derivative product of CPO (crude palm oil) that has been treated both physically and chemically. The main advantage of FAME lies in the low content of impurities, especially sulphure and metal content. FAME comes from vegetable oil raw materials, which contain high enough fatty acids, around 61-62%, and nowadays, it is used as a mixture with petroleum diesel. The characteristics of biodiesel obtained from the conversion of FAME into biodiesel by pyrolysis at a temperature range of 160 – 200 oC indicate that the biodiesel produced is density 0.8475 kg/m3, viscosity 3.053 cSt, calculated cetane index (CCI) 48.5, flash point 59oC, moisture content 223 ppm, and sulphure content of 0.07% m/m. The results obtained are below the maximum limit of the specified biodiesel quality requirements.

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Leal, Rodrigo V. P., Gabriel F. Sarmanho, Luiz H. Leal, Bruno C. Garrido, Lucas J. Carvalho, Eliane C. P. Rego, and Peter R. Seidl. "Potential of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), using direct infusion, to quantify fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) in biodiesel." Analytical Methods 9, no. 26 (2017): 3949–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ay00644f.

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Ummu Kalsum, Ahmad Roesyadi, Mahfud Mahfud, Mahmuddin, and Lamatinulu. "The effect of n-hexane as co-solvent in direct trans esterification of Spirulina platensis using microwave." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 16, no. 3 (December 30, 2022): 741–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2022.16.3.1407.

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The addition of co-solvent on in situ trans esterification was considered as one of method to improve the extractive process and increase in yield of biodiesel from microalgae. In this study, in situ trans esterification with co-solvent using microwave was studied for improving performance of in situ trans esterification from microalgae. The biodiesel produced from this method was compared with the in situ trans esterification without co-solvent addition. In the optimal reaction conditions (ratio of microalgae to methanol 1:15 w /v; 30 ml of co-solvent and 30 % of H2SO4) at 50 min of reaction time, yield of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) produced was 81.04 % compared to only 75,246 % methyl ester produced by in situ trans esterification without co-solvents. The Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Analysis showed the methyl ester profile was a Medium Chain Fatty Acid, MCFA and the largest fatty acid component was dominated by Saturated Fatty Acid, SAFA.

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Graham, P. H., M. J. Sadowsky, S. W. Tighe, J. A. Thompson, R. A. Date, J. G. Howieson, and R. Thomas. "Differences among strains of Bradyrhizobium in fatty acid–methyl ester analysis." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 41, no. 11 (November 1, 1995): 1038–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m95-144.

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Fatty acid–methyl ester (FAME) and two-dimensional principal component analysis of 89 strains of Bradyrhizobium, most of which were from soybean, distinguished five groups of bradyrhizobia. These included one cluster containing several isolates previously designated as Bradyrhizobium elkanii, and two related clusters containing strains previously identified as belonging to Bradyrhizobium japonicum groups IA and IB. Not all of the organisms evaluated clustered with the B. japonicum and B. elkanii strains. A number of Bradyrhizobium strains isolated from soybean in Korea and northern Thailand had FAME profiles so different from the B. japonicum and B. elkanii strains as to warrant separation at the species level. A slow-growing isolate from Lupinus also had a FAME profile very different from those of the other bradyrhizobia. Results obtained in this study were generally in agreement with those obtained using other taxonomic approaches, suggesting that FAME analysis provides a relatively simple and reliable procedure for the initial characterization of Bradyrhizobium isolates.Key words: fatty acid analysis, Bradyrhizobium taxonomy, FAME analysis, strain identification.

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Putri, Anasthasia, and Asalil Mustain. "STUDI PEMILIHAN REAKTAN PADA PABRIK METIL ESTER SULFONAT (MES) DARI FATTY ACID METHYL ESTER (FAME)." Jurnal Chemurgy 4, no. 1 (July 19, 2020): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.30872/cmg.v4i1.4075.

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Perkembangan teknologi di Indonesia mengalami peningkatan yang signifikan seiring dengan berjalannya waktu, baik dalam hal kualitas maupun kuantitas. Perkembangan ini juga dialami oleh industri oleochemical. Seiring dengan bertambahnya penduduk, kebutuhan produk industri oleochemical terus meningkat. Salah satu produk yang dibutuhkan yaitu surfaktan yang banyak digunakan pada industri detergent, dimana salah satu jenis surfaktan anionik yaitu Metil Ester Sulfonat (MES). Proses pembuatan MES melalui beberapa tahap proses, meliputi proses sulfonasi, proses bleaching, proses netralisasi, dan proses pengeringan. Proses pembuatan MES dibedakan pada jenis reaktan yang digunakan pada proses sulfonasi. Pada proses sulfonasi, reaktan yang digunakan beupa oleum-H2SO4 atau SO3 direaksikan dengan Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). Reaktan SO3 lebih banyak digunakan karena mempunyai beberapa kelebihan, diantaranya dapat menghasilkan produk dengan yield tinggi serta bernilai ekonomis. Maka dari itu perlu dilakukannya pemilihan proses dalam pembuatan Metil Ester Sulfonat (MES). Pendirian pabrik Metil Ester Sulfonat (MES) dari Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) dipilih proses sulfonasi menggunakan reaktan SO3. Hal ini dikarenakan mempertimbangkan aspek teknis, operasi, dan ekonomis. Kata kunci: surfaktan anionik, methyl ester sulfonat, SO3

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Thangaraja, J., and S. Rajkumar. "Effect of Saturation and Unsaturation of Fatty Methyl Esters on Biodiesel NOx Emission Characteristics." Applied Mechanics and Materials 787 (August 2015): 766–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.787.766.

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Biodiesel is a renewable fuel and an attractive alternative to replace fossil diesel without major engine modifications. However, the emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) from biodiesel fuelled engines are reported to be higher compared to diesel engine. The characteristics of biodiesel are known to depend on their fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) contents which vary with the feedstock. Thus the contribution of saturation and unsaturation of pure components of fatty acid methyl esters on NOx formation warrants a systematic investigation. This paper attempts to relate the composition of biodiesel with NOx formation. For this purpose, the NO formation from pure fatty acid methyl esters are predicted using extended Zeldovich reaction scheme. Also, the experiments are conducted for measuring oxides of nitrogen from a compression ignition engine operated using neat palm and karanja methyl esters and their blends providing biodiesel combinations of varying degree of saturation for investigation. The measured NOx concentrations are compared with the corresponding predictions to affirm the influence of fatty acid methyl ester on engine NOx characteristics. The results clearly indicate that the change in degree of saturation influences the NOx formation and an increase in the degree of saturation of biodiesel decreases the engine NOx emission.

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Al-Sakkari, E. G., S. T. El-Sheltawy, A. Soliman, and I. Ismail. "Methanolysis of Low FFA Waste Vegetable Oil using Homogeneous Base Catalyst for Biodiesel Production: New Process Design." Journal of Advanced Chemical Sciences 4, no. 4 (November 21, 2018): 593–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.30799/jacs.196.18040401.

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Biodiesel is an alternative liquid biofuel consists of a mixture of methyl or ethyl esters. It can be produced through transesterification where low molecular weight alcohol (e.g. methanol or ethanol) reacts with lipid or fat (triglyceride) to produce biodiesel (fatty acid methyl ester FAME) and glycerol as a valuable byproduct. The most common method of biodiesel production is base catalyzed transesterification where alkaline material such as potassium hydroxide is used as a catalyst. This paper presents a suggested new process design of a biodiesel plant that treats about 24 tons/ day of low free fatty acids, FFA, waste vegetable oil and WVO.

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Tran, Viet Tan, Phung Thi Kim Le, Anh Tuan Pham, and Khoa Anh Tran. "Noncatalytic biodiesel synthesis from rubber seed oil via supercritical methanol and ethanol." Science and Technology Development Journal 19, no. 3 (September 30, 2016): 129–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v19i3.579.

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This paper reports the production of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) and fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs) by the transesterification reaction of rubber seed oil (RSO) in supercritical methanol and ethanol without using any catalyst. Experiment were carried out in a batch reactor, and reactions were studied at 260, 280, 300 and 320 oC at a pressure of 8.1-19 MPa with various mole ratios of ethanol – to - methanol from 0 to 100%. The extent of the reaction was explored using a convertibility parameter, which corresponds to the maximum ester content attainable from the feedstock. The highest FAME and FAEE contents achieved were 91.8 % and 86.4%, respectively. Results show that transesterification of RSO in methanol was more efficient than that in ethanol; the temperature had the strongest influence.

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Mierczynski, Pawel, Magdalena Mosińska, Lukasz Szkudlarek, Karolina Chalupka, Misa Tatsuzawa, Marwa Al Maskari, Waldemar Maniukiewicz, Satriyo K. Wahono, Krasimir Vasilev, and Malgorzata I. Szynkowska-Jozwik. "Biodiesel Production on Monometallic Pt, Pd, Ru, and Ag Catalysts Supported on Natural Zeolite." Materials 14, no. 1 (December 24, 2020): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14010048.

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Biodiesel production from rapeseed oil and methanol via transesterification reaction facilitated by various monometallic catalyst supported on natural zeolite (NZ) was investigated. The physicochemical characteristics of the synthesized catalysts were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method (BET), temperature-programmed-reduction in hydrogen (H2-TPR), temperature-programmed-desorption of ammonia (NH3-TPD), Scanning Electron Microscope equipped with EDX detector (SEM-EDS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) methods. The highest activity and methyl ester yields were obtained for the Pt/NZ catalyst. This catalyst showed the highest triglycerides conversion of 98.9% and fatty acids methyl esters yields of 94.6%. The activity results also confirmed the high activity of the carrier material (NZ) itself in the investigated reaction. Support material exhibited 90.5% of TG conversion and the Fatty Acid Methyl Esters yield (FAME) of 67.2%. Introduction of noble metals improves the TG conversion and FAME yield values. Increasing of the metal loading from 0.5 to 2 wt.% improves the reactivity properties of the investigated catalysts.

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Czerwik-Marcinkowska, Joanna, Katarzyna Gałczyńska, Jerzy Oszczudłowski, Andrzej Massalski, Jacek Semaniak, and Michał Arabski. "Fatty Acid Methyl Esters of the Aerophytic Cave Alga Coccomyxa subglobosa as a Source for Biodiesel Production." Energies 13, no. 24 (December 9, 2020): 6494. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13246494.

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The microscopic alga Coccomyxa subglobosa, collected from the Głowoniowa Nyża Cave (Tatra Mountains, Poland), is a source of fatty acids (FAs) that could be used for biodiesel production. FAs from subaerial algae have unlimited availability because of the ubiquity of algae in nature. Algal culture was carried out under laboratory conditions and algal biomass was measured during growth phase, resulting in 5 g of dry weight (32% oil). The fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profile was analyzed by means of gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The presence of lipids and chloroplasts in C. subglobosa was demonstrated using GC–MS and confocal laser microscopy. Naturally occurring FAMEs contained C12–C24 compounds, and methyl palmitate (28.5%) and methyl stearate (45%) were the predominant lipid species. Aerophytic algae could be an important component of biodiesel production, as they are omnipresent and environmentally friendly, contain more methyl esters than seaweed, and can be easily produced on a large scale.

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Ptak, Stefan, Wojciech Krasodomski, and Magdalena Żółty. "Improvement in Low-Temperature Properties of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters." Energies 15, no. 13 (June 21, 2022): 4536. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15134536.

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The European Union requirements related to the quality parameters for fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) are gathered in the standard EN 14214:2012 + A2:2019 that also includes reference to low-temperature properties. This paper presents studies on the obtaining of modified FAMEs, featuring improved low-temperature properties. Investigated fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were subjected to a solvent dewaxing process with a methyl ethyl ketone and the mixture of methyl ethyl ketone—Toluene. It was found that the application of a process carried out under conditions similar to solvent dewaxing, used as a standard procedure for oils dewaxing and slack waxes of petroleum origin deoiling usually used in refinery industrial installations, allows us to achieve the intended goal. The modification of three different types of FAME by the dewaxing process with MEK-TOL and MEK solvents allows for the improvement of low-temperature properties of the obtained modified FAME, consistent in obtaining reduced cloud points, flow points and CFPP. The tests of fatty acid profiles show a clear increase in the content of glycerides of saturated acids in the separated sludge, as compared to the charges from the dewaxing process, which confirms that the selectivity of the dewaxing process is maintained for the atypical raw material, which are fatty acid methyl esters.

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Kim, Jae-Kon, Cheol-Hwan Jeon, Hyung Lee, Young-Kwon Park, Kyong-il Min, In-ha Hwang, and Young-Min Kim. "Effect of Accelerated High Temperature on Oxidation and Polymerization of Biodiesel from Vegetable Oils." Energies 11, no. 12 (December 17, 2018): 3514. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11123514.

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Oxidation of biodiesel (BD) obtained from the decomposition of biomass can damage the fuel injection and engine parts during its use as a fuel. The excess heating of vegetable oils can also cause polymerization of the biodiesel. The extent of BD oxidation depends on its fatty acid composition. In this study, an accelerated oxidation test of BDs at 95 °C was investigated according to ASTM D 2274 by applying a long-term storage test for 16 weeks. The density, viscosity, and total acid number (TAN) of BDs increased because of the accelerated oxidation. Furthermore, the contents of unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), C18:2 ME, and C18:3 ME in BDs decreased due to the accelerated oxidation. The 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of BDs that were obtained from the accelerated high temperature oxidation at 180 °C for 72 h differed from that of fresh BDs. The mass spectrum obtained from the analysis of the model FAME, linoleic acid (C18:2) methyl ester, which was oxidized at high temperature, indicated the formation of dimers and epoxy dimers of linoleic acid (C18:2) methyl ester by a Diels-Alder reaction.

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Namwong, Sureerat, and Vittaya Punsuvon. "Biodiesel Production from Used Vegetable Oil Using Ethanol and Sodium Methoxide Catalyst." Key Engineering Materials 723 (December 2016): 551–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.723.551.

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Biodiesel is derived from triglycerides by transesterification with methanol or ethanol. In this study, used vegetable oil was transesterified with ethanol using sodium methoxide as catalyst. Parameter affecting the process transesterification were investigated follow this detail. The effects of catalyst to oil volume ratio (3-7:100 %v/v), ethanol to oil volume ratio (20-40:100 %v/v), reaction temperature (55-70 °C) and reaction time (15-90 min.) on the percentage conversion of fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE) and fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). The FAEE and FAME conversion were detected by 1H-NMR. The result showed that the maximum percentages at 84 % of FAEE and 16 % of FAME were obtained. These conversions were obtained at the catalyst to oil volume ratio of 4:100 %v/v, ethanol to oil volume ratio of 35:100 %v/v, temperature of 65 °C and reaction time of 75 min. The properties of mixed FAEE and FAME biodiesel were within the limits of EN standard. The confirmation result by 1H-NMR and ATR-FTIR also indicated the conversion of used vegetable oil into biodiesel.

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Hiwot, Tsegay. "Investigation of the Chemical Composition, Characterization and Determination of Energy Content for Renewable Energy Source (Biodiesel) Produced from Non-Edible Ethiopian Seeds’ Particularly Castor Seed (Ricinus communis) Using Homogeneous Catalysis." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 37 (August 2014): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.37.63.

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Biodiesel is a clean, renewable, biodegradable, environmentally benign, energy efficient and diesel substituent fuel used in diesel engine. It provides a feasible solution to the twin crises of fossil fuel depletion and environmental pollution. It is produced from renewable sources such as vegetable oils or animal fats by trans-esterification. Although this fuel has gained worldwide recognition for many years, it is not being widely commercialized like petroleum diesel in the world, not widely produced and used especially in our country Ethiopia. Analysis of fatty acid methyl ester composition of the biodiesel produced from castor oil was done with the help of GC-MS and 8 fatty acid methyl esters were identified. Acid and base catalyzed methods were used in the synthesis of biodiesel from castor seed oil. In addition to this the variables that affect the amount of methyl ester yield were determined and an optimum of 96.7 % fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) conversion was obtained at a methanol to oil molar ratio of 6:1, 1.0 % mass NaOH, 65 °C reaction temperature and 3 hour reaction time. The energy content of the oil and biodiesel were 39 MJ/Kg and 40.7 MJ/ Kg respectively which is determined by bomb calorimeter. Other physicochemical properties of the biodiesel were determined and all these lie within the ASTM and EN biodiesel standards except kinematic viscosity. Therefore, castor seed oil methyl ester could be used as an alternative energy resource in diesel engine by blending with petroleum diesel.

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Hiwot, Tsegay. "Investigation of the Chemical Composition, Characterization and Determination of Energy Content for Renewable Energy Source (Biodiesel) Produced from Non-Edible Ethiopian Seeds’ Particularly Castor Seed (<i>Ricinus communis</i>) Using Homogeneous Catalysis." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 37 (August 6, 2014): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-276aia.

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Biodiesel is a clean, renewable, biodegradable, environmentally benign, energy efficient and diesel substituent fuel used in diesel engine. It provides a feasible solution to the twin crises of fossil fuel depletion and environmental pollution. It is produced from renewable sources such as vegetable oils or animal fats by trans-esterification. Although this fuel has gained worldwide recognition for many years, it is not being widely commercialized like petroleum diesel in the world, not widely produced and used especially in our country Ethiopia. Analysis of fatty acid methyl ester composition of the biodiesel produced from castor oil was done with the help of GC-MS and 8 fatty acid methyl esters were identified. Acid and base catalyzed methods were used in the synthesis of biodiesel from castor seed oil. In addition to this the variables that affect the amount of methyl ester yield were determined and an optimum of 96.7 % fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) conversion was obtained at a methanol to oil molar ratio of 6:1, 1.0 % mass NaOH, 65 °C reaction temperature and 3 hour reaction time. The energy content of the oil and biodiesel were 39 MJ/Kg and 40.7 MJ/ Kg respectively which is determined by bomb calorimeter. Other physicochemical properties of the biodiesel were determined and all these lie within the ASTM and EN biodiesel standards except kinematic viscosity. Therefore, castor seed oil methyl ester could be used as an alternative energy resource in diesel engine by blending with petroleum diesel.

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Mohd Alias, Nor Saadah, Harumi Veny, Fazlena Hamzah, and Noorhaliza Aziz. "Effect of Free Fatty Acid Pretreatment to Yield, Composition and Activation Energy in Chemical Synthesis of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 19, no. 3 (May 29, 2019): 592. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.34492.

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Transesterification of waste cooking oil (WCO) for fatty acid methyl ester synthesis using calcium oxide (CaO) as a catalyst with absence and presence of free fatty acid (FFA) pretreatment (untreated and pretreated) prior to reaction have been investigated. The preliminary study was started from theoretical stoichiometric amount molar ratio of methanol to oil. This preliminary experiment showed that indeed, in transesterification with the chemical catalyst the molar ratio of methanol to oil should be exceeding the theoretical stoichiometric molar ratio, due to the fast reversible reaction. The highest FAME content of 81% was achieved at a temperature of 75 °C with pretreated FFA. The composition of methyl ester with pretreated FFA was affected by temperature, where increasing temperature leads to increasing of methyl oleate as major methyl ester in the product. The relation of temperature dependence was further studied by Arrhenius law correlation. It is shown that activation energy was affected by pretreatment of fatty acid. The activation energy (Ea) of transesterification with untreated and pretreated free fatty acid were found as ± 16 kJ/mol and ± 68 kJ/mol, respectively. Unlike untreated FFA, the Ea of transesterification with pretreated FFA was within the range of activation energy for transesterification for the base catalyst. This study showed that methyl ester synthesis was best obtained when FFA was pretreated prior to transesterification. In addition, WCO is a potential feedstock for biodiesel production since it is biodegradable, economic, environmentally friendly and abundantly available.

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Manivannan, R., and C. Karthikeyan. "Synthesis of Biodiesel from Neem Oil Using Mg-Al Nano Hydrotalcite." Advanced Materials Research 678 (March 2013): 268–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.678.268.

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Abstract Methyl ester of fatty acids, derived from vegetable oils or animal fats are known as biodiesel. The most common method of biodiesel production is transesterification (alcoholysis) of oil (triglycerides) with methanol in the presence of a catalyst which gives biodiesel (fatty acid methyl esters, FAME) and glycerol (by product). In this work, an environmentally benign process for the methanolysis of neem oil to methyl esters using Mg–Al nano hydrotalcites as solid base catalysts in a heterogeneous manner was developed. The effect of the reaction temperature, reaction time, catalyst amount, and methanol /oil molar ratio on the Mg-Al nano hydrotalcite was analyzed. The nano catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM). Biodiesel produced from the neem oil by using Mg-Al nano hydrotalcite catalyst was analyzed by gas chromatography.

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Hocko, Marián, Samer Al-Rabeei, and Martina Koščáková. "Effects of FAME Biofuel and Jet A-1 Aviation Kerosene Blends on the Operating Characteristics of Aircraft Jet Engines." Applied Sciences 13, no. 2 (January 11, 2023): 971. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13020971.

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The article investigates the possibilities for the miscibility and practical use of different concentrations of biofuel rapeseed fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) with aviation kerosene Jet A-1 (or aviation kerosene PL-7 used in the Air Force of the Slovak Republic) in aircraft jet engines. The main objective of this research was the experimental verification of the technical possibilities of reliable operation of the experimental engine SJE-20 in a special laboratory of small jet engines using different concentrations of the mixture of aviation kerosene Jet A-1 and biofuel FAME and their influence on the selected operating parameters of the experimental engine. The motivation for this research is the desire to replace conventional aviation fuels with fuels that can be obtained from renewable sources. Investigation of the possibilities of powering the experimental SJE-20 engine with a mixture of traditional aviation kerosene Jet A-1 (PL-7) and rapeseed fatty acid methyl ester FAME was the subject of the internal project BIOFUEL (Biofuel for Aviation).

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Mcheik, Ali, Akram Hijazi, Hicham Diab, and Ahmad Shamseddine. "Hydroboration of Methyl Esters of Fatty Acids." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 6 (February 28, 2017): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n6p323.

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Hydroboration addition reactions of a boron atom, and hydrogen over unsaturated, have been widely studied. They have excellent access routes to organoborans which have proven to be a very useful synthetic intermediate (Brown et al.; Matteson, 1987; Smith, 1994). The bill might be on one or other of the two carbons of the unsaturation. It is carried out preferentially along the least congested carbon (anti-Markownikov addition). This regioselectivity can be changed against steric effects (Brown & Zweifel, 1960; Brown & Sharp, 1968; Brown et al., 1974). The existence of two active sites in methyl esters of fatty acids, FAME: the carbon-carbon unsaturation and the ester, make their hydroboration reactions more difficult to achieve. However, it has been demonstrated that reducing the ester groups is much slower than that of olefins (Brown & Keblys, 1964). By using suitable operating conditions, it is possible to limit this secondary reaction and to obtain a selective reaction of carboncarbon double bond (Fore & Bickford, 1959). Others have protecting ester function by a silyl group in order to have a single reactive site (Kabalka & Bierer, 1989).

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Eller, Fred J. "Interference by Methyl Levulinate in Determination of Total Fat in Low-Fat,High-Sugar Products by Gas Chromatographic Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (GC-FAME) Analysis." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 82, no. 3 (May 1, 1999): 766–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/82.3.766.

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Abstract Gas chromatographic fatty acid methyl ester (GC FAME) analyses of some acid-hydrolyzed foods revealed a large peak that did not correspond to any FAME standards. The unknown peak eluted just after the C12 FAME. If the fatty acid response factor and the conversion factor for the nearest calibrated peak (C12 FAME) were used to determine the total fat, the resulting total fat determination was much higher than expected. This peak was present only in acid-hydrolyzed samples and was absent in extracts obtained with supercritical CO2 or solvents without acid hydrolysis. The compound was isolated, analyzed by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and proved by synthesis to be methyl-4-oxopentanoate (methyl levulinate). Its source was determined to be sugar in the product formula. Levulinic acid is produced by acid hydrolysis of sugar and is transesterified by BF3 in methanolto methyl levulinate. Although methyl levulinate may appear in the GC analyses of any acid-hydrolyzed products containing sugar, if the ratio of fat to sugar is high, the impact of methyl levulinate on fat determination would be small. Onthe other hand, the presence of methyl levulinate in analyses of low-fat, high-sugar prod ucts is potentially problematic if not recognized, al though GC analysis can account for the presence of this compound.

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Arguelles, Eldrin De Los Reyes. "NITROGEN STARVATION INDUCED LIPID ACCUMULATION BY Chlorococcum infusionum (EAU-10) AS POTENTIAL RENEWABLE SOURCE OF LIPID FOR BIODIESEL PRODUCTION." Journal of microbiology, biotechnology and food sciences 11, no. 5 (April 1, 2022): e1931. http://dx.doi.org/10.55251/jmbfs.1931.

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Microalgae are organisms effective of accumulating high quantity of industrially important lipids with promising characteristics as an excellent feedstock for biodiesel production. This study assess the possibility of using a green microalga, Chlorococcum infusionum (EAU-10) for biodiesel production by evaluating the growth characteristic, lipid yield and fatty acid profile of the microalga cultivated at varying concentrations of nitrogen source (0.375 - 1.50 g L-1 NaNO3). High lipid accumulation was observed in nitrogen-starved cultivation condition (0.375 g L-1 NaNO3) after 23 days of growth. Maximum biomass concentration of Chlorococcum infusionum (EAU-10) under nitrogen starved condition is 0.577 ± 0.003 g L−1 with 21.26% oil content per dry weight of algal biomass and lipid productivity of 22.08 mg L−1 day−1. Nitrogen starvation caused an increase in the total oil content and a decrease in biomass production of the microalga. Profiling of fatty acids of the obtained algal biodiesel shows methyl palmitate (C16:0) and methyl nonadecanoate (C19:0) contribute to almost 70% of Chlorococcum infusionum (EAU-10) fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) profile. Overall, a total of 74.58% of saturated fatty acid (SAFA) methyl ester content is present in the algal lipid, which is exceedingly high in contrast to other similar studies. Analysis of C. infusionum FAME profile in relation to some important fuel properties showed that the algal oil has the potential to produce biodiesel with excellent fuel qualities.

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Gunawan, Melia Laniwati, IGBN Makertihartha, and Subagjo Subagjo. "Kinetika Reaksi Hidrogenasi Ester Lemak Menjadi Alkohol Lemak Dengan Katalis Tembaga- Mangan." Indo. J. Chem. Res. 8, no. 1 (May 31, 2020): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598/10.30598//ijcr.2020.8-mel.

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Fatty alcohol (FAOH) can be produced by hydrogenating of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) using the copper-based catalyst. Copper-Chrom (Cu-Cr) is the best catalyst for high-pressure reaction condition, which is copper (Cu) as the main active component and chrom (Cr) as a promoter. Since Cr is feared to be toxic, one of the best replacement candidates is manganese (Mn). The research aims is to find the kinetic equation of hydrogenation FAME to FAOH using a Cu-Mn commercial catalyst. FAME with methyl laurate and methyl myristate as the main compounds is used as feedstock. The main products are lauryl alcohol and myristyl alcohol. The reaction was carried out in an isothermal continuous fixed bed reactor under conditions of temperature 220 – 240 oC, pressure 50 bar, and liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV) 5-12.5 hr-1. The kinetic equation is determined using the power law model. The FAME hydrogenation on copper - manganese catalyst is the half order reaction. The activation energy value is 86.32 kJ/mol and the Arrhenius constant value is 5.87x106 M0.5/s.

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Wallis, Christopher M., Daniel P. Lawrence, Renaud Travadon, and Kendra Baumgartner. "Characterization of grapevine fungal canker pathogens Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) profiles." Mycologia 114, no. 1 (December 10, 2021): 203–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00275514.2021.1983396.

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Schutter, Mary E., and Richard P. Dick. "Comparison of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) Methods for Characterizing Microbial Communities." Soil Science Society of America Journal 64, no. 5 (September 2000): 1659–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2000.6451659x.

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Haznedaroğlu, Berat Z., and Metin Duran. "PREDICTING SOURCES OF FECAL POLLUTION USING FATTY ACID METHYL ESTER (FAME) PROFILING." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2005, no. 3 (January 1, 2005): 634–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864705783966882.

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Wan Ab Rashid, Wan Norita, Yoshimitsu Uemura, Katsuki Kusakabe, Noridah Binti Osman, and Bawadi Abdullah. "Biodiesel Production from Palm Oil in a Millichannel Reactor." Applied Mechanics and Materials 465-466 (December 2013): 232–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.465-466.232.

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Transesterification of palm oil with methanol using a potassium hydroxide (KOH) catalyst to form fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) commercially known as biodiesel was performed in a millichannel reactor. In this study, a transparent Teflon tubular reactor with the inner diameter of 1.59 mm at 60 °C was carried out to produce FAME. Residence time was changed by changing the tube length and flow rate. The residence time of 69 s is required to achieve more than 88% of ester content. The relationship between ester content and flow pattern was also investigated.

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Larkin, Robert P., and Carol L. Groves. "Identification and Characterization of Isolates of Phytophthora infestans Using Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) Profiles." Plant Disease 87, no. 10 (October 2003): 1233–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2003.87.10.1233.

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The utility of fatty acid profiles for characterization and differentiation of isolates of P. infestans was investigated. Two libraries of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles (one representing average genotype characteristics and one representing individual isolate characteristics) were established from at least eight replicate samples of each of 25 different isolates of P. infestans, including representative isolates of US-1, US-6, US-7, US-8, US-11, US-14, and US-17 genotypes. These libraries then were used to identify and characterize additional unknown isolates. Fatty acid profile characteristics also were compared with cultural and genetic characteristics of the isolates. FAME profiles for isolates of P. infestans were consistent over multiple extractions and distinctly different from profiles for isolates of other Phytophthora species, such as P. capsici and P. erythroseptica, as well as isolates of Pythium spp. and various other fungal groups. Overall, profiles from different isolates within the same genotype shared similar characteristics, although there was overlap among some genotypes. Incubation temperature, growth medium, and prolonged storage on agar media all significantly affected fatty acid profiles; however, when these conditions were kept constant, profiles were distinct, consistent, and reproducible over time. Isolate profiles were sufficiently specific that individual isolates could be distinctly identified by FAME profiles. In general, individual isolate characteristics were more determinant than genotype group characteristics, although genotype could be determined for most isolates tested. Results indicated that FAME profiles can be an additional tool useful for characterizing isolates and populations of P. infestans.

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Horman, I., H. Traitler, and J. Aeschlimann. "A fatty acid methyl ester (FAMES) analyzer." Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 12, no. 5 (May 1989): 308–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240120514.

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Purkan, Purkan, Ersalina Nidianti, Abdulloh Abdulloh, Abdillah Safa, Wiwin Retnowati, Wiwie Soemarjati, Hamida Nurlaila, and Seung Wook Kim. "Biodiesel Production by Lipids From Indonesian strain of Microalgae Chlorella vulgaris." Open Chemistry 17, no. 1 (October 29, 2019): 919–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/chem-2019-0102.

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AbstractThe fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) production from Chlorella vulgaris has been studied by sequential investigation such as microalgae culturing, lipid extraction, and lipid conversion to FAME. The C. vulgaris could grow well in the BG-11 medium and had a doubling time 3.7 days for its growth using inocula 16% (v/v). The optimum of dry cell biomass as 11.6 g/L was obtained after the microalgae culture harvested for 6 days. Lipid extraction from the biomass was carried out in various solvents and ultrasonication power, resulted lipid as 31% (w/w) when extracted with a mixed solvent of n-hexane-ethanol in ratio 1:1 and ultrasonication treatment at power 25 kHz/270W for 30 min. The lipid then converted to FAME through transesterification reaction with methanol using H2SO4 catalyst at 45ºC for 2 h, and resulted FAME with area 32.26% in GC-MS analysis. The area was corresponded to FAME output as 13.68% (w/w). Fatty acid profiles of FAME obtained from GC-MS analysis showed the major peaks of fatty acids found in Chlorella vulgaris were palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0) and margaric acid (C17:0), and nonadecanoic acid (C19:0). Optimization of the transesterification reaction will be developed in future to improve the FAME product.

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Abdullah, Nor Hazwani, and Sulaiman Hassan. "Identification of Methyl Ester Content from Waste Cooking Oil Using Gas Chromatographic Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 660 (October 2014): 297–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.660.297.

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Waste cooking oil has always been an environment problem in food factories and one method of effect disposing this oil without effecting the environment is to convert it to fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) using small scale pilot plant. The conversion of waste cooking oil with sodium hydroxide as a catalyst in conversional process at 22kHz speed. The reaction of time, molar ratio, speed, catalyst and amount of catalyst will be effect in FAME quality. The quality of biodiesel define is total ester content using gas chromatography. Gas chromatography analysis is a one of technique for identification and quantitation of compounds in a biodiesel sample. From biodiesel sample can identification of contaminants and fatty acid methyl ester. In this research biodiesel sample were analyses using a gas chromatography-flame ionization detector ( Perkin Elmer GC Model Clarus 500) equipped with a DB-5 HT capillary column ( 0.53mm x 5 m) J&W Scientific. The analytic conditions for ester content were as follow by: column temperature used 2100C, temperature flame ionization detector (FID) of 2500C, pressure of 80kPa, flow carrier gas of 1ml/min, temperature injector of 2500C, split flow rate of 50ml/min, time for analysis 20 minute and volume injected of 1 μl. The ester content (C), expresses as a mass fraction in present using formula (EN 14103, 2003a) calculation. Conversion of triglyceride (TG) to FAME using conversional process obtained 96.54 % w.t with methanol to oil molar ratio 6:1, 1%w.t acid sulphuric and 1% w.t sodium hydroxide catalyst.

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Mitra, Soupayan, P. K. Bose, and Sudipta Choudhury. "Mathematical Modeling for the Prediction of Fuel Properties of Biodiesel from their FAME Composition." Key Engineering Materials 450 (November 2010): 157–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.450.157.

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The mono-alkyl esters of vegetable oils or animal fats, known as biodiesel have received significant attention as an alternative diesel fuel. In the present study fuel properties like viscosity, density and High Heat Value (HHV) of ten biodiesels namely Corn, Cottonseed, Linseed, Rapeseed, Safflower, Soybean, Sunflower, Mahua, Jatropha and Palm are predicted using their FAME ( Fatty Acid Methyl Ester) composition by regression analysis and the results obtained are compared and found to be in good agreement with reported literature values.

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Manthey, Frank A., Edward F. Szelezniak, Zbigniew M. Anyszka, and John D. Nalewaja. "Foliar Absorption and Phytotoxicity of Quizalofop with Lipid Compounds." Weed Science 40, no. 4 (December 1992): 558–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500058136.

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Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of triglycerides, free fatty acids (FFA), and fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) on the foliar absorption, translocation, and phytotoxicity of quizalofop. Absorption, translocation, and phytotoxicity of quizalofop in oats were greater when quizalofop was applied with FFA or FAME than with their respective triglycerides. Triglycerides and FFA generally enhanced quizalofop absorption and translocation more when they contained unsaturated than saturated fatty acids. Methylation of the fatty acids reduced differences among fatty acids, but methyl stearate and methyl linolenate enhanced absorption of quizalofop less than the other FAME for oats and yellow foxtail. Quizalofop absorption and phytotoxicity to oats were greater when applied with sunflower oil, sunflower oil FFA, and sunflower oil FAME than with the corresponding linseed oil derivatives. Emulsifier generally reduced differences between linseed oil and sunflower oil derivatives in their enhancement of absorption, translocation, and phytotoxicity of quizalofop.

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Awogbemi, Omojola, Freddie Inambao, and Emmanuel I. Onuh. "Optimization of FAME composition for improved engine performance and emissions reduction." International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies 15, no. 4 (May 25, 2020): 583–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijlct/ctaa027.

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Abstract Continuous application of biodiesel as an alternative fuel for compression ignition (CI) engines has necessitated the need to unearth an optimal mix to enhance engine performance and mitigated emissions. This particular work employed a numerical approach to solve linear equations generated for biodiesel properties using fatty acid (FA) composition for the determination of an optimal fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) candidate. Transesterification of waste vegetable oil employed to experimentally produce the FAME candidate generated through numerical intervention. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometer analysis of the resulting FAME revealed that the type of used vegetable oil, the food the oil was used to fry and catalyst particle size influenced the FA composition of the FAME. Numerical evaluation of the objective function and the constraints yielded a FAME candidate with palmitic and oleic acids at 36.4% and 59.8%, respectively. The outcome of this research indicates that two FA compositions are enough to describe optimized FAME candidate for better engine performance and reduced emissions of an unmodified CI engine.

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Areesirisuk, Atsdawut, Chiu Hsia Chiu, Tsair Bor Yen, and Jia Hsin Guo. "Direct Methanolysis of Oleaginous Yeast Biomass (Pseudozyma parantarctica) to Microbial Biodiesel." Key Engineering Materials 753 (August 2017): 259–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.753.259.

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In this study, intracellular lipids of a novel oleaginous biomass of P. parantarctica were converted to biodiesel directly using simple acid catalyst methanolysis. The optimum condition of this method was investigated. Under optimum conditions (0.1 M H2SO4, 10 h reaction time, 65°C reaction temperature, and 1:20 (w/v) biomass-to-methanol ratio), the yield of crude biodiesel was 93.18 ± 2.09% based on total cellular lipids. The composition of crude biodiesel was C16:C18 fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) for 91.91%. Especially, the C18:1 methyl ester was the main FAME (47.10%). In addition, the result showed that this technique could produce the microbial biodiesel from biomass containing high free fatty acids (FFAs) without soap formation. The predicted cetane number and kinematic viscosity of biodiesel were characterized according to ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards. Our results indicated that this process produces a good quality biodiesel. Moreover, it can decrease the manufacturing costs of microbial biodiesel production from oleaginous yeast biomass without cell disruption and lipid extraction.

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Ion, Sabina, Florentina Olănescu, Florina Teodorescu, Robert Tincu, Daniela Gheorghe, Vasile I. Pârvulescu, and Mădălina Tudorache. "DES-Based Biocatalysis as a Green Alternative for the l-menthyl Ester Production Based on l-menthol Acylation." Molecules 27, no. 16 (August 18, 2022): 5273. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27165273.

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The deep eutectic solvent (DES)-based biocatalysis of l-menthol acylation was designed for the production of fatty acid l-menthyl ester (FME) using fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). The biocatalytic reaction was assisted by a lipase enzyme in the DES reaction medium. ւՒ-menthol and fatty acids (e.g., CA—caprylic acid; OA—oleic acid; LiA—linoleic acid; and LnA—linolenic acid) were combined in the binary mixture of DES. In this way, the DES provided a nonpolar environment for requested homogeneity of a biocatalytic system with reduced impact on the environment. The screening of lipase enzyme demonstrated better performance of immobilized lipase compared with powdered lipase. The performance of the biocatalytic system was evaluated for different DES compositions (type and concentration of the acid component). l-menthol:CA = 73:27 molar ratio allowed it to reach a maximum conversion of 95% methyl lauric ester (MLE) using a NV (Candida antarctica lipase B immobilized on acrylic resin) lipase biocatalyst. The recyclability of biocatalysts under optimum conditions of the system was also evaluated (more than 80% recovered biocatalytic activity was achieved for the tested biocatalysts after five reaction cycles). DES mixtures were characterized based on differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and refractive index analysis.

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Permpool, Napapat, Hafiz Usman Ghani, and Shabbir H. Gheewala. "An In-Depth Environmental Sustainability Analysis of Conventional and Advanced Bio-Based Diesels in Thailand." Sustainability 12, no. 22 (November 12, 2020): 9415. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12229415.

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Thailand has been implementing its Alternative Energy Development Plan aiming to replace 20–25% of fossil fuels with locally produced biofuels by 2036. The partial substitution of fossil diesel with fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) derived from palm oil is one of the major options but blending beyond 20% of FAME is a concern for use in conventional diesel engines. This problem has led to the consideration of other bio-based diesels also derived from palm oil; namely, partially hydrogenated fatty acid methyl ester (H-FAME) and bio-hydrogenated diesel (BHD). This study performed a comparative life cycle assessment of various bio-based diesels using the ReCiPe life cycle impact assessment method. The results showed that in comparison to fossil diesel, bio-based diesels have superior performance for global warming and fossil resource scarcity, but an inferior performance for eutrophication, terrestrial acidification, human toxicity, and land use. Considering the collective environmental damages, BHD performed the worst for human health, and all the bio-based diesels showed poor performance for ecosystem quality, while diesel showed poor performance for resource availability. Among the bio-based diesel products, BHD has higher environmental burdens than FAME and H-FAME. Improvements have been suggested to enhance the environmental performance of the bio-based diesels.

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Nawabi, Parwez, Stefan Bauer, Nikos Kyrpides, and Athanasios Lykidis. "Engineering Escherichia coli for Biodiesel Production Utilizing a Bacterial Fatty Acid Methyltransferase." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77, no. 22 (September 16, 2011): 8052–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.05046-11.

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ABSTRACTThe production of low-cost biofuels in engineered microorganisms is of great interest due to the continual increase in the world's energy demands. Biodiesel is a renewable fuel that can potentially be produced in microbes cost-effectively. Fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) are a common component of biodiesel and can be synthesized from either triacylglycerol or free fatty acids (FFAs). Here we report the identification of a novel bacterial fatty acid methyltransferase (FAMT) that catalyzes the formation of FAMEs and 3-hydroxyl fatty acid methyl esters (3-OH-FAMEs) from the respective free acids andS-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet). FAMT exhibits a higher specificity toward 3-hydroxy free fatty acids (3-OH-FFAs) than FFAs, synthesizing 3-hydroxy fatty acid methyl esters (3-OH-FAMEs)in vivo. We have also identified bacterial members of the fatty acyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) thioesterase (FAT) enzyme family with distinct acyl chain specificities. These bacterial FATs exhibit increased specificity toward 3-hydroxyacyl-ACP, generating 3-OH-FFAs, which can subsequently be utilized by FAMTs to produce 3-OH-FAMEs. PhaG (3-hydroxyacyl ACP:coenzyme A [CoA] transacylase) constitutes an alternative route to 3-OH-FFA synthesis; the coexpression of PhaG with FAMT led to the highest level of accumulation of 3-OH-FAMEs and FAMEs. The availability of AdoMet, the second substrate for FAMT, is an important factor regulating the amount of methyl esters produced by bacterial cells. Our results indicate that the deletion of the global methionine regulatormetJand the overexpression of methionine adenosyltransferase result in increased methyl ester synthesis.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME)'

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