Dissertations / Theses: 'Faunal Diversity'

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Patania, Annalisa. "Megistobenthic faunal diversity of the Antalya Gulf: Crustacea." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2015. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/9403/.

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The spatio-temporal distribution of megistobenthic crustacean assemblages from the Antalya Gulf, located in the Levantine Sea is described. In order to provide a comprehensive overview of the spatio-temporal patterns of the crustacean community, 3 transect including depth of 10, 25, 75, 125 and 200 m, were studied between 2014 and 2015 to investigate their association with a set of environmental parameters in representative months of each season (spring, summer, autumn and winter). For its economic importance in Levantine waters, a focus analysis of deep-water rose shrimp Parapenaeus longirostris (Lucas, 1846) was done, to investigate the length frequency composition of the population of the Antalya Gulf. A total of 58 crustacean species were encountered in the study area, of these species identified, 18 species were recognized as alien species in the Mediterranean Sea. Throughout the year the most frequent species of the study were the hermit crab Pagurus prideaux (Leach, 1815) and Parapenaeus longirostris (Lucas, 1846) followed by the Indo-Pacific swimming crab Charybdis longicollis (Leene, 1938) and by the invasive shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus (Spence Bate, 1888). Few species contributing to a high amount to the total biomass were found throughout the year. These species were Charybdis longicollis and Parapenaeus longirostris. Stations of the study area showed similar values of diversity indices of benthic crustacean community among the three transect. The highest values of faunistic indices were detected in autumn and winter (October and February), and also varied along the depth gradient, with the highest values found between 25 and 75 meters. The multivariate analyses conducted on the abundance data point out major differences between depths and between seasons. Therefore, according to cluster analysis and ordination over abundance and biomass, three main crustacean assemblages were detected: the first corresponding to shallow bottoms (10, 25 meters), the second corresponding to intermediate waters (75 meters) and the last to deeper waters (125, 200 meters). Depth was the main factor governing the distribution of megistobenthic crustacean in the area. Besides the depth, the structure of the sediment is the most important factor in determining the crustacean assemblage. Therefore, all factors governing the crustacean distribution were found to be related to the bottom depth. The population of Parapenaeus longirostris in the Antalya Gulf showed significant differences in depth. It was found that females dominated the population of the study area (65.11%), and were significantly larger than males for each cohort identified. The size-weight relationships revealed a slight negative allometry in growth, a bit more pronounced in females than in males.

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Goodsell, Paris Justine. "Consequences of disturbance for subtidal floral and faunal diversity /." Title page, abstract and table of contents only, 2004. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phg6555.pdf.

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Bennett, George E. "Faunal diversity in paleoecosystems a model for using the species-area relationship to analyze paleoenvironments /." Fairfax, VA : George Mason University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1920/3104.

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Thesis (M.A.)--George Mason University, 2008. Vita: p. 109. Thesis director: Richard J. Diecchio. Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Interdisciplinary Studies. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed June 30, 2008). Includes bibliographical references (p. 93-108). Also issued in print.

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Alfaro, Lucas Joan Manel. "Influence of hydrothermal activity and substrata nature on faunal colonization processes in the deep sea." Thesis, Brest, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BRES0089.

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Quatre décennies après leur découverte, nous savons maintenant que les sources hydrothermales sont répandues, diversifiées et dynamiques et qu’elles interagissent avec d’autres écosystèmes des grands fonds marins. Face aux potentiels impacts anthropiques qui pèsent sur les environnements hydrothermaux, il devient essentiel d’avoir une meilleure compréhension des processus qui façonnent la biodiversité de ces écosystèmes et de leurs interactions avec d’autres écosystèmes. Les processus structurant l'élaboration des communautés et contrôlant les interactions entre les habitats actifs, la périphérie et les communautés liées aux bois, ont été étudiés grâce à une vaste expérience de colonisation à 1700 m de profondeur sur le champ hydrothermal Lucky Strike (nord de la dorsale médio-Atlantique). Un cadre d’analyse moderne et multifacettes, basé sur la richesse spécifique, les traits fonctionnels et les isotopes stables, a été appliqué. Les résultats ont montré que les sites actifs supportent une richesse fonctionnelle plus élevée que les habitats périphériques.En outre, la diversité spécifique et fonctionnelle des habitats périphériques était très hétérogène, ce qui suggère qu’ils pourraient être particulièrement vulnérables aux impacts liés à l'exploitation minière. Les redondances fauniques et les liens énergétiques observés suggèrent que, plutôt que d'être des entités séparées, les habitats actifs et périphériques semblent être interconnectés. Les conditions environnementales et la présence de différentes ressources ont été identifiées comme étant les principaux facteurs influençant la biodiversité et la structure des communautés. Le rôle des bois en tant que potentielles « pierres de gué » pour la dispersion de la méio- et la macrofaune, non seulement pour les habitants des sources hydrothermales mais aussi pour ceux de la périphérie, est validé. Les résultats de cette thèse améliorent significativement notre compréhension des processus qui structurent les communautés associées aux sources hydrothermales et aux autres écosystèmes chimiosynthétiques dans les grands fonds marins et pourraient avoir des implications importantes dans l’élaboration de stratégies de protection dans le cadre d’éventuelles activités industrielles Four decades after their discovery, we know now that deep-sea hydrothermal vents are widespread, diverse and dynamic, and interact with other chemosynthetic-based and background ecosystems. In the face of potential imminent anthropogenic impacts, more than ever the understanding of the processes that shape vent biodiversity, in its multiple facets, and the interactions with other systems is of paramount importance. The early processes driving community assembly and interactions between hydrothermally active habitats, vent periphery and cognate communities, namely wood falls, were investigated with an extensive colonizing experiment at 1700 m depth onthe Lucky Strike vent field (northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge). A modern multifaceted framework of community assembly based on species richness, functional traits and stable isotopes was applied. Results showed that vent ecosystems support higher functional richness that background peripheral habitats.The latter were highly heterogeneous and unique in species and functions suggesting that they may be especially vulnerable to impacts, such as deep-sea mining. The observed faunal overlap and energy links suggest that rather than being separate entities, active and peripheral habitats may be considered as interconnected. Environmental conditions and the presence of different resources at vent, periphery and wood habitats, were identified as main drivers of biodiversity patterns and community structure. The roleof woods in the deep-sea as potential stepping stones for meio- and macrofauna, not only for “vent” but for periphery inhabitants, is validated. The results of this thesis significantly improve our understanding of vent and chemosynthetic communities and may haveimplications for their protection from industrial activities

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Wei, Chih-Lin. "The bathymetric zonation and community structure of deep-sea macrobenthos in the northern Gulf of Mexico." Texas A&M University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/4927.

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Macrobenthos of the deep, northern Gulf of Mexico have been sampled with large box cores along multiple cross-depth transects extending from depths of 200 m out to 3700 m. Four major depth zones have been identified based on the faunal similarities (beta diversity) between geographic sites, with the two intermediate-depth zones being divided horizontally down the middle of the basin. The input of food resources appears to control the observed patterns. Each zone and sub-zone can be described by a characteristic animal density, biomass and biodiversity (alpha diversity). Highest densities and biomass occurred in two large submarine canyons, the Mississippi and De Soto Canyon, but the two habitats are markedly different. The alpha diversity displays an intermediate depth maximum. Species richness (gamma diversity) is highest on east mid-slope, due, we suggest, to habitat complexity, but alpha diversity is lowest at the canyon head due to extreme dominance by amphipods. Small mean individual size and low densities encountered are a reflection of the meager surface water primary production, albeit with exceptional isolated habitats in which detrital material is concentrated, such as canyons on the upper continental slope.

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SHIN, JI-YEON. "TAXONOMIC DIVERSITY, FAUNAL ANALYSIS AND PALEOECOLOGY OF A MICROVERTEBRATE SITE IN THE LATE CRETACEOUS MEETEETSE FORMATION, NORTHERN WYOMING." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1118419811.

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Förderer, Esther-Meena [Verfasser]. "Biogeography and Diversity Hotspots of Larger Indo-Pacific Foraminifera : A Structural Faunal Analysis from Raja Ampat / Esther-Meena Förderer." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1190723301/34.

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Bowersox, John Richard. "Community structure, faunal distribution, and environmental forcing of the extinction of marine molluscs in the Pliocene San Joaquin Basin, Central California." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0001805.

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Slattery, Joshua Stephen. "Late Cretaceous faunal dynamics in the Western Interior Seaway: The record from the Red Bird Section, eastern Wyoming." Scholar Commons, 2011. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3350.

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Studies examining bioevents (e.g., mass extinctions, faunal turnovers, diversification events) usually only scrutinize a short interval prior to such events, however, understanding their actual paleobiological implications requires a thorough understanding of the background conditions. The objective of this study is to document the background biodiversity dynamics in a single lithofacies of the Upper Cretaceous Pierre Shale that was deposited in an offshore setting of the Western Interior Seaway (WIS) and to place these changes into an environmental context. To assess the background biodiversity dynamics, the concretionary faunas of the Baculites eliasi through B. clinolobatus biozones of the Pierre Shale in eastern Wyoming were examined to understand the structure of marine habitats in the WIS through an interval of ~2.5 Ma. Both changes in the taxonomic composition of assemblages and the relative abundance of the various species are interpreted to reflect ecological and environmental change through the study interval. The concretionary faunas are thought to represent relatively short-term, time-averaged accumulations of dead and living animals on the muddy sea floor of the WIS that were concentrated by storm or current activity. They are likely accurate representations of the original skeletonized fauna of the WIS. The samples with lower diversity and abundances show a relationship with intervals when water conditions were deepest and the paleoshoreline was furthest to the west, while higher diversity and abundances match periods when the paleoshoreline was the closest and shallow-water conditions prevailed in that part of the WIS. The decrease in diversity with depth can best be explained by the long-term presence of dysoxic/anoxic conditions that would have precluded benthic faunas. The distribution of taxa and diversity of the assemblages seen in the study interval most likely reflect migrating oxygen-controlled biofacies in the WIS that were responding to changes in depth and the proximity to the western shoreline that was in turn controlled by relative sea-level fluctuations. This analysis shows that significant changes in richness, abundance, and guild structure can arise in response to variations in sea level with no apparent changes in lithology. It is also shown that a lack of environmental context can significantly influence interpretations of paleobiological and paleoecological data and it is recommended that future lines of research should examine faunal, morphological, and ecological change in a time/environmental context.

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Esker, Donald Anton. "An Analysis of the Morrison Formation’s Terrestrial Faunal Diversity Across Disparate Environments of Deposition, Including the Aaron Scott Site Dinosaur Quarry in Central Utah." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1233009882.

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Esker, Donald Anton. "An analysis of the Morrison Formation's Terrestrial Faunal diversity across disparate environments of deposition, including the Aaron Scott Site Dinosaur Quarry in Central Utah." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2009. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?acc_num=ucin1233009882.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Cincinnati, 2009. Advisors: Glenn Storrs PhD (Committee Chair), Arnold Miller PhD (Committee Member), Carlton Brett PhD (Committee Member), David Meyer PhD (Committee Member). Title from electronic thesis title page (viewed April 25, 2009). Includes abstract. Keywords: vertebrate paleontology; multivariate analysis; Morrison Formation; Jurassic; dinosaurs; Paleobiology Database; paleoecology; Aaron Scott Site; lacustrine; palustrine; sphenodont; sexual dimorphism; geology; Utah; lagerstatten. Includes bibliographical references.

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Prakas, Petras. "Diversity and ecology of Sarcocystis in Lithuanian game fauna." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2011. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2011~D_20111227_091653-22139.

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Up till now ecology and biodiversity of Sarcocystis species in game fauna in Lithuania has been investigated using traditional morphological methods. In the period of 2005-2011, muscle samples of 384 birds and 177 mammals were examined for Sarcocystis sarcocysts. Cysts of Sarcocystis spp. were investigated using light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and DNA analysis (18S rDNA, 28S rDNA, ITS–1 region). Statistically significant higher Sarcocystis infection prevalence and intensity rates (p< 0.05) were determined in mammals as compared to the birds. Macrocysts were detected only in the mallard, they were identified as S. rileyi and this is the first evidence of S. rileyi infection in Europe. Based on results of cyst wall ultrastructure and DNA analysis four new bird Sarcocystis species were described: S. albifronsi, S. wobeseri, S. anasi, S. cornixi. Eight Sarcocystis species were identified in the examined mammals using morphological and DNA analysis: S. miescheriana from wild boar; S. gracilis, S. capreolicanis, S. oviformis, S. silva and S. hofmanni-like from roe deer; S. hjorti, S. hofmanni-like and Sarcocystis sp. ex Cervus elaphus from red deer; S. hjorti from moose. S. columbae, S. oviformis, S. hjorti and S. silva were found in Lithuania for the first time. Using molecular investigation it was proved that some analyzed Sarcocystis species (S. wobeseri, S. hjorti, S. silva and S. hofmanni-like) are not rigidly specific to the intermediate host. Sarcocystis... [to full text] Lietuvoje medžiojamosios faunos Sarcocystis rūšių ekologija ir bioįvairovė iki šiol tirta naudojant tradicinius morfologinius metodus. 2005-2011 metais ieškant Sarcocystis sarkocistų Lietuvos medžiojamoje faunoje analizuoti 384 paukščių ir 177 žinduolių raumenų pavyzdžiai. Sarcocystis cistos tirtos naudojant šviesinės ir elektroninės mikroskopijos metodus bei DNR žymenis (18S rDNR, 28S rDNR, ITS–1 regionas). Lyginant paukščių ir žinduolių sistematines grupes, žinduoliuose nustatyti patikimai (p< 0,05) didesni Sarcocystis infekcijos ekstensyvumo bei intensyvumo rodikliai. Makrocistos aptiktos tik didžiojoje antyje ir buvo priskirtos S. rileyi rūšiai – tai pirmas svarus S. rileyi infekcijos įrodymas Europoje. Remiantis cistų sienelės ultrastruktūros ir DNR tyrimo duomenimis aprašytos keturios naujos mokslui paukščių sarkosporidijų rūšys: S. albifronsi, S. wobeseri, S. anasi, S. cornixi. Naudojant morfologinius ir DNR tyrimo metodus tirtuose žinduoliuose identifikuotos aštuonios Sarcocystis rūšys: šernuose S. miescheriana; stirnose S. gracilis, S. capreolicanis, S. oviformis, S. silva, S. hofmanni-like; tauriuosiuose elniuose S. hjorti, S. hofmanni-like, Sarcocystis sp. ex Cervus elaphus ir briedžiuose S. hjorti. Šio darbo metu pirmą kartą Lietuvoje aptiktos S. columbae, S. oviformis, S. hjorti, S. silva rūšys. Molekuliniais tyrimais įrodyta, kad kai kurios tirtos Sarcocystis rūšys (S. wobeseri, S. hjorti, S. silva, S. hofmanni-like) nėra griežtai specifinės tarpiniam... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

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Joly, François-Xavier. "Tree diversity and litter decomposition in European forests." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS215.

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Les écosystèmes forestiers jouent un rôle clé en régulant des cycles du carbone (C) et des nutriments et l’érosion en cours de la biodiversité peut affecter ces fonctions écosystémiques. Ces deux dernières décennies, un effort de recherche important a cherché à comprendre comment la biodiversité affecte la productivité primaire. Le processus inverse de minéralisation du C pendant la décomposition de la matière organique est en revanche beaucoup moins étudié. Dans cette thèse, j’ai cherché à démêler les différents mécanismes par lesquels la diversité des arbres et de leurs litières foliaires affecte la décomposition des litières dans les écosystèmes forestiers d’Europe, à travers trois approches.En utilisant un réseau de placettes forestières contenant des gradients de diversité dans six types de forêts à travers l’Europe, j’ai étudié les effets de la diversité des arbres sur la décomposition de la litière via (i) des modifications de l’environnement de décomposition et (ii) les conséquences directes de la diversité des litières foliaires, avec deux expériences en sachets de litière. A travers tous les sites, alors que la richesse spécifique des arbres a eu un effet limité, la fermeture de la canopée a positivement affecté la décomposition par une modification potentielle des conditions microclimatiques. De plus, les traits moyens de qualité physique et chimique de la chute de litière et la dissimilarité de traits entre les litières d’espèces différentes ont influencé les communautés de décomposeurs permettant dans une certaine mesure de prédire la décomposition de substrats standards. Une fois ces effets pris en compte, la qualité des litières en décomposition a eu un impact supplémentaire mais relativement plus faible sur la décomposition. Ces résultats suggèrent que les effets indirects de la diversité des arbres sur la modification des conditions microenvironnementales sont plus importants pour la décomposition que les effets directs de la qualité intrinsèque des litières en décomposition.J’ai ensuite exploré le rôle des composés solubles lessivés à partir de litière d’espèces différentes sur les processus microbiens du sol par une expérience en microcosmes. Les lessivats de litière d’arbres décidus étaient qualitativement et quantitativement différents de ceux des litières de conifères et ont induit une respiration microbienne du sol plus importante. Le mélange de lessivats des différentes espèces a donné lieu à des effets non-additifs sur les processus microbiens du sol, associés à la dissimilarité de stochiométrie des lessivats. Le lessivage étant un processus dominant pendant la phase initiale de décomposition, l’identité et la diversité des lessivats peut contribuer au contrôle du recyclage du C et des nutriments.Par une troisième approche, mon but a été de mieux comprendre les mécanismes qui sous-tendent les forts effets observées des détritivores du sol sur la décomposition des litières et les effets de diversité. J’ai cherché à comprendre si la transformation de litière en fèces par le détritivores Glomeris marginata stimulait les décomposeurs microbiens, et si cette stimulation dépendait de la qualité de la litière ingérée. L’activité microbienne était stimulée pour les fèces issues de litières récalcitrantes, mais pas pour les fèces issus de litières de meilleure qualité initiale. Ainsi, les conséquences de la transformation de litière en fèces de macroarthropodes pour les décomposeurs microbiens dépend de l’espèce de litières et peut contribuer aux effets de diversité des litières.Les données collectées durant cette thèse montre que la diversité fonctionnelle des arbres peut affecter la décomposition des litières à travers plusieurs mécanismes à différentes étapes de la décomposition. Du fait de cette complexité, les conséquences des changements de diversité pour le cycle du C et des nutriments dans les forêts d’Europe peuvent être importantes, mais sont actuellement difficiles à prédire et à généraliser Forest ecosystems play a key role in regulating the global carbon (C) and nutrient cycles, and the ongoing erosion of biodiversity is susceptible to modify these ecosystem functions. Over the past two decades, a strong research effort was put into the understanding of how changing biodiversity impacts primary productivity. The reverse process of respiratory C loss during organic matter breakdown however, remained much less studied. In this PhD thesis, I aimed at teasing apart the different mechanisms of how tree and associated leaf litter diversity may affect litter decomposition in European forest ecosystems using three distinct approaches.First, using a network of forest plots with tree diversity gradients in six major forest types across Europe, I studied the effects of tree diversity on litter decomposition through (i) modifications of the decomposition environment and (ii) the direct consequences of leaf litter diversity, with two litterbag experiments. Across all sites, while tree species richness had only a limited effect, forest canopy closure affected decomposition positively by potentially improving microclimatic conditions. In addition, mean chemical and physical quality traits of the litterfall, and trait dissimilarity in leaf litter from different species influenced decomposer communities in a way that decomposition of the common substrates was predictable to a reasonable degree. Once these effects were accounted for, the quality of decomposing litter showed an additional, but comparatively small impact. Collectively, these results suggest that the indirect effects of tree diversity on decomposition through microenvironmental controls are more important than the direct effects of the inherent quality of decomposing litter.With a second approach using microcosms under controlled-conditions, I aimed at assessing the role of soluble compounds leached from decomposing litter of different species for microbial-driven soil processes. Leachates from litter of broadleaved deciduous species differed in composition and quantity and induced stronger soil microbial respiration than those from litter of coniferous species. When the species-specific leachates were mixed, I observed non-additive mixing effects on soil microbial processes associated to the dissimilarity in leachate stoichiometry. Since leaching is the dominant process during the initial stage of decomposition, litter leachate identity and diversity may significantly contribute to the control of carbon and nutrient cycling.Finally, in a third approach my goal was to better understand the underlying mechanisms of the observed strong effects of soil detritivores on litter decomposition and diversity effects. I investigated whether the transformation of litter into feces by the detritivore Glomeris marginata stimulated microbial decomposers, and whether this stimulation depended on the quality of the ingested litter. Microbial activity was stimulated in feces derived from recalcitrant litter, but not in feces derived from litter of higher initial quality. In conclusion, the consequences of litter transformation into macroarthropod feces for microbial decomposers is litter species-specific which may further contribute to litter diversity effects.The data collected during my PhD thesis shows that the functional diversity of trees can affect litter decomposition through various mechanisms during different stages of decomposition. As a result of this complexity, the consequences of changes in biodiversity for the carbon and nutrient cycles in European forests can be substantial, but are presently difficult to predict and to generalize

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Mucciolo, Serena. "Polychaete fauna of the Northwest Portuguese Coastal Shelf: ecology, diversity and distribution." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2015. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/9640/.

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Polychaetes are one of the larger groups of macroinvertebrates with more than 9000 species recognised, distributed worldwide. Thanks to the broad ecological adaptability and high abundaces, this taxon plays a leading role and is considered an important component of all benthic assemblages. Our knowledge about the West Iberian Coast polychaete fauna are scarce, and the only studies are recent. In this sense, the aim of this work was to investigate the composition and the spatial distribution of the polychaete fauna along the NW Portuguese Coastal Shelf, focusing on their relationship to environmental factors (depth, grain size, longitude and latitude) and to add new data to the existing biological dataset. A total of 39 sites were analysed, collected in an area of about 5665 km², between 20 and 150 m depth, distributed in a way to cover the overall grain size gradient. A total of 9352 specimens belonging to 41 families were found, and the analysis based on the abundance of polychaete species revealed five affinity groups: (a) nearshore medium sand characterised by Pisione parapari and Hesionura elongata; (b) very coarse sand that showed the highest abundance of Syllidae and was characterised by Protodorvillea kefersteini and Syllis garciai; (c) fine sand dominated by Spiophanes bombyx and Glycera tridactyla; (d) very fine sand with Nepthys assimilis and Amage sp. and the highest abundance of Paraonidae; (d) mud characterised by Labioleanira yhleni and Ampharete finmarchica. The combination of the environmental variables and the biological data, done with BIOENV routine, demonstrated that depth, grain size and fine contents were the best related with the biological data (rho=0.598). In general, the results agree with the composition and the spatial distribution of the polychaete fauna in other parts of the world; further polychaete assemblages related to mud sediments were firstly recorded in the Northwestern Portuguese Coastal Shelf.

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Spanu, Maria Caterina. "Diversità della fauna associata di Geodia cydonium (demospongiae: geodidae) in Mediterraneo." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2012. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/3272/.

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È ormai noto che numerosi organismi marini, dalle alghe unicellulari ai pesci coabitino con diverse specie di spugne, con un rapporto che varia, secondo i casi, dal semplice inquilinismo facoltativo alle più complesse simbiosi obbligate. All’interno di molte spugne si trovano degli endobionti, alcuni organismi rappresentano degli ospiti puramente occasionali, altri manifestano una notevole costanza e l’esistenza in associazione alla spugna sembra rappresenti la norma. In Adriatico settentrionale, nell’area compresa tra Grado ed il delta del fiume Po, sono presenti degli affioramenti rocciosi organogeni carbonatici che prendono il nome di tegnùe. In questi affioramenti è stata riscontrata una grande varietà di specie macrobentoniche sia sessili che vagili. Tra queste specie, è presente con elevate abbondanze e grandi dimensioni, fuori dal comune, la spugna massiva Geodia cydonium, oggetto del nostro studio. Lo scopo del presente lavoro è di caratterizzare la diversità della fauna associata alla demospongia Geodia cydonium, cercando di mettere in evidenza l’importante ruolo ecologico legato proprio all’elevato numero di inquilini che ospita. Sono stati prelevati campioni di spugna, con la relativa fauna associata, da tre siti presenti all’interno della Zona di Tutela Biologica di Chioggia. Date le grandi dimensioni degli esemplari e per non danneggiare la popolazione naturale di questa rara specie protetta, sono stati prelevati in immersione delle porzioni di spugna, incidendo verticalmente gli esemplari. Nei campioni sono stati riscontrati 28 taxa, tra cui prevalgono per abbondanza i policheti come Ceratonereis costae e Sphaerosyllis bulbosa e piccoli crostacei come Apseudopsis acutifrons e Leptochelia savignyi. Per molte specie prevalgono individui giovanili rispetto agli adulti. L’abbondanza e la ricchezza dei popolamenti associati alla spugna non risultano variare ne tra i siti di campionamento ne in relazione alle dimensioni degli esemplari da cui provengono i campioni. Questo fa supporre che la spugna crei un ambiente ideale per alcune specie, almeno nelle fasi giovanili, creando così associazioni relativamente stabili, più di quanto non sia la naturale variabilità dei popolamenti circostanti. Queste relazioni meritano di essere approfondite, investigando i cicli vitali e i comportamenti delle singole specie.

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Ketwetsuriya, Chatchalerm [Verfasser], and Alexander [Akademischer Betreuer] Nützel. "Permian gastropod faunas from Thailand : taxonomy, diversity and palaeobiogeography / Chatchalerm Ketwetsuriya ; Betreuer: Alexander Nützel." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1212362942/34.

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Pey, Benjamin. "Contribution de la faune du sol au fonctionnement et à l'évolution des Technosols." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010INPL090N/document.

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Les Technosols ont des propriétés et une pédogenèse influencées par des matériaux technogéniques qui les constituent. Le modèle expérimental de Technosol construit a été choisi et résulte de l’utilisation délibérée de matériaux technogéniques au sein d’un profil. L’objectif scientifique est d’évaluer la contribution de la faune du sol aux processus impliqués dans le fonctionnement et l’évolution des Technosols. Des expérimentations en laboratoire (cosmes) et en conditions climatiques réelles (lysimètres, parcelles) ont été menées de l’échelle ultrastructurale à celle du pédon. Les résultats indiquent que (i) le Technosol construit est un support de vie de la faune, (ii) le modèle d’ingénieur de l’écosystème : Lumbricus terrestris, par la création de macroporosité et par ses structures biogéniques contribue à sa structuration, son agrégation et à la décomposition de sa matière organique, (iii) lorsque plusieurs groupes d’organismes assurant des fonctions différentes sont associés, des effets sont mesurés majoritairement sur la décomposition de la matière organique. La forte disponibilité des ressources du Technosol autorise la présence de la faune mais masquent en partie ses effets et inhibent les interactions faunistiques qui auront un effet sur les fonctions des sols. Un modèle d’évaluation de l’effet de Lumbricus terrestris sur la macroporosité est proposé. En termes de génie pédologique, un projet de modèle d’aide à la décision résulte des acquis scientifiques. L’inoculation de la faune contribuerait ainsi à initier des mécanismes d’évolution des sols et à les accélérer Technosols are soils whose properties and pedogenesis are influenced by technical materials which take part in their constitution. The experimental model used here is a constructed Technosol which is deliberately composed of technical materials in a soil profile. The scientific objective is to evaluate the contribution of soil fauna to processes implied in soil functioning and evolution. Experiments in laboratory (cosms) and in climatic conditions (lysimeters, field) are conducted from ultrastructural scale to soil profile scale. Results indicate that (i) constructed Technosol can support soil fauna, (ii) the model of ecosystem engineer: Lumbricus terrestris, by macroporosity and by stables biogenic structures, contribute to the structuration, the aggregation and the decomposition of organic matter of the Technosol, (iii) when several groups of organisms implied in differents soil functions are used, effects are observed on organic matter decomposition. The huge availability of resources in the Technosol allow the presence of soil fauna but its effects and reduce soil fauna interactions which can have effects on soil functioning. A model whose objective is to evaluate effect of Lumbricus terrestris on macroporosity is proposed. In terms of soil engineering, a project of decision support model results of scientific experiences. Soil fauna inoculation in soil engineering could contribute to initiate and accelerate mechanisms of Technosol evolution

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Gori, Roberto. "Diversità della fauna vagile in relazione alla struttura dei popolamenti coralligeni dell'Adriatico settentrionale." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2009. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/603/.

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Selberg, Simon. "Saproxylic beetles in Populus tremula fauna depots - how do you construct the best depot?" Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för biologisk grundutbildning, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-383862.

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The biodiversity of saproxylic organisms and in the case of this study, saproxylic beetles, is dependent on the amount and quality of course woody debris (CWD) in the environment. Over the past decades the quantity of CWD in Swedish forests has increased, yet the quality has decreased, forests are managed and exploited, and old-growth forests are rarer. To counteract this, fauna depots, artificial piles of dead wood, can be placed to increase the amount and quality of habitat for saproxylic organisms. This study measured fauna depots of aspen CWD placed in Uppsala municipality to find which combination of qualities resulted in the highest species richness and abundance (diversity). A total of 242 beetles across 26 species were sampled using a bark sifter and Tullgren extraction funnels. The CWD qualities; number of logs, log diameter, sun exposure and decomposition level were measured. Log diameter was confirmed to be positively correlated with species richness supporting previous research. Decomposition was also positively correlated with species richness, but this not supported by previous research. Some qualities, like sun exposure, were unexpectedly not correlated and number of logs was negatively correlated. Only one red-listed species was found across all samples. Overall results were somewhat inconclusive but provide hints towards better practice in saproxylic beetle conservation, such as placing larger logs in the depots.

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Elverici, Mert. "The Spider Fauna Of An Olive Grove And Associated Shrublands In Mugla, Milas, Kiyikislacik With Notes On Their Diversity And Composition." Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12615149/index.pdf.

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In the period from May 2010 to August 2011, spider fauna of semi natural olive groves and associated shrub-lands were sampled in Mugla Province, Milas District, Kiyikislacik Village at the Western Mediterranean coast of Turkey. Semiquantitative sampling protocols were performed by use of pitfall traps, sweep nets, by active collecting, by sifting of tree litter and beating branches of shrubs. A total of 9967 spider specimens were obtained, from these, 3034 adult specimens were determined up to the lowest taxonomic category, and a detailed checklist is produced for the study area, composed of a total of 220 species belonging to 147 genera and 38 families. 39 species were recorded for the first time in Turkey. Species accumulation curves were used to test the representativeness of field surveys and to perform richness estimates, which were resulted in high completeness values and richness estimations around 250 &ndash 300 species for the study area. Results on composition, phenology and distributional patterns of the spider assemblage was also briefly discussed and found to be typical for Mediterranean habitats. Diagnostic photographs for each species in the collection are also provided in the appendix.

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Pryke, James Stephen. "Conservation of the invertebrate fauna on the Cape Peninsula." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/1452.

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Rocha, Isabel Medeiros dos Santos. "Col?mbolos (arthropoda: hexapoda: collembola) numa ?rea de caatinga do nordeste brasileiro." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2013. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/18131.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:49:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 IsabeMSR_DISSERT.pdf: 3941458 bytes, checksum: 4b09d98a0eb4509332c88708ef85f1de (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-30 Edaphic ecosystems are the basis for the production of terrestrial biological resources and their dynamics affect not only the natural environment but also society and their economic activities. In Caatinga biome, the semi-arid climate associated with an inadequate soil management has increased the degradation and loss of productive potential of the soil. In this context, the study of soil fauna, including springtails, becomes an important indicator of soil quality. This study aimed to evaluate the fauna of Collembola in an area of Caatinga of Rio Grande do Norte State and the influence of biotic and abiotic factors, such as soil, vegetation and climate characteristics, on the structure of the taxocenosis. The environmental variables which were used were the following ones: granulometry (represented by the proportion of sand), quantity of organic matter and soil pH, richness, density and aerial biomass of the vegetal structure, and necromass. We used pitfall traps intending to collect specimens of the epiedaphic fauna of Collembola in 30 points located on Caua?u Farm, Jo?o C?mara, RN, in July (rainy season) and November (dry season) 2011. We collected 5513 individuals of 15 species distributed in 13 genera and 9 families of Collembola. Five of the recorded species are new to science, confirming the expected high degree of endemism for Caatinga biome, and the highest abundance was recorded in the rainy season, which suggests Collembola sensitivity to low humidity. Four species were more abundant in the dry season, all of them belonged to the Order Entomobryomorpha. Results of statistical analyzes suggest that plant species richness, aerial biomass of vegetal structure, proportion of sand in the soil, pH and humidity are the main influences to the abundance of Collembola in the region studied Os ecossistemas ed?ficos s?o base para toda produ??o de recursos biol?gicos terrestres e sua din?mica afeta n?o apenas os ambientes naturais, mas tamb?m a sociedade e suas atividades econ?micas. Na Caatinga, o clima semi?rido associado ao uso inadequado do solo t?m potencializado a degrada??o e a perda do potencial produtivo das terras. Considerando que a fauna ed?fica, incluindo os col?mbolos, ? um importante indicador da qualidade do solo, este trabalho objetivou avaliar a fauna de Collembola numa ?rea de Caatinga do Rio Grande do Norte, verificando a influ?ncia de fatores bi?ticos e abi?ticos, tais como caracter?sticas do solo, da vegeta??o e do clima, sobre a estrutura da taxocenose. As vari?veis ambientais utilizadas foram: granulometria (representada pela propor??o de areia), quantidade de mat?ria org?nica e pH do solo; riqueza, densidade e biomassa a?rea vegetal; e necromassa. Foram utilizadas armadilhas de queda (pitfall) para coletar esp?cimes da fauna epied?fica de Collembola em 30 pontos localizados na Fazenda Caua?u, Jo?o C?mara, RN, nos meses de julho (per?odo chuvoso) e novembro (per?odo seco) de 2011. Foram coletados 5.513 indiv?duos de 15 esp?cies, distribu?das em 13 g?neros e 9 fam?lias de Collembola. Cinco das esp?cies registradas s?o novas para a ci?ncia, confirmando a expectativa de alto grau de endemismo para o bioma, e a maior abund?ncia de indiv?duos foi registrada na esta??o chuvosa, o que sugere sensibilidade dos col?mbolos ? baixa umidade. Quatro esp?cies foram mais abundantes na esta??o seca, todas da Ordem Entomobryomorpha, e os resultados das an?lises estat?sticas sugerem que a riqueza de plantas, a biomassa vegetal a?rea, a propor??o de areia no solo, o pH e a umidade devida ?s chuvas sejam os principais influenciadores da abund?ncia de Collembola na regi?o estudada

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Toma, Tiago Shizen Pacheco. "Efeito de borda e de distúrbio antrópico sobre a fauna de insetos galhadores em transições floresta-campo." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/60542.

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O efeito de borda em florestas é bastante estudado, porém pouco se sabe sobre as respostas das interações entre espécies a este efeito. O mesmo acontece quando se trata de distúrbios antrópicos, muitas vezes presentes após o processo de fragmentação. Apesar de não terem sido originadas por tal processo, as transições floresta-campo existentes nas florestas com Araucaria do sul do Brasil são submetidas aos distúrbios causados pelo pastejo e manejo por fogo, possuindo características semelhantes às bordas florestais mantidas no seu ponto de criação. No Capítulo 1, o efeito de borda e de distúrbios antrópicos sobre a fauna de insetos galhadores foi testado em transições floresta-campo, em termos de riqueza e composição destes organismos, comparando-se tanto bordas e interiores florestais quanto graus de distúrbio (com distúrbio e em regeneração), e adicionalmente foram feitas comparações entre manchas florestais naturais e a floresta contínua. Considerando as hipóteses propostas para os padrões de distribuição dos insetos galhadores, espera-se que existam mais espécies nas bordas de florestas comparadas ao interior, e que os distúrbios afetem estas respostas. Apesar das bordas em geral não terem apresentado maior riqueza de espécies que o interior, o padrão foi oposto ao esperado em locais com presença de distúrbio, com interiores mais ricos que bordas. A composição de espécies foi diferente entre os habitats e entre graus de distúrbio, e as porções de floresta contínua amostradas foram mais ricas que manchas florestais. Além disso, a fauna de insetos galhadores das manchas florestais foi um subconjunto da floresta contínua. Os resultados reforçam a relação dos padrões de distribuição da vegetação com os insetos galhadores, que indiretamente responderam ao efeito de borda e de distúrbios antrópicos atuando sobre suas plantas hospedeiras. No Capítulo 2 é apresentado de forma pioneira um inventário das galhas de insetos da Floresta com Araucária, referente às galhas coletadas para o estudo apresentado no primeiro capítulo. São listadas as espécies de insetos galhadores e suas plantas hospedeiras, com informações sobre a morfologia das galhas e a ocorrência nos locais amostrados. Foram encontradas 57 espécies de insetos galhadores (a maioria Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), em 43 espécies de plantas pertencentes a 18 famílias botânicas. As galhas foram predominantemente caulinares ou em gemas, glabras, isoladas, fusiformes e de coloração verde. Myrtaceae, Asteraceae e Melastomataceae foram as famílias de plantas mais representativas. Os valores brutos totais de galhas por habitat ou local mostraram-se semelhantes entre borda e interior, porém foram relativamente maiores na área sem distúrbio e na floresta contínua, esta última abarcando um grande número de galhas que ocorreram nas manchas. A existência de áreas sem distúrbio do pastejo e manejo por fogo se mostrou relevante para a conservação da fauna de insetos galhadores, que podem se estabelecer e manter suas populações. O conhecimento da diversidade destes organismos é um fator chave para o desenvolvimento de ações mais claras visando sua preservação. The edge effect on forests is widely studied, however little is known about species interactions responses to this effect. The same is true for anthropogenic disturbances, many times present after the fragmentation process. Despite not originated by this process, forest-grassland boundaries of Araucaria forests in southern Brazil are under disturbance by cattle grazing and fire, presenting characteristics similar to forest edges maintained at their point of creation. In Chapter 1, edge and anthropogenic disturbance effects on the galling insect fauna were tested in forest-grassland boundaries, in terms of richness and composition of this organisms, comparing both forest edges and interiors as degrees of disturbance (disturbed and recovering), and additional comparisons were performed between natural forest patches and a continuous forest. Considering hypotheses proposed to distribution patterns of the galling insects, it is expected that forest edges would harbor more species compared to forest interior, and that disturbances would affect the outcome. Although edges in general did not present higher species richness than forest interiors, the pattern was opposite to the expected in disturbed sites, with forest interiors richer than edges. Species composition differed between habitats and disturbance degrees, and portions of continuous forest were richer than forest patches. Furthermore, the galling fauna of forest patches was a subset of the continuous forest. Results strengthen the relation between vegetation distribution patterns and galling insects, which indirectly responded to edge and disturbance effects acting on their host plants. In Chapter 2 it is pioneering presented an inventory of insect galls from Araucaria forest, referring to the galls collected to the study presented in first chapter. Galling insect species and their host plants are listed, with information about gall morphology and occurrence in sites sampled. Fifty seven galling insect species were found (mostly Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), in 43 host plants belonging to 18 plant families. Galls were predominantly induced on stem or buds, glabrous, isolated, fusiform and green. Myrtaceae, Asteraceae e Melastomataceae were the most representative plant families. Total raw values of galls per habitat or site were similar between forest edge and interior, but were relatively higher in the recovering area and in continuous forests, the latter embracing a great number of galls occurring on forest patches. The existence of areas without disturbance by cattle grazing and fire management was important to the conservation of galling insect fauna, which can establish and keep their populations. Knowledge of the diversity of these organisms is a key factor to the development of clearer actions seeking its preservation.

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Martins, Maria Marlene. "Fauna, sazonalidade e riquetsias de carrapatos em área do Cerrado goiano." Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 2016. https://repositorio.ufu.br/handle/123456789/17846.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior Visando contribuir com a descrição da diversidade e ecologia de carrapatos e riquétsias no Cerrado brasileiro, este estudo foi conduzido em uma fazenda particular e suas imediações em Araguapaz, Goiás. O trabalho foi realizado durante quatro anos em 11 coletas, sendo oito em estações consecutivas em três fitofisionomias distintas. Coletou-se carrapatos do ambiente, de animais domésticos, aves e pequenos mamíferos silvestres e, em uma amostra destes, procurou-se por DNA de riquétsias. No ambiente foram coletados Amblyomma sculptum, A. ovale, A. parvum, A. naponense, A. rotundatum e Ornithodoros sp. O ambiente com infestação mais intensa e diversa foi a Mata de Galeria e o carrapato A. sculptum exibiu uma distribuição sazonal bem definida com larvas e ninfas prevalecendo nas estações mais secas e adultos nas mais úmidas. Em cães foram encontrados A. sculptum, A. ovale, A. parvum e Rhipicephalus sanguineus; em equídeos A. sculptum, Dermacentor nitens e R.(Boophilus) microplus; em bovinos R. (Boophilus) microplus e A. sculptum. Nas aves silvestres foram coletadas ninfas de A. sculptum e A. nodosum. Nos pequenos roedores coletou ninfas de A. parvum, larvas de Amblyomma spp e larvas de Ornithodoros sp. Coletas fortuitas em répteis, resultaram em ninfas e adultos de A. rotundatum e larvas de Amblyomma sp. Duas espécies de riquetsias do grupo da febre maculosa foram identificadas R. amblyommii e candidatus R. andeanae ambas em A. parvum e R. bellii em A. rotundatum. O carrapato Ornithodoros sp encontrado diverge morfologicamente e geneticamente das espécies conhecidas constituindo-se em uma nova espécie. De forma global ficou evidente que os animais na área estudada são expostos a uma diversidade maior de macroparasitos (carrapatos) e microparasitos (bactérias) do que em áreas muito mais antropizadas. O papel desta diversidade maior no desenvolvimento de doenças, na prevenção destas, merece investigações adicionais. Aiming contributing to the description of species and of the ecology of ticks and Rickettsia in the Cerrado (savannah) this research was conducted in private farm and surroundings in Araguapaz county, Goiás. Overall eleven samplings, eight in consecutive seasons in three phytofisiognomies, were done along four years. Ticks were collected from the environment, domestic animals, birds and small mammals and Rickettsia DNA was searched for in a sample of this ectoparasites. Amblyomma sculptum, A. ovale, A. parvum, A. naponense, A. rotundatum and Ornithodoros sp. were collected from the environment and gallery forests exhibited the overall highest infestation and tick species diversity. A. sculptum ticks exhibited a seasonal pattern with larvae and nymphs prevailing in the driest seasons and adults in most humid ones. Dogs were parasitized by A. sculptum, A. ovale, A. parvum and Rhipicephalus sanguineus; horses by A. sculptum, Dermacentor nitens and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus; cattle by Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, and A. sculptum. A. sculptum and A. nodosum nymphs were collected from birds and A. parvum nymphs, Amblyomma sp. and Ornithodoros sp. larvae from small mammals. Unplanned tick collections from reptiles yielded A. rotundatum nymphs and adults as well as Amblyomma sp. larvae. Two spotted fever Rickettsia species were identified; R. amblyommii and candidatus R. andeanae both in A. parvum as well as R. bellii in A. rotundatum. The Ornithodoros sp. tick found diverge both morphologically and genetically from known species and a new tick species may be supposed. Broadly it is evident that in the studied area animals are exposed to a higher macroparasite (ticks) and microparasites (bactéria) that those from more anthroposized areas. The role of such higher parasite diversity in the development or prevention of diseases should be further investigated. Tese (Doutorado)

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Egerquist, Eva. "Ordovician (Billingen and Volkhov stages) Brachiopod Faunas of the East Baltic." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Palaeontology group, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-4303.

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Lower-Middle Ordovician (Arenig) successions in the East Baltic have been investigated for more than one hundred and fifty years. Nevertheless detailed sampling still yields new species and better knowledge of the environment in which these organisms lived. The successions are well suited for bed by bed sampling because of the lack of tectonic disturbance and because the sequences are well documented. This study analyses collections of Billingen-Volkhov age mainly from the St. Petersburg region, but also from Estonia. A great deal of the material was obtained from the marly to clayey, soft sediment that intercalates the compact packstones and wackestones in the succession. Twenty-nine of these clay horizons were used for diversity estimates on the fauna through the succession. The most thoroughly investigated groups for this investigation were rhynchonelliformean brachiopods, conodonts and ostracodes. The results indicate that variances in diversity and abundance levels for these groups were not correlated, either to each other or to the small-scale sea level fluctuations that have been suggested for the region. However, diversity dynamics of brachiopods and ostracodes confirm the large-scale upward shallowing of the basin into the Upper Volkhov. Comparison with fossils from the limestones did not reveal any differences in faunal composition between the two preservation modes. The detailed sampling, coupled with sampling of the recently described mud mounds that occur in several outcrops, yielded large numbers of specimens. This enabled revision of earlier poorly known rhynchonelliformean genera such as Ujukella Andreev, as well as better known genera such as Porambonites Pander. In total the examined faunas include 31 genera assigned to 53 species of rhynchonelliformean brachiopods. Of these Leoniorthis and Eoporambonites are defined as new genera, and the following new species are described: Neumania paucicostata, Ranorthis rotunda, Orthidium gambolovensis, Orthidium lavensis, Skenidioides minutus, Tetralobula peregrina, Idiostrophia prima and Idiostrophia tenuicostata.

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Lindberg, Niklas. "Impact of climate change on soil fauna diversity : effects of experimental drought, irrigation, soil warming and nutrient addition /." Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2001. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/2001/99-3576673-X.pdf.

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Silva, Guilherme Oyarzabal da. "Análise comparativa da fauna de aranhas de solo em áreas de campo com e sem pastejo no Pampa gaúcho." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/163719.

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O Pampa é um bioma do tipo savana exclusivo da região Neotropical, situado na porção sul da América do Sul, cobrindo a Argentina, o Uruguai e o Brasil. O clima é quente temperado e úmido, com temperaturas anuais que variam de 0° C no inverno e mais de 24° C no verão. Os grandes distúrbios no Pampa se iniciaram a cerca de 300 anos com a chegada da colonização Europeia na região e o advento da agricultura, silvicultura, manejo sem controle pelo fogo e a criação de gado, leiteiro e de corte. Apesar de contribuir para a falta de heterogeneidade vegetal e perda na diversidade de fauna, a pecuária ainda é extensivamente indicada como manejo sustentável do Pampa. Com pesquisas e trabalhos por vezes mais focados no aumento da produtividade do rebanho que na manutenção da biodiversidade, a conservação do Pampa vem sendo negligenciada. O monitoramento de diferentes metodologias de pastejo, tradicional, em mosaico e exclusão total do gado, se faz necessário para um maior entendimento de como a diversidade de plantas e animais se comportam nestes sistemas. Para isso, são necessários bons modelos ecológicos para testes de hipóteses e diferentes manejos, o que sustenta a utilização de aranhas para estes estudos. Aranhas são rápidas colonizadoras, ótimas dispersoras, predadoras generalistas, além de estarem estritamente relacionadas à estrutura vegetal. Suscetíveis a impactos bióticos e abióticos, aranhas são ótimas medidoras de qualidade ambiental e, sendo de fácil amostragem, podem ser envolvidas em estudos sobre diversidade de espécies e indivíduos. Para tanto, este estudo foi realizado na APA do Ibirapuitã, na Campanha do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Seis parcelas, de um hectare cada, foram distribuídas em pares em três fazendas. Cada par é constituído de uma parcela com pastejo, demarcadas apenas por estacas, onde o gado tem livre acesso, e uma parcela sem pastejo, cercadas desde Agosto de 2012 onde o pastejo do gado foi excluído por completo. A principal expectativa principal é que a abundancia, riqueza, biomassa e composição de aranhas serão diferentes quando áreas com e sem pastejo são comparadas forem comparados. As amostragens foram realizadas com o uso de armadilhas de queda do tipo “Pitfall traps” nas primaveras de 2011, 2012 e 2013, e sazonalmente no outono (maio), inverno (setembro) e primavera (novembro) de 2015 e verão (fevereiro) de 2016 para a captura de aranhas de hábito epígeo. Para análises estatísticas, Testes T, ANOVA e ANOSIM foram realizadas. Linyphiidae e Lycosidae foram as famílias mais abundantes e ricas em todas as coletas realizadas. Os resultados obtidos em 2011, 2012 e 2013 não demonstraram diferença significativa na fauna de aranhas, abundância e riqueza quando áreas com e sem pastejo foram comparadas. Contudo, os resultados apresentaram valores maiores nas áreas com pastejo quando comparando com áreas sem pastejo. Em 2015/2016 a abundância e a riqueza de aranhas também não foram significativamente diferentes nos dados coletados, contudo, os valores brutos também apresentaram maiores abundância e riqueza em áreas com pastejo do que nas sem pastejo. Analisando-se as estações como um todo, juntando áreas com e sem pastejo, o verão foi a estação com mais riqueza geral. Contudo, analisando as áreas com e sem pastejo separadamente, o inverno foi a estação mais rica e abundante em cada uma destas áreas. Apesar dos resultados anteriores, as espécies mais abundantes demonstraram diferença significativa em suas abundancias em cada estação do ano quando áreas com e sem pastejo foram comparados. A biomassa das aranhas não foi significativamente diferente para todos os anos entre áreas com e sem pastejo, com valores maiores em áreas com pastejo. Entretanto, espécies mais abundantes demonstraram diferenças significativas em sua biomassa sazonalmente nos anos de 2015 e 2016, com valores maiores em áreas com pastejo. Áreas com e sem pastejo ainda se mantém similares mesmo após quase quatro anos de exclusão do gado em termos de abundância total de aranhas. Apenas aranhas mais abundantes demonstram diferença entre áreas com e sem pastejo em termos de abundância e biomassa. Pampa is a savanna-like biome, exclusively of Neotropical region, lying in southern part o South America, covering Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil. The climate is hot temperate and humid, with annual temperatures ranging of 0° C in winter and higher than 24° C in summer. The increase of disturbance at Pampa began around 300 years after Europian colonization and the advent of agriculture, silviculture, uncontrolled fire management and creation of dairy and beef cattle. Even livestock causing loss of vegetal heterogeneity and fauna diversity, it is a widely recommended methodology for sustainable management of Pampa. With studies more focused in forage properties and beef production than diversity maintenance, the Pampa conservation has been neglected. Monitoring different livestock methodologies are necessary to improve knowledge of how diversity of plants and animals change during this impact. Thus, using great ecological models, like spiders, are necessary to test hypotheses and different managements. Spiders are quick settlers, great dispersers, generalist predators and are much correlated with vegetal structure. Susceptible to biotic and abiotic impacts, spiders are great environmental quality meters, being easy to sample and to measure abundance, diversity and richness. This study was conduct at Ibirapuitã River Environmental Federal Protection Area “Área de Proteção Ambiental – APA do Rio Ibirapuitã” in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. Six plots, of one hectare each, were distributed in pars in three farms. Each pair is constituted of a closed plot, a fenced plots since August 2012, with total exclusion of cattle graze; and a opened plot with only poles in the corners to demarcate the place, and cattle have free access for graze. Our main expectative is that abundance, richness, biomass and composition of arenofauna will be different when grazed and ungrazed areas were compared. Ground dwelling spiders were sampled with Pitfall traps in springs of 2011, 2012 and 2013, and seasonally in autumn (May), winter (September) and spring (November) 2015 and summer (February) 2016. Statistical analyses were performed using Stundents’ Test, ANOVA and ANOSIM. Linyphiidae and Lycosidae were the most abundant and richer families. Results of 2011, 2012 and 2013 were no significant different in spider abundance and richness when grazed and ungrazed plots were compared. However, raw data suggest higher values of abundance in grazed areas than ungrazed ones. In 2015/2016 samples, spider abundance and richness were not significant different between grazed and ungrazed areas. Raw data suggest that grazed areas abundance and richness was higher than in ungrazed though. Although summer was the richer season in general, winter was the richer season separately in grazed and ungrazed areas. Despite the previous results, abundance of the most abundant species were significant different between grazed and ungrazed areas in general and in each season. Spider biomass was not significant different in any year when grazed and ungrazed areas were compared. However, biomass of most abundant species were significant different seasonally and in each season in 2015/2016. Grazed and ungrazed areas are still very similar even after almost four years of cattle exclusion in terms of spider abundance and biomass. Only most abundant species demonstrate a significant difference between grazed and ungrazed areas in terms of abundance and biomass, with higher values in grazed plots.

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Payne, Robyn Pauline. "Taxonomy and diversity of the sponge fauna from Walters Shoal, a shallow seamount in the Western Indian Ocean region." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4952.

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>Magister Scientiae - MSc Seamounts are poorly understood ubiquitous undersea features, with less than 4% sampled for scientific purposes globally. Consequently, the fauna associated with seamounts in the Indian Ocean remains largely unknown, with less than 300 species recorded. One such feature within this region is Walters Shoal, a shallow seamount located on the South Madagascar Ridge, which is situated approximately 400 nautical miles south of Madagascar and 600 nautical miles east of South Africa. Even though it penetrates the euphotic zone (summit is 15 m below the sea surface) and is protected by the Southern Indian Ocean Deep-Sea Fishers Association, there is a paucity of biodiversity and oceanographic data. Thus, a multidisciplinary cruise was initiated in May 2014 on the FRS Algoa as a component of the African Coelacanth Ecosystem Programme. The research presented here focuses exclusively on the diversity, bathymetric distribution patterns and biogeographic affiliations of the sponge fauna of this seamount. Sponges were sampled using SCUBA and a roughed epibenthic sled, from the peak and down two opposing slopes of the seamount, to a depth of 500 m. Two hundred and fifty-five sponge specimens were collected, comprising 78 operational taxonomic units (OTU’s), 23 of which are known to science, 26 which are possibly new, 16 that could only be identified to higher taxonomic levels and 13 that could only be designated as morphospecies. Thirteen OTU’s are formally described here, four which are known, and nine possibly new to science. Sponge assemblages demonstrated no significant difference according to location on the shoal, with several species shared by both the western and eastern flanks. In contrast, sponge assemblages differed significantly according to depth, with the mesophotic zone (31 – 150 m) acting as a transition between the shallow (15 – 30 m) and submesophotic (> 150 m) zones. Species richness and the number of putative new species was highest in the submesophotic zone. Biogeographical affiliations were found with both the Western Indo-Pacific and Temperate Southern African realms based on the 23 known species recorded. No affiliations were found with the West Wind Drift Island Province, as has been documented previously for the fish fauna of this seamount, possibly due to the incomplete nature of the online database (World Porifera Database) used to assess affinities. Thirty-nine percent of the known sponge species found at Walters Shoal Seamount are widely distributed in the Indian Ocean, 35% are found exclusively within the Western Indian Ocean region, with this study representing the southernmost distribution record for several of these, and 26% have a restricted distribution around South Africa. National Research Foundation (NRF)

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Medvedovsky, Igor Gonçalves. "Análise comparativa da composição de espécies e da estrutura das associações de peixes das zonas rasas das lagoas do Sistema Hidrológico do Taim e da porção nordeste da Lagoa Mirim - RS/Brasil." reponame:Repositório Institucional da FURG, 2009. http://repositorio.furg.br/handle/1/6099.

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Submitted by Anaclaudia Mattos Villalba (anaclaudiamattosvillalba@gmail.com) on 2016-04-09T20:49:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 trabalho igor.pdf: 888620 bytes, checksum: bea632b3f912f937a81d78697e920283 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by cleuza maria medina dos santos (cleuzamai@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-05-05T20:53:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 trabalho igor.pdf: 888620 bytes, checksum: bea632b3f912f937a81d78697e920283 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-05T20:53:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 trabalho igor.pdf: 888620 bytes, checksum: bea632b3f912f937a81d78697e920283 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 O Sistema Hidrológico do Taim (SHT) e a Lagoa Mirim são ambientes de extrema relevância para a manutenção da biodiversidade do complexo lagunar Patos-Mirim. Visando suprir a carência de informações ecológicas sobre a ictiofauna dessa região, esse trabalho compara a abundância e riqueza de espécies das assembléias de peixes nas 4 lagoas do SHT (Flores, Nicola, Jacaré e porção norte da Mangueira) e na margem nordeste da Lagoa Mirim (Capilha e Alemão). Os peixes foram coletados mensalmente entre março/2004 e fevereiro/2005 através de 5 arrastos de praia nas margens de cada lagoa com rede tipo “picaré”. Diferenças nas abundâncias entre os locais de coleta foram testadas através de análise de variância de uma via, enquanto a comparação da riqueza de espécies entre as lagoas foi realizada através da técnica de rarefação, que leva em conta as diferenças nas capturas e número amostral. Um total de 26.218 indivíduos e 49 espécies foi capturado. Houve diferença significativa na abundância entre os locais de coleta (F[5, 344]=6,72, p<0,00001), sendo que os peixes foram mais abundantes nas lagoas do SHT do que nos pontos de coleta da Lagoa Mirim (Newman-Keuls teste, p<0,05). As espécies dominantes na SHT foram Cyanocharax alburnus, Jenynsia multidentata, Bryconamericus iheringii, Hyphessobrycon luetkenii, Platanichthys platana e Cheirodon interruptus , enquanto na Mirim foram dominantes Cyanocharax alburnus, Platanichthys platana, Odontesthes mirinensis, Cyphocharax voga e Astyanax fasciatus . O número de espécies registrado em cada lagoa foi 39 (Jacaré), 37 (Nicola) 31 (Flores), 26 (Mangueira), 23 (Capilha) e 22 (Alemão). A comparação da riqueza através da rarefação confirmou a tendência de maior riqueza nas lagoas do SHT do que na região estudada da Mirim. A maior abundância e riqueza de espécies no SHT pode estar relacionada com a maior heterogeneidade de hábitats devido principalmente a presença de macrófitas aquáticas. Os maiores valores de abundância encontrados nos meses mais quentes estão relacionados ao período de recrutamento das espécies. The Taim hydrological system (SHT) and Mirim Lagoon are environments of extreme importance for the maintenance of biodiversity in the Patos-Mirim lagoon complex. Aiming to address the lack of ecological information on the ichthyofauna of this region, this study compares the abundance and species richness of assemblages of fish in ponds of 4 SHT (Flores, Nicola, Jacaré and Mangueira northern portion) and the northeast margin of Mirim Lagoon (Capilha and Alemão). Fish were collected monthly between March/2004 and February/2005 trawls through 5 of beach on the shores of each lake with network type "sting." Differences in abundance between the sites of collection were tested using analysis of variance one way, while the comparison of species between the lakes was performed by the technique of rarefaction, which takes into account the differences in catches and sample number. A total of 26,218 individuals and 49 species were caught. Significant difference in abundance between the sites of collection (F [5, 344] = 6.72, p <0.00001), and the fish were more abundant in the lagoons of SHT than the points of collection of Mirim Lagoon (Newman-Keuls test, p <0.05). The dominant species in SHT were Cyanocharax alburnus, Jenyns multidentata, Bryconamericus iheringii, Hyphessobrycon luetkenii, Platanichthys platani and Cheirodon interruptus while in Mirim Cyanocharax alburnus were dominant, Platanichthys Plantains, Odontesthes mirinensis, fashionable and Cyphocharax astyanax fasciatus. The number of species recorded in each pond was 39 (Jacaré), 37 (Nicola) 31 (Flowers), 26 (Hose), 23 (Capilha) and 22 (Alemão). A comparison of richness through rarefaction confirmed the trend of higher richness in lakes of SHT than in the studied region of the Mirim. The highest abundance and species richness in SHT may be related to the greater heterogeneity of habitat due to presence of aquatic macrophytes. The highest values of abundance found in the warmer months are related to the period of recruitment of species.

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30

Wells, Jay. "A pre-impoundment study of the biological diversity of the benthic macro-invertebrate fauna of the Sabie-Sand River system." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/8401.

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Bibliography: p. 177-205. The Kruger National Park (KNP) in the Eastern Transvaal provides a classic example of the potential conflict of interests between the industrial, agricultural and domestic sectors and conservation. The KNP is situated on the north-eastern border of South Africa and receives the flow of six rivers (Figure 0.1), all •of which originate outside the jurisdiction of the Park authorities. Thus, there are demands for water outside the boundaries of the KNP from other sectors of South Africa, as well as several self-governing states that have been set up as political entities within South Africa (see Chunnett, Fourie & Partners 1987, 1990). Due to human development •of catchments there has been regulation of these rivers, which are rapidly changing in terms of their flow regimes. (O'Keeffe. & Davies 1991). For example, the Letaba and the Luvhuvhu rivers have both changed from perennial to annual flow regimes (O'Keeffe & Davies 1991), a condition which is detrimental to the maintenance of river ecosystem functioning, while the Crocodile River has been regulated to an almost unvarying flow of ca 5m3 s•1 (O'Keeffe & Davies 1991). Recognising the need to address the problem of water allocation to the KNP, the Department of Water Affairs (DW A) convened a workshop on minimum flow needs for the environment in 1987 (Bruwer in press). Although tentative values were suggested for minimum flows, the value of the workshop was its recognition of the need for more research into the problem. Such research is currently being undertaken under the auspices of the multi-disciplinary KNP Rivers Research Programme. The goal of the programme is to " ... develop the means to predict the impact on the KNP river systems of changing flow regimes and water quality as the basis of a protocol for managing the• allocation of water for ecological purposes" (Kruger National Park Rivers Research Programme 1990). One of the studies initiated within this programme was a pre-impoundment study of the Sabie River, including its main tributary, the Sand River, which together are referred to as the Sabie-Sand River system.

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Rêgo, Karlla Morganna da Costa. "Estudo das interações entre as comunidades localizadas no entorno da reserva biológica Guaribas PB e a fauna de quirópteros: perspectivas para conservação." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2014. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/4549.

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Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-07T14:49:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2160367 bytes, checksum: 9b7d06b1d541930bbaf10f42ecf546ef (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-26 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES Part of the conservation process to disrupt certain myths and beliefs that exist about animals that are critically important. Among the animals that are perceived negatively by society are the bats. The bats play an important role in maintaining ecosystems and levels as indicators of habitat disruption, because they are considered good material for studies on diversity. However society has little opportunity to observe the behavior and biology of bats, due to the fact that most of the population live in cities and do not have any direct contact with wildlife, apart from of information about it. The main objective of this study was to investigate the perception of people of three communities located in the neighborhood of a biological reserve about bats, analyze the resident biodiversity of these animals and start work to raise awareness and conservation in the community. The study was conducted in Guaribas Biological Reserve, located in rural communities around the cities of Mamanguape and Rio Tinto, Paraiba, Brazil, in two major fragments, with the presence of human occupation. To inventory the fauna of bats use mist nets placed in habitats Woods, region Board and communities. Semi-structured interviews were conducted in association with the distribution of explanatory booklet to clarify questions and information about the importance of bats. The most abundant species in the areas of village and REBIO corresponds to Phyllostomidae family. Could be seen that most of the population has a negative image about the bats, and unaware of their importance in the ambience. However, they have some knowledge of their biology, even in brief, and certain load of aggregate cultural concepts. This knowledge is directly linked to frugivorous characteristic of these animals. Faz parte do processo de conservação que determinados mitos e crendices que existem sobre animais que são criticamente importantes sejam desfeitos. Dentre os animais que são mal vistos pela sociedade estão os morcegos. Os quirópteros têm papel importante na manutenção dos ecossistemas e como indicadores de níveis de ruptura de hábitats, pois são considerados bom material de estudos sobre diversidade. No entanto a sociedade tem pouca oportunidade de observar o comportamento e a biologia dos morcegos, devido ao fato que a maioria da população viver nas cidades e não tem nenhum tipo de contato direto com a vida selvagem, além da falta de informação acerca da mesma. O objetivo principal desse trabalho foi verificar a percepção de habitantes de três comunidades situadas no entorno de uma reserva biológica sobre quirópteros, analisar a biodiversidade local desses animais e realizar trabalhos de sensibilização e conservação junto à comunidade. O estudo foi realizado na Reserva Biológica Guaribas localizada nas cidades de Mamanguape e Rio Tinto, Paraíba, Brasil, em dois importantes fragmentos, com presença de comunidades rurais do seu entorno. Para o inventário da fauna de quirópteros utilizamos redes de neblina dispostas nos hábitats de Mata, Tabuleiro e nas comunidades. Entrevistas semiestruturadas foram realizadas em associação com a distribuição de cartilha explicativa para o esclarecimento de dúvidas e informação sobre a importância dos morcegos. As espécies mais abundantes nas áreas das comunidades e da ReBio, corresponde a Família Phyllostomidae. Pôde-se perceber que a maior parte da população tem uma imagem negativa a respeito dos quirópteros, e desconhece sua importância no ambiente. No entanto, estes possuem certo conhecimento sobre sua biologia, mesmo que de modo resumido, e com certa carga de conceitos culturais agregados. Esse conhecimento está ligado diretamente à característica frugívora destes animais.

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32

Pinto, Emily Della Costa Pinheiro. "Avaliação dos efeitos do Kraft 36EC sobre a estrutura biológica do solo utilizando atributos funcionais de colêmbolos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18139/tde-18072018-115216/.

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A expansão da agricultura tem levado a utilização intensiva de agrotóxicos para o controle de pragas agrícolas que apresentam sérios riscos de contaminação tanto de ambientes aquáticos como terrestres. A contaminação da biota do solo pode causar efeitos sobre diversos processos ecossistêmicos tendo em vista a importância que estes organismos desempenham na estrutura do solo. O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi avaliar os possíveis efeitos do inseticida/acaricida Kraft 36EC sobre a composição da fauna edáfica total e sobre a composição da comunidade de colêmbolos utilizando os atributos funcionais, em uma escala temporal, durante dois períodos amostrais. De forma geral, ambas as estações apresentaram diferenças na composição da fauna edáfica ao longo do tempo, nos dois tratamentos. Os colêmbolos foram os organismos mais sensíveis ao inseticida. As variáveis ambientais (temperatura e umidade) influenciaram nos efeitos do inseticida/acaricida sobre os organismos, principalmente em situações extremas. Os índices de diversidade [média por atributo (mT) e diversidade funcional (FD)] com as morfoespécies de colêmbolos, demostraram que o inseticida acaricida reduziu a diversidade funcional. Tais resultados estavam relacionados com a dominância de espécies epiedáficas (superficiais), em relação as hemiedáficas (mais afetadas pelo inseticida), principalmente no vigésimo primeiro dia. A atividade alimentar (teste bait lamina) foi reduzida ao longo do período de exposição. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que mesmo em doses recomendadas o inseticida/acaricida afetou a composição da fauna edáfica. Além disso, esse trabalho demonstrou a importância de pesquisas que avaliam não apenas dados taxonômicos como também a estrutura funcional das comunidades edáficas. Nesse sentido, podemos predizer possíveis alterações dos agrotóxicos sobre os processos ecossistêmicos. The expansion of agriculture has led to the intensive use of pesticides for the control of agricultural pests that present serious risks of contamination in both aquatic and terrestrial environments. Contamination of soil biota by these pollutants can have effects on various ecosystem processes in view of the importance that these organisms play in the soil structure. The objective of this research was to evaluate the possible effects of the acaricide insecticide Kraft 36EC on the composition of the total soil fauna and on the composition of the community of collembolans using the functional traits, over time, during the dry and rainy season. In general, there are differences in the composition of the edaphic fauna over time, in both treatments. The collembolans were the most sensitive to insecticidal organisms. Environmental variables can influence the effects on organisms, especially in extreme situations.The diversity index [average per attribute (mT) and functional diversity (FD)] with morphospecies collembolan, showed that the insecticide reduced functional diversity. These results were related to the dominance of epiedaphic species (surface), in relation to hemiedaphic (more affected by insecticide), especially in the twenty-first day. Feeding activity (test blade bait) was reduced over the exposure period. The results showed that even at recommended doses the insecticide affected the composition of the edaphic fauna. In addition, this work has demonstrated the importance of research that evaluates not only taxonomic data but also the functional structure of edaphic communities. In this way, it is possible to predict possible changes in agrochemicals on ecosystem processes.

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Silveira, Maria Aurea Pinheiro de Almeida. "Análise faunística de insetos nas margens do alto rio Madeira, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11146/tde-25052010-084026/.

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A fauna de insetos com ênfase em Coleoptera, Cerambycidae nas margens do rio madeira, em Rondônia foi estudada. Coletas foram realizadas de janeiro a dezembro de 2004, durante um dia por mês em quatro áreas, perfazendo 15 pontos de amostragem. Foram utilizadas armadilhas luminosas modelo Luiz de Queiroz e armadilhas de Malaise. Na avaliação das comunidades, foi utilizada a riqueza de espécies, a abundância, os índices de diversidade e similaridade. Para a estimativa de riqueza de espécies foram usados procedimentos estatísticos não paramétricos Chao 1, Jackknife 1 e Jackknife 2. Foram coletados 7036 indivíduos de 684 espécies distribuídos em 127 famílias. Coleoptera e Lepidoptera foram as ordens mais representativas. Foi registrado um total de 3.779 espécimes distribuídos em 33 famílias de Coleoptera. As famílias mais abundantes foram Scarabaeidae, Hydrophilidae, Chrysomelidae, Carabidae, Cerambycidae e Curculionidae que juntas representam 81 % dos indivíduos coletados. Para Cerambycidae foram coletados 110 espécies distribuídas em 5 subfamílias, 35 tribos e 92 gêneros, com a maioria das espécies (75%) representada por um único indivíduo. Os valores do índice de Shannon-Weaver obtido para as áreas foram significativamente diferentes, e as espécies estão distribuídas homogeneamente. This research deals with the fauna of insects, emphasizeing Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, occurring in the margins of the Madeira River, in Porto Velho, State of Rondônia, Brazil. The insects were collected one day per month, with light traps (model Luiz de Queiroz) and Malaise traps placed at 15 sampling points, from January to December, 2004. The parameters species richness, species abundance, diversity and similarity indices were used to evaluate the insect communities. The species richness was estimated by the non parametric statistical procedures Chao 1, Jackknife 1 and Jackknife 2. One collected 7,036 specimens belonging to 684 species and/or morphospecies, distributed in 127 families. The orders Coleoptera and Lepidoptera were the most diverse ones. The most abundant families of Coleoptera were Carabidae, Cerambycidae, Chrysomelidae, Curculionidae, Hydrophilidae and Scarabaeidae, which together represented 81% of the individuals collected. Regarding the Cerambycidae one collected 110 species, distributed in 5 subfamilies, 35 tribes, and 92 genera. Most of the species (75%) was represented by only one individual. The values of the Shannon index obtained for the areas were significantly different and the species were homogeneously distributed.

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Meloni, Fernando. "Influência do desenvolvimento florestal sobre a comunidade edáfico-epígea de Arthropoda e a mirmecofauna: bases para a bioindicação do processo sucessional na restauração ecológica." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59131/tde-02012013-120543/.

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A restauração ecológica visa o estabelecimento de ecossistemas semelhantes aos que originalmente ocupavam uma determinada área que foi degradada. Todavia, os resultados dos esforços envolvidos na restauração e no retorno dos processos ecológicos naturais são difíceis de serem medidos, pois faltam métodos apropriados. Os bioindicadores são ferramentas baratas e confiáveis para o diagnóstico das características ambientais e ecológicas, cujo princípio consiste em medidas simples de grupos biológicos especialmente sensíveis às mudanças no meio. Os Arthropoda que ocorrem no solo e na serapilheira, em especial as formigas, mediam processos ecológicos importantes e apresentam características que os tornam bioindicadores potenciais, mas seu uso ainda necessita de conhecimentos específicos. Assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo testar o potencial indicador da comunidade de Arthropoda edáfico-epígea na restauração ecológica, com maior enfoque sobre as formigas. Foram avaliadas as comunidades de um gradiente sucessional formado por doze reflorestamentos com diferentes idades e três remanescentes florestais, localizados nas bacias dos rios Pardo e Mogi-Guaçu. O objetivo foi identificar quais os parâmetros que melhor refletem a resposta dessas comunidades ao desenvolvimento florestal. Os resultados indicaram que tanto a mirmecofauna como o restante da comunidade são influenciadas pelos estádios de desenvolvimento florestal. As comunidades variaram em composição e estrutura. A evolução das comunidades mostrou-se direcional, formando um padrão convergente de acordo com o avanço da sucessão. Os resultados indicaram forte efeito da sazonalidade e das técnicas de coleta na interpretação dos resultados. A comunidade edáfico-epígea encontrada no período seco mostrou-se especialmente sensível ao desenvolvimento florestal, enquanto a resposta da mirmecofauna foi mais evidente durante o período chuvoso. Os resultados indicaram também que as comunidades de diferentes regiões, Mogi-Guaçu e Ribeirão Preto, responderam ao processo sucessional, embora tenham apresentado diferenças na composição e no padrão de resposta. As análises com formigas classificadas em grupos funcionais indicaram que a resposta da mirmecofauna ao desenvolvimento florestal ocorre também no nível funcional. As mudanças nos padrões da comunidade e seus módulos estão relacionadas às mudanças nos filtros ambientais e à disponibilidade de nichos. Em conclusão, (1) a riqueza de espécies da fauna edáfico-epígea encontrada na serapilheira do período seco foi um bom preditor geral do desenvolvimento florestal; (2) a riqueza de grupos raros proporcionou o melhor modelo de prognóstico do estádio sucessional, indicando ainda que os reflorestamentos tendem a atingir patamares semelhantes aos encontrados nos remanescentes florestais por volta dos 27 anos após o plantio; (3) na comunidade edáfico-epígea, o avanço no desenvolvimento florestal levou à convergência entre padrões de composição, (4) enquanto na mirmecofauna a convergência ocorreu para os padrões de estrutura, sendo que em ambos os casos (3 e 4), quanto mais avançado o estádio sucessional, mais parecidos entre si são os padrões de locais diferentes; (5) a Equabilidade J das formigas amostradas por iscas decresceu ao longo do desenvolvimento florestal, sendo considerado também um indicador do processo sucessional (6) as classificações funcionais das formigas também permitiram boa predição dos estádios sucessionais, com destaque para formigas capturadas com iscas quando classificadas pelo sistema proposto por Andersen (1995), devido a boa relação custo/benefício. Portanto, foi confirmado o potencial bioindicador da mirmecofauna de comunidade edáfico-epígea geral, que podem ser utilizados como ferramentas de diagnóstico e monitoramento do processo sucessional. O uso mais apropriado deve ser feito por métodos comparativos, através de parâmetros provenientes de ecossistemas referência, ou por medidas repetidas ao longo do tempo, pela observação do deslocamento dos padrões da comunidade e interpretação da proporção dos grupos. Ecological restoration objective is to promote the return of chemical, physical and biological natural properties as those similar to the native features as possible. However, the restoration projects cannot be well evaluated due to the fact that there are no appropriated tools to do that. Plantations using native species are a prominent technique used in São Paulo state, promoting the fast rising of a plant community, but it is very expensive and hard to measure if ecological processes are returning. Bioindicators are cheap tools to evaluate environmental conditions and ecological processes because they respond to all ecosystem characteristics acting together and the responses of a single group make possible to infer properties of the total biodiversity or the full ecosystem health. Epigeic and hipogeic Arthropoda, especially ants, are potential bioindicators, due to their high abundance, ubiquitousness and their straight relationship to some important ecological processes, even to other community components, but they have not been used because it lacks information about the local scale responses to successional process and which standards can be used as parameters. Hence, we have tried to understand the main standards and responses from soil and litter community, as well as the mirmecofauna responses, under a successional gradient constituted by twelve planted forests in different ages and three forest remainders (semi-deciduous forest), all located at the hydrographic basins, Pardo and Mogi-Guaçu, searching for trustful bioindicators of forest development. General fauna was sampled from litter and soil and ants were additionally sampled by attractive baits, using glucose and sardine. Results have showed that forest development makes influence on structure and composition of general communities and ant communities found in restoration sites, so that over time, these community parameters progressively have become more similar to those found in forest remainders, consisting in a directional shifting. Epigeic and hipogeic general fauna showed to be more sensitive to forest development through dry season, while ants presented critical responses in wet season. Communities from different regions were influenced by successional process but they have presented differences among fauna compositions. The analyses using ants classified in functional groups indicated that forest development makes influence also on fauna functional pattern. Groups occupying specialized niches tend to increase their relative amount throughout forest development. The shifting of ant community functionality may be related to changes in environmental filters plus the increase of niche availability through forest development. As conclusions, under experiment features (1) species richness of litter fauna of dry season is a good predictor of forest development; (2) the richness of rare taxa allowed the best prognosis about sucessional stage, also indicating that fauna found in forest plantations reaches similar fauna standards of forest remainders close to 27 years after the deployment; (3) over time, the composition of general edaphic-epigeic community found in restoration sites becomes more similar to composition of communities found in forest remainders, (4) while for ant communities, the structure standards found in restoration sites progressively become more similar of respective parameter found in forest remainders. (5) the Equitability J of ants communities sampled using baits decreases over forest development and it may be considered a bioindicator of sucessional process; (6) ant functional groups also provided good prediction of sucessional stages, highlighting ant sampling using baits and ant functional classification according to Andersen (1995), due to best benefit-cost ratio. For appropriated application of all bioindicators, the use of comparative techniques may be considered, including ecosystem references, and rather than it uses fixed values of fauna parameters (as fixed goals to be achieved), it is better to consider which parameters of the community are changing over time and if their tendencies are in accordance to the expected.

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35

Silva, Danni Maisa da. "Biota do solo em pastagem sob aplicação sucessiva de dejetos de suínos." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2015. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/3364.

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The successive use of pig slurry as a soil fertilizer on pasture areas is a common practice in southern Brazil. While there are economic benefits of reuse of waste, this practice poses serious environmental risks and can cause changes in the composition and activity of soil organisms. The soil organisms and microbiological soil quality indicators are very sensitive and allow the monitoring of the soil environment conditions. This work aimed to study the effect of the successive application of pig slurry in pasture areas on the composition, biological activity and microbiological soil quality. The study was conducted in Três Passos/RS in two harvest periods (winter and spring), in areas with use of manure 2 years ago (A2), 14 years (A14) and native forest (NF). In all areas we analyzed the composition of soil organisms through the use PROVID and TSBF, biological activity, using litter bags and bait blade test; was also evaluated the microbiological quality of the soil from the determination of carbon content in the microbial biomass, soil microbial respiration, metabolic quotient (qCO2) and activity of enzymes β Glycosidase, urease and Hydrolysis of Fluorescein diacetate (FDA). The successive use of pig slurry in the soil changed the biological characteristics, according to the same application time; influences the composition and diversity of soil fauna by increasing the total number of individuals, primarily springtails; the activity of soil biota is influenced by the collection time of the analysis and depth, and most especially up to 6 inches from the ground; the successive use of pasture in pig slurry does not influence the carbon biomass, microbial respiration and metabolic quotient were allowing the maintenance of the levels of microbiological soil quality in relation to native forest; the soil enzymatic activity was influenced by the use of pig slurry, and the urease and the hydrolysis of fluorescein diacetate (FDA) were sensitive to detect differences in the activity of soil microorganisms with the use of pig slurry while the enzyme β-glucosidase did not allow the differentiation between the studied areas. O uso sucessivo de dejetos de suínos como fertilizante do solo em áreas de pastagem é uma prática comum na região sul do Brasil. Embora existam benefícios econômicos da reutilização dos dejetos, esta prática apresenta sérios riscos ambientais e pode causar alterações na composição e na atividade dos organismos do solo. Os organismos edáficos e os indicadores microbiológicos de qualidade do solo são bastante sensíveis e permitem o monitoramento das condições do ambiente edáfico. Este trabalho teve por objetivo estudar o efeito da aplicação sucessiva de dejetos de suínos em áreas de pastagem sobre a composição, atividade biológica e a qualidade microbiológica do solo. O estudo foi realizado em Três Passos/RS, em duas épocas de coleta (inverno e primavera), em áreas com uso de dejetos suínos há 2 anos (A2), há 14 anos (A14) e mata nativa (MN). Em todas as áreas foram analisadas a composição dos organismos do solo através do uso do PROVID e do TSBF, a atividade biológica, com o uso de litter bags e do ensaio lâmina bait e a qualidade microbiológica do solo a partir da determinação do teor de C na biomassa microbiana, respiração microbiana do solo, quociente metabólico (qCO2) e atividade das enzimas β Glicosidase, urease e Hidrólise do Diacetato de Fluoresceína (FDA). O uso sucessivo de dejetos de suínos no solo alterou as características biológicas, de acordo com o tempo de aplicação do mesmo; influencia a composição e a diversidade da fauna edáfica, aumentando o número total de indivíduos, principalmente de colêmbolos; a atividade da biota do solo é influenciada pela época de coleta das análises e pela profundidade, sendo maior especialmente até os 6 cm do solo; o uso sucessivo de dejetos de suínos em pastagem não influencia o carbono da biomassa, a respiração microbiana e o quociente metabólico do solo permitindo a manutenção dos níveis de qualidade microbiológica do solo em relação à mata nativa; a atividade enzimática do solo foi influenciada pelo uso de dejetos de suínos, sendo que a urease e a Hidrólise do Diacetato de Fluoresceína (FDA) foram sensíveis na detecção de diferenças na atividade dos microrganismos dos solos com uso de dejetos de suínos enquanto que a enzima β-Glicosidase não permitiu a diferenciação entre as áreas estudadas.

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36

Harris, Ann Well. "OCCURRENCE AND ATTRIBUTES OF TWO ECHINODERM-BEARING FAUNAS FROM THE UPPER MISSISSIPPIAN (CHESTERIAN; LOWER SERPUKHOVIAN) RAMEY CREEK MEMBER, SLADE FORMATION, EASTERN KENTUCKY, U.S.A." UKnowledge, 2018. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/ees_etds/59.

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Well-preserved echinoderm faunas are rare in the fossil record, and when uncovered, understanding their occurrence can be useful in interpreting other faunas. In this study, two such faunas of the same age from separate localities in the shallow-marine Ramey Creek Member of the Slade Formation in the Upper Mississippian (Chesterian) rocks of eastern Kentucky are examined. Of the more than 5,000 fossil specimens from both localities, only 9–34 percent were echinoderms from 3–5 classes. Nine non-echinoderm (8 invertebrate and one vertebrate) classes occurred at both localities, but of these, bryozoans, brachiopods and sponges dominated. To understand the attributes of both localities (Valley Stone and 213 quarries), the geologic and structural settings, lithofacies and depositional environments, as well as faunal makeup and abundances (diversity, evenness, density), were compared and contrasted. Faunas from the Valley Stone Quarry were located on an uplifted fault block in more shallow, open-marine waters with higher energies. As indicated by four distinct lithofacies, the depositional setting was more extensive and varied with interspersed shoals and basins that could accommodate a greater richness (65 species), even though organism densities and abundance were less. In contrast, fauna from the 213 Quarry were located on a downdropped fault block in a more localized, deeper, storm-shelf setting, characterized by a single lithofacies. Although organism density and abundance were nearly twice as high as that at the Valley Stone Quarry, species richness was lower (45 species), and only one species, a bryozoan, predominated. Overall, echinoderm classes, species and individuals were more abundant at the Valley Stone Quarry, and I suggest that this is related to the shallower and more varied depositional environments that developed in response to presence on the shallow, uplifted fault block. This suggests the importance of regional features like faults in controlling environments and organism distribution through time. Although the faunas were originally collected for their echinoderm-dominated “crinoid gardens,” in fact, echinoderms were in the minority, and bryozoans and brachiopods predominated in the communities. Hence, the communities might better be described as bryozoan “thickets” and brachiopod “pavements.”

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37

Artheau, Malvina. "Faune aquatique souterraine du Roussillon et du Bassin de l'Aude : diversité, répartition et approche taxonomique." Toulouse 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU30291.

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Les efforts de recherche récents sur la faune aquatique souterraine ont révélé sa grande diversité. Ils sont cependant restés pour la plupart très ciblés sur certains taxa, les caractéristiques biologiques de certaines espèces ou des habitats particuliers. Peu de travaux ont tenté d'établir une image de l'ensemble de la faune souterraine à l'échelle d'une région. Le présent travail porte sur 201 stations d'échantillonnage, réparties sur le Roussillon et le bassin de l'Aude suivant un protocole hiérarchique menant à la prospection de milieux karstiques saturés et insaturés, de milieux poreux hyporhéiques et phréatiques dans différents bassins. La grande majorité des groupes taxonomiques d'invertébrés présents dans le milieu ont été pris en considération, aussi bien pour l'inventaire de la faune (près de 200 espèces identifiées) que pour une étude de répartition portant sur l'ensemble des espèces stygobiontes (plus de 60) en relation avec l'hétérogénéité hydrogéologique de la région et avec les caractéristiques physico-chimiques du milieu. Enfin les Ostracodes font l'objet d'une étude plus approfondie tant au niveau taxonomique que des points de vue écologique et biogéographique. La région Roussillon abrite une faune aquatique souterraine riche et de forte valeur scientifique et patrimoniale. Près du quart des espèces stygobiontes récoltées sont endémiques de la région et 16 sont nouvelles pour la science. Les espèces souterraines du Roussillon appartiennent aux groupes des Crustacés, Oligochètes, Mollusques et Acariens. Leur répartition au sein des différents types d'habitats souterrains est le résultat conjugué de facteurs agissant à plusieurs échelles. Si les facteurs locaux ont une influence sur la répartition des taxa entre les milieux karstique et poreux, ce sont des facteurs historiques qui ont gouverné la répartition de certaines espèces telles que les Isopodes Microcharon. . Recent researches have revealed the high diversity level of subterranean aquatic fauna. Nevertheless, we have very few examples of studies aiming at drawing the global picture of the subterranean fauna as a whole at the scale of the region, including all types of aquifers and all taxa. 201 sites have been sampled during this work all through the Roussillon region and the Aude River basin. Sampling has been done following a hierarchical protocol including sampling in saturated and unsaturated zones of karsts, hyporheic and phreatics biota in different river basins. Most taxonomic groups of invertebrates inhabiting subterranean waters were taken into account in the faunal checklist (about 200 species identified) as well as in the study of the repartition of stygobiont species related to hydrogeological heterogeneity and physico-chemical parameters. Finally, Ostracoda are given special interest in this work, from the taxonomical as well as ecological and biogeographical points of view. The studied region harbours a very rich stygobitic fauna of high patrimonial value. Almost a quarter of all stygobiont species collected are regional endemics and 16 are new to science. Subterranean species of the Roussillon belong to the following groups: Oligochaeta, Crustacea, Acari and Mollusca. Their distribution within the various subterranean habitats is a result of a series of factors at different scales. Local factors influence the distribution of taxa between porous and karstic aquifers while historical factors govern the distribution of peculiar species such as the Isopods Microcharon. .

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38

Rodrigues, Luciana Falci Theza. "Nascentes de Mata Atlântica: panorama e ecologia da fauna de Oligochaeta (Annelida) e implicações para conservação." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), 2018. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/7120.

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Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-08-03T18:49:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 lucianafalcithezarodrigues.pdf: 3964261 bytes, checksum: cb17da68fd27c92d62f0ac63bc4f1365 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-08-28T13:49:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 lucianafalcithezarodrigues.pdf: 3964261 bytes, checksum: cb17da68fd27c92d62f0ac63bc4f1365 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-28T13:49:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 lucianafalcithezarodrigues.pdf: 3964261 bytes, checksum: cb17da68fd27c92d62f0ac63bc4f1365 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-23 CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior Nascentes são importantes elementos da paisagem pela sua relevância econômica, social e ecológica. Tendo em vista a crescente degradação desses ecossistemas, aliado ao pouco conhecimento sobre a sua biodiversidade em regiões tropicais, esta tese tem como objetivo geral ampliar o conhecimento sobre nascentes de regiões tropicais e prover um estudo sobre a diversidade e aspectos ecológicos de oligoquetas aquáticos nesse ecossistema. A fim de confirmar a carência de estudos em nascentes, especificamente sobre a fauna de oligoquetas, foi feito um levantamento bibliográfico sobre os estudos realizados em 30 anos (1985-2015) nos mais diversos ambientes aquáticos continentais em todo o mundo. A pesquisa mostrou que nascentes estão entre os ecossistemas menos estudados, juntamente com corpos d’água de cavernas e pântanos. Também realizamos coletas da fauna, medimos variáveis físicas e químicas e aplicamos um protocolo de avaliação rápida (PAR) em nascentes localizadas em diferentes municípios de Minas Gerais, tanto em Unidades de Conservação (UCs) quanto em áreas públicas e particulares. Os resultados mostraram que a composição de espécies de oligoquetas de nascentes que emergem de forma difusa formando uma área alagada (helocreno), é diferente daquela de nascentes que formam riachos (reocreno) e poças (limnocreno), provavelmente devido à sua maior heterogeneidade. Também verificamos que a diversidade beta foi alta nas três tipologias, indicando que os esforços para a conservação desses ecossistemas devem incluir um grande número de nascentes de todas as tipologias. Os resultados desse estudo também enfatizam, após a aplicação do PAR, que, apesar da maioria das nascentes serem classificadas como ótimas, nascentes localizadas em áreas urbanas foram classificadas como razoável ou ruim, mesmo estando algumas delas em UCs. Isso mostra a importância das UCs na preservação das nascentes, assim como sua vulnerabilidade quando inseridas em ambientes urbanos. Concluímos que este estudo sobre as nascentes contribui não apenas para o conhecimento do tema, mas também para a gestão ambiental, pois direciona para os habitats e locais que mais carecem de estudo, mostra a importância de se preservar diferentes tipos de nascentes para a manutenção da diversidade e aponta para a necessidade de maior fiscalização e cumprimento dos dispositivos legais, a fim de evitar maiores alterações nas condições naturais desses ambientes. Springs are important landscape elements due to its economic, social and ecological importance. In view of the increasing degradation of these ecosystems, added to low knowledge about their biodiversity in tropical regions, the main goal of this study is to increase the knowledge about springs in tropical regions and to provide information on the diversity and ecological aspects of aquatic oligochaetes in this ecosystem. To confirm the lack of studies in springs, specifically considering freshwater oligochaetes, a bibliographic survey has was made basead on the studies carried in a period of 30 years (1985-2015) in various continental aquatic environments around the world. The survey showed that spring are one of the least studied ecosystems, together with cave water bodies and swamps. For this study, fauna was collected, physical and chemical variables were measured, and a rapid assessment protocol (RAP) were applied at spring located in different cities of Minas Gerais State, either in Conservation Units or in public and private areas. The results showed differences among the oligochaetes species composition found in spring that rises diffusely forming a flooded area (helocrene), in comparasion to spring that forms streams (rheocrene) and that ones that forms a pond (limnocrene). Probably, it is due to the high heterogeneity of this kind of spring. We also verified that beta diversity was high at the three types of springs, suggesting that efforts to conserve these ecosystems should include many spring systems of all types. After applying RAP, this study emphasized that, besides the major numbers of spring, water have been classified as optimum also the springs located in urban areas were classified as moderate or poor, even when some of them were located in Conservation Units. This result highlights importance of Conservation Units on spring preservation, and also the vulnerability of these systems when inserted in urban environments. This study contributes not only for academic knowledge, but also for environmental management, once it points out the habitats and places that need more studies, showing the importance of preserving different types of spring systems for the maintenance of diversity. It also indicate the requirements for major inspections and the legal enforcement provisions needed, in order to avoid further transformations in the natural conditions of these systems.

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39

Gandolfo, Rafael Silva. "Avaliação do papel das perturbações físicas do substrato sobre a fauna de macroinvertebrados aquáticos de um riacho neotropical." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59131/tde-31072012-220555/.

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O presente trabalho testou o efeito da frequência, intensidade e tamanho da área de perturbações físicas sobre a comunidade de macroinvertebrados aquáticos, visando responder as seguintes questões: 1) a abundância, riqueza e composição dos macroinvertebrados são afetadas pelas perturbações físicas? 2) os resultados encontrados se enquadram nas predições da hipótese da perturbação intermediária (HPI) ou do modelo de equilíbrio dinâmico (MED)? Para responder estas questões manipulações experimentais do substrato (frequência, intensidade e tamanho da área de perturbação) foram realizadas e foram avaliados os seus efeitos sobre a fauna de macroinvertebrados aquáticos de um riacho de Mata Atlântica do Sudeste do Brasil. Os nossos resultados mostraram que as perturbações físicas não influenciaram a abundância e a riqueza da fauna, não se encaixando nas predições da HPI e do modelo de equilíbrio dinâmico MED. Por outro lado, a frequência afetou a composição faunística sugerindo que alguns grupos demandam um maior tempo para colonizar o substrato. Apesar de reconhecermos que alguns poucos grupos são afetados pela frequência de perturbação, a maior parte da fauna do riacho estudado deve ter uma alta mobilidade e resiliência talvez como um reflexo do alto dinamismo deste riacho, no qual é possível observar que o substrato se move em maior ou menor grau dependendo das intensidades das chuvas. Os nossos resultados sugerem que as perturbações experimentais criaram manchas desocupadas, as quais foram rapidamente ocupadas pela maior parte da fauna de macroinvertebrados aquáticos. Portanto, a capacidade de colonização dos diferentes táxons e a redistribuição entre manchas ocupadas e desocupadas devem ter um papel fundamental na dinâmica da fauna do riacho estudado. The present work tested the effects of frequency, intensity and disturbance area on the aquatic macroinvertebrate assemblages, in order to answer the following questions: 1) do the physical disturbances affect the abundance, richness and composition of macroinvertebrate assemblages? 2) Do the finding results confirm the intermediate-disturbance hypothesis (HPI) or dynamic-equilibrium model (MED) predictions? To answer these questions, experimental manipulation of substrate (frequency, intensity and size of disturbed area) were made and their effects on aquatic macroinvertebrate fauna in an Atlantic Forest stream (Southeast of Brazil) were evaluated. The abundance and richness were not influenced by the physical disturbance and this result was not in accordance with predictions of the HPI and MED. On the other hand, the frequency affected the faunal composition suggesting that some groups demand a longer period to colonize the substrate. Although, we recognize that some groups are affected by the disturbance frequency, the most part of the stream fauna should have a higher mobility and resilience, maybe as a reflect of the higher dynamism of this stream, in which is possible to observe that the substrate moves in a higher or lower rate depending on the rain intensity. Our results suggest that the experimental disturbance generate unoccupied patches which were promptly occupied by the major part of the taxa of aquatic macroinvertebrate fauna. Therefore, the colonization capacity of the different taxa and the redistribution between occupied and unoccupied patches should have a fundamental role on the fauna dynamics in the studied stream.

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40

Fernandes, Rogerio Taygra Vasconcelos. "Padrões e processos de diferenciação taxonômica da fauna de peixes de uma ecoregião da América do Sul." Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, 2013. http://bdtd.ufersa.edu.br:80/tede/handle/tede/700.

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Submitted by Socorro Pontes (socorrop@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-05-18T15:15:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RogérioTVF_DISSERT.pdf: 779741 bytes, checksum: 9814a6c7549bf62e7bc2094c8b14cdb0 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-18T15:15:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RogérioTVF_DISSERT.pdf: 779741 bytes, checksum: 9814a6c7549bf62e7bc2094c8b14cdb0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-19 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior Here, we quantified the patterns of change in the similarity of the fish fauna of the Upper Paraná ecoregion, caused by the introduction of non-native species and anthropogenic factors, such as the construction of dams and the elimination of a biogeographic barrier. Additionally, we evaluated the importance of changes in rates of turnover and richness species in homogenization/differentiation dynamics. For the study, we mapped the spatial distribution of fish species through occurrence data georeferenced of Brazilian zoological museums. To evaluate temporal changes in the composition of the fish fauna, the data with the distribution of the species were divided into two periods: historical period composed entirely of native species, and the contemporary period, consisting of historical fauna plus non-native species. Changes in similarity patterns between fish assemblages were quantified using the Jaccard dissimilarity index to the historical and contemporary periods. To evaluate the influence of the non-native richness species, number of dam and distance to the Itaipu Dam on changes of similarity, we performed simple and partial Mantel tests. The results showed that the fish fauna has become more dissimilar over time, due to increases in turnover rates and addition of species. Furthermore, factors related to the heterogeneity of the basins and propagules pressure after removal of a biogeographical barrier has determined the patterns of changes in the similarity of the fish fauna Nesse estudo foram quantificados os padrões de mudança na similaridade da fauna de peixes da ecoregião do alto Paraná, produzidas pela introdução de espécies não-nativas e de fatores antropogênicos, como a construção de barragens e a eliminação de uma barreira biogeográfica. Adicionalmente, foi avaliada a importância de mudanças nas taxas de turnover e de riqueza nas mudanças de similaridade das assembleias de peixes. Para realizar o estudo, a distribuição espacial de espécies de peixes de dez bacias de drenagem do alto Paraná foi mapeada através de dados de ocorrência geo-espacializados tombados em museus zoológicos de instituições brasileiras. Para avaliar as mudanças temporais na composição da fauna de peixes, os dados com as distribuição das espécies foi divido em dois períodos: período histórico, composto somente por espécies nativas, e período contemporâneo, composto por espécies nativas mais não-nativas. Os padrões de similaridade entre as assembleias de peixes para os períodos histórico e contemporâneo foram quantificados através do índice de dissimilaridade de Jaccard. As mudanças na similaridade entre assembleias foi calculada através da diferença entre as similaridades contemporâneas e históricas. Para avaliar os efeitos da riqueza de espécies não-nativas, número de barragens e área das bacias, e a distância das bacias até a barragem de Itaipu foram utilizados testes de Mantel simples e parciais. Os resultados demostraram que a fauna de peixes tem se tornado mais dissimilar ao longo do tempo, em função de aumentos nas taxas de turnover e de adição de espécies. Além disso, fatores relacionados à heterogeneidade das bacias e da pressão de propágulos após a eliminação de uma barreira biogeográfica tem determinado os padrões de mudanças na similaridade da fauna de peixes 2017-05-18

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Laurent, Yves. "Les faunes de vertébrés continentaux du Maastrichtien supérieur d'Europe : systématique et biodiversité." Toulouse 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU30099.

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Cette étude des vertébrés du Maastrichtien supérieur d'Europe est plus particulièrement consacrée aux sites inédits des Petites-Pyrénées dont les fouilles ont livré plusieurs taxons inconnus jusqu'alors dans le Maastrichtien supérieur français et qui font l'objet d'une description détaillée. L'étude géologique, biochronologique et paléogéographique permet de proposer une corrélation de ces sites, situés à la transition des domaines marins et continentaux. Deux grands assemblages se différencient, l'un constitue l'écosystème d'Europe Orientale et l'autre celui d'Europe Occidentale dont l'essentiel de la faune dinosaurienne est composée par les Hadrosauridae. . This study of European Late Maastrichtian vertebrates is based upon the findings at several newly discovered sites in the Petites-Pyrénées. The excavations of these have yielded numerous different taxa previously unknown in the French Late Maastrichtian and which are described in detail. By studying the geology, biochronology and palaeogeography, correlation between the sites, situated at the transition of marine and continental domains, has been made possible. Two large assemblages have become apparent. The first corresponds to the Oriental European ecosystem. .

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Vergnes, Alan. "Connectivité des paysages urbains et faune épigée : approche multi-échelles et multi-taxons." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MNHN0001.

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Des avancées scientifiques sont nécessaires pour limiter l’impact qu’exerce l’urbanisation croissante sur l’environnement et comprendre le fonctionnement de la biodiversité urbaine. Dans cette thèse, nous avons analysé les effets à différentes échelles spatiales sur les patrons d’organisation de plusieurs taxons appartenant à la faune épigée, suivant trois axes : (1) étudier les communautés à l’échelle d’une grande agglomération, (2) étudier l’effet des corridors sur la dispersion et (3) modéliser la dispersion. Nous avons mis en évidence un effet majeur de l’urbanisation des paysages sur les communautés, plus important pour les espèces forestières qui sont remplacées par des espèces plus généralistes. Les corridors, en favorisant la dispersion permettent, pour partie, d’y remédier. Ces résultats ont été confirmés par le modèle de dispersion. Ces résultats ouvrent des perspectives dans la spatialisation du fonctionnement des communautés Scientific insights are needed to limit the negative effects of urbanization and improve urban biodiversity. Thus, we analysed the effects of landscape on several ground –dwelling communities (multi taxa approach). We organized our research following three main axis: (1) response along an urbanization gradient, (2) the effect of corridors on the dispersal among urban landscapes and (3) simulation of the corridor effect using an individual based model (IBM). We observed strong and negative effects of the urbanized landscapes, stronger for forest specialist species which are replaced by more generalist species along the gradient. We highlighted a positive effect of corridors with some differences between taxa that could be explained by variation in their dispersal capabilities, confirmed by the model. The IBM has confirmed these results. This study opens new doors on the spatial configuration of local communities within the landscapes

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Chifflet, Rémy. "Faune pollinisatrice, paysage et échelle spatiale des flux de pollen chez brassica napus l. (brassicaceae)." Phd thesis, Université d'Avignon, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00633180.

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L'intérêt pour la dispersion des gènes via le pollen a augmenté avec les cultures de plantes génétiquement modifiées. A ce jour, les données expérimentales ainsi que la modélisation portant sur les mouvements du pollen de colza, Brassica napus L., à l'échelle du paysage ne différencie pas clairement la part du vent et des insectes dans cette dispersion. Cependant, l'estimation de la dispersion des gènes par le pollen reste une condition nécessaire pour la gestion des risques d'échappement des (trans-)gènes vers l'environnement et les cultures conventionnelles. A travers cette thèse, nous avons pu mettre en évidence qu'une grande diversité d'insectes pollinisateurs pouvait transporter du pollen viable entre différentes plantes de colza sur des distances importantes (>1.1 km). La diversité d'insectes varie d'une région à l'autre et d'une année sur l'autre. Cependant, bien que la majorité des insectes sur une zone de grande production de colza ait du pollen de cette culture sur leur corps, seulement 39,4 % des insectes capturés sur des plantes mâle-stériles transportent du pollen de colza viable. Bien que nous n'ayons pas pu déterminer avec précision la part du vent et des insectes dans le pollinisation du colza, il semblerait que les insectes participent de façon plus importante à la pollinisation de plantes présentes en bordures de champs, augmentant ainsi le taux de pollinisation croisée. Nos résultats fournissent des données fiables pour améliorer les modèles de dispersion pollinique pour des cultures entomophiles à l'échelle du paysage. Ces modèles sont essentiels pour l'aide à la gestion afin de réduire la dispersion des gènes par le pollen des cultures génétiquement modifiées vers les plantes sauvages ou les cultures conventionnelles

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Silva, Rosangela Aparecida da. "Estudo da fauna fitonematológica na Mata Atlântica do estado de São Paulo e na Floresta Amazônica do estado do Mato Grosso." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11135/tde-07102008-080545/.

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Realizou-se estudo da fauna de fitonematóides em dois municípios do estado de São Paulo (Pariquera-Açu e Cananéia) sob domínio da Mata Atlântica e dois do estado do Mato Grosso (Nova Maringá e Guarantã do Norte) sob domínio da Floresta Amazônica, com o objetivo de conhecer a diversidade de fitonematóides desses biomas e avaliar o efeito do uso agrícola do solo sobre a comunidade de fitonematóides. Para tanto, foram efetuadas amostragens em áreas de vegetação primária e em áreas próximas cultivadas. Para cada amostra, foram extraídos os nematóides de 200 cm³ de solo e em 10 gramas de raízes pela técnica de peneiramento combinada com flutuação em centrífuga com solução de sacarose. Em seguida, os espécimes foram mortos pelo calor e fixados em formalina. Os nematóides foram posteriormente quantificados, para determinação da abundância de cada táxon, sendo as identificações taxonômicas realizadas com base em características morfológicas e morfométricas. Os dados foram analisados com base na abundância, freqüência e índices de similaridade (Jaccard e Bray e Curtis). Assinalaram-se 34 gêneros e as identificações específicas foram efetuadas para 22 táxons. Para a espécie Aorolaimus banoae foram apresentadas novas características morfológicas e morfométricas. Observou-se que, com a retirada da vegetação primária e a implantação dos cultivos de plantas perenes ou anuais, houve intenso processo de redução da diversidade de fitonematóides e da introdução de novos táxons, o que resultou em baixa similaridade entre os locais de vegetação primária e aqueles cultivados, demostrando-se elevada influência da atividade agrícola sobre a comunidade de fitonematóides. A study about plant parasitic nematode fauna was conducted in two municipalities from São Paulo State (Pariquera-Açu and Cananéia in the Atlantic Forest) and two from Mato Grosso State (Nova Maringá and Guarantã do Norte in the Amazon Forest), Brazil. The aims of this study were to evaluate the diversity of plant-parasitic nematode fauna in locations of primary and to evaluate the effect of agricultural land use on the plant parasitic nematode communities. Nematodes were extracted from 200 cm³ of soil and 10 grams of roots by a sieving and sugar flotations technique and fixed with formalin. Nematodes were counted for determination of abundances of each taxon and the taxonomic identification was based on morphological and morphometric features. The following variables were obtained: abundance, frequency and similarity indexes (Jaccard and Bray e Curtis). A total number of 34 genera were recorded and 22 taxons were identified at species level. Concerning Aorolaimus banoae species, new morphological and morphometric features were presented. It was observed that, after removal of primary vegetation and implantation of perennial or annual crops, occurred a conspicuous reduction of plant parasitic nematode diversity, associated with introduction of exotic species, resulting in low similarity between location of primary vegetation and the cultivated ones. The results demonstrated that the agricultural practices affect strongly the plant parasitic nematode communities.

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Flüeler, Marie-Josèphe. "Etude des macroinvertébrés -surtout des diptères- pour trois ruisseaux de plaine." Grenoble 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986GRE10045.

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Pour 3 ruisseaux lents de plaine dans le departement de l'isere, les caracteres du milieu et la composition de la faune sont indiques. Les principaux facteurs qui determinent la repartition des especes sont examines

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Paciencia, Gabriel de Paula. "Avaliando os efeitos do tamanho do riacho, do tipo de mesohabitat e da estação do ano sobre a fauna de Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera e Trichoptera." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59131/tde-05052013-121602/.

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Na presente tese investigamos o papel de alguns dos fatores mais importantes na estruturação da fauna de EPT em riachos. No primeiro capítulo, abordamos os efeitos do tamanho do riacho, do tipo de mesohabitat (corredeira e remanso) e da estação do ano (seca e chuva) sobre a abundância, riqueza e composição de Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera e Trichoptera (EPT). Segundo os nossos resultados, a abundância respondeu de forma significativa às interações entre o tipo de mesohabitat e o tamanho do riacho; e entre estação do ano e o tamanho do riacho. A riqueza foi influenciada significativamente pelo tamanho do riacho. Adicionalmente, tanto o tipo de mesohabitat quanto o tamanho do riacho afetaram significativamente a composição faunística (DCA I). O tipo de mesohabitat pode ser considerado um bom preditor da fauna de EPT, mesmo em um sistema altamente sazonal como é o caso dos riachos aqui estudados. No segundo capítulo, apresentamos equações representativas da relação tamanho corpóreo (comprimento do corpo e largura da cápsula cefálica) para táxons de EPT. Considerando os dados obtidos, recomendamos, sempre que possível, a utilização do comprimento do corpo e apenas as equações com o R2 acima de 0,65, as quais podem ser úteis em trabalhos onde informações gerais sobre a biomassa de EPT são necessárias. Este capítulo serviu de base para o capítulo III. No terceiro capítulo, abordamos os padrões de distribuição de frequência do tamanho corpóreo e a relação entre tamanho corpóreo e abundância de EPT. Os nossos resultados mostraram que independente do riacho, do tipo de mesohabitat e da estação do ano, no geral, as distribuições se encaixaram em uma distribuição normal. Considerando as relações entre o tamanho corpóreo e abundância, os dados de 50% das assembleias de EPT analisadas individualmente se encaixaram numa forma piramidal. Em nenhum dos casos, observamos relações lineares negativas, portanto, os nossos dados discordam da Regra de Equivalência Energética. Nossos resultados sugerem que um único fator (e.g. balanço energético) é insuficiente para explicar a relação tamanho-abundância de EPT em ambientes altamente variáveis como os riachos aqui estudados. In this thesis we investigate the role of some of the most important factors in structuring EPT fauna in streams. In the first chapter, we discuss the effects of stream size, type of mesohabitat (riffles and pools) and season (rainy and dry) on the abundance, richness and composition of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (EPT). According to our results, the abundance responded significantly to the interactions between mesohabitat type and size of the stream, and between season and size of the stream. Richness was significantly influenced by the size of the stream. Additionally, both the mesohabitat type and size of the stream significantly affected the faunal composition (DCA I). The type of mesohabitat can be considered a good predictor of EPT fauna, even in a highly seasonal system like the streams studied here. In the second chapter, we present equations representing the relative body size (body length and width of head capsule) for EPT taxa. Considering the data obtained, it is recommended, where possible, using the length of the body and only equations with R2 above 0.65, which may be useful when general information on the EPT biomass is necessary. This chapter supported the Chapter III. In third chapter we discuss the patterns of frequency distribution of body size and the relationship between body size and abundance of EPT. Our results show that regardless of the stream, the type of mesohabitat and the season, in general, the data on body size fit the normal distribution. Considering the relations between body size and abundance, the data of 50% of EPT assemblages analyzed individually fit the pyramidal shape. In any case, we observed negative linear relationship, therefore, our data disagree with the Energy Equivalence Rule. Our results suggest that a single factor (e.g. energy balance) is insufficient to explain the relationship between size and abundance of EPT in highly variable environments such as streams studied here.

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Seitz, Steffen [Verfasser], and Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] Scholten. "Mechanisms of Soil Erosion in Subtropical Chinese Forests - Effects of Species Diversity, Species Identity, Functional Traits and Soil Fauna on Sediment Discharge / Steffen Seitz ; Betreuer: Thomas Scholten." Tübingen : Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1197693580/34.

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Martins, Ivan Carlos Fernandes [UNESP]. "Análise de fauna, flutuação populacional e preferência pelo hábitat de Carabidae e Staphylinidae (Coleoptera) na região de Guaíra, Estado de São Paulo." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/91340.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-02-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:13:33Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 martins_icf_me_jabo.pdf: 372548 bytes, checksum: 2ee0314d5eb31227265d8320773aa3d8 (MD5) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Amostrou-se adultos de Carabidae e Staphylinidae (Coleoptera) em duas áreas com fragmento florestal e cultura de soja/milho sob sistemas de plantio direto e convencional visando estudar a fauna desses coleópteros por meio de vários índices e analisar a flutuação populacional de espécies dominantes. Avaliou-se também a preferência e distribuição pelo hábitats estudados. As amostragens foram realizadas no período de novembro/2004 a abril/2007 em Guaíra, SP, sendo quinzenal no período de safra e mensal nas entressafras. Para a obtenção das amostras utilizou-se armadilhas de solo distribuídas em dois transectos de 200 m de comprimento, sendo 100 m na cultura e 100 m no fragmento. A fauna foi caracterizada pelos índices de diversidade, equitabilidade, abundância, dominância, freqüência e constância. A preferência das espécies pelo hábitat foi obtida por análise de agrupamento. A distribuição das espécies pelos hábitats foi determinada considerando-se os adultos capturados por armadilha ao longo do transecto. No sistema de plantio direto capturou-se maior número de espécies de carabídeos e estafilinídeos e os índices de equitabilidade e diversidade, indicaram que além de mais diversificada, apresentou abundância relativa das espécies mais homogênea que quando comparada com a observada no sistema de plantio convencional. Entre as espécies de carabídeos destacou-se Abaris basistriatus por ter se caracterizado como dominante na cultura e fragmento florestal das duas áreas experimentais. As espécies Scarites sp.4 e A. basistriatus geralmente apresentaram picos populacionais quando a cultura de soja contava menos de 30 dias de implantação, as demais espécies apresentaram picos populacionais que ocorreram em períodos variados das safras. A precipitação pluvial foi o fator meteorológico que apresentou maior número de correlações positivas seguida... In this study it was sampled adults of Carabidae and Staphylinidae (Coleoptera) in two areas with forest fragment and soybean/corn crop in no-tillage and conventional tillage systems seeking to study the fauna of those coleopterons through several indexes and to analyze the population fluctuation of dominant species. It was also evaluated the preference and distribution by the studied habitats. The samplings were taken from november/2004 to april/2007 in Guaíra, SP, being biweekly in the crop period and monthly in the off-season crop. In order to obtain the samples it was used pitfall traps distributed in two transects of 200 m of length, being 100 m in the arable field and 100 m in the fragment. The fauna was characterized by the diversity indexes, equitability, abundance, dominance, frequency and constancy. The preference of the species for the habitat was obtained by cluster analysis. The distribution of the species for the habitats was determined considering the adults captured by trap along the transect. In the no-tillage system it was captured the largest number of carabid and staphylinid species, the equitability and diversity indexes indicated that the community of those beetles was shown best structured in that crop system when compared with the one observed in the conventional system. Among the carabid species it can be highlighted Abaris basistriatus for being characterized as dominant in the arable field and forest fragment of the two experimental areas. The species Scarites sp.4 and A. basistriatus usually presented population picks when the soybean crop counted less than 30 days of implantation, the other species showed population picks that happened in varied periods of the crops. The pluvial precipitation was the meteorological factor that presented the largest number of positive correlations proceeded by the minimum temperature of the ambient ...(Complete abstract, click electronic access below)

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Duval, Linda. "Diversité, évolution, co-spéciation et capture d'hôte chez les Haemosporidia de la faune sauvage de Madagascar et du Cambodge." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MNHN0019.

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Cette thèse contribue, par différents aspects, morphologiques, moléculaires et phylogénétiques, à une meilleure connaissance de la diversité des parasites de l’ordre des Haemosporidia chez les vertébrés des classes des oiseaux, reptiles et mammifères dans deux hot spots de biodiversité, à Madagascar et au Cambodge. Un atlas des Haemosporidia de la faune sauvage de Madagascar et du Cambodge a été constitué pour mettre à disposition nos données. L’aspect moléculaire a concerné la caractérisation et l’identification avec quatre marqueurs moléculaires (cyt b, tufA, ldh et cox 1) des parasites. L’utilisation de différents marqueurs moléculaires a permis de comparer leurs degrés d’informations phylogénétiques et de montrer que les gènes mitochondriaux, cyt b et cox 1 permettaient une meilleure résolution des constructions phylogénétiques que celles réalisées avec le gène de l’apicoplaste tufA ou le gène nucléaire ldh. Les analyses phylogénétiques, ont permis de mettre en évidence des évènements de capture d’hôte entre deux classes de vertébrés, les oiseaux et les mammifères (chauves-souris). Un scénario de coévolution hôte parasite a été proposé pour les Plasmodium des primates (incluant P. Falciparum chez l’homme) et la famille d’hôte des Hominidae. Une estimation de la datation de l’apparition de P. Falciparum entre 7 et 9 millions d’années a été déduite de ce scénario. P. Ovale partagerait un ancêtre commun le plus récent avec un Plasmodium de chimpanzé. Enfin, les grands singes africains se sont révélés de potentiels réservoirs pour trois des quatre espèces plasmodiales infectant l’homme (P. Falciparum, P. Ovale et P. Malariae) This thesis contributes, in using morphological, molecular and phylogenetic aspects to a better understanding of the Haemosporidian parasite diversity in vertebrate classes of birds, reptiles and mammals in two biodiversity hot spots, Madagascar and Cambodia. An atlas of Haemosporidia in wildlife of Madagascar and Cambodia has been realised to make available these data for public use. The parasites isolated have been characterized and identified with four molecular markers (cyt b, tufA, ldh and cox 1). The phylogenetic signal of each molecular marker has been evaluated. The mitochondrial genes, cyt b and cox 1 could carry a phylogenetic signal sufficient to conduct phylogenetic tree analyses comparing to tufA apicoplaste gene and ldh nuclear gene. The phylogenetic analyses highlighted host switches events between two vertebrate host classes, birds and mammals (bats). A co-evolutionary host parasite scenario bas been proposed for primate Plasmodium (including P. Falciparum in human) and Hominidae host family. A estimation of the emergence of P. Falciparum between 7 and 9 millions years has been deduced from this evolutionary scenario. P. Ovale would share a most recent common ancestor with a chimpanzee Plasmodium. Finally, greats apes could appear as a potential reservoirs for three of the four human Plasmodium (P. Falciparum, P. Ovale et P. Malariae)

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Trubovitz, Sarah. "Reconstructing the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event through brachiopods of Oklahoma." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1461943954.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Faunal Diversity'

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