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1
Amor, Mondher, Taoufik Ladhari, Salim Hadj Said, and Faouzi M’Sahli. "Fault-Tolerant Control for Three-Tank System in Case of Sensor Faults." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (January 18, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8856571.
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This research paper would be devoted to the application of a fault-tolerant control (FTC) for a benchmark system composed of three interconnected tanks in case of sensor faults. The control scheme includes two blocks: fault detection and isolation (FDI) block and a control law reconfiguration block. The strategy of the FDI method is based on a bank of high gain observers; each of them is constructed to estimate the system state vector. Thus, the diagnostic signal-residuals are generated by the comparison of measured and estimated outputs and the faulty sensor is isolated. The reconfiguration block performs an update of the controller parameters according to the operating mode. The application of this method to a pilot plant demonstrates that the hydrographic system maintains quite performances after sensor faults occurrence.
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Rahaman, Munshi Mostafijur, Prasun Ghosal, and Tuhin Subhra Das. "Latency, Throughput and Power Aware Adaptive NoC Routing on Orthogonal Convex Faulty Region." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 28, no. 04 (March 31, 2019): 1950055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126619500555.
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Reliability of a Network-on-Chip (NoC) relies vastly upon the efficiency of handling faults. Faults those lead to trouble during on-chip communication process are basically of two types namely soft and hard. Here, hard faults are considered. Hard faults may be caused due to failure of links, routers, or other processing units. These are mainly dealt with fault-tolerant routing algorithms or by employing redundant hardware. Multiple faulty nodes are being avoided by acquiring region-based approaches. Most of the fault-tolerant routing techniques are designed on homogeneous faulty regions where some active nodes also act as deactivated nodes to build the region homogeneous. On the other hand, adaptive routing on nonhomogeneous faulty regions increases load on its boundary and most of them does not assure deadlock freeness. This paper proposes a deadlock-free adaptive fault-tolerant NoC routing named F-Route-NoC-Mesh (FRNM) ignoring any virtual channel on orthogonal convex faulty regions. Contributions of this work focus on balancing network traffic by assuming a virtual faulty block boundary and routing packets through this virtual boundary. Destination does not exist within that virtual faulty block regions to reduce load on the boundary of orthogonal faulty regions. Thus, this work is aimed at acquiring proper incorporation of procedures being able to reach fault-tolerant degree, routing efficiency and performance enhancement. Using the proposed algorithm (FRNM), a fault block model-based approach is developed. Significant improvements of average latency (43.37% to 60.44%), average throughput (4.18% to 90.81%) and power consumption (5.93% to 33.28%) are achieved over the state-of-the-art by using a cycle accurate simulator.
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Wang, Guo Hua, and Jing Lin Sun. "BIST-Based Method for Diagnosing Multiple Faulty CLBs in FPGAs." Applied Mechanics and Materials 643 (September 2014): 243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.643.243.
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This paper presents a new built-in self-test (BIST) method to realize the fault detection and the fault diagnosis of configurable logic blocks (CLBs) in FPGAs. The proposed BIST adopts a circular comparison structure to overcome the phenomenon of fault masking in diagnosing multiple faulty CLBs and improve the diagnostic resolution. To test the memory block in every CLB, different TPG structures are proposed to obtain maximum stuck-at fault coverage. For the LUT mode of the memory block, the TPG based on the LFSR is designed to provide Pseudo-exhaustive testing patterns, and for the distributed RAM mode of the memory block, the TPG based on FSM is designed to provide March C-testing patterns. Besides, the comparator-based output response analyzer (ORA) and the cascaded ORA scan chain are used to locate the faulty CLB and propagate the comparison output in every row. Finally, fault-injection experiment results verify its ability to detect and diagnose multiple faulty CLBs in faulty FPGAs.
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Tsai, Ming-Jer. "Fault-Tolerant Routing in Wormhole Meshes." Journal of Interconnection Networks 04, no. 04 (December 2003): 463–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219265903000970.
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In wormhole meshes, many a routing algorithm prevents a deadlock by enclosing unlimited number of faulty nodes with faulty blocks and dividing a physical interconnection network into a fixed number of virtual ones; none of them, however, is able to tolerate two faulty blocks with a distance of two, no less, in at least one dimension by use of only two virtual interconnection networks. To fill this gap, an adaptive and fault-tolerant routing algorithm is proposed. The algorithm is fully-adaptive until encountering a faulty block. It then detours the blocked message around the faulty block. Arranging the detours around faulty blocks attempts to prevent a deadlock. The proposed method has no need for global information.
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Wang, Ling, and Terrence Mak. "A Fault-Tolerant Routing Algorithm Using Tunnels in Fault Blocks for Network-on-Chip." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 27, no. 02 (September 11, 2017): 1850022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126618500226.
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In 2D mesh Network on Chips (NoCs), fault-tolerant algorithms usually deactivate healthy nodes to form rectangular or convex fault blocks. However, the deactivated nodes can possibly form an available tunnel in a faulty block. We propose a method to discover these tunnels, and propose a fault-tolerant routing algorithm to route messages through such paths such that the overall communication performance is improved. In addition, the algorithm is deadlock-free by prohibiting some turns. Simulation results demonstrate that the reuse of the sacrificed nodes in fault blocks can significantly reduce the average message latency.
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Soloviev, A. "Transformation of frequency-magnitude relation prior to large events in the model of block structure dynamics." Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics 15, no. 1 (February 27, 2008): 209–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/npg-15-209-2008.
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Abstract. The b-value change in the frequency-magnitude (FM) distribution for a synthetic earthquake catalogue obtained by means of the model of block structure dynamics has been studied. The catalogue is divided into time periods preceding strong earthquakes and time periods that do not precede strong earthquakes. The separate analysis of these periods shows that the b-value is smaller before strong earthquakes. The similar phenomenon has been found also for the observed seismicity of the Southern California. The model of block structure dynamics represents a seismic region as a system of perfectly rigid blocks divided by infinitely thin plane faults. The blocks interact between themselves and with the underlying medium. The system of blocks moves as a consequence of prescribed motion of the boundary blocks and of the underlying medium. As the blocks are perfectly rigid, all deformation takes place in the fault zones and at the block base in contact with the underlying medium. Relative block displacements take place along the fault zones. Block motion is defined so that the system is in a quasistatic equilibrium state. The interaction of blocks along the fault zones is viscous-elastic ("normal state") while the ratio of the stress to the pressure remains below a certain strength level. When the critical level is exceeded in some part of a fault zone, a stress-drop ("failure") occurs (in accordance with the dry friction model), possibly causing failure in other parts of the fault zones. These failures produce earthquakes. Immediately after the earthquake and for some time after, the affected parts of the fault zones are in a state of creep. This state differs from the normal state because of a faster growth of inelastic displacements, lasting until the stress falls below some other level. This numerical simulation gives rise a synthetic earthquake catalogue.
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Brown, Alistair R., G. Serpell Edwards, and Robert E. Howard. "Fault slicing—A new approach to the interpretation of fault detail." GEOPHYSICS 52, no. 10 (October 1987): 1319–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442245.
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The manner in which a fault intersects a hydrocarbon reservoir affects production characteristics and thus must be understood in great detail. A 3-D seismic data volume can be sliced interactively to yield seismic sections parallel to a fault plane. These fault slices can then be used in several ways for the study of faults. Tracking of correlative horizons on fault slices provides a map of fault throw and permits study of the throw as a function of vertical traveltime and horizontal position. Because a fault slice remains within one major fault block, the study of growth relationships in that block is facilitated. Splinter faults, which are also significant in development and production, can be studied effectively on fault slices because of the uniform proximity of these sections to the parent fault. We conclude that there is some uniformity in azimuth between splinter faults and their parent.
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Patan, Krzysztof, and Józef Korbicz. "Nonlinear model predictive control of a boiler unit: A fault tolerant control study." International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science 22, no. 1 (March 1, 2012): 225–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10006-012-0017-6.
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Nonlinear model predictive control of a boiler unit: A fault tolerant control studyThis paper deals with a nonlinear model predictive control designed for a boiler unit. The predictive controller is realized by means of a recurrent neural network which acts as a one-step ahead predictor. Then, based on the neural predictor, the control law is derived solving an optimization problem. Fault tolerant properties of the proposed control system are also investigated. A set of eight faulty scenarios is prepared to verify the quality of the fault tolerant control. Based of different faulty situations, a fault compensation problem is also investigated. As the automatic control system can hide faults from being observed, the control system is equipped with a fault detection block. The fault detection module designed using the one-step ahead predictor and constant thresholds informs the user about any abnormal behaviour of the system even in the cases when faults are quickly and reliably compensated by the predictive controller.
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Ravichand, S., T. Madhu, and M. Sailaja. "A Self-Repairing Digital System with High-Quality Scalability and Fault Coverage." International Journal of Emerging Research in Management and Technology 6, no. 8 (June 25, 2018): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.23956/ijermt.v6i8.145.
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In any fault tolerant or BIST system the primary goal is to covenant with faults that arise in the indented system. The proposed system using genetic algorithm to optimize the performance and area of given circuit. This approach is supple for combinational circuit design. The use of four spare cells simplifies the operation of the active block in the current system; it needs more space to establish itself so it is considered as overhead. The proposed method of fault detection and correction for logical errors using genetic algorithm decreases the area overhead. Detection of Fault in the memory unit through BIST implementation increases the speed but replacing the existing faulty block with fault free block degrades the fault analyzing capabilities. Utmost care has on all the works implemented for the process of minimizing the error in different digital process. Therefore, with the new scope of proposing the method of reducing the error flow for the application of medical field, aeronautical, satellite broadcasting is described very efficiently in this paper. The simulation results of the fault tolerant and self-repairing method using genetic algorithm is presented.
10
Yang, Yi, Meirun Chen, Hao Li, and Lian Li. "Adaptive Fault-Tolerant Routing in 2D Mesh with Cracky Rectangular Model." Journal of Applied Mathematics 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/592638.
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This paper mainly focuses on routing in two-dimensional mesh networks. We propose a novel faulty block model, which is cracky rectangular block, for fault-tolerant adaptive routing. All the faulty nodes and faulty links are surrounded in this type of block, which is a convex structure, in order to avoid routing livelock. Additionally, the model constructs the interior spanning forest for each block in order to keep in touch with the nodes inside of each block. The procedure for block construction is dynamically and totally distributed. The construction algorithm is simple and ease of implementation. And this is a fully adaptive block which will dynamically adjust its scale in accordance with the situation of networks, either the fault emergence or the fault recovery, without shutdown of the system. Based on this model, we also develop a distributed fault-tolerant routing algorithm. Then we give the formal proof for this algorithm to guarantee that messages will always reach their destinations if and only if the destination nodes keep connecting with these mesh networks. So the new model and routing algorithm maximize the availability of the nodes in networks. This is a noticeable overall improvement of fault tolerability of the system.
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Vosgerau, Henrik, Peter Alsen, Ian D. Carr, Jens Therkelsen, Lars Stemmerik, and Finn Surlyk. "Jurassic syn-rift sedimentation on a seawards-tilted fault block, Traill Ø, North-East Greenland." Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) Bulletin 5 (November 1, 2004): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.34194/geusb.v5.4800.
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Middle–Late Jurassic rifting in East Greenland was marked by westwards tilting of wide fault blocks bounded by major N–S-trending east-dipping synthetic faults. The syn-rift successions thicken westwards towards the faults and shallow marine sandstones show mainly southwards axial transport directions. An exception to this general pattern is found in south-east Traill Ø, which constitutes the E-tilted Bjørnedal Block, which is bounded to the west by the westwardsdipping antithetic Vælddal Fault. The stratigraphic development of the Jurassic succession on this block shows important differences to the adjacent areas reflecting a different tectonic development. Shallow marine sand seems initially to have filled accommodation space of the immediately adjacent block to the west. This block subsequently acted as a bypass area and much of the sediment was spilled eastwards onto the hangingwall of the east-dipping Bjørnedal Block. The succession on the Bjørnedal Block shows an eastwards proximal–distal decrease in sandstone– mudstone ratio, reflecting increasing water depth and progressive under-filling of the subbasin towards the east in agreement with the dip direction of the fault block. The transverse, mainly south-eastwards palaeocurrents, the eastwards increase in water depths and decrease in sandstone–mudstone ratio on the Bjørnedal Block are at variance with the standard picture of westtilted blocks with southwards-directed palaeocurrents and decrease in grain size. Earlier palaeogeographic reconstructions have to be modified to account for the east-dipping hangingwall and different stratigraphic development of the area. The sea was thus open towards the east and there is no direct indication of a barrier or shoal east of Traill Ø.
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Ma, Bingshan, Jiafu Qi, and Jiawang Ge. "Development of two-phase transfer zones during multiphase rifting and their influence on sedimentation in the Baxian Sag, Bohai Bay Basin, northern China." Geological Magazine 156, no. 11 (April 3, 2019): 1821–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756819000190.
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AbstractWe investigate the formation and deformation of transfer zones and their impact on sedimentation during multiphase rifting using a three-dimensional seismic dataset in the Baxian Sag, the onshore part of the Bohai Bay Basin, northern China. The fault system in the study area is dominated by two arcuate, opposing boundary faults, that is, the Niudong and Maxi faults, which form an S-type fault system which does not link together. The fault system and structural-stratigraphic features between the Eocene and Oligocene syn-rift sequences were distinctly different during the Palaeogene rifting. These differences allow us to identify the two-phase transfer zones: (1) a NW–SE-trending Eocene transfer zone linking the NW-tilted Baxian Block and the SE-tilted Raoyang Block , and (2) the N–S-trending Oligocene transfer zone forming along the central part of the S-type fault system between the two inward kinks, and linking S-tilted and N-tilted fault blocks. The two-phase transfer zones comprise transverse boundary fault segments and fault styles which are related to strike-slip motion. The strike-slip faults occurred in the sequence where the transfer zone formed. The transfer zones significantly influenced the syn-rift sediments, drainage catchments and reservoir properties during the periods when they formed, and the two-phase transfer zones represent favourable positions for hydrocarbon accumulation in the Eocene and Oligocene sequences, respectively.
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Zhang, Jun Bin, Jin Yan Cai, and Dan Yang Li. "A Novel Fault Orientation Technique of FPGA Configurable Logic Blocks Based on Improved Shift Register." Applied Mechanics and Materials 347-350 (August 2013): 1602–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.347-350.1602.
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With the development of digital integrate circuit system which is based on Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA), the request on FPGA test technique is becoming higher and higher. The Boundary Scan Technique and Built-In Self-Test (BIST) technique appear in succession, however, these techniques dont implement Configurable Logic Block (CLB) fault diagnose and fault orientation. Arrays-based technique was advanced, which also have some problems about masking of faults and too many reconfiguration times. According to these problems, A Novel Shift Register-based technique for Fault Orientation of FPGA Configurable Logic Blocks was advanced. The paper analyses the design theory about core circuit configure, and has important significance impact on Fault Orientation of FPGA Configurable Logic Blocks.
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Shen, Peng Fei, Ling Li, Yong Sheng Chen, Nian Qiao Fang, Jian Li, and Feng Wang. "Fault Sealing Property Analyzing by Water Injection in Oilfields." Applied Mechanics and Materials 295-298 (February 2013): 3205–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.295-298.3205.
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The quantity and availability of water injection are affected by geological environments in complex small fault-block oilfields, especially nearby faults. It is a general method to qualitatively determine fault sealing ability by water injection availability. The availability analysis of several injection wells can judge sealing ability of five faults of block M28-1 in JD oilfield. The water injection data show that fault F1, F4, F5 are main areas of pressure releasing for unsealing. Fault F2 and F3 are distributed on each side of the water injection well, which have a little influence on loss of water injection for sealing.
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CROWLEY, Q., and M. FEELY. "New perspectives on the order and style of granite emplacement in the Galway Batholith, western Ireland." Geological Magazine 134, no. 4 (July 1997): 539–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756897007218.
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The late Caledonian Galway Batholith is cut by two major faults which divide it into three separate areas: the western, central and eastern blocks. The upthrown and more deeply eroded central block is bounded by these faults, in the west by the north–northeast trending Shannawona Fault and in the east by the north–northwest trending Barna Fault. We present new granite field relations from part of the central block (Inveran sector) which are fundamental in establishing the order and style of emplacement for the granites of the central block and the batholith as a whole. Unequivocal field evidence from the Inveran sector indicates upward movement of early central block granites which then became the solid roof rocks to subsequent intrusions. In the case of the Knock Granite these earlier intrusions were block stoped. We use this field evidence to review the geology of the central block in a 200 km2 area that incorporates the previously mapped Costelloe and Spiddal areas. Sharp intrusive contacts are a predominant feature of this sector of the central block and are in marked contrast to the gradational contacts recorded elsewhere in the batholith. Whereas juxtaposition of plutons in the western block occurred as the granites were partly crystallized, the central block reveals earlier, deeper level granites that were consolidated by the time they were intruded by late-stage higher level granites.
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Milana, Juan Pablo. "A model of the Glaciar Horcones Inferior surge, Aconcagua region, Argentina." Journal of Glaciology 53, no. 183 (2007): 565–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/002214307784409324.
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The deformation, resulting from a surge in 1985, of Glaciar Horcones Inferior is analyzed using structural geological models. During the surge, previously continuous debris cover was deformed by the formation of regularly separated and rotated ice blocks, suggesting a system of linked rotational extensional faults. Block tilting was measured from photographs taken shortly after the surge, showing rotation of the debris-covered surface. Fault inclination was assumed to be coincident with the debris-free side of the block. Glacier advance during the surge was obtained by comparing pre-surge aerial photographs with the position of maximum advance after the surge. Glacier thinning was estimated from the debris surface average lowering (relief generated at lateral scarps coincident with shear zones) and ice thickness measurements after surge termination. Three independent sets of information, geometry of the deformation (i.e. depth of detachment, fault traces, fault spacing, block rotation), glacier thinning and net advance, limit possible interpretations. Surface geometry suggests a domino-style or a linked planar rotational extensional fault system. In the observed configuration, however, these models can only explain a 12–13% extension. Glacier thinning suggests 30% local extension, and total glacier advance implies 16% minimum extension, which does not account for some frontal compression, as observed. A linked curved rotational extensional fault model fits the data well, implying a significant degree of internal deformation within each block. This model satisfactorily explains the observed deformation produced by the surge. It may also explain some modes of fast glacier flow, since the observed style of block tilting is present in other glaciers with high relief.
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Patil, Harshal Vilas. "Three-Phase Fault Analysis on Transmission Line in Matlab Simulink." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 30, 2021): 5386–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.36027.
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Now-a-days the demand of electricity or power areincreases day by day this results to transmits more power byIncreasing the transmission line capacity from one place to theother place. But during the transmission some faults areoccurred in the system, such as L-L fault (line to line), 1L-Gfault (single line to ground) and 2L-G fault (double line toground). These faults affect the power system equipmentswhich are connected to it. The main aim of this paper is tostudy or analysis of faults and also identifies the effect of thefault in transmission line along with bus system which isconnected to transmission line. Mainly the major faults in longtransmission lines is (L-G) single line to ground fault which areharmful to the electrical equipment. A proposed model intransmission line is simulated in MATLAB software to analysisand identified the faults. Fault block was taken from the sim-power system block library. The whole modeling andsimulation of different operating and different conditions offault on transmission line, their faults are L-G fault, 2L-Gfault, 3L-G fault and three line short circuit of the proposedwork is presented in this paper.
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Chouiref, Houda, Boumedyen Boussaid, Mohamed Naceur Abdelkrim, Vicenç Puig, and Christophe Aubrun. "Integrated FDI/FTC approach for wind turbines using a LPV interval predictor subspace approach and virtual sensors/actuators." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 235, no. 6 (March 16, 2021): 1527–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09576509211002080.
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In order to keep wind turbines connected and in operation at all times despite the occurrence of some faults, advanced fault detection and accommodation schemes are required. To achieve this goal, this paper proposes to use the Linear Parameter Varying approach to design an Active Fault Tolerant Control for wind turbines. This Active Fault Tolerant Control is integrated with a Fault Detection and Isolation approach. Fault detection is based on a Linear Parameter Varying interval predictor approach while fault isolation is based on analysing the residual fault signatures. To include fault-tolerance in the control system (already available in the considered wind turbine case study based on the well known SAFEPROCESS benchmark), the information of the Fault Detection and Isolation approach block is exploited and it is used in the implementation of a virtual actuator and sensor scheme. The proposed Active Fault Tolerant Control is evaluated using fault scenarios which are proposed in the wind turbine benchmark to assess its performance. Results show the effectiveness of the proposed Active Fault Tolerant Control approach in faulty situation.
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Li, Zhan Dong, Sai Liu, and Hai Xiang Zhang. "Contemporaneous Faulting and of Sandbody Control in PN Oilfield." Applied Mechanics and Materials 411-414 (September 2013): 3117–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.411-414.3117.
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This paper investigates the structural feature of X area in PN oilfield and expounds the control function which contemporaneous faults do to the sandstone bodies. Considering the research of the fault growth index, the fault stretching rate and the stretching rate, it can be sure that the activities of a contemporaneous fault happen mainly in the period of Qingshankou Fm the period of Yaojia Fm~ nen the first or the second segments and also the third or the fourth segments. According to the thickening of the weight at each unit time in P reservoir, the strong activity period of contemporaneous faults located in PI3 time unit. Through researches on the distance curve of fault throw and of the ancient fault throw, the growth of contemporaneous faults has an overall performance that it has multi-episodic activity of faults in vertical and different sections on different locations in horizontal. Summarized two kinds of sandbody control methods:The way using downthrown block of contemporaneous fault and sectioning the growing point. The downthrown block of contemporaneous fault method has the same evolutionary series with stratigraphic deposition; the type of sandbody control depends on the evolution of sedimentary environment.
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Leclair, Alain D., John A. Percival, Alan G. Green, Jianjun Wu, Gordon F. West, and Weizhong Wang. "Seismic reflection profiles across the central Kapuskasing uplift." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 31, no. 7 (July 1, 1994): 1016–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e94-092.
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The central Superior Province is transected by the intracratonic Kapuskasing uplift, which contains rocks exhumed from 30 to 35 km paleodepth. As part of the Lithoprobe Kapuskasing transect, approximately 52 km of 16 s seismic reflection data were collected in the central segment of the uplift along three profiles that traverse the northern Groundhog River block, the bounding Saganash Lake fault, and the eastern Val Rita block. The seismic sections have the following characteristics in common: (i) a complexly reflective uppermost portion (< 1 s) limiting correlation of reflective zones and surface features; (ii) numerous subhorizontal, east- and west-dipping reflection zones; and (iii) a significant reduction in reflectivity beyond the refraction-defined Moho (~ 14 s). Beneath the Groundhog River block a series of straight, west-dipping (~ 20°) reflection zones between 2 and 10 s is underlain by subhorizontal reflections in the lower crust. Across the Saganash Lake fault, the Val Rita block is characterized by a maze of discontinuous, curvilinear reflections with general easterly dip down to 8 – 10 s, below which west-dipping events are prominent. A north–south cross profile reveals a highly reflective crust with dominantly horizontal reflection geometry below the Saganash Lake metavolcanic belt, and a steep truncation of reflection zones down to at least 7 s, which correlates with the surface trace of the Nansen Creek fault. This fault resembles well-known strike-slip faults in intraplate settings. The Saganash Lake fault, variably interpreted as a west-side-down normal fault with up to 15 km of throw or a major strike-slip zone, may be visible as a west-dipping, weakly reflective zone steeply truncating east-dipping reflections and becoming listric at depth. This interpretation accords with surface geological observations and gravity models for the structural geometry of the region in which the Groundhog River block is a thin thrust sheet of granulite perched on Abitibi belt rocks and truncated on the west by the crustal-scale Saganash Lake fault. Alternatively, the fault could be a seismically unresolved major transcurrent structure juxtaposing blocks with disparate reflection patterns in the upper 8 s. Limited amounts of late strike-slip motion have been inferred from various geophysical studies.
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Crosson, R. S., M. Martini, R. Scarpa, and S. C. Key. "The southern Italy earthquake of 23 November 1980: An unusual pattern of faulting." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 76, no. 2 (April 1, 1986): 381–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0760020381.
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abstract A complex rupture history for the 23 November 1980 magnitude 6.9 Italian earthquake resulted in an unusual pattern of two high-angle, subperpendicular normal faults forming the corner of a down-dropped crustal block. Evidence for this interpretation is from aftershocks, the pattern of strong ground motion, focal mechanism of the mainshock, and two critically placed leveling profiles. Quantitative modeling of leveling profiles using smoothly varying dislocation segments provides confirmation of the fault pattern and specific verification of the existence of a secondary fault which is suborthogonal to the primary fault. Rupture began on the NW-trending main fault with downward motion of the northeast block. About 40 sec after initial motion began, rupture initiated on an orthogonal NE-trending subsidiary fault, propagating away from the main fault. This fault pattern is consistent with tectonic extension in a northeasterly direction.
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Graversen, Ole. "Structural analysis of superposed fault systems of the Bornholm horst block, Tornquist Zone, Denmark." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 57 (November 15, 2009): 25–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.37570/bgsd-2009-57-02.
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The Bornholm horst block is composed of Precambrian crystalline basement overlain by Palaeozoic and Mesozoic cover rocks. The cover intervals are separated by an angular unconformity and a hiatus spanning the Devonian through Middle Triassic interval. Late Palaeozoic faulting of the Early Palaeozoic Baltica platform is correlated with early-middle Carboniferous deformation in the Variscan foreland and with faulting associated with dolerite dyke injection in Skåne in the Late Carboniferous – Early Permian. The Palaeozoic fault systems are striking NW-SE and WNW-ESE and the platform series are dipping towards the SE and ESE respectively. The Mesozoic faulting was associated with the development of a horst-graben framework in the Bornholm-Skåne segment of the Sorgenfrei-Tornquist Zone. Mesozoic fault subsidence started in the Rønne Graben in the Triassic. In the Jurassic the Arnager-Sose block became active, cut off from the Bornholm block; in addition the Læså Graben (new) and the Øle Å fault block complex (new) were cut into the central Bornholm block from the south. In the Late Cretaceous the central Bornholm block was perforated by isolated fault blocks, i.e. the Nyker block, the Bøsthøj block and the Lobbæk block (new) along with subsidence of the Holsterhus block and renewed subsidence of the Arnager-Sose block. The Mesozoic series are dipping towards the southwest. The Palaeozoic fault systems were associated with two-dimensional plane strain during ENE-WSW and NNE-SSW extension. By contrast the Jurassic and Cretaceous fault systems were associated with three-dimensional strain with maximum extension striking NE-SW and secondary extension striking NW-SE. The Mesozoic palaeostress fields were associated with the break down of the Pangea supercontinent.
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van Gent, Heijn, and Janos L. Urai. "Abutting faults: a case study of the evolution of strain at Courthouse branch point, Moab Fault, Utah." Solid Earth 11, no. 2 (April 9, 2020): 513–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-11-513-2020.
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Abstract. Slip planes and slip directions of subsequent generations of faults were measured and analysed in the interaction damage zone of two abutting faults in porous sandstones in order to understand the palaeostress/palaeostrain evolution. The Courthouse branch point of the Moab Fault in SE Utah (USA) is a much-studied, spectacular outcrop of two abutting faults, located in the footwall block of the main fault and in the hanging wall block of the abutting fault. The abutting fault is synthetic to the main fault. The outcrop shows a wide range of deformation structures and fault-related diagenesis such as striated slip planes, deformation bands, veins, Liesegang bands and copper-rich mineralization. By combining our own measurements with published data on the relative age of these structures, we classified the data in four sets. Using a Numeric Dynamic Analysis (NDA) to calculate the orientation of the kinematic axes we found three different palaeo-extension directions in the four sets, recording the evolution of stress/strain axes during the abutting process. The first phase of deformation is regional extension in the NE–SW direction. As the second fault approached the main fault from its footwall side and the two faults started to become kinematically linked, the extension direction changed so that the overall extension became perpendicular to the approaching fault (NW–SE). Finally, the extension direction changed back to being perpendicular to the first segment (NE–SW) when the two faults became geometrically linked and regional extension became dominant again.
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Sun, Yujun, Taoyuan Fan, Chunjing Zhou, and Zhonghai Wu. "The Evolution of Stress and Strain around the Bayan Har Block in the Tibetan Plateau." Journal of Earthquakes 2015 (December 8, 2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/971628.
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With the constraint of GPS observation, the tectonic deformation of the Bayan Har block and its periphery faults is investigated based on an elastoplastic plane-stress finite element model. The results show that the elastic model cannot explain the current GPS observation in the Bayan Har block. When East Kunlun fault and Yushu-Xianshuihe fault are under plastic yield state or high strain localization, the calculated velocities fit well with the observation values. It indicates that most of the current shear deformations or strain localizations are absorbed by these two large strike-slip faults. In addition, if the recurrence intervals of large earthquakes are used to limit the relative yield strength of major faults, the order of entering the plastic yield state of the major faults around Bayan Har block is as follows. The first faults to enter the yield state are Yushu-Xianshuihe faults and the middle segment of East Kunlun faults. Then, Margaichaka-RolaKangri faults (Mani segment) and Heishibeihu faults would enter the yield state. The last faults to enter the yield state are the eastern segment of East Kunlun faults and Longmenshan faults, respectively. These results help us to understand the slip properties of faults around the southeastward moving Bayan Har block.
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Le Pichon, Xavier, A. M. Celâl Şengör, and Caner İmren. "A new approach to the opening of the eastern Mediterranean Sea and the origin of the Hellenic Subduction Zone. Part 1: The eastern Mediterranean Sea." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 56, no. 11 (November 2019): 1119–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2018-0128.
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We identify long transform faults that frame the eastern Mediterranean Sea and that were active during Jurassic and probably the Early Cretaceous, during the opening of the central Atlantic Ocean. We show that the African margin of the eastern Mediterranean Sea is an 1800 km long transform fault that absorbed the Africa/Eurasia Jurassic left-lateral motion during the opening of the central Atlantic. We call this transform fault the Eastern Mediterranean South Transform fault (EMST). We identify two other transform faults that were active simultaneously and framed the eastern Mediterranean Sea during its formation. These are the Apulia Transform fault (AT) and the Eastern Mediterranean North Transform fault (EMNT). The AT, three hundred km north of the EMST, followed the southern boundary of the Apulia block. Still 300 km farther north, the EMNT formed the northern boundary of this eastern Mediterranean shear zone. This last fault has been destroyed over a large portion by the Hellenic subduction. We relate these transform faults to the kinematics of the Jurassic Africa/Eurasia motion. We conclude that the eastern Mediterranean Sea is a long pull-apart created by left-lateral shearing of the Adria block as it was structurally linked to Africa.
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Chen, Han, Chunyan Qu, Dezheng Zhao, Chao Ma, and Xinjian Shan. "Rupture Kinematics and Coseismic Slip Model of the 2021 Mw 7.3 Maduo (China) Earthquake: Implications for the Seismic Hazard of the Kunlun Fault." Remote Sensing 13, no. 16 (August 23, 2021): 3327. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13163327.
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The 21 May 2021 Maduo earthquake was the largest event to occur on a secondary fault in the interior of the active Bayanhar block on the north-central Tibetan plateau in the last twenty years. A detailed kinematic study of the Maduo earthquake helps us to better understand the seismogenic environments of the secondary faults within the block, and its relationship with the block-bounding faults. In this study, firstly, SAR images are used to obtain the coseismic deformation fields. Secondly, we use a strain model-based method and steepest descent method (SDM) to resolve the three-dimensional displacement components and to invert the coseismic slip distribution constrained by coseismic displacement fields, respectively. The three-dimensional displacement fields reveal a dominant left-lateral strike-slip motion, local horizontal displacement variations and widely distributed near-fault subsidence/uplift deformation. We prefer a five-segment fault slip model, with well constrained fault geometry featuring different dip angles and striking, constrained by InSAR observations. The peak coseismic slip is estimated to be ~5 m near longitude 98.9°E at a depth of ~4–7 km. Overall, the distribution of the coseismic slip on the fault is highly correlated to the measured surface displacement offsets along the entire rupture. We observe the moderate shallow slip deficit and limited afterslip deformation following the Maduo earthquake, it may indicate the effects of off-fault deformation during the earthquake and stable interseismic creep on the fault. The occurrence of the Maduo earthquake on a subsidiary fault updates the importance and the traditional estimate of the seismic hazards for the Kunlun fault.
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Sasongko, S. B., K. A. Ibrahim, and A. Ahmad. "Fault Analysis Of Process System Using Multi Block Principal Component Analysis." REAKTOR 7, no. 02 (June 19, 2017): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.7.02.61-65.
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This research looks into the issues of the quality improvement based on process control instead of product control using multivariate statistical process contro. A deterministic model of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEM-FC) power plant was used as a case study to represent a multi variable or mukti equipment system. A three-step approach is proposed which can be classified into fault detection, fault isolation, and faulr diagnosis. The fault detection and the isolation utilize the multivariate analysis and yhe contro chart method , which uses the series multi-block principal component analysis of extended of PCA method. The series block principal component abalysis is solved using the non linear iteration partial least squares (NIPALS) algorithm. The SB-PCA can advangeouly incorporate the control chart, namely, T2 Hotelling control chart. In the fault diagnosis chart, the normalized variable method was successfully applied in this study with promising results. As a conclution, the result of this study demonstrated the potentials of multivariate statistical process control in solving fault detection and diagnosis problem for multi variable and multi equipment system.Keywords : statistical process control, principal component, fault analysis
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Markelov, V. A., R. A. Khusainov, V. Yu Silov, and E. V. Chepkasova. "Geological structure update using fault seal analysis at the early stage of Chayandinskoye gas condensate field development." Mining Industry Journal (Gornay Promishlennost), no. 3/2021 (July 20, 2021): 87–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.30686/1609-9192-2021-3-87-91.
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The paper shows a sophisticated approach of fault sealing analysis for Chayandinskoye gas condensate field. The gas-oil system of the field is complicated by large number of the geological faults, which leads to its block structure. Preliminary calculations using the field simulation models showed that the faults conductivity might significantly affect technical and economic features of the field. Conducted interference well tests allowed to estimate fault conductivity before the juxtaposed field blocks development. The studies were carried out in gas-saturated porous medium with low formation-pressure conductivity in wells located at distance exceeding 3000 m. Hydrodynamic connectivity between three areas was analyzed. As a result, the field geological structure was locally updated: the initially considered sealing fault identified by the seismic survey data was reconsidered as a partially conductive and additional sealing boundary between two wells was recognized, which wasn’t identified earlier due to its low amplitude. Proposed approach allows to estimate the hydrodynamic blocks connectivity at the early stages of the field development thus to improve simulation models forecasts and project decision making.
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Dragoni, M., and S. Santini. "Simulation of the long-term behaviour of a fault with two asperities." Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics 17, no. 6 (December 15, 2010): 777–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/npg-17-777-2010.
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Abstract. A system made of two sliding blocks coupled by a spring is employed to simulate the long-term behaviour of a fault with two asperities. An analytical solution is given for the motion of the system in the case of blocks having the same friction. An analysis of the phase space shows that orbits can reach a limit cycle only after entering a particular subset of the space. There is an infinite number of different limit cycles, characterized by the difference between the forces applied to the blocks or, as an alternative, by the recurrence pattern of block motions. These results suggest that the recurrence pattern of seismic events produced by the equivalent fault system is associated with a particular stress distribution which repeats periodically. Admissible stress distributions require a certain degree of inhomogeneity, which depends on the geometry of fault system. Aperiodicity may derive from stress transfers from neighboring faults.
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Keen, C. E., W. A. Kay, D. Keppie, F. Marillier, G. Pe-Piper, and J. W. F. Waldron. "Deep seismic reflection data from the Bay of Fundy and Gulf of Maine: tectonic implications for the northern Appalachians." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 28, no. 7 (July 1, 1991): 1096–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e91-099.
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Three deep-penetration seismic reflection profiles were collected off southwest Nova Scotia to determine the crustal structure and geometry beneath the Avalon and Meguma zones of the Appalachian Orogen in Canada. Onshore geological features have been traced seawards using new gravity and magnetic anomaly maps. The seismic data can also be correlated with the previous United States Geological Survey profile in the central Gulf of Maine.Two seismically distinct lower crustal blocks are identified: the Avalon and Sable lower crustal blocks, separated by a major north-dipping reflection zone that cuts the entire crust. The recognition of the Sable block adds a fourth block to the three already identified in the Canadian Appalachians. The Sable block is overlain by the Meguma Zone. The Avalon Zone overlies at least the northern part of the Avalon lower crustal block. Although offshore extension of geological features is not unequivocal, it appears that a north-dipping reflection zone southwest of Nova Scotia marks the site of Devonian thrusting of Avalon Zone over Meguma Zone. In the Bay of Fundy to the north, two south-dipping reflection zones are interpreted as major thrusts, possibly placing Avalon lower crust over a unit with different tectonic affinities. The Fundy Fault is a Carboniferous thrust within the Avalon block along the coast of New Brunswick; this was reactivated during Mesozoic extension as a transtensional fault. Extensional displacement farther southwest was probably accommodated along east-west-trending faults and small rift basins associated with them.
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Li, Hailong, Yueqiao Zhang, Shuwen Dong, Junlong Zhang, Yujun Sun, and Qiangmao Wang. "Neotectonics of the Bailongjiang and Hanan faults: New insights into late Cenozoic deformation along the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau." GSA Bulletin 132, no. 9-10 (January 3, 2020): 1845–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/b35374.1.
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Abstract The way that far-field stresses and deformation propagated eastward in response to the growth and extrusion of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau remains a crucial scientific issue. This paper focuses on the Bailongjiang and Hanan faults, which are the easternmost part of the East Kunlun fault in northeast Tibet. Based on new field geological investigations, structural data, satellite imagery interpretation, and optically stimulated luminescence and 14C dating results, this paper presents the structural geometry and neotectonic activities of the two faults. The ∼200-km-long Bailongjiang fault, bounding the Bayan Har block in northeast Tibet, consists of two segments. Along the western segment, late Pleistocene lacustrine-facies deposits and Holocene activities were discovered in a great fault scarp. The left-slip rate of the fault is estimated to be ∼1.73–2.61 mm/yr, with an elapsed time of ∼2205 yr after a catastrophic paleoseismic event greater than M 7.2 ruptured the fault. The eastern segment splits into two branches and shows a positive flower structure where a pull-apart basin developed, filled with ∼200-m-thick mudstone and argillaceous siltstone, which record the mid-late Miocene deformation of the Bailongjiang fault. The Hanan fault features reverse faulting caused by NNW-SSE compression in the late Cenozoic. The two faults, together with the Maqên-Maqu-Tazang fault, confine the area of a strip block, the eastward extrusion of which was accommodated by thrusting due to the resistance of the stable Bikou massif since the late Cenozoic, which led to decreasing slip rates along the easternmost part of the Kunlun fault.
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Shabarov, Arkadiy, Anton Kuranov, Anton Popov, and Sergey Tsirel. "Geodynamic risks of mining in highly stressed rock mass." E3S Web of Conferences 129 (2019): 01011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201912901011.
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The paper discloses that geological faults and phenomena associated therewith are the main risks of mining. The phenomena of fault activity and specific features of near-fault zones, determining their impact on the stability of mine workings and other man-made objects are discussed in detail. Different sections of faults are classified according to the degree and types of risk. The main attention is paid to the most stressed zones, where the fault is a closely spaced crack in the rock, characterized by specific strength and rock-bump hazard effect. The paper discloses that although mining operations change the stress-strain state of the massif, nonetheless, most of hazardous situations and geodynamic phenomena during excavation occur in tectonically stressed zones that already existed in the massif. In these areas, man-made overload during mining results to the formation of extremely stressed geodynamically hazardous zones. Thus, geodynamic zoning, which includes the identification of faults and block structure, assessment of their activity, as well as reconstruction of the stress-strain state of both the blocks and the near-fault zones, is the key method for assessing risks of geodynamic phenomena.
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Hoffman, K. S., and J. W. Neave. "The fused fault block approach to fault network modelling." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 292, no. 1 (2007): 75–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp292.4.
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Zhao, Hongzhi, Qiang Wang, Ke Xiong, and Songwen Pei. "A Path-Counter Method for Fault-Tolerant Minimal Routing Algorithms in 2D Mesh." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 27, no. 04 (December 6, 2017): 1850054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126618500548.
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Fault-tolerant Manhattan routing algorithms aim at finding a Manhattan path between the source and destination nodes and route around all faulty nodes. However, besides faulty nodes, some nonfaulty nodes that are helpless to make up a fault-tolerant Manhattan path should also be routed around. How to label such nonfaulty nodes efficiently is a major challenge. We propose a path-counter method. It can label such nodes with low time-complexity by counting every node’s fault-tolerant Manhattan paths to the source or destination node. During the path-counting procedure, no available nodes will be sacrificed under arbitrary fault distribution. Compared with fault-block model based work, our proposed method is independent of fault distribution, so its computational complexity is very low.
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Fittall, A. M., and R. G. Cowley. "THE HV11 3-D SEISMIC SURVEY: SKUA – SWIFT AREA GEOLOGY REVEALED?" APPEA Journal 32, no. 1 (1992): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj91013.
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The 4630 km of HV11 3-D seismic survey data, shot over the Skua and Swift fault blocks in Timor Sea licence AC/L4, reveals details of Tithonian faulting not evident previously. The HV11 survey provided 10 times the data density of previous coverage and significantly improved data quality through the recording of lower frequencies and use of accurate navigation systems and high resolution processing parameters.Tithonian faulting is revealed as a series of northeast-trending en echelon faults overprinting a deeper, north-northeastern, possibly latest Triassic, trend which defines the major fault block boundaries. Transfer of fault throw between en echelon segments appears to be by strike ramps with no evidence for cross-cutting transfer faults. Skua Field fault geometries preclude Upper Jurassic, right lateral strike-slip tectonics. Semi-regional fault trends also have an en echelon style with transfer of fault throw by strike ramps. Escarpments developed along the Tithonian faults are also evident on the HV11 data.The direction of Tithonian extension is interpreted to be oblique to the deeper fault trend, giving rise to the en echelon Tithonian fault style. Each en echelon segment appears to control an hydrocarbon accumulation, which may be due to fault-independent drape over palaeotopographic relief.En echelon Miocene faulting, incisement and depositional mounding in the Puffin Formation are also detailed by the HV11 seismic data. The HV11 survey demonstrates the value of acquisition of 3-D seismic data as an exploration tool in an area of complex and subtle structural geology.
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Allen, M. B., B. F. Windley, and Zhang Chi. "Active alluvial systems in the Korla Basin, Tien Shan, northwest China: sedimentation in a complex foreland basin." Geological Magazine 128, no. 6 (November 1991): 661–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800019750.
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AbstractThe Tien Shan is a Cenozoic orogenic belt in central Asia caused by the post-collisional convergence of India with Asia that reactivated Palaeozoic faults. The Korla Basin is a complex foreland basin within the Chinese Tien Shan; elongate sub-basins within it have received sediment from both the hangingwall and footwall blocks above and below reverse faults on their northern margins. The footwall blocks are themselves uplifted by the next fault to the south: the greater part of the sediment supply measured by area comes from the footwall block. This sediment supply pattern is analogous to that of extensional half-graben.
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McCaffrey, Robert, Anthony I. Qamar, Robert W. King, Ray Wells, Giorgi Khazaradze, Charles A. Williams, Colleen W. Stevens, Jesse J. Vollick, and Peter C. Zwick. "Fault locking, block rotation and crustal deformation in the Pacific Northwest." Geophysical Journal International 169, no. 3 (June 1, 2007): 1315–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.2007.03371.x.
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Summary We interpret Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements in the northwestern United States and adjacent parts of western Canada to describe relative motions of crustal blocks, locking on faults and permanent deformation associated with convergence between the Juan de Fuca and North American plates. To estimate angular velocities of the oceanic Juan de Fuca and Explorer plates and several continental crustal blocks, we invert the GPS velocities together with seafloor spreading rates, earthquake slip vector azimuths and fault slip azimuths and rates. We also determine the degree to which faults are either creeping aseismically or, alternatively, locked on the block-bounding faults. The Cascadia subduction thrust is locked mainly offshore, except in central Oregon, where locking extends inland. Most of Oregon and southwest Washington rotate clockwise relative to North America at rates of 0.4–1.0 ° Myr−1. No shear or extension along the Cascades volcanic arc has occurred at the mm/yr level during the past decade, suggesting that the shear deformation extending northward from the Walker Lane and eastern California shear zone south of Oregon is largely accommodated by block rotation in Oregon. The general agreement of vertical axis rotation rates derived from GPS velocities with those estimated from palaeomagnetic declination anomalies suggests that the rotations have been relatively steady for 10–15 Ma. Additional permanent dextral shear is indicated within the Oregon Coast Range near the coast. Block rotations in the Pacific Northwest do not result in net westward flux of crustal material—the crust is simply spinning and not escaping. On Vancouver Island, where the convergence obliquity is less than in Oregon and Washington, the contractional strain at the coast is more aligned with Juan de Fuca—North America motion. GPS velocities are fit significantly better when Vancouver Island and the southern Coast Mountains move relative to North America in a block-like fashion. The relative motions of the Oregon, western Washington and Vancouver Island crustal blocks indicate that the rate of permanent shortening, the type that causes upper plate earthquakes, across the Puget Sound region is 4.4 ± 0.3 mm yr−1. This shortening is likely distributed over several faults but GPS data alone cannot determine the partitioning of slip on them. The transition from predominantly shear deformation within the continent south of the Mendocino Triple Junction to predominantly block rotations north of it is similar to changes in tectonic style at other transitions from shear to subduction. This similarity suggests that crustal block rotations are enhanced in the vicinity of subduction zones possibly due to lower resisting stress.
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Zolnikov, Vladimir, A. Yagodkin, V. Antsiferova, Svetlana Evdokimova, Tatyana Skvortsova, and A. Yankov. "ANALYSIS OF RISC PROCESSOR BLOCK DESIGN WITH REGARD TO FAULT TOLERANCE." Modeling of systems and processes 12, no. 4 (January 23, 2020): 56–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2219-0767-2020-12-4-56-65.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of RISC-processor blocks for fault tolerance, which was carried out on the example of the 1890vm2t processor. the paper describes the block diagram of this processor and the methodology for evaluating the fault tolerance of the multiplication-division module MDUnit. The evaluation of the failure tolerance and the dependences of the values share about the results and formulated requirements to architecture functional blocks.
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Huang, Rui, Zhaowei Chen, Fengshou Zhang, Xiaojin Zhou, Qian Wang, Hu Cao, Haozhe Zhang, and Xuegang Yang. "Fault Slip Risk Assessment and Treating Parameter Optimization for Casing Deformation Prevention: A Case Study in the Sichuan Basin." Geofluids 2020 (December 1, 2020): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8894514.
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Casing deformation is a key issue that restricts the efficient development of shale gas in the Sichuan Basin, southwest China. In this study, we take the Ning209 block as an example to analyze the characteristics of casing deformation distribution and the mitigation effect of using reduced treating parameters on casing deformation. The geological structure and in-situ stress characteristics of this block indicate that the high horizontal stress difference and high pore pressure may be the main cause of casing deformation. Hence, based on the fault likelihood and 3D in-situ stress model, a geomechanical probability model of fault slip is established to identify the areas with high risk of faults to explain the distribution of casing deformation and investigate the impact of reducing pumping rate on fault slip. The results show that the faults in the upper region of the block have a higher slip probability than the faults in the lower region, consistent with field casing deformation observation. The high stress difference and high pore pressure are the main factors causing a high slip probability of faults. After reducing pumping rate, slip probability is found to change from medium risk to low risk for faults in the lower region, which led to a significant reduction of casing deformation in the lower region. Reducing pumping rate can play a significant role in mitigating casing deformation caused by medium-risk faults, which has been proved by the field practices. This paper proposes a comprehensive method for preventing casing deformation by combining the fault slip risk assessment with the treating parameters optimization, which bridges the gap between prediction and control for mitigating casing deformation in the field.
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Tian, Fei, Jianting Yang, Ming Cheng, Yuhong Lei, Likuan Zhang, Xiaoxue Wang, and Xin Liu. "Geometry, kinematics and dynamic characteristics of a compound transfer zone: the Dongying anticline, Bohai Bay Basin, eastern China." Open Geosciences 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 612–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geo-2016-0053.
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AbstractThe Dongying anticline is an E-W striking complex fault-bounded block unit which located in the central Dongying Depression, Bohai Bay Basin. The anticline covers an area of approximately 12 km2. The overlying succession, which is mainly composed of Tertiary strata, is cut by normal faults with opposing dips. In terms of the general structure, the study area is located in a compound transfer zone with major bounding faults to the west (Ying 1 fault) and east (Ying -8 and -31 faults). Using three-dimensional seismic data, wireline log and checkshot data, the geometries and kinematics of faults in the transfer zone were studied, and fault displacements were calculated. The results show that when activity on the Ying 1 fault diminished, displacement was transferred to the Ying -8, Ying -31 and secondary faults so that total displacement increased. Dynamic analysis shows that the stress fields in the transfer zone were complex: the northern portion was a left-lateral extensional shear zone, and the southern portion was a right-lateral extensional shear zone. A model of potential hydrocarbon traps in the Dongying transfer zone was constructed based on the above data combined with the observed reservoir rock distribution and the sealing characteristics of the faults. The hydrocarbons were mainly expulsed from Minfeng Sag during deposition periods of Neogene Guantao and Minghuazhen Formations, and migrated along major faults from source kitchens to reservoirs. The secondary faults acted as barriers, resulting in the formation of fault-bound compartments. The high points of the anticline and well-sealed traps near secondary faults are potential targets. This paper provides a reservoir formation model of the low-order transfer zone and can be applied to the hydrocarbon exploration in transfer zones, especially the complex fault block oilfields in eastern China.
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Moustafa, A. R., and M. H. Khalil. "Rejuvenation of the eastern Mediterranean passive continental margin in northern and central Sinai: new data from the Themed Fault." Geological Magazine 131, no. 4 (July 1994): 435–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800012085.
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AbstractThe Themed Fault marks the southernmost border of the Early Mesozoic passive continental margin of north Sinai. This 200-km long fault transects the northern part of the Tih Plateau that supposedly occupies a tectonically stable area. Post-Middle Eocene–pre-Early Miocene rejuvenation of this fault proceeded by right-lateral wrenching and represents a newly recognized phase of deformation in the history of north and central Sinai. The minimum estimate for the strike-slip movement on this fault is about 300–750 m. To the north of the Themed Fault is a narrow fault belt (Sinai hinge belt) that marks the boundary between a tectonically unstable crustal block to the north (the north Sinai fold belt area) and a tectonically stable crustal block to the south, the main part of the Tih plateau area.Four phases of dextral wrenching rejuvenated the faults of the Early Mesozoic passive continental margin in northern Egypt; one of them affected the Themed Fault. The oldest (Dl) deformation is early Late Senonian and is related to the closure of Neotethys and the Eastern Mediterranean basin. The D1 deformation proceeded by pure wrenching in the north Western Desert of Egypt. In contrast, it proceeded by transpression in north Sinai due to the irregular plate boundary and the relationship of this boundary to the slip vectors. D2 deformation (post-Middle Eocene–pre-Early Miocene) is clear in the Themed Fault area although reported herein for the first time; it is related to continued closure of the Eastern Mediterranean basin and proceeded by pure wrenching. D3 deformation (Late Oligocene–Early Miocene) proceeded by divergent wrenching in the north Eastern Desert and is kinematically related to the transfer of slip from the nearby faults of the Suez rift. D4 deformation (post-Early Miocene to Recent) affected the Sinai hinge belt by pure wrenching and is probably related to the left-lateral slip on the Dead Sea Transform and the related drag of the eastern edges of the fault blocks of this hinge belt. Recent seismic activity in the Sinai hinge belt perhaps indicates that the D4 deformation has continued to the present time, although morphological expression of recent tectonic movement is lacking. In contrast, the Themed Fault is seismically quiet at present.
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Fan, Xiao-Ping, Yi-Cheng He, Cong-Jie Yang, and Jun-Fei Wang. "Evaluation of crustal inhomogeneity parameters in the southern Longmenshan fault zone and adjacent regions." Journal of Seismology 24, no. 6 (August 19, 2020): 1175–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10950-020-09949-w.
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AbstractBroadband teleseismic waveform data from 13 earthquakes recorded by 70 digital seismic stations were selected to evaluate the inhomogeneity parameters of the crustal medium in the southern Longmenshan fault zone and its adjacent regions using the teleseismic fluctuation wavefield method. Results show that a strong inhomogeneity exists beneath the study region, which can be divided into three blocks according to its structure and tectonic deformation features. These are known as the Sichuan-Qinghai Block, the Sichuan-Yunnan Block, and the Mid-Sichuan Block. The velocity fluctuation ratios of the three blocks are approximately 5.1%, 3.6%, and 5.1% in the upper crust and 5.1%, 3.8%, and 4.9% in the lower crust. The inhomogeneity correlation lengths of the three blocks are about 10.1 km, 14.0 km, and 10.7 km in the upper crust and 11.8 km, 17.0 km, and 11.8 km in the lower crust. The differences in the crustal medium inhomogeneity beneath the Sichuan-Yunnan Block, the Sichuan-Qinghai Block, and the Mid-Sichuan Block may be related to intensive tectonic movement and material flow in the crust and upper mantle.
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Papanikolaou, D., and I. Papanikolaou. "GEOLOGICAL, GEOMORPHOLOGICAL AND TECTONIC STRUCTURE OF NE ATTICA AND SEISMIC HAZARD IMPLICATIONS FOR THE NORTHERN EDGE OF THE ATHENS PLAIN." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 40, no. 1 (June 8, 2018): 425. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.16634.
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A synthesis of geology, geomorphology and tectonics has been compiled regarding the NE part of Attica. This synthesis helps us clarify how old and new structures interrelate and interact to provide the present day setting. Geological, geomorphological maps, and cross-sections are provided to help us depict and extract data. The region of NE Attica forms a tilted tectonic block bounded by the Afidnai fault to the south and the Oropos fault to the north that rotates to the S-SW. This tilt produces southern trending flow directions draining the footwall within the block. Drainage basins are highly asymmetric due to the presence of active normal faults producing a combination of fault parallel and fault perpendicular flow directions. This block is also divided by a NNE-SSW detachment fault that separates the metamorphic units to the east from the unmetamorphic units to the west. It was active in Late Miocene-Early Pliocene and produced several hundred meters of debris-flow deposits. This detachment influences the geometry, style and intensity of deformation, but also the seismicity pattern. In particular, this detachment coincides with the line separating zone I (lowest category of seismic risk) from zone II of the national seismic building code. Finally, the Athens plain is bounded northwards by the active, but low slip-rate E-W trending, 14 km long, Afidnai fault.
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Cong, Lin, Yang Liu, Wen Long Li, and Hai Ou Fang. "Regional Estimation of Block Oilfield Rock Physical Parameters." Advanced Materials Research 734-737 (August 2013): 1425–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.734-737.1425.
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Based on getting block oilfield original drilling core data, the study established a geological physical parameters database and visual geological model of block oilfield, including block areas model, fault model, surface model and so on, by choosing several block oilfield oil parameters and using geological sections. The paper established block model by using hexahedral subdivision skills, estimated three-dimensional space physical parameters by using geostatistics theory and constraints of block areas and faults. It got block oilfield rock parameters spatial distribution and supplied a effective method to find oil rich regions and reach rolling development goals.
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Li, Li Qing, Hai Lu, and Xu Dong Li. "The Study on Software Fault Tolerance." Applied Mechanics and Materials 268-270 (December 2012): 1790–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.268-270.1790.
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Software Fault -tolerance is an effective and reliable design technique and Recovery Block Scheme is an important Software Fault-tolerant measure. Here is the brief introduction of the implementation of Software Fault-tolerant technique and the design pattern by employing software redundancy and then proposes the implementation of Recovery Block Scheme. Firstly, based on the program block’s fault captured by exception-progressing mechanism, it applies the Command Pattern and Active Objective Pattern to manage and schedule arithmetic unit to achieve rollback, clears the data generated by fault operation block and restores to the state before the operation. The design pattern provides a widely available recovery block schemes design pattern, simplifies the implementation of arithmetic unit and gives the core algorithm through Java.
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Gourmelen, Claude, Adel Rigane, Paul Broquet, Rene Truillet, and Mohamed Ouramdane Aite. "Caracteres structuraux et dynamiques d'un bassin en transtension; la plate-forme tunisienne a l'Ypresien terminal." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 171, no. 5 (September 1, 2000): 559–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/171.5.559.
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Abstract In Tunisia, Ypresian carbonate deposits occur on a platform preserving vestige of an inherited fault network. The fault network delineates blocks of different sizes accounting for the platform morphology and in turn for variation in thickness of the Ypresian sequence. The nummulitic limestone carapace of the Ypresian sequence is fractured by faults and joints of various orientations which are systematically sealed by marly beds of early Lutetian age. This indicates that the fault network was reactivated during late Ypresian. Geometric and kinematic study indicates that this strike slip late reactivation is accomodated by normal fault. These structures originated in soft sediment undergoing diagenesis. Depending on bed competency, both ductile and brittle deformation features were recognized in the fault. This superficial tectonic event represents, a recent reactivation of ancient fractures cartographically located on the boundaries of late Ypresian megablocks. Kinematic study of the deformation within and along the boundaries of one of these blocks, (Ousseltia block), indicates a late Ypresian, early Lutetian strike-slip distensive faulting dynamic. Stress-field orientation indicates a rapid re-orientation in time from a predominantly NW-SE extensional tectonic to a NE-SW extensional event. Stratigraphic dating of that tectonical crisis coincides with a turbulent period of relative motions between Europe and Africa.
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Xiao, Dian Shi, Hong Li Chen, and Hai Feng Chen. "Controlling Factors of Hydrocarbon Accumulation and Optimization of Favorable Blocks for Both Flanks of Putaohua Reservoir in Southern Daqing Placanticline." Applied Mechanics and Materials 214 (November 2012): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.214.23.
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Putaohua reservoir in south of Daqing Placanticline is rich in oil and gas resources. However, the distribution of oil and gas is so complex and the hydrocarbon accumulation process is still unclear by now. Due to low proven reserves, it is not effective to explore the reserves. By use of the logging interpretation and results of production test and together with analysis of the oil and gas distribution and hydrocarbon accumulation process of Putaohua reservoir in south of Daqing Placanticline, the controlling factors of hydrocarbon accumulation in aspects of oil and gas migration pathway, developmental characteristics of sand, local structure etc are discussed in order to optimize potential blocks. The hydrocarbon of Putaohua reservoir in both flanks in south of Daqing Placanticline is from the local K1qn1 source rock. Hydrocarbon migration mainly depends on vertical movement and is supported by short-distance lateral migration; hydrocarbon accumulation is mainly affected by restrictions of oil source fault and high fault block, so that most of hydrocarbon accumulate in the distributary channel and distal bar of reverse faulting footwall, horst, reverse fault and other high fault blocks where are closely adjacent to the oil source faults.
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Williams, R. R., and A. D. Milne. "The Thistle Field, Blocks 211/18a and 211/19, UK North Sea." Geological Society, London, Memoirs 14, no. 1 (1991): 199–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.mem.1991.014.01.25.
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AbstractThe Thistle Oilfield is located on the western margin of the North Viking Graben in UK Blocks 21l/18a and 211/19. The field was discovered in 1973 by the Halibut Group, operated by the Signal Oil Company. The discovery well was drilled in 1973 and the field was declared commerical before completion of the first two appraisal wells. The extension of the field into Block 211/19 was confirmed by well 211/19-1 drilled in 1974 and the field was subsequently unitized.The Middle Jurassic Brent Group forms the oil-bearing reservoir sequence. The structure is an easterly dipping, rotated fault block divided into five main compartments by N-S normal faults and E-W cross faults. A 60 slot drilling and production platform was installed in 1976 and production began in February 1978. It is now connected by pipeline to Sullom Voe and production through this link commenced in late 1978. Due to only limited aquifer support, injection wells have been drilled on the east flank of the field, in order to maintain reservoir pressure. In addition, several wells in partly isolated fault blocks are produced by gas lift completions. The current STOIIP is estimated at 794 MMBBL of which 396 MMBBL will ultimately be recovered. Cumulative production to the end of 1988 was 334 MMBBL from 34 production wells, with support from 13 injection wells.
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Dong, Liang, Hongxin Zhang, Shaofei Sun, Lei Zhu, Xiaotong Cui, and Bablu K. Ghosh. "An Effective Simulation Analysis of Transient Electromagnetic Multiple Faults." Sensors 20, no. 7 (April 1, 2020): 1976. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20071976.
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Embedded encryption devices and smart sensors are vulnerable to physical attacks. Due to the continuous shrinking of chip size, laser injection, particle radiation and electromagnetic transient injection are possible methods that introduce transient multiple faults. In the fault analysis stage, the adversary is unclear about the actual number of faults injected. Typically, the single-nibble fault analysis encounters difficulties. Therefore, in this paper, we propose novel ciphertext-only impossible differentials that can analyze the number of random faults to six nibbles. We use the impossible differentials to exclude the secret key that definitely does not exist, and then gradually obtain the unique secret key through inverse difference equations. Using software simulation, we conducted 32,000 random multiple fault attacks on Midori. The experiments were carried out to verify the theoretical model of multiple fault attacks. We obtain the relationship between fault injection and information content. To reduce the number of fault attacks, we further optimized the fault attack method. The secret key can be obtained at least 11 times. The proposed ciphertext-only impossible differential analysis provides an effective method for random multiple faults analysis, which would be helpful for improving the security of block ciphers.
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KOYI, HEMIN, FARAMARZ NILFOUROUSHAN, and KHALED HESSAMI. "Modelling role of basement block rotation and strike-slip faulting on structural pattern in cover units of fold-and-thrust belts." Geological Magazine 153, no. 5-6 (July 29, 2016): 827–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756816000595.
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AbstractA series of scaled analogue models are used to study (de)coupling between basement and cover deformation. Rigid basal blocks were rotated about a vertical axis in a ‘bookshelf’ fashion, which caused strike-slip faulting along the blocks and in the overlying cover units of loose sand. Three different combinations of cover–basement deformations are modelled: (i) cover shortening before basement fault movement; (ii) basement fault movement before cover shortening; and (iii) simultaneous cover shortening with basement fault movement. Results show that the effect of the basement faults depends on the timing of their reactivation. Pre- and syn-orogenic basement fault movements have a significant impact on the structural pattern of the cover units, whereas post-orogenic basement fault movement has less influence on the thickened hinterland of the overlying belt. The interaction of basement faulting and cover shortening results in the formation of rhombic structures. In models with pre- and syn-orogenic basement strike-slip faults, rhombic blocks develop as a result of shortening of the overlying cover during basement faulting. These rhombic blocks are similar in appearance to flower structures, but are different in kinematics, genesis and structural extent. We compare these model results to both the Zagros fold-and-thrust belt in southwestern Iran and the Alborz Mountains in northern Iran. Based on the model results, we conclude that the traces of basement faults in cover units rotate and migrate towards the foreland during regional shortening. As such, these traces do not necessarily indicate the actual location or orientation of the basement faults which created them.