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1
Gören, Ahmet C., Gökhan Bilsel, Mehmet Altun, and Fatih Satıl. "Fatty Acid Composition of Seeds of Satureja thymbra and S. cuneifolia." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 58, no. 7-8 (August 1, 2003): 502–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2003-7-810.
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Abstract The chemical composition of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) from seeds of S. thymbra and S. cuneifolia were analyzed by GC/MS. 7 FAMEs were identified from the seeds of S. thymbra mainly as 9-octadecenoic acid methyl ester (43.9%), hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (11.4%), 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid methyl ester (Z,Z,Z) (30.2%), and octadecanoic acid methyl ester (14.1%), while from the seed of S. cuneifolia 10 FAMEs were obtained with the main components, similar to S. thymbra. These were identified as 9-octadecenoic acid methyl ester (10.1%), hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (methyl palmitate, 34.6%), 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid methyl ester (Z,Z,Z) (6.3%) and octadecanoic acid methyl ester (1.8%).
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Makalalag, Ardi Kurniawan, Anton Muis, and Nicolas Tumbel. "Karakteristik Fisikokimia dan Identifikasi Komposisi Asam Lemak Minyak Testa Kelapa [Physicochemical Characteristics and Identification of Fatty Acid Composition Coconut Testa Oil]." Buletin Palma 21, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/bp.v21n2.2020.81-87.
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<p>Testa is a byproduct of the coconut flour industrial processing process and has not been used optimally. Testa is the outer layer of coconut flesh which is brown. peeled with a thickness of about 2mm, dried, and taken the oil. The purpose of this study was to see the potential that can be processed from coconut testa by identifying the physical and chemical properties of testa oil and to determine the composition of its fatty acid content. The research was carried out in 2019 and carried out at the Manado Industrial Research and Standardization Center Laboratory. The results showed a water content value of 0.2148%; free fatty acids 2.02%; the peroxide number is 0.4107 Mek O2/Kg; iodine number 14.452 g iodine/100g; and the saponin number 258.46 mg KOH/g. The results of testing the fatty acid composition of testa oil using a Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) tool were obtained, eight types of fatty acids consisting of medium-chain fatty acids and long-chain fatty acids, with the most dominant percentage being Lauric acid methyl ester (C12 - Lauric acid) of 41.59% which is a group of medium-chain fatty acids. Overall, the fatty acids obtained are Caprylic acid methyl ester (C8 - caprylic acid) 5.43%, Capric acid methyl ester (C10 - capric acid) 4.68%, Lauric acid methyl ester (C12 - lauric acid) 41, 59%, Myristic acid methyl ester (C14 - myristic acid) 18.87%, Palmitic acid methyl ester (C16 - palmitic acid) 11.87%, Linoleic acid methyl ester (C18 - linoleic acid) 1.67%, Oleic acid methyl ester (C18 - oleic acid) 11.88%, Stearic acid methyl ester (C20 - stearic acid) 4.01%. The results obtained show that coconut testa oil has the potential to be developed into functional food, cosmetic and pharmaceuticals products .</p><p align="center"><strong>ABSTRAK</strong></p><p>Testa adalah produk samping dari proses pengolahan industri tepung kelapa, dan belum dimanfaatkan secara optimal. Testa merupakan lapisan luar daging buah kelapa yang berwarna coklat. dikupas dengan ketebalan sekitar 2mm, dikeringkan dan dikeluarkan minyaknya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk melihat potensi yang dapat diolah dari testa kelapa dengan cara mengidentifikasi sifat fisik dan kimia dari minyak testa dan untuk mengetahui komposisi kandungan asam lemaknya. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada tahun 2019 dan dilakukan di Laboratorium Balai Riset dan Standardisasi Industri Manado. Hasil penelitian diperoleh nilai kadar air 0,2148%; asam lemak bebas 2,02%; bilangan peroksida sebesar 0,4107 Mek O<sub>2</sub>/Kg; bilangan iod 14,452 g iod/100g; dan bilangan penyabunan 258,46 mg KOH/g. Hasil pengujian komposisi asam lemak minyak testa menggunakan alat <em>Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry</em> (<em>GCMS</em>) diperoleh, delapan jenis asam lemak penyusun yang terdiri dari asam lemak rantai medium dan asam lemak rantai Panjang, dengan persentase yang paling dominan adalah Lauric acid methyl ester (C12 – Asam laurat) sebesar 41,59% yang merupakan golongan dari asam lemak rantai medium. Secara keseluruhan asam lemak yang diperoleh adalah, Caprylic acid methyl ester (C8 – asam kaprilat) 5,43%, Capric acid methyl ester (C10 – asam kaprat) 4,68%, Lauric acid methyl ester (C12 – asam laurat) 41,59%, Myristic acid methil ester (C14 – asam miristat) 18,87%, Palmitic acid methyl ester (C16 – asam palmitat) 11,87%, Linoleic acid methyl ester (C18 – asam linoleat) 1,67%, Oleic acid methyl ester (C18 – asam oleat) 11,88%, Stearic acid methil ester (C20 – asam stearat) 4,01%. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan minyak testa kelapa memiliki potensi yang dapat dikembangkan menjadi produk pangan fungsional, kosmetik, maupun farmasi.</p>
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Tebayashi, Shin-ichi, Takuya Kawahara, Chul-Sa Kim, Akinori Nishi, Keiichi Takahashi, Akihiro Miyanoshita, and Michiro Horiike. "Feeding Stimulants Eliciting the Probing Behavior for Peregrinator biannulipes Montrouzier et Signore (Hemiptera: Ruduviidae) from Tribolium confusum (Jacquelin du Val)." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 58, no. 3-4 (April 1, 2003): 295–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2003-3-426.
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Four fatty acid methyl esters identified in the solvent extract of Tribolium confusum (Jacquelin du Val) larvae as kairomones were individually and collectively tested for probing behavior of Peregrinator biannulipes Montrouzier et Signoret. All identified fatty acid methyl eaters, methyl palmitate, methyl linolate, methyl oleate and methyl stearate, exhibited characterisitic kairomonal probing behavior of P. biannulipe toward the lure. These fatty acid methyl ester were active at 0.2 μg/lure but a synergistic effect was not observed among them. Commercially available C8-C14 even-numbered fatty acid methyl esters that were not detected in the extract of T. confusum larvae also elicited a probing behavior but their activities were weaker than those of four fatty acid methyl ester (C16:0, C18:0, C18:1 and C18:2) identified in the extract. On the other hand, C17 and C19 odd-numbered fatty acid methyl esters did not show any activity at all.
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Jamshaid, M., H. H. Masjuki, M. A. Kalam, N. W. M. Zulkifli, A. Arslan, and Z. M. Zulfattah. "Effect of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester on Fuel-Injector Wear Characteristics." Journal of Biobased Materials and Bioenergy 14, no. 3 (June 1, 2020): 327–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbmb.2020.1974.
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This paper presents the experimental results carried out to evaluate the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) obtained from cotton-seed oil and palm oil on fuel-injector wear characteristics. The cottonseed oil methyl ester (COME) and palm oil methyl ester (POME) were produced in the laboratory using alkaline transesterification. Gas chromatography based on 'BS EN 14103:2011' standard was used to analyze the percentage of fatty acids in COME and POME. The physicochemical properties of the two methyl esters were measured based on ASTM and EN standards. Various unique blends using cottonseed–palm oil methyl ester (CPME) were tested. Thirteen (13) different types of fuel blends were prepared from COME, POME, and petroleum diesel fuel (DF100). The wear and lubricity characteristics were measured using a high-frequency reciprocating rig (HFRR) based on ASTM D6079 standard. The worn surfaces of the specimen plates were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The COME100, POME100, and CPME100 showed excellent lubricity properties for the fuel injector in terms of lower COF and wear coefficient when compared with DF100. COME100, POME100 and CPME100 showed lower average COF compared to DF100 by 16.9%, 13.9% and 16.1%, respectively. This may be due to the presence of unsaturated fatty acids in the methyl esters composition. Consequently, the fatty acid methyl esters can be used to reduce the friction and wear of the fuel injectors due to the improvement in the tribological properties of the fuel.
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Chang, Chin-Feng, Li-Chun Chen, Cheng-Jer Hsieh, Kai-Chun Chang, and Jung-Jeng Su. "Characterization of polyhydroxyalkanoate-producing bacteria isolated from sludge of commercial pig farms for producing methyl esters." Water Science and Technology 68, no. 10 (October 24, 2013): 2171–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.474.
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The objectives of this work were to isolate and characterize the polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) producing bacteria in enriched piggery sludge and make methyl esters from PHA for industrial applications. The strain ECAe24 isolated from piggery sludge with the highest PHA production was selected to produce PHA and then methyl ester by trans-esterification using glucose as substrate under mesophilic conditions. The final product after trans-esterification consisted of approximately 75.39% of fatty acid methyl ester and was identified as decanoic acid-3-hydroxy-methyl ester, octanoic acid-3-hydroxy-methyl ester, and some other contents. The novelty of this study is to use PHA-producing bacteria from piggery sludge to make fatty acid methyl esters which can be used as materials for producing biodiesel from piggery wastes.
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Sumarni, Erwin Abdul Rahim, Ni Ketut Sumarni, Ruslan, Hardi Ys., and Moh Mirzan. "Sintesis Metil Ester Asam Lemak dari Biji Alpukat (Parsea americana Mill) Menggunakan Polimer Penyangga Katalis Berbahan Dasar Eugenol." KOVALEN: Jurnal Riset Kimia 6, no. 3 (December 30, 2020): 206–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.22487/kovalen.2020.v6.i3.13053.
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Research on the manufacture of methyl esters from avocado seeds (Parsea americana Mill) with eugenol-based catalysts has been conducted. The aim is to determine the catalyst concentration used to produce methyl esters with the highest rendement and determine the composition of fatty acid methyl ester in avocado seeds. This study was used variations in concentrations of 0.25%, 1%, 1.75%, 2.25%, and 3%. The results of this study showed that the best concentration is 2.25% with the calculation of the results of 24.8% methyl esters in avocado seeds, namely lignoceric and octadecenoic acid methyl ester.
Keywords: Avocado seeds, fatty acid methyl esters
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Cvetkovic, Ivana, Jelena Milic, Mihail Ionescu, and Zoran Petrovic. "Preparation of 9-hydroxynonanoic acid methyl ester by ozonolysis of vegetable oils and its polycondensation." Chemical Industry 62, no. 6 (2008): 319–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind0806319c.
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Vegetable oil-based and potentially biodegradable polyesters were prepared from 9-hydroxynonanoic acid methyl ester. This paper describes ozonolysis of vegetable oils and the method for preparation of useful monomers and in particular 9-hydroxynonanoic acid methyl ester. Ozonolysis of soybean oil and castor oil in methanol and methylene chloride solution, followed by reduction with sodium borohydride was used to obtain a mixture of triols, diols and monols. Triglyceride triols were separated from the rest of the mixture and transesterified with methanol to obtain methyl esters of fatty acids and glycerin. The main component of fatty acids was 9-hydroxynonanoic acid methyl ester, which was characterized and used for polycondensation by transesterification. High molecular weight polyhydroxy alcanoate was a solid having a melting point of 75?C. The molecular weight of the resulting polyester was affected by the purity of the monomer and side reactions such as cyclization. The polymer was characterized by chromatographic, thermal and analytical methods.
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Sutrisno, Rini Retnosari, Siti Marfu'ah, and Fauziatul Fajaroh. "Fatty Acids in Tamarindus indica L. Seeds Oil and Antibacterial Activity Assay." Key Engineering Materials 811 (July 2019): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.811.40.
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The research was conducted to investigate the oil and fatty acids contained in Tamarindus indica Linn (tamarind) seeds oil. Tamarind seeds oil was isolated by extraction and fractionation. The fatty acids content in oil were identified as fatty acid methyl ester. Fatty acid methyl ester was produced from trans-esterification reaction of tamarind seed oil with methanol and boron trifluoride catalyst (MeOH/BF3). Identification of fatty acid methyl ester was carried out by gas chromatograph mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The fatty acids in the Tamarindus indica seed oil are saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. The saturated fatty acids are octanoic (12.66%), decanoic (1.68%), dodecanoic (25.18%), tetradecanoic (5.17-7.83%), hexadecanoic (9.90-16.06%), octadecanoic (3.82-4.80%), eicosanoic (0.39-1.55%), docosanoic (1.00-2.01%), and tetracosanoic (1.92-4.54%) acids. The unsaturated fatty acids are 11-octadecenoic (19.93%), 11-eicosenoic (0.76-1.03%), 9,12-octadecadienoic (21.91-38.68%), and 9-octadecenoic (17.76%) acids. The physical and antibacterial properties of the seed oil are also reported.
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Nazudin, Nazudin, and Hernina Wattimena. "ANALISIS KOMPONEN ASAM LEMAK DAN MINERAL (Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn) IKAN KAKAP PUTIH (Lates calcalifer)." Molluca Journal of Chemistry Education (MJoCE) 9, no. 2 (July 1, 2019): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598/mjocevol9iss2pp109-115.
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ABSTRACT
The analysis of fatty acid component and mineral composition (Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn) of white snapper fish (Lates calclifer) had been done. Flesh of white snapper fish (Lates calclifer) was extracted with petroleum benzene and obtained 6.06% of oil. Oil fish was transesterified by using BF3 – methanol 20%. The result of transesterification was analysed by using and GC-MC obtained nine fatty acid component, those were myristic acid methyl ester 5.94%; pentadecanoic acid methyl ester 1,58%; palmitoleic acid methyl ester 8.73; palmi acid methyl ester 17.69;
Margarate acid methyl ester 1.96%; linoleic acid methyl ester 1.56%; oleic acid methyl ester 15.83%; streaic acid methyl ester 10.41%; aracidonic acid methyl ester 5.26%. the result of minerals composition analysis used atom absorption spectrophotometer (ASS) showed that the content of calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), ferrum (Fe), zinc (Zn), were 51,1 mg/kg; 574 mg/kg; 65 mg/kg; and 10,8 mg/kg, respectively. Oil of white snapper fish (Lates calcalifer) contains esensial fatty acid that is benefit to humans body. In the another hand, it also contains mineral content which is enough that it is goof to be consumend by the people.
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Arrendale, RF, RF Severson, OT Chortyk, and MG Stephenson. "Isolation and Identification of the Wax Esters from the Cuticular Waxes of Green Tobacco Leaf." Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research 14, no. 2 (October 1, 1988): 67–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0587.
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AbstractRecent studies in our laboratory on the cuticular chemicals of green tobacco leaf have revealed the presence of wax esters, composed of fatty acids bound to fatty alcohols. Cuticular components of young green NC 2326 tobacco leaves were removed with methylene chloride, and partitioned between hexane and 80 % MeOH-H2O. The hexane-soluble fraction, which contained wax esters, paraffinic hydrocarbons, and fatty alcohols, was separated by silicic acid column chromatography, and the resulting wax ester fraction was further purified by lipophilic gel chromatography. Initial analyses of the wax ester fraction by capillary gas chromatography [GC] and capillary GC / MS, on a short fused silica [FS] SE-54 capillary column, indicated the presence of C30 - C52 wax esters. Application of the cold on-column injection technique and use of immobilized stationary phase, FS SE-54 capillary columns greatly improved the GC separation of the complex wax ester fraction and permitted the identification of individual wax ester isomers. Identification of wax ester isomers by GC/MS relied upon the presence of a molecular ion and ions characteristic of the acid and alcohol moieties. For the acid portion, these ions included the acid MW + 1 a.m.u. and MW - 17 a.m.u. ions, while for the alcohol, they were the alcohol MW - 18 a.m.u. and MW + 27 a.m.u. ions. Saponification of the wax ester fraction and subsequent analyses of the alcohols (as trimethylsilyl ethers) and acids (as methyl esters) revealed extensive iso- and anteiso-methyl branching of the acid moieties. The wax ester isomers with iso- and anteiso- methyl-branched acid moieties were separated from each other and from the normal straight-chain isomers by capillary GC and were identified by GC/MS, based upon characteristic ions resulting from the losses of the iso-branched (MW - 43 a.m.u.) and anteiso-branched (MW - 57 a.m.u.) groups from the molecular ion and from the acid moiety. One hundred and seventy individual wax esters were identified.
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Rihday, Achmad, Erwin Abdul Rahim, Syaiful Bahri, and Dwi Juli Pusptasari. "TRANSESTERIFIKASI IN SITU BIJI KELOR (Moringa oleifera Lam) MENGGUNAKAN POLIMER BERBAHAN DASAR EUGENOL SEBAGAI PENYANGGA KATALIS H2SO4." KOVALEN: Jurnal Riset Kimia 5, no. 3 (December 31, 2019): 263–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.22487/kovalen.2019.v5.i3.12662.
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A study of in situ transesterification of Moringa (Moringa oleifera) seeds with polymer based on eugenol catalyst support have been carried out. The aim of the study is to determine the concentration of eugenol-based polymer support catalyst which was used to produce fatty acid methyl esters with the highest yield, and best time and to determine the composition of fatty acid methyl esters found in transesterification in situ. The results showed that the catalyst concentration of 1% with a reflux time of 150 minutes resulted in a yield of 12.04% methyl ester. The results of analysis of methyl esters using GC-MS contain methyl stearate and methyl-9,12-octadecanoate compounds. The characteristics of methyl ester are water content of 1.23%, acid number of 11.60 mgKOH/gram, saponification number of 0 mg NaOH/gram, and pour point of 16˚C.
Keywords: Moringa seed, eugenol as a catalyst support H2SO4, transesterification
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Lai, Yong Bin, Yu Qi Zhang, Xiu Chen, Yin Nan Yuan, Ling Ling Cai, Xin Qiao, and Meng Hong Yuan. "Reduce Cold Filter Plugging Point and Kinematic Viscosity of Cottonseed-Based Biodiesel Fuel." Advanced Materials Research 1033-1034 (October 2014): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1033-1034.129.
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The chemical compositions, cold filter plugging point (CFPP) and kinematic viscosity of cottonseed methyl ester (CSME) are investigated. Through blending with-10 petrodiesel (-10PD) and treating with Flow Fit, the CFPP and kinematic viscosity of CSME are improved. The study shows that CSME is mainly composed of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), and the contents of saturated fatty acid methyl ester (SFAME) and unsaturated fatty acid methyl ester (UFAME) were 27.69% and 71.65% respectively. The CFPP and kinematic viscosity (40 °C) of CSME are-1 °C and 4.63 mm2/s respectively. Blending with-10PD decreased the CFPP of CSME to-12 °C.With temperature decreasing, the kinematic viscosities of CSME and CSME/-10PD increase. The lower the temperature is, the more differenced the kinematic viscosities of CSME and CSME/-10PD are. Treating with less than 3% (volume fraction) of Flow Fit, the CFPP of CSME and CSME/-10PD decreased significantly.
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Horman, I., H. Traitler, and J. Aeschlimann. "A fatty acid methyl ester (FAMES) analyzer." Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 12, no. 5 (May 1989): 308–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240120514.
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Farag, Mohamed, Mohamed H. M. Ahmed, Heba Yousef, and A. H. Abdel-Rahman. "Repellent and Insecticidal Activities of Melia azedarach L. against Cotton Leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.)." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 66, no. 3-4 (April 1, 2011): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2011-3-406.
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A crude acetone extract and oil of ripe fruits from Melia azedarach L. were evaluated against the 2nd and 4th instar larvae of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Both oil and extract exhibited highly significant growth inhibition at all concentrations tested, while the oil of M. azedarach recorded higher insecticidal activity against both instars than the crude extract. GC-MS analysis of the oil revealed the presence of linoleic acid methyl ester, oleic acid methyl ester, and free oleic acid as the main components in addition to hexadecanol, palmitic acid, methyl esters of stearic acid and myristic acid. Fatty acids and their esters were not only the main constituents of essential oil from the ripe fruits of M. azedarach, but also mainly responsible for the insecticidal and growth inhibition activity against S. littoralis
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Prakoso, Tirto, Indra B. Kurniawan, and R. Heru Nugroho. "Esterifikasi asam lemak bebas dalam minyak sawit mentah untuk produksi metilester." Jurnal Teknik Kimia Indonesia 6, no. 3 (October 2, 2018): 705. http://dx.doi.org/10.5614/jtki.2007.6.3.7.
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Methyl esters are one of alkyl esters compound that used as alternative diesel fuel became popular. Methyl esters have similarities on physical and chemical properties with the diesel fuel produced from fossil oil; however it has less combustion and environmental emissions. As fossil oil become rare to be exploited, and the rapid environmental issues, the efforts to develop methyl esters as alternative diesel fuel become a prospective one. One method to produce methyl esters from free fatty acids of crude palm oil (CPO) is the two step esterification-transesterification reaction, each step produce the same final product, however differs in the side product. Esterification produce water and transesterfication produce glycerin. The reaction uses alcohol as main reactant beside the free fatty acids, it can be conducted in batch or continuous production. In this research, the investigation is only emphasized in the first step that is the esterification step to produce methyl esters from free fatty acids contained in crude palm oil. Methanol and sulfuric acid are used as reactant and catalyst respectively. Methyl esters produced by esterification is affected by reaction temperature, amounts of catalyst, and methanol volume. The increase in temperature improved esterification conversion from 19% in 50C to 98% in 60C. While the usage of the highest amount of catalyst, 5 ml/1-CPO, led to produced the highest conversion relative to the conversion from 1 and 3 ml/1-CPO catalyst. Furthermore, 10% amount of methanol per volume CPO produced higher yield than 8%.Keywords : Biodiesel, CPO Free Fatty Acid Esterification, Methyl Ester ConversionAbstrak Metil ester merupakan suatu senyawa alkil ester yang dapat digunakan sebagai bahan bakar alternatif. Metil ester memiliki sifat fisik dan kimia yang hampir sam a dengan minyak diesel yang dihasilkan dari minyak bumi tetapi emisi pembakaran dari penggunaan ester metal lebih rendah dari pada emisi hasil penggunaan minyak solar. Seiring dengan semakin langkanya sumber minyak bumi dan semakin gencarnya isu lingkungan hidup, pengembangan ester metil sebagai bahan bakar pengganti minyak solar semakin prospektif. Pembuatan ester metil dari asam lemak bebas minyak sawit mentah (crude palm oil) dapat dilakukan dengan beberapa cara antara lain dengan reaksi esterifikasi dan transesterifikasi menggunakan alkohol. Reaksi-reaksi ini dapat dilaksanakan secara batch maupun kontinu. Pada penelitian yang telah dilakukan, pembuatan ester metil dari asam lemak bebas minyak sawit mentah dilakukan dengan reaksi esterifikasi secara batch, dengan reaktan berupa minyak sawit mentah dan metanol. Katalis yang digunakan adalah H2SO4. Konversi ester metil yang dihasilkan dipengaruhi oleh temperatur reaksi, konsentrasi katalis dan konsentrasi metanol. Kenaikan temperatur reaksi akan meningkatkan konversi dari 19% pada 50oC menjadi 98% pada 60oC. Dengan menggunakan konsentrasi katalis tertinggi 5ml/l CPO memicu konversi tertinggi relatif dibandingkan nilai konversi dari 1 dan 3 ml/l CPO. 10% metanol menghasilkan perolehan tinggi dibanding 8%.Kata Kunci: Biodiesel, EsterifikasiAsam Lemak Bebas CPO, Konversi Ester Metil
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Cheng, Zheng Zai, Su Su Lin, Rui Lei, Xiao Chao Yan, and Yu Jing Nie. "Synthesis of Biodisiel from Used Cooking Oils Catalyzed by Solid Acid." Advanced Materials Research 236-238 (May 2011): 496–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.236-238.496.
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The synthesis of biodiesel expressed as fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) were studied to achieve an economic and practical method for utilization of used cooking oil (UCO). UCO samples with the acid value of more than 80 mgKOH/g mixed with methanol were heterogeneously catalyzed by solid aminosulfonic acid under some conditions . The conversion of UCO into FAME was 86.0% at the reaction time of 2 hours, mole ratio of methanol to UCO of 5:1, showing much higher catalyzed activity of solid aminosulfonic acid. the samples of FAME prepared from UCO was analyzed by GC/MS and the results showes that the majority of biodiesel has fatty acid methyl esters of carbon lengths from C14–C24, with an average of C18 methyl ester.
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Nawabi, Parwez, Stefan Bauer, Nikos Kyrpides, and Athanasios Lykidis. "Engineering Escherichia coli for Biodiesel Production Utilizing a Bacterial Fatty Acid Methyltransferase." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77, no. 22 (September 16, 2011): 8052–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.05046-11.
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ABSTRACTThe production of low-cost biofuels in engineered microorganisms is of great interest due to the continual increase in the world's energy demands. Biodiesel is a renewable fuel that can potentially be produced in microbes cost-effectively. Fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) are a common component of biodiesel and can be synthesized from either triacylglycerol or free fatty acids (FFAs). Here we report the identification of a novel bacterial fatty acid methyltransferase (FAMT) that catalyzes the formation of FAMEs and 3-hydroxyl fatty acid methyl esters (3-OH-FAMEs) from the respective free acids andS-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet). FAMT exhibits a higher specificity toward 3-hydroxy free fatty acids (3-OH-FFAs) than FFAs, synthesizing 3-hydroxy fatty acid methyl esters (3-OH-FAMEs)in vivo. We have also identified bacterial members of the fatty acyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) thioesterase (FAT) enzyme family with distinct acyl chain specificities. These bacterial FATs exhibit increased specificity toward 3-hydroxyacyl-ACP, generating 3-OH-FFAs, which can subsequently be utilized by FAMTs to produce 3-OH-FAMEs. PhaG (3-hydroxyacyl ACP:coenzyme A [CoA] transacylase) constitutes an alternative route to 3-OH-FFA synthesis; the coexpression of PhaG with FAMT led to the highest level of accumulation of 3-OH-FAMEs and FAMEs. The availability of AdoMet, the second substrate for FAMT, is an important factor regulating the amount of methyl esters produced by bacterial cells. Our results indicate that the deletion of the global methionine regulatormetJand the overexpression of methionine adenosyltransferase result in increased methyl ester synthesis.
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Santoso, Aman, Abdurrohman, Anugrah Ricky Wijaya, Dedek Sukarianingsih, Sumari, and Daratu Eviana Kusuma Putri. "Synthesis of Methyl Ester from Rice Bran Oil through the Esterification Reaction." Key Engineering Materials 851 (July 2020): 164–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.851.164.
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Vegetable oil is one of rice bran components. As triglycerides, vegetable oil can be converted to fatty acid and alkyl esters for further treatments. Synthesis of alkyl ester oil can be carried out by esterification or transesterification reaction, depending on the quality of the oil and the catalyst. The purposes of this study are 1) Rice bran oil isolation, 2) Oil esterification 3) Characterization and identification of the methyl ester that compose rice bran oil. The stages in this research are 1) Extraction of rice bran oil, 2) Synthesis of methyl ester from rice bran through esterification reaction, 3) Methyl ester characterization of rice bran oil and its potential test as biodiesel included determination of density, viscosity, refractive index, and acid number test, 4) The identification of synthesized methyl esters composition using GC-MS. The results showed that rice bran oil has a yield of 18.09%. Synthesis of methyl esters from rice bran oil through the esterification reaction with a catalyst acid yields 72.37%. The characters of the synthesized methyl ester are on the range of biodiesel quality standards, namely, the density is 0.850 g/mL, viscosity is 4.73 cSt, a refractive index is 1.45871, and an acid number is 0.76 g KOH/g methyl ester, therefore it is claimed that the synthesized methyl esters have the potential as biodiesel. The GC-MS result showed the presence of compounds methyl tetradecanoate (0.38%), methyl hexadecanoate (40.67%), methyl 9-octadecenoate (53.68%), methyl octadecanoate (5.02%), and methyl eicosanoate (0.14%).
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Thangaraja, J., and S. Rajkumar. "Effect of Saturation and Unsaturation of Fatty Methyl Esters on Biodiesel NOx Emission Characteristics." Applied Mechanics and Materials 787 (August 2015): 766–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.787.766.
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Biodiesel is a renewable fuel and an attractive alternative to replace fossil diesel without major engine modifications. However, the emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) from biodiesel fuelled engines are reported to be higher compared to diesel engine. The characteristics of biodiesel are known to depend on their fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) contents which vary with the feedstock. Thus the contribution of saturation and unsaturation of pure components of fatty acid methyl esters on NOx formation warrants a systematic investigation. This paper attempts to relate the composition of biodiesel with NOx formation. For this purpose, the NO formation from pure fatty acid methyl esters are predicted using extended Zeldovich reaction scheme. Also, the experiments are conducted for measuring oxides of nitrogen from a compression ignition engine operated using neat palm and karanja methyl esters and their blends providing biodiesel combinations of varying degree of saturation for investigation. The measured NOx concentrations are compared with the corresponding predictions to affirm the influence of fatty acid methyl ester on engine NOx characteristics. The results clearly indicate that the change in degree of saturation influences the NOx formation and an increase in the degree of saturation of biodiesel decreases the engine NOx emission.
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Ucciani, Eugène, Alain Debal, Michel Gruber, and Robert L. Wolff. "Fatty Acid Composition of Some Ranunculaceae Seed Oils." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 51, no. 3-4 (April 1, 1996): 151–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1996-3-403.
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Abstract The fatty acid composition of seed oils of eight Ranunculaceae was determinated in order to characterize new sources of gamma-linolenic acid. Fatty acids were identified as fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) by capillary gas-liquid chromatography (GC) and capillary GC-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). For trienic FAME the use of a cyanopropyl-polysiloxane stationary phase (CP-Sil 88) allowed the separation with high resolution of methyl ester of columbinic acid (trans-5,cis-9,cis-12 18:3) and gamma-linolenic acid (cis-6,cis-9,cis-12 18:3). The results confirmed the presence of columbinic acid in Thalictrum seed oils, and that of gamma-linolenic acid in Anemone and related species seed oils. The taxonomic subdivision of Ranunculaceae into sub-families and tribes, which resulted from morphological considerations, did not account for the above results.
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Tahya, Kartika, Candra Yulius Tahya, and Healthy Kainama. "Transesterifikasi Minyak Ikan Perak (Mene maculata) Dengan Katalis CaO Dari Cangkang Telur Ayam." Indo. J. Chem. Res. 7, no. 1 (July 31, 2019): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598//ijcr.2019.7-can.
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Silver fish (Mene maculata) is a type of pelagic fish found in the Moluccas sea, this fish has a high oil content so that it is easy to extract the oil content for transesterification. The transesterification reaction of oil from silver fish oil needs a catalyst, and heterogenous catalyst is a better choice. This study was determined the fatty acid methyl ester composition of M. maculata by transesterification process using heterogeneous CaO catalyst from chicken egg shells through 3 steps i.e. oil isolation, CaO catalyst synthesis, and oil transesterification reactions. Oil isolation was carried out by soxhletation method using petroleum ether with the oil content was 13.51%. Synthesis of CaO catalyst was carried out by calcination at 1000 °C for 2 hours and then charactererized by XRD. Fish oil is transesterified using CaO catalyst in a ratio of 11% (w/v) of the mixture. Furthermore, fatty acid methyl esters obtained were analyzed using GC-MS. The results showed 6 methyl ester fatty acids as composition of transesterification products which were methyl myristic (11.85%), methyl palmitoleate (8.71%), methyl palmitic (25.13%), methyl oleic (9.49%), methyl stearic (10.04%), and methyl 5,8,11,14-eikosatetraenoate (1.96%).
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Tahya, Kartika, Candra Yulius Tahya, and Healthy Kainama. "Transesterifikasi Minyak Ikan Perak (Mene maculata) Dengan Katalis CaO Dari Cangkang Telur Ayam." Indo. J. Chem. Res. 7, no. 1 (July 31, 2019): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598//ijcr.2020.7-can.
Full textAbstract:
Silver fish (Mene maculata) is a type of pelagic fish found in the Moluccas sea, this fish has a high oil content so that it is easy to extract the oil content for transesterification. The transesterification reaction of oil from silver fish oil needs a catalyst, and heterogenous catalyst is a better choice. This study was determined the fatty acid methyl ester composition of M. maculata by transesterification process using heterogeneous CaO catalyst from chicken egg shells through 3 steps i.e. oil isolation, CaO catalyst synthesis, and oil transesterification reactions. Oil isolation was carried out by soxhletation method using petroleum ether with the oil content was 13.51%. Synthesis of CaO catalyst was carried out by calcination at 1000 °C for 2 hours and then charactererized by XRD. Fish oil is transesterified using CaO catalyst in a ratio of 11% (w/v) of the mixture. Furthermore, fatty acid methyl esters obtained were analyzed using GC-MS. The results showed 6 methyl ester fatty acids as composition of transesterification products which were methyl myristic (11.85%), methyl palmitoleate (8.71%), methyl palmitic (25.13%), methyl oleic (9.49%), methyl stearic (10.04%), and methyl 5,8,11,14-eikosatetraenoate (1.96%).
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Cayuela, J. A. "Rapid NIR determination of alkyl esters in virgin olive oil." Grasas y Aceites 68, no. 2 (June 5, 2017): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/gya.1275162.
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The regulation of The European Union for olive oil and olive pomace established the limit of 35 mg·kg-1 for fatty acids ethyl ester contents in extra virgin olive oils, from grinding seasons after 2016. In this work, predictive models have been established for measuring fatty acid ethyl and methyl esters and to measure the total fatty acid alkyl esters based on near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), and used successfully for this purpose. The correlation coefficients from the external validation exercises carried out with these predictive models ranged from 0.84 to 0.91. Different classification tests using the same models for the thresholds 35 mg·kg-1 for fatty acid ethyl esters and 75 mg·kg-1 for fatty acid alkyl esters provided success percentages from 75.0% to 95.2%.
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Chen, Xiu, Lei Chen, Yin Nan Yuan, Yong Bin Lai, Xing Qiao, and Ling Ling Cai. "Combustion Characteristics of Biodiesel Derived from Palm and Rapeseed Oil." Applied Mechanics and Materials 448-453 (October 2013): 1633–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.448-453.1633.
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The chemical composition of palm and rapeseed biodiesel (fatty acid methyl ester, FAME) was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Combustion characteristics of biodiesel were studied by thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry and collision theory. Combustion characteristic index C was put forward for describing biodiesel combustion characteristic. The reactive atom combustion mechanism was put forward. Biodiesel combustion process comprised three steps, viz., volatilizing, dissociating and combining. First, biodiesel volatilizes, viz., FAME (liquid) volatilize and became FAME (gas). Second, FAME, O2 and N2 molecular were dissociated into C*, H*, O* and N* reactive atoms. Third, C*, H* and N* reacted, respectively, with O* to CO2, CO, H2O and NOx, and released energy. The study showed that the biodiesel was mainly composed of FAME: C14:0-C24:0, C16:1-C22:1, C18:2 and C18:3. Biodiesel had a good burnability. Combustion characteristic indexes of palm methyl ester (PME) and rapeseed methyl ester (RME) were 4.97E-05 and 3.65E-05, respectively. The combustion characteristic had relation to chemical composition. The combustion characteristic of biodiesel was better with increasing saturated fatty acid methyl esters and length of carbon-chain, and was poorer with increasing unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters and unsaturated degree. The combustion characteristic of PME was better than that of RME.
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Gonzalez-de-Castro, Angela, Elena Cosimi, Mae Joanne B. Aguila, Piotr Gajewski, Mike Schmitkamp, Johannes G. de Vries, and Laurent Lefort. "Long-chain α–ω diols from renewable fatty acids via tandem olefin metathesis–ester hydrogenation." Green Chemistry 19, no. 7 (2017): 1678–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7gc00192d.
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Anuar, S. T., S. M. Mugo, and J. M. Curtis. "A flow-through enzymatic microreactor for the rapid conversion of triacylglycerols into fatty acid ethyl ester and fatty acid methyl ester derivatives for GC analysis." Analytical Methods 7, no. 14 (2015): 5898–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ay00800j.
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Nalewaja, John D., Grzegorz A. Skrzypczak, and Greg R. Gillespie. "Absorption and Translocation of Herbicides with Lipid Compounds." Weed Science 34, no. 4 (July 1986): 564–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500067436.
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Absorption and translocation of14C following14C-fluazifop {(±)-2-[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl] oxy] phenoxy] propanoic acid} butyl ester and14C-sethoxydim {2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one} application to oats (Avena sativaL. ‘Lyon’) was greater when the herbicides were applied with oleic acid, linoleic acid, or fatty acid methyl esters compared to various triglycerides. The methyl esters of stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids enhanced14C absorption and translocation when applied with14C-fluazifop and14C-sethoxydim, except that the methyl ester of stearic acid did not enhance14C absorption and translocation when applied with14C-sethoxydim. The absorption and translocation of14C following the application of14C-CGA-82725 {(±)-2-[4-(3,5-dichloro-2-pyridyloxy)phenoxy] propanoic acid)-2-propynylester},14C-diclofop {(±)-2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy] propanoic acid},14C-fluazifop, and14C-sethoxydim were generally enhanced equally or greater by the methyl ester of sunflower (Helianthus annumL.) oil than by petroleum oil additive or once refined sunflower oil. Methylated sunflower oil was equally or more effective as an additive than petroleum oil in enhancing grass control with fluazifop and sethoxydim in a field experiment.
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Chen, Xiu, Xin Jin, Yong Bin Lai, Jia Min Hu, Jun Feng Shu, Yu Qi Zhang, Bo Wang, and Meng Hong Yuan. "Nucleation Mechanism of Biodiesel Derived from Palm Oil at Low Temperatures." Advanced Materials Research 953-954 (June 2014): 183–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.953-954.183.
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The compositions and crystallization process at low temperature of palm-based biodiesel (PME) are investigated. In this work, we show that PME is mainly composed of fatty acid methyl esters of 14-24 even-numbered C atoms: C14:0-C24:0, C16:1-C22:1, C18:2, and C18:3. Palm-based biodiesel crystallization comprises three steps, viz., forming supersaturated solution, nucleation and ester crystal growth; the driving force for saturated fatty acid methyl esters nucleation is the degree of supersaturation. The rate equation of nucleation is put forward. The objective of this research is to provide theoretical support for hindering the ester crystal nucleation and growth, and improving the cold flow properties of PME.
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Berčíková, Markéta, Jiří Lád, Iveta Hrádková, Monika Kumherová, and Jan Šmidrkal. "Reaction of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester with Monoethanolamine and Diethanolamine." Tenside Surfactants Detergents 58, no. 4 (July 1, 2021): 287–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tsd-2020-2328.
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Abstract The course of the reaction between lauric acid and monoethanolamine as well as the reaction of methyl laurate with monoethanolamine and diethanolamine were investigated. Thin layer chromatography with flame ionisation detector was used for reaction mixture analysis. The fatty acid methyl ester is more suitable for production of monoethanolamide and diethanolamide. Sodium methoxide or potassium hydroxide (0.02 mol % ester) was used as suitable alkaline catalysts of reaction. The optimal temperature of methyl laurate or coconut oil with diethanolamine reaction is 80°C. Higher temperatures (over 100°C) lead to a higher concentration of amide ester in the product.
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Mohd Alias, Nor Saadah, Harumi Veny, Fazlena Hamzah, and Noorhaliza Aziz. "Effect of Free Fatty Acid Pretreatment to Yield, Composition and Activation Energy in Chemical Synthesis of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 19, no. 3 (May 29, 2019): 592. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.34492.
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Transesterification of waste cooking oil (WCO) for fatty acid methyl ester synthesis using calcium oxide (CaO) as a catalyst with absence and presence of free fatty acid (FFA) pretreatment (untreated and pretreated) prior to reaction have been investigated. The preliminary study was started from theoretical stoichiometric amount molar ratio of methanol to oil. This preliminary experiment showed that indeed, in transesterification with the chemical catalyst the molar ratio of methanol to oil should be exceeding the theoretical stoichiometric molar ratio, due to the fast reversible reaction. The highest FAME content of 81% was achieved at a temperature of 75 °C with pretreated FFA. The composition of methyl ester with pretreated FFA was affected by temperature, where increasing temperature leads to increasing of methyl oleate as major methyl ester in the product. The relation of temperature dependence was further studied by Arrhenius law correlation. It is shown that activation energy was affected by pretreatment of fatty acid. The activation energy (Ea) of transesterification with untreated and pretreated free fatty acid were found as ± 16 kJ/mol and ± 68 kJ/mol, respectively. Unlike untreated FFA, the Ea of transesterification with pretreated FFA was within the range of activation energy for transesterification for the base catalyst. This study showed that methyl ester synthesis was best obtained when FFA was pretreated prior to transesterification. In addition, WCO is a potential feedstock for biodiesel production since it is biodegradable, economic, environmentally friendly and abundantly available.
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Tasić, Ana, Jelena D. Rusmirović, Jovana Nikolić, Aleksandra Božić, Vladimir Pavlović, Aleksandar D. Marinković, and Petar S. Uskoković. "Effect of the vinyl modification of multi-walled carbon nanotubes on the performances of waste poly(ethylene terephthalate)-based nanocomposites." Journal of Composite Materials 51, no. 4 (July 28, 2016): 491–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998316648757.
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Production of high-performance nanocomposite materials obtained from unsaturated polyester resin, based on products of the waste poly(ethylene terephthalate) recycling, and modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes is presented. Di-hydroxy functional glycolysates, synthesized by catalytic depolymerization of poly(ethylene terephthalate) with propylene glycol, were used for the unsaturated polyester resin synthesis. The structure of the obtained glycolysis product and unsaturated polyester resin were characterized by using FTIR and NMR spectroscopy, and by acid, iodine, and hydroxyl value. Nanofillers were prepared by direct and two-step amidation of oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Direct amidation with diallylamine produced multi-walled carbon nanotube-diallylamine reactive nanofiller. Two-step modification with diamines: hexamethylenediamine and p-phenylenediamine gave multi-walled carbon nanotube-hexamethylenediamine and multi-walled carbon nanotube- p-phenylenediamine nanofiller, respectively, whose amidation with methyl ester of linseed oil fatty acids gave multi-walled carbon nanotube-hexamethylenediamine/methyl ester of linseed oil fatty acid and multi-walled carbon nanotube- p-phenylenediamine/methyl ester of linseed oil fatty acid nanofiller, respectively. Influences of vinyl functionalities on mechanical properties of nanocomposite were analyzed from tensile strength ( σb), elongation ( ɛb) and Young’s modulus ( E) determination. An increase of 97.4, 119 and 139% of σb was obtained for nanocomposites with addition of 0.25 wt.% of diallylamine, p-phenylenediamine/methyl ester of linseed oil fatty acid and hexamethylenediamine/methyl ester of linseed oil fatty acid multi-walled carbon nanotubes, respectively. Short techno-economic analysis, performed on the basis of fixed and variable unsaturated polyester resin production costs, showed satisfactory potential profit, which could be realized by the implementation of the presented technology.
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Hiwot, Tsegay. "Investigation of the Chemical Composition, Characterization and Determination of Energy Content for Renewable Energy Source (Biodiesel) Produced from Non-Edible Ethiopian Seeds’ Particularly Castor Seed (Ricinus communis) Using Homogeneous Catalysis." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 37 (August 2014): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.37.63.
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Biodiesel is a clean, renewable, biodegradable, environmentally benign, energy efficient and diesel substituent fuel used in diesel engine. It provides a feasible solution to the twin crises of fossil fuel depletion and environmental pollution. It is produced from renewable sources such as vegetable oils or animal fats by trans-esterification. Although this fuel has gained worldwide recognition for many years, it is not being widely commercialized like petroleum diesel in the world, not widely produced and used especially in our country Ethiopia. Analysis of fatty acid methyl ester composition of the biodiesel produced from castor oil was done with the help of GC-MS and 8 fatty acid methyl esters were identified. Acid and base catalyzed methods were used in the synthesis of biodiesel from castor seed oil. In addition to this the variables that affect the amount of methyl ester yield were determined and an optimum of 96.7 % fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) conversion was obtained at a methanol to oil molar ratio of 6:1, 1.0 % mass NaOH, 65 °C reaction temperature and 3 hour reaction time. The energy content of the oil and biodiesel were 39 MJ/Kg and 40.7 MJ/ Kg respectively which is determined by bomb calorimeter. Other physicochemical properties of the biodiesel were determined and all these lie within the ASTM and EN biodiesel standards except kinematic viscosity. Therefore, castor seed oil methyl ester could be used as an alternative energy resource in diesel engine by blending with petroleum diesel.
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Afieroho, Ozadheoghene Eriarie, L. Lawson, and Nnamdi Emenyonu. "Isoprenoids and Fatty Acids Derivatives from the Chloroform Fraction of the Antimycobacterial Methanol Extract Ximeniaamericana Lam. (Olacaceae) Stem Bark." Malaysian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 6, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/mjmbr.v6i2.480.
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This study investigated the triterpenoids and fatty acid derivatives, and the in vitro growth inhibitory effect against clinical strains of Mycobacteria tuberculosis of the stem bark of Ximenia Americanaa plant widely used in ethno-medicine for the treatment of bacterial and skin infections, poison, post-partum hemorrhage, anaemia, and dysentery. The macerated methanol extract (XAM) of the stem bark was evaluated for anti-tuberculosis activity using the Lowensten Jensen method against de-contaminated clinical strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The XAM was fractionated by open column chromatography on a normal phase silica gel column with a 25 % stepwise gradient of chloroform-methanol as mobile phase. The constituents of the non-polar column fractions eluted with 100% chloroform were characterized using Gas Chromatography-Mass spectroscopic (GC-MS) techniques and by comparison with reference NIST library compound. The XAM (5 mg/mL) inhibited the growth of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis. GC-MS analysis of the non-polar column fractions afforded Two lupane-type triterpenoids: Lup-20-(29)-en-3-one (15) and lupeol (16), three phytosteroids: campesterol (11), stigmasterol (12) and gamma-sitosterol (14), one fridelane-type triterpenoid: Friedelan-3-one (8), one oleanane-type triterpenoid: 12-oleanen-3-one (13), and the fatty acids: Palmitic acid methyl ester (1), Palmitic acid (2), 11-octadecenoic acid methyl ester (3), Octadecanoic acid methyl ester (4), Cis-13-Octadecenoic acid (5), 10,13-octadecadiynoic acid methyl ester (6), Docosanoic acid (7), Tetracosanoic acid (9), and Hexacosanoic acid methyl ester (10). The presence of these bioactive triterpenoids and fatty acids could offer an explanation for the ethno-medicinal uses of this plant. Further work is on-going to isolate in pure form, and characterized the bioactive constituents in the XAM with the view of discovery lead compounds for the treatment of tuberculosis and associated opportunistic bacterial infections.
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Thakare, Shraddha Prashant, Harsha S, and A. S. Kulkarni. "OPTIMIZATION OF FATTY ACID GENERATION USING PARAMETRIC ANALYSIS." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 7, no. 6 (July 30, 2020): 120–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v7.i6.2019.779.
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The objective of this study is to optimize the different parameters to carry out analysis of fatty acids. A kinetic was observed for first order enzymatic hydrolysis of flax seed methyl ester was carried out by using Rhizomucor michei. In this study the analysis of hydrolysis was carried out by varying the temperature (30-40oC) and enzyme load (2-5%). The optimal condition were found to temperature 50oC, 6h reaction time, buffer to flax seed methyl ester ratio 1.5:1(v/w) and 4% enzyme load to achieve a maximum hydrolysis conversion of 97.56%. The effect of temperature on the reaction rate constant and equilibrium constant has been determined using Arrhenius equation. The heat of reaction was found 14.516 KJ/mol. Taguchi's design of experiment L16 and L9 orthogonal array was performed to optimize hydrolysis reaction conditions. Rate of reaction, effect of temperature, enzyme modifier, pH and oil to buffer ratio were considered as a primary influencing parameters which effects the percentage of hydrolysis and fatty acid formed. From the analysis of variance, the influencing parameters on production of fatty acid were reaction time and enzyme modifier. The predicted conversion was found in good rectification with experimental values having R2=0.9945 and R2=0.983. Maximum fatty acid formed was 98.76% from methyl ester and 98.92% from oil.
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Salimi, Yuszda K., Netty Ino Ischak, and Yusni Ibrahim. "KARAKTERISASI ASAM LEMAK HASIL HIDROLISIS PADA MINYAK BIJI KELOR (Moringa oleifera) DENGAN METODE KROMATOGRAFI GAS-SPEKTROSKOPI MASSA." Jambura Journal of Chemistry 1, no. 1 (March 20, 2019): 6–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.34312/jambchem.v1i1.2101.
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This research aims at finding out characterization of a hydrolyzed fatty acid from moringa seeds oil (Moringa oleifera). Samples analyzed are dried and wet seeds which extracted through n-hexane to obtain oil. The extracted oil is analyzed for acid value and saponification value. Then, the hydrolysis of extracted oil with KOH solution and H2SO4 catalyst becomes free fatty acids, fatty acids analysis is then converted to be methyl ester using CH3OH solvent and H2SO4 as catalyst. This research uses gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis, fatty acids of dried moringa seeds were lauric acid, paltoleic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid, and arachidic acid. Meanwhile, fatty acids of wet moringa seeds were paltoleic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid, eicosanoid acid, arachidic acid, behenic acid, and lignoceric acid. The highest component of methyl ester on both moringa seeds are methyl oleate with each presentation is 38,08% and 38,84%Keywords: Moringa seeds, Fatty acid, GC-MSPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakterisasi asam lemak hasil hidrolisis biji kelor (Moringa oleifera) dengan metode kromatografi gas-spektroskopi massa. Sampel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah biji kelor kering dan basah. Sampel biji kelor diekstraksi menggunakan n-heksan untuk memperoleh minyak. Ditentukan bilangan asam dan bilangan penyabunan. Menghidrolisis minyak hasil ekstraksi dengan larutan KOH dan katalis H2SO4 menjadi asam lemak bebas, analisis asam lemak kemudian dikonversi menjadi metil ester dengan menggunakan pelarut CH3OH dan H2SO4 sebagai katalis. Penelitian ini menggunakan Kromatografi Gas-Spektroskopi Massa untuk mengidentifikasi asam lemak dalam sampel. Dari analisa Kromatografi Gas-Spektroskopi Massa yang telah dilakukan, asam lemak minyak biji kelor kering yang dihasilkan adalah asam laurat, asam palmitoleat, asam palmitat, asam oleat, asam stearat, dan asam arakidat. Sedangkan untuk asam lemak minyak biji kelor basah yang dihasilkan adalah asam palmitoleat, asam palmitat, asam oleat, asam stearat, asam eikosenat, asam arakidat, asam behenat, dan asam lignoserat. Dimana komponen terbesar metil ester pada biji kelor kering dan biji kelor basah adalah metil oleat dengan persentasi masing-masing 38,08% dan 38,84%.Kata Kunci: Biji Kelor, Asam Lemak, KG-SM
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Prakoso, Tirto, Tatang H. Soerawidjaja, and Yoel Pasae. "Pembuatan asam lemak bercabang dari minyak kepoh." Jurnal Teknik Kimia Indonesia 4, no. 1 (October 7, 2018): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.5614/jtki.2005.4.1.6.
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Oil from kepoh tree (Sterculiafoetida L.) seed kernel is a unique oil because it contains fatty acid which has a cyclopropenoid groups and has almost 90% of composition of the oil. The acid is called sterculic acid which has molecular formula C19H34O2. The fatty acids and derivates has an advance characteristic when it is used as cosmetics, lubricants, paint and plastic products. Its branched alcohol ester is expected as an additives for pour point depressant in fuel or lubricant. In this research, the sterculic acid has possibility to be converted to branched fatty acid methyl ester that is 10-methyl octadecanoic methyl ester through rearrangement of cyclopropenoid group and continued by hydrogenation of its double bond with Palladium catalyst. The product characteristic is reported in each stage of processes in term of iodine number and saponification number. After hydrogenation for 5 hours, it's founded that iodine value for methyl ester is reduced until 2,84 and its saponification value increased up to 476.08. This is shown that saturated branched methyl ester has been formed.Keywords: Sterculia foetida L.kepoh oil, Branched Fatty Acid, Cyclopropenoid Group, Methanolysis, Biodiesel AbstrakMinyak dari inti biji buah pohon kepoh (Sterculiafoetida L.) tergolong minyak nabati yang unik karena komponen utama asam lemaknya adalah asam sterkulat yang berumus molekul C19H34O2 dengan rantai karbonnya mempunyai gugus cyclopropenoid. Asam sterkulat dapat dikonversi menjadi asam lemak bercabang yaitu asam 10-metil oktadekanoat C19H34O2. Asam-asam lemak ini atau turunannya dapat digunakan sebagai komponen racikan/ramuan yang melahirkan karakteristik unggul pada berbagai produk seperti kosmetik, pelumas, cat, dan plastik. Ester isopropilnya diharapkan dapat digunakan sebagai bubuhan (additive), penurun titik tuang (pour point depressant) pada pelumas dan biodiesel. Pada penelitian ini, ditunjukkan bahwa asam sterkulat dalam minyak kepoh dapat dikonversi menjadi asam lemak bercabang yaitu 10-metil oktadekanoat dalam bentuk ester metilnya yang bercampur dengan ester metil lainnya, melalui rute metanolisis (transesterifikasi dengan metanol) minyak kepoh, dilanjutkan penyusunan ulang gugus siklopropenoid dan hidrogenasi ikatan-ikatan rangkap dengan katalis Palladium. Setelah hidrogenasi selama 5jam ditemukan bahwa bahwa angka iodium ester metil sudah tereduksi sampai 2,84 dan angka penyabunan meningkat sampai 476,08. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa telah terbentuk ester metil bercabang yang jenuh, yaitu 9-metil metilheptadekanoat dan 10-metil metioktadekanoat.Kata Kunci: Sterculia foetida L. kepoh oil, Branched Fatty Acid, Cyclopropenoid Group, Methanolysis, Biodiesel
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Kobek, Klaus, Manfred Focke, and K. Lichtenthaler Botanisches. "Fatty-acid biosynthesis and acetyl-coa carboxylase as a target of diclofop, fenoxaprop and other aryloxy-phenoxy-propionic acid herbicides." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 43, no. 1-2 (February 1, 1988): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1988-1-212.
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The effect of the herbicides and aryloxy-phenoxy-propionic acid derivatives diclofop, fenoxaprop, fluazifop and haloxyfop and their ethyl, methyl or butyl esters on the de novo fatty-acid biosynthesis of isolated chloroplasts was investigated with intact chloroplasts isolated from sensitive grasses (Poaceae) and tolerant dicotyledonous plants (Pisum, Spinacia). The 4 herbicides (free-acid form) block the de novo fatty-acid biosynthesis ([2-14C]acetate incorporation into the total fatty-acid fraction) of the sensitive Avena chloroplasts in a dose-dependent manner. The I50- values (a 50% inhibition of the [14C]acetate incorporation) lie in the range of 10-7 to 2 x 10-6 ᴍ. The ethyl or methyl esters (diclofop, fenoxaprop, haloxyfop) and butyl ester (fluazifop) do not affect the de novo fatty-acid biosynthesis of isolated chloroplasts or only at a very high concentration of ca. 10-4 ᴍ. In contrast, the de novo fatty-acid biosynthesis of the tolerant dicotyledonous species (pea, spinach) is not affected by the 4 aryloxy-phenoxy-propionic acid herbicides. In an enzyme preparation isolated from chloroplasts of the herbicide-sensitive barley plants the de novo fatty-acid biosynthesis from [14C]acetate and [14C]acetyl-CoA is blocked by all 4 herbicides (free acids), whereas that of [14C]malonate and [14C]malonyl-CoA is not affected. This strongly suggests that the target of all 4 herbicides (free-acid form) is the acetyl-CoA carboxylase within the chloroplasts. The applied ester derivatives, in turn, which are ineffective in the isolated chloroplast test system, have equally little or no effect on the activity of the acetyl-CoA carboxylase. It is assumed that the acetyl-CoA carboxylase of the tolerant dicot plants investigated is modified in such a way that the 4 herbicides cannot bind to and affect the target
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Zhang, Yi Jun, Xiao Zhen Shen, and Sheng Yong Liu. "Determination of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters in Biodiesel Catalyzed by Shell based on Gas Chromatography." Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (October 2011): 44–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.44.
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In order to analyze the content of fatty acid methyl esters, biodiesel was analyzed by gas chromatography method. Biodiesel was produced from the raw materials soybean oil and mussel shell catalysts. GC analysis was developed by using HP-innowax chromatographic column and FID detector. Undecanoic acid methyl ester was chosen as internal standard solution. The results show that five kinds of fatty acid methyl esters were linear at range 4 g•L-1～31 g•L-1 (γ≥0.9928). The average recovery rate was 98.28%～101.85%, and relative standard deviation was less than 0.31%. The coefficient of variance of precision was less than 1.59%. This GC method is simple, rapid and accurate and it will be the base for further research.
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Kastratovic, Vlatko, and Miljan Bigovic. "Esterification of stearic acid with lower monohydroxylic alcohols." Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly 24, no. 3 (2018): 283–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ciceq170327040k.
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Esters play a significant role in everyday life but also in the chemical industry. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of different parameters on the process of esterification of higher monocarboxylic acids with lower monohydroxylic alcohols. We examined the influences of the following variables: the type and amount of the catalyst, the structure of alcohols and fatty acids, the acid/alcohol molar ratio, and the temperature of the esterification process. The descending order of reactivity found alcohols is: 1-butanol > 1-propanol > 2-methyl-1-propanol > ethanol > 2-butanol >2-propanol > 2-methyl-2-propanol. The results of this study show no significant effect of chain lengths of saturated fatty acids on the speed and yield of esterification. The presence of the double bond in unsaturated fatty acids reduces the acid to ester conversion. The highest yield (99%) was obtained in the reaction of stearic acid and 1-butanol with an acid/alcohol/catalyst (H2SO4) mole ratio 1/15/0.75 and at a temperature of 65?C.
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Mcheik, Ali, Akram Hijazi, Hicham Diab, and Ahmad Shamseddine. "Hydroboration of Methyl Esters of Fatty Acids." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 6 (February 28, 2017): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n6p323.
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Hydroboration addition reactions of a boron atom, and hydrogen over unsaturated, have been widely studied. They have excellent access routes to organoborans which have proven to be a very useful synthetic intermediate (Brown et al.; Matteson, 1987; Smith, 1994). The bill might be on one or other of the two carbons of the unsaturation. It is carried out preferentially along the least congested carbon (anti-Markownikov addition). This regioselectivity can be changed against steric effects (Brown & Zweifel, 1960; Brown & Sharp, 1968; Brown et al., 1974). The existence of two active sites in methyl esters of fatty acids, FAME: the carbon-carbon unsaturation and the ester, make their hydroboration reactions more difficult to achieve. However, it has been demonstrated that reducing the ester groups is much slower than that of olefins (Brown & Keblys, 1964). By using suitable operating conditions, it is possible to limit this secondary reaction and to obtain a selective reaction of carboncarbon double bond (Fore & Bickford, 1959). Others have protecting ester function by a silyl group in order to have a single reactive site (Kabalka & Bierer, 1989).
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Trianto, Agus, Sri Sedjati, Ocky Karna Radjasa, Rachmat Afriyanto, Sakti Imam Muchlisin, Septhy Kusuma Radjasa, and Muhammad Syaifudien Bahry. "Pemanfaatan Jamur Simbion Sponge dalam Bioisomerasi Asam Lemak pada Dedak untuk Menghasilkan Asam Lemak Cis." Jurnal Kelautan Tropis 21, no. 2 (December 7, 2018): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jkt.v21i2.3559.
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Utilization of Sponges Symbiotic Fungus in the Bioisomeration of Fatty Acids in Brans to Produce Cis Fatty Acid Trans fatty acids are known to have a negative impact on human health such as triggering the coronary heart and blood vessel related diseases. However, many food and animal feed contain trans fatty acids. Bran, which is widely used as animal feed has high fatty acid content and the majority are trans fatty acids. This study aims to determine the potential of Trichoderma harzanum, a sponge symbiont fungus, in the process of fatty acid bioconversion in bran. Bran was fermented in saline and non-salin condition for 15 days in the room temperature. Both fermented and not bran was extracted with methanol, and the extracts were concentrated with rotary evaporator. Fatty acid extracts were analyzed on the GC with hydrolysis and methylation as pre-treatments. The test results showed the fatty acid composition changed, and the was formation of new fatty acids. The bioisomeration process occurs in the Trans-9-Elaidic acid Methyl esther into Cis-9-Oleic Methyl ester. Cis-9-oleic acid is known as oleic acid which is widely found in olive and sunflowers oil. The fungus has potential as biocatalys for production of cis fatty acid. Asam lemak trans dikenal mempunyai dampak negatif terhadap kesehatan manusia seperti memicu terjadinya penyakit jantung koroner dan penyakit terkait pembuluh darah. Namun asam lemak trans banyak terkandung dalam berbagai jenis bahan makanan maupun pakan ternak diantaranya adalah dedak. Dedak banyak digunakan sebagai pakan ternak mempunyai kandungan asam lemak yang tinggi dan mayoritas adalah asam lemak trans. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui potensi jamur simbion spons Trichoderma harzanum dalam proses biokonversi asam lemak pada dedak. Fermentasi dedak dilakukan dalam kondisi salin dan unsalin selama 15 hari pada suhu ruang. Dedak yang difermentasi maupun tidak kemudian diekstrak dengan metanol kemudian dipekatkan dengan rotari eveporator. Ekstrak asam lemak degan GC dengan pre-treatment meliputi hidrolisis dan metilasi. Hasil uji menunjukan adanya perubahan komposisi dan terbentuknya asam lemak baru. Proses bioisomerasi terjadi pada Trans-9-Elaidic acid Methyl estermenjadi Cis-9-Oleic Methyl ester. Cis-9-oleic acid yang dikenal dengan asam oleat yang banyak terdapat dalam minyak zaitun dan bunga matahari. Jamur T. Harzianum mempunyai potensi sebagai biokatalis untuk memproduksi asam lemak cis.
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Salni, Salni, Poedji Loekitowati Hariani, and Hanifa Marisa Hanifa. "Influence the Rubber Seed Type and Altitude on Characteristic of Seed, Oil and Biodiesel." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 6, no. 2 (June 24, 2017): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.6.2.157-163.
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This research studies the influence of the type of rubber seed that is superior and local, altitude plant in South Sumatra province to the characteristic of seed, oil and biodiesel (methyl ester). Rubber plants planted from local rubber seed by seeds seedlings and superior rubber seed by selected clones. In the study, rubber plants planted at a different altitude, namely in Banyuasin district (18 m above sea level), Prabumulih District (176 m above sea level) and Lahat District (627 m above sea level). The results showed that the weight of the flour, the water content and ash content in the local rubber seeds larger than the superior rubber seed for all altitude, but oil content a large in the superior rubber seeds. The major of fatty acids in the rubber seed oil in all types and altitude are a linoleic acid with a different percentage except local rubber seed oil from Lahat district with the large percentage of octadecanoic acid. Free fatty acids in the oil from the superior seeds rubber of 13.897-15.494 % large than local rubber seed oil was found 9.786-10.399 % for all altitude. By esterification process using sulfuric acid catalyst, Free Fatty Acid (FFA) can be reduced to ≤ 2 %. The methyl ester made from the transesterification process of rubber seed oil after esterification using methanol and sodium hydroxide as catalyst. Analysis of methyl esters includes cetane index, flash point, kinematic viscosity, carbon residue, density, moisture content, water and sediment content and distillation compared with SNI 7182 and ASTM 6751-02. The result indicated that the quality of methyl ester from superior rubber seed oil in the Banyuasin and Prabumulih district better than another methyl ester. The types of rubber seed altitude affect the characteristics of the seed, oil and methyl ester but the altitude are not significantly different.Keywords: rubber seed, type, altitude, oil, biodieselArticle History: Received March 21st 2017; Received in revised form May 5th 2017; Accepted June 2nd 2017; Available onlineHow to Cite This Article: Salni, S, Hariani, P.L. and Marisa, H. (2017) Influence the Rubber Seed Type and Altitude on Characteristic of Seed, Oil and Biodiesel. International Journal of Renewable Energy Develeopment, 6(2), 157-163.https://doi.org/10.14710/ijred.6.2.157-163
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Salomon, Ruth, Marcela Crevero, Enrique Rost, Marisa Carstens, Ariel Parra, and Isabel Albarracín. "Cultivo en efluentes urbanos del alga Scenedesmus quadricauda (Sphaeropleales: Scenedesmaceae) y su potencial para biodiesel: perfil de ésteres metílicos de ácidos grasos." UNED Research Journal 6, no. 2 (September 3, 2014): 213–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.22458/urj.v6i2.626.
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Microalgae stand as biodiesel feedstock for high productivity and good quality of lipids. This paper presents the fatty acid methyl ester profile of Scenedesmus quadricauda. The culture was grown in Trelew city sewage, Patagonia, Argentina, in 20L at 23±1ºC, 12:12 photoperiod, fluorescent lighting tubes at 33μE m-2s-1 and agitation by air bubbling. Percentage of fatty acid methyl esters was 7,89%, it was determined by Lepage method. The profile was obtained by gas chromatography. Methyl linolenate (C18: 3) and polyunsaturated (≥4 double bonds) ester fractions were 15,06% and 0,83% respectively. The unsaturation index (0,84) was estimated and some biodiesel parameters were calculated through it: kinematic viscosity (4,68mm s -2), iodine value (75,15), cetane number (57,28), cloud point (8,78°C), specific gravity (0,88) and higher heating value (40,01MJ/kg). Linolenic acid ester fraction is above the limit value of EN 14214:2003 (<12%). However, one can modify unsaturation in this strain by varying the temperature. It is also possible to increase the lipid proportion by maintaining the culture at low nitrogen concentration by venting NH3 to increase pH during photosynthesis.
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Gitaitis, R. D. "Characterization of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Content ofClavibacter michiganensissubsp.michiganensis." Phytopathology 80, no. 4 (1990): 318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-80-318.
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Dias, Rafael Macedo, Rafael Thomaz Aquino, Maria Alvina Krähenbühl, and Mariana Conceição Costa. "Flash Point of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Binary Mixtures." Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data 64, no. 8 (July 24, 2019): 3465–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jced.9b00267.
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SAWADA, Hiroyuki, Yuichi TAKIKAWA, and Hiroyuki IEKI. "Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Profiles of the Genus Agrobacterium." Japanese Journal of Phytopathology 58, no. 1 (1992): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3186/jjphytopath.58.46.
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Al-Sakkari, E. G., S. T. El-Sheltawy, A. Soliman, and I. Ismail. "Methanolysis of Low FFA Waste Vegetable Oil using Homogeneous Base Catalyst for Biodiesel Production: New Process Design." Journal of Advanced Chemical Sciences 4, no. 4 (November 21, 2018): 593–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.30799/jacs.196.18040401.
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Biodiesel is an alternative liquid biofuel consists of a mixture of methyl or ethyl esters. It can be produced through transesterification where low molecular weight alcohol (e.g. methanol or ethanol) reacts with lipid or fat (triglyceride) to produce biodiesel (fatty acid methyl ester FAME) and glycerol as a valuable byproduct. The most common method of biodiesel production is base catalyzed transesterification where alkaline material such as potassium hydroxide is used as a catalyst. This paper presents a suggested new process design of a biodiesel plant that treats about 24 tons/ day of low free fatty acids, FFA, waste vegetable oil and WVO.
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Dehghan, L., M. T. Golmakani, and S. M. H. Hosseini. "Improving biodiesel yield from pre-esterified inedible olive oil using microwave-assisted transesterification method." Grasas y Aceites 72, no. 3 (September 14, 2021): e417. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/gya.0336201.
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In the present research, biodiesel production from olive oils with different initial free fatty acid concentrations (2.5, 5.0, and 10.0%) was evaluated. A two-stage acid-catalyzed esterification and alkaline-catalyzed transesterification (ACT) process using the microwave heating method was compared with the traditional heating method. Free fatty acid was reduced to less than 2.0% in the first stage. Although no significant difference was observed between microwave and traditional esterification methods in terms of fatty acid reduction, the microwave treatment significantly decreased reaction time by 92.5%. Comparing microwave ACT results with those of the traditional heating method showed that the microwave can significantly increase methyl ester yield and purity, and simultaneously decrease reaction time. Physical constants of methyl esters were also improved using the microwave heating method. Therefore, the microwave heating method can be regarded as an efficient method instead of the two-stage method for biodiesel production. This method is capable of using inedible olive oil with high concentrations of free fatty acids.
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R. O. Dunn. "Effects of High-Melting Methyl Esters on Crystallization Properties of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Mixtures." Transactions of the ASABE 55, no. 2 (2012): 637–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.41365.
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SIEBERT, Malte, Peter KRIEG, Wolf D. LEHMANN, Friedrich MARKS, and Gerhard FÜRSTENBERGER. "Enzymic characterization of epidermis-derived 12-lipoxygenase isoenzymes." Biochemical Journal 355, no. 1 (February 26, 2001): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3550097.
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Substrate selectivity and other enzymic characteristics of two epidermis-derived lipoxygenases (LOXs), the epidermis-type (e) (12S)-LOX and (12R)-LOX, were compared with those of the platelet-type (p) (12S)-LOX. In contrast with p(12S)-LOX, e(12S)-LOX and (12R)-LOX exhibited no or very low reactivity towards the customary substrates linoleic acid and arachidonic acid but metabolized the corresponding fatty acid methyl esters, which, in contrast, were not accepted as substrates by p(12S)-LOX. Other esters of arachidonic acid and linoleic acid, including propan-2-yl and cholesterol esters, 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, 1-palmitoyl-2-linoleyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, and ceramide 1 carrying an ω-linoleic acid ester, were not metabolized by these three LOX isoenzymes. Among various polyunsaturated fatty acids the isomeric eicosatrienoic acids were found to be oxygenated by e(12S)-LOX but not by (12R)-LOX. 4,7,10,13,16,19-Docosahexaenoic acid as a substrate was restricted to p(12S)-LOX. Variations in the pH and the Ca2+ content of the incubation medium affected the catalytic potential only slightly. Whereas (12R)-LOX activity increased in the presence of Ca2+ and with an acidic pH, Ca2+ had no effect on p(12S)-LOX and e(12S)-LOX; an acidic pH decreased the catalytic activity of the latter two. However, the catalytic activity of the epidermis-type isoenzymes, but not of p(12S)-LOX, was found to be markedly increased in the presence of DMSO. Under these conditions, e(12S)-LOX and (12R)-LOX oxygenated 4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid to 14-hydroxy-4,7,10,12,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid and 13-hydroxy-4,7,10,14,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid respectively. In addition, (9R)-hydroxyoctadeca-10,12-dienoic acid methyl ester was generated from linoleic acid methyl ester by (12R)-LOX. Independently of the substrate, the catalytic activity of e(12S)-LOX and (12R)-LOX was always at most 2% of that of p(12S)-LOX with arachidonic acid as substrate.