Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'FDI, institutions'

In recent decades, a wide strand of literature has investigated the determinants of inward foreign direct investment, or FDI, and has acknowledged the role played by domestic institutions in either attracting or discouraging multinational firms’ investing decisions. In the meantime, a growing number of studies have addressed a complementary issue, that is whether increasing amounts of inward FDI have an effect on some institution of the host country. As a matter of fact, it is very likely that the relationship between FDI and domestic institutions is mutual, and the studies that mainly focus on either the influence of institutions on FDI, or on the effect of FDI on institutions, should properly account for that. My Ph.D. thesis aims to further investigate this subject, namely, the relationship between inward FDI and institutions. To this purpose, after reviewing the state of the art concerning this issue, it clarifies the concept of informal institutions, it examines the influence of the latter on inward FDI by conducting a meta-analysis of empirical studies focusing on this topic, and it investigates the impact of increasing amounts of inward FDI on domestic institutions. The main findings are as follows: informal institutions, especially in the form of social networks and values in favour of FDI, matter for foreign investors’ decisions; increasing amounts of inward FDI have a positive influence on the quality of domestic institutions, especially when institutional quality is measured in terms of political stability, regulatory quality and rule of law, and when the host country is a developing economy.
Negli ultimi decenni, un ampio filone di letteratura ha studiato le determinanti degli investimenti diretti esteri in entrata, o IDE, e ha riconosciuto il ruolo svolto dalle istituzioni nazionali nell'attrarre o scoraggiare le decisioni di investimento delle multinazionali. Nel frattempo, un numero crescente di studi ha affrontato una questione complementare, ossia se un numero crescente di IDE in entrata abbia un effetto su alcune istituzioni del Paese di destinazione. In effetti, è molto probabile che il rapporto tra IDE e istituzioni nazionali sia reciproco, e gli studi che si concentrano principalmente sull'influenza delle istituzioni sugli IDE, o sugli effetti degli IDE sulle istituzioni, dovrebbero appropriatamente tenere conto di ciò . La mia tesi di dottorato si propone di approfondire ulteriormente questo tema, ossia la relazione tra IDE in entrata e istituzioni. A tal fine, dopo aver esaminato lo stato dell'arte relativo a questa tematica, chiarisce il concetto di istituzioni informali, esamina l'influenza di queste ultime sugli IDE in entrata conducendo una meta-analisi degli studi empirici incentrati su questo argomento, e indaga l'impatto di un aumento degli investimenti esteri diretti verso le istituzioni nazionali. I risultati principali sono i seguenti: le istituzioni informali, in particolare sotto forma di reti sociali e valori a favore degli IDE, sono rilevanti per le decisioni degli investitori stranieri; quantità crescenti di IDE in entrata esercitano un'influenza positica sulla qualità delle istituzioni domestiche, specialmente quando la qualità istituzionale è misurata in termini di stabilità politica, "regulatory quality" e "rule of law", e quando il Paese di destinazione è un'economia in via di sviluppo.

This thesis addresses the relationship between institutions and foreign direct investments (FDI). While the issue of how institutions attract FDI (selection) is quite well-researched, the empirical evidence for institutions spreading through FDI (influence) is more ambiguous. We argue that past studies have neglected issues of endogeneity and interdependence in their modelling. We amend these issues by using a Stochastic Actor-Oriented network model which allows for interdependent and endogenous processes. The thesis also addresses the mechanisms governing the general relation between FDI and institutions and what these can tell us about institutional change and the process of globalisation. The model provides no evidence that FDI helps to spread institutions from home to host countries, but it does provide evidence that the selection effect can be an important dynamic between FDI and a certain set of institutions. Finally, we argue that FDI does not seem to be a contributory factor to institutional convergence.

The basic assertion of this thesis is that policy makers' belief systems and economic institutions have to change their structures and contents as the nation's economic developmental stage is upgraded. Put differently, a state's economic performance or achievement of economic objectives will be facilitated if there is no cleavage or conflict among economic policy, economic belief systems, and economic institutions. This means that the utility of the developmental state is valid until a nation's economy is in a take-off position. Persistent developmentalism after this stage will result in developmentalism losing its validity and becoming a main obstacle for further economic development. At this time, more liberalised economic policies which are not only supported by changed belief systems and institutions but also compatible with the neo-liberalising international political economy are needed. In other words, this thesis does not seek to answer the question 'which is the better strategy for economic development between developmentalism and neo-liberalism?' but emphasises the importance of the proper timing of transition from developmentalism to a liberalised and deregulated economy which is compatible with a mature civil society and the neo-liberalising international political economy.

Property rights are an important subject of economic theory and as a product of institutional qualities an essential determinant of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). The purpose of this study is to examine how middle income countries with, on average, weak property rights can attract investments from abroad, given their (formal) institutions, and if differences in institutional qualities have an effect on FDI inflows. Using a panel approach to observe a sample of 20 countries over ten years, we find that there is mixed evidence supporting this theory. Whilst the theoretical background suggests that institutional qualities do affect a country’s ability to attract or deter investments, we cannot conclude a significant effect in our results. Furthermore, the study concludes that certain products of institutional qualities (democracy, corruption) can lead to mixed effects on the net inflows of FDI, but that an important determinant is the market-size of the country.

There is increasing inflows of FDI into developing economies; yet, systematic studies on determinants of FDI in developing economies are scarce. Against this backdrop, this study examined three key issues nan1ely; the role of government, the impact of institutions and macroeconomic factors on inward FDI in Nigeria. The study used annual data collected from CBN, UNCTAD, World Bank and PRS group. To achieve the first objective, the study grouped the government investment policy changes adopted over the period 1962- 2012 into three major phases: limited promotion (1962- 1969), restrictive practice (1970-1985) and liberal policies and reform phases (1986- 2012). Impact and implications of government foreign investment policies on trends of FDI inflows into Nigeria was examined using trend analysis. The study found that annual growth rate of total inward FDI was highest during the liberal policy and reform phase, and was least during the restrictive practice phase. The study also found that annual growth rate of inward FDI was: higher in the oil sector than in the non-oil sector during the SAP era (1986-1994), higher in the non-oil sector than in the oil sector after NIPC reform (1995- 2012), and annual growth rate of total inward FDI was higher during the SAP era (1986- 1994) than after the NIPC reform (1995- 201 2). The study used CCR and FMOLS regressions models to analyse the second and third objectives and showed that political instability, easing bureaucratic impediments, democratic accountability, government expenditure, trade openness and market size had positive and significant impact on inward FDI in Nigeria. Finding on interest rate was inconclusive and exchange rates have negative and significant impact on inward FDI in Nigeria. However, high inflation has a negative and insignificant impact on inward FDI while investment risks have positive and insignificant impact on inward FDI in Nigeria.

Most scholars believe that democracies guarantee the rule of law and provide superior institutions, which influence developing states' development trajectories, as well as firms' decisions on where to do business. However, I argue that these superior institutions are prior to the institutions of democracy and constitute the concept of governance infrastructure, and are therefore the key institutional determinants of state's economic outcomes. I find that the institutions that comprise a state's governance infrastructure (GI) are separate conceptually from the institutions that comprise democracy, and that the quality of developing states' GI 1) must reach a certain threshold before democracy positively affects economic development; 2) sends a signal to investors concerning potential transaction costs that investors may incur, ultimately determining the amount of FDI developing states' receive, while being the only domestic institutions that affect investors decision making; 3) determines the quality and provision of a state's intermediary public goods, which are an additional causal mechanism to signaling in determining a state's FDI inflows.

Nordic Development Finance Institutions (DFIs) play an important role in providing sustainable development for Africa which accordance with their mandates.  By investing in private equity Funds in Africa, investee companies have covered various sectors inAfricawhich may not only improve economic development but also increase employment. Additionally, investing in a Fund can spread risk through diversifications and help DFIs to share knowledge with Fund manager in local presence.   This study analyzes the management control systems (MCS) of DFIs’ investing in private equity Funds, wherein we mainly focus on output control and behavior control which are two types of control widely discussed in previous research and literature. Hereby we set three hypotheses based on our research and get findings to support the research questions, which are: 1.      DFIs use output control mechanism with contractual framework to secure their investment. Output control sets standards as to targets. It plays a fundamental role in the control process, as the contractual framework is short of standardized in private equity industry and Fund managers are selected strictly during screening process.   2.      DFIs use behavior control to interact with Fund managers. Behavior control means appropriate instruction and guidelines imposed as results become foreseeable during the monitoring process. It becomes a central element where DFIs have to interact with Fund managers to track the investment progress & development effect, including investment decision making.   3.      DFIs’ syndicated investment affects their control activities. Nordic DFIs’ investment strategy is making co-investment in Funds. When more parties are involved, the monitoring and control process become different compared with only one investor and it is affected by syndicated investment. While we did not deeply explore the control mechanism and process under syndication investment by either quantitative & qualitative method or case studying approach, we conclude that it does exist based on communication with interviewees.   The word “Control” looks like a bureaucratic word. However, we found that Alignment is essential in control process for each partners while behavior control helps to assure the alignment. We think that control process become less difficult when previous strict selection of trust partner is successful. We suggest that the alignment between DFIs and other investors as well as Funds should be strengthened in the control process, so that investment objectives can be well realized.   Besides Nordic DFIs, Africa also benefits from others such asChina’s “going global” strategy to encourage outward FDI. China-Africa Development Fund (CADFund) is the first Fund focused specially on large scale investment in Africa among Private Equity Funds inChina. China Development Bank (CDB) is the shareholder of CADFund, who provide resources and support to CADFund. By briefly comparing Nordic DFIs and CADFund, we found they use similar investment instruments and also similar strategies, such as investment in less developed countries inAfricato improve economic conditions, support home companies investing in Africa etc. Including an analysis on CAD as well as the comparison with Nordic DFIs not only strengthen the understanding of DFIs’ activities in Africa, but also clarify the different investment characteristics of Western and Eastern investors in Africa. We also suggest that Nordic DFIs and CADFund can share experience and knowledge to promote sustainable development for Africa.
Nordic Development Finance Institutions (DFIs) spelar en viktig roll för att skapa en hållbar utveckling för Afrika i linje med dess mandat. Genom att investera i private Equity-fonder i Afrika har investeringsföretagen täckt olika sektorer i Afrika, något som inte bara kan förbättra den ekonomiska utvecklingen, utan även öka sysselsättningen. Dessutom kan investering i fonder sprida risker genom diversifiering och hjälpa instituten för DFI att sprida kunskaper från fondförvaltare på lokal närvaro. Denna studie analyserar ledningskontrollsystemet för DFIs’ investeringar i private Equity-fonder och vi fokuserar främst på produktions- och beteendekontroll, Dessa är de två typer av styrning som allmänt diskuteras i tidigare forskning och litteratur. Härmed ställer vi upp följande tre hypoteser som är baserade på relevant forskning och slutsats för att stödja nedslående hypoteserna: 1. DFIs använder en produktionskontrollmekanism med avtalsram för att säkerställa sina investeringar. Produktionskontroll-mekanismen är en metod som sätter standard enligt målet. Denna metod fungerar som den mest grundläggande i kontrollprocessen, eftersom avtalsramarna redan är standardiserade i privata Equity-fonder och fondförvaltaren är omsorsgsfullt valda i den initiala urvalsprocessen. 2. DFIs använder kontroll av beteende för att interagera med fondförvaltare. Beteendekontroll används beroende på utfall av investesteringen, och i denna kontrollprocess verkställs lämpliga instruktioner och riktlinjer efter resultat. DFI och fondförvaltaren samarbetar här för att följa investeringsprocessen och utvecklingseffekten, däribland också att fatta investeringsbeslut. 3. DFIs' saminvesteringar i fonder kommer att påverka dess kontrollverksamhet. DFI investeringsstrategier är att göra saminvesteringar i fonder. När flera partier är inblandade blir spårande- och kontrollprocessen annorlunda jämfört med endast en investerare och detta är påverkad av sammarbetsinvesteringar. Även om vi inte gjorde en djup undersökning av kontrollmekanism och processen under sammarbetsinvestering gällande kvantitativ och kvalitativ metoder eller fältstudier. Men vi sammanfattar detta att det existerar via kommunikation med intervjuer i föreliggande studie kan vi sammanfattningsvis slå fast att styrningen via fonder påverkas av att en DFI inte ensamt investerar i en fond. Ordet "kontroll" (på svenska snarare ”styrning”) kan låta byråkratiskt, men vi kommer fram till att kontrollprocessen huvudsakligen sker i samförstånd för varje part, medan beteendekontroll underlättar samförståndet. Vi tror att kontrollprocessen blir mindre komplicerad när val av godtrogna parter lyckas. Vi föreslår ett utökat samarbete mellan DFIs och andra investerare och fonder under kontrollprocessen, så att investeringsmålen kan uppnås. Förutom investeringar från nordiska DFIer drar Afrika också fördel av andra initiativ, såsom Kinas "going global"-strategi för att uppmuntra direkta utlandsinvesteringar. Den Kinesisk-Afrikanska Utvecklingsfonden (CADFund) är den första fonden som fokuserar speciellt på strategiska investeringar, med det största antalet private Equity-fonder i Kina, medan Kinesiska utvecklingsbanken (CDB) är aktieägare till CADFund, och förser fonden med resurser och stöd. Genom en kort jämförelse av Nordic DFIs och CADfund fann vi att liknande investeringsinstrument med samma strategi används, såsom investering i mindre utvecklade länder i Afrika för att förbättra de ekonomiska villkoren, hjälpa företag från respektive hemland att investera i Afrika etc. Detta kan också stärka förståelsen för DFIs verksamhet i Afrika. Vi har valt att även analysera CADFund samt göra en jämförelse med de nordiska DFIs, vilket inte bara stärkt vår förståelse av DFIernas aktiviteter i Afrika, men också hjälpt till att förstå och klargöra skillnader mellan investerare från väst respektive öst när det gäller investeringar i Afrika. Vi föreslår även att nordiska DFIs och CADfond kan dela erfarenhet och kunskap för främjande av den hållbara utvecklingen i Afrika.
摘  要      北欧发展金融组织构成了为非洲提供可持续发展的重要组成部分，这也符合其运作的使命。通过投资在非洲的私募股权基金，受资公司覆盖非洲的各行业，这不仅促进了当地经济的发展，而且也增加了就业机会。与此同时，投资于基金能够分散风险，并且北欧金融组织能够和当地的基金经理分享投资经验与知识。 本文分析了北欧发展金融组织投资私募股权基金采用的管理控制流程，我们重点研究产出控制和行为控制，这两种控制方法在以前的研究和文献中也被广泛提及。同时我们基于相关理论提出三种假设并得出结论来支持研究问题，它们是：   1.北欧发展金融组织采用产出控制方法及一系列合同及框架条款来保证他们的投资.    产出控制指的是一种根据目标设立标准的控制方法，它在控制控制中起着基础性的作用，因为合同条在这个行业已经基本标准化，而且它们在筛选基金经理时有严格的条件。    2.北欧发展金融组织采用行为控制方法来影响制约基金经理。     行为控制指当结果可以预知时，在控制过程中采用适当的规范和准则.当北欧发展金融组织与基金经理互动来跟踪投资进展，发展效应，以及做投资决定时，它就变得至关重要。   3.北欧发展金融组织的联合投资将会影响到他们的控制行为。      北欧发展金融组织的投资策略是与其他组织共同投资于基金。当多方参与时，跟踪和控制流程就与只有一个投资者参与时不一样，而且其受联合投资的影响。虽然我们没有用定性和定量的方法甚至案例来深入研究在联合投资下的控制机制和流程，但是根据多方面的采访我们认为这个影响确实存在。       “控制”一词虽然听起来官僚，但是我们发现在控制流程中各方的精诚合作至关重要，同时行为控制也能加强这种合作。在这种情况下，我们认为在前期选择好合作伙伴后控制流程就变得相对简单。我们的建议是北欧发展金融组织和其他投资者以及其与基金的合作应该加强，从而实现更好的投资目标。       除了北欧发展金融组织外，非洲也受益于中国的“走出去”对外投资战略。中非发展基金是第一只也是中国最大的专注于非洲投资的私募股权基金。国家开发银行（国开行）是中非发展基金的股东,它可以为该基金提供项目资源与支持。通过对北欧发展金融组织和中非发展基金的简单对比，我们发现他们采用类似的投资工具和策略, 比如投资于非洲的不发达国家来改变当地的经济状况,支持本国企业在非洲投资等.这也将加强读者对北欧发展金融组织在非洲的认识。我们同时也建议北欧发展金融组织和中非发展基金之间能交流投资经验和知识来更好地推动非洲的可持续发展。

This doctoral thesis contains three essays on the macroeconomic impact of inflation targeting: (1) Inflation-targeting regime, as a framework for monetary policy conduct, has been adopted by central banks in thirty countries. Some of these countries enjoy high incomes while others have middle incomes. In contrast to the development-based classification –often applied in the literature, thus ignoring income disparity– this study employs income-based classification in constructing the data sample. The objective is to investigate, using a panel of middle-income countries, whether inflation targeting is a good remedy for high inflation. In addition to the commonly used covariates in the literature, this study also includes in its covariate matrix the worldwide governance indicators as proxy for institutional quality. The findings exhibit a significant reduction of inflation and its volatility among the inflation-targeting adopters compared to the non-adopting middle-income countries. The results are robust to the exclusion of high inflation episodes, and to using the alternative measures of inflation. The results are also robust to the post-estimation sensitivity tests recommended for such empirical analysis. (2) Many economists acknowledge the paramount role that foreign investment plays in fostering economic development and growth via integrating economies around the globe. Studies have shown that foreign investment, particularly foreign direct investment (FDI) is attracted to countries that exhibit good governance, low uncertainty and a high degree of macroeconomic stability. The literature also argues that monetary policy under inflation targeting (IT) mitigates uncertainty, enhances governance and brings macroeconomic stability to the adopting countries. Hence, it would seem that the IT-adoption should enable the adopting countries attract the largest FDI inflows. To verify this conjecture, this study performs a comparison between the IT-adopting countries and the non-adopters in attracting FDI. Using a panel of OECD and middle-income countries, the empirical findings exhibit an interesting but contradicting pattern: when it comes to the OECD countries, the results show that the IT-adopters do better than the non-adopters in attracting the FDI inflows. For the middle-income countries, however, the IT-adoption appears to have the opposite effect: a significant reduction in the FDI inflows is witnessed among the IT-adopters compared to their counterparts. The results are robust to the post-estimation sensitivity tests. (3) Inflation targeting, as a monetary-policy framework, is said to promote economic efficiency and growth. Yet, when evaluating the macroeconomic performance of inflation-targeting regimes, the existing literature only emphasizes the dynamics of inflation and the costs associated with taming inflation. There is hardly any assessment of the claim of efficiency and growth. To fill this gap, and to measure the causal impact of inflation-targeting adoption on economic efficiency, we compare the dynamics of output growth and long-term unemployment between countries that have adopted inflation targeting and the non-adopting countries. Our findings seem to refute the efficiency claim, and paint a bleak picture of inflation targeting: when compared to the countries that did not adopt inflation targeting, there is a significant reduction in the average growth rate among the inflation-targeting adopters by over ½ percentage point. Additionally, long-term unemployment significantly rises among the inflation-targeting countries by almost 2 percentage points as compared to the non-adopters. These results are robust to both the exclusion of the outlier observations and to the sensitivity tests recommended for such analysis.

We address empirically the factors affecting the dynamics of income inequality among industrialized economies. Using a panel for 32 developed countries spanning the last four decades, our results indicate that the predictions of the Stolper-Samuelson theorem concerning the effects of international trade on income inequality find support in the data if we concentrate on imports from developing countries as a trade measure, as theory would imply. We find that democratization, the interaction of technology and education and changes in the relative power of labour unions affect inequality dynamics robustly.

Promoting economic diversity is important for states reliant on natural resources as the major source of economic development. Many of these states suffer from the Dutch disease leading to negative effects, which hinders economic diversification. One of the ways to reduce dependency on national resources is to encourage Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflows, which aids diversification by the transfer of technology, the creation of new employment opportunities, and the adoption of modern management practices. The Gulf Council Cooperation (GCC) countries recognised the necessity and benefits of FDI as an aid to economic diversification; it seems, however, that Kuwait is lagging behind in this endeavour. The government of Kuwait has engaged in a series of policy measures to induce Multinational Companies (MNCs) to invest in Kuwait, but the results, thus far, have been disappointing. The formal and informal institutions interact in a variety of ways. However, ineffective formal rules can create different outcomes; particularly, in the presence of strong informal institutions. In such a case, formal rules and procedures are not enforced systematically, that is, enabling actors who are involved in the policy process to ignore or violate them, which subsequently results in a failure to attract inward FDI to a host country. Thus, this study investigates the reasons behind this failure by examining the role of formal and informal institutions on FDI policy and on decisions on whether to grant FDI licences by means of using a New Institutional Economics (NIE) approach. The conceptual framework is used as a guide for an inquiry into the subject of study by constructing a category of intellectual scaffolding, which would provide a coherent structure (Schlager, 2007). The conceptual framework in this study systematically organises the investigation into how a MNC examines a potential investment location by dividing the host country assessments into four distinct 'stages'. When systematically conducted, the respective approach is grounded in the existing literature, which provides theories regarding the behaviour of MNCs in relation to their decision-making processes for considering locations for their FDI projects. The research questions derived from the conceptual framework are answered using a mixed methods research approach that uses three sets of data survey, semi-structured interviews, and secondary data. Firstly, the findings show that almost that all MNCs in the Gulf region have a limited awareness regarding investment opportunities in Kuwait, FDI laws and regulations. Secondly, the findings reveal a number of attractive and unattractive locations, and institutional factors of Kuwait. Finally, it is discovered that the high rejection rate of FDI applications is linked to unsuccessful policy implementation, which is a result of interaction of both formal and informal institutions in Kuwait. Subsequently, the results are utilised to make a number of recommendations for government policy makers, administrators, and for MNCs regarding how to improve FDI inflows into Kuwait. The results are also used to contribute towards the international business literature concerning the institution based view of FDI, and for government policy connected to attracting FDI.

Cette thèse utilise des modèles d’économétrie spatiale pour explorer les déterminants de la localisation spatiale de l’IDE au Vietnam. Le premier chapitre présente la littérature théorique relative à la localisation de l’IDE, et les faits stylisés de la localisation de l’IDE au Vietnam. Le deuxième chapitre analyse les déterminants de la localisation spatiale de l’IDE en ASEAN. Les résultats d’estimation indiquent une grande différence de motivation entre la localisation de l’IDE extra-ASEAN et intra-ASEAN. Les flux d’IDE extra-ASEAN sont de forme verticale complexe, alors que les flux d’IDE intra-ASEAN sont de plateforme d’exportation. Le troisième chapitre étudie les déterminants de la localisation spatiale de l’IDE dans les provinces au Vietnam. Les résultats d’estimation indiquent que l’IDE dans une province n’est pas seulement attiré par la taille du marché, la main-D'oeuvre qualifiée, la qualité des infrastructures, et l’agglomération des firmes dans cette province, mais aussi dans ses voisines. En outre, le coût du travail, la productivité du travail, et les politiques nationales et locales jouent également un rôle important. Le quatrième chapitre porte sur le rôle des institutions locales dans la localisation spatiale de l’IDE dans les provinces du Vietnam. Les résultats d’estimation montrent que la qualité des institutions locales mesurées par la transparence, la politique d’appui au secteur privé et la politique sur le travail affectent significativement la localisation spatiale de l’IDE dans les provinces au Vietnam
This thesis uses spatial econometric models to explore the determinants of spatial location of FDI in Vietnam. The first chapter presents the theoretical literature on FDI location, and the stylized facts of the FDI location in Vietnam. The second chapter analyzes the determinants of the spatial location of FDI in ASEAN. Results indicate a significant difference in motivation between the location of extra-ASEAN FDI and intra- ASEAN FDI. The extra-ASEAN FDI are of the form of complex vertical FDI, while intra- ASEAN FDI are of the form of export platform FDI. The third chapter examines the determinants of the spatial location of FDI in the provinces in Vietnam. Results indicate that FDI in a province is not only attracted by the market size, skilled workforce, quality infrastructure, and agglomeration of firms in this province, but also in its neighbors. In addition, labor costs, labor productivity, and national and local policies also play an important role in the spatial location of FDI. The fourth chapter focuses on the role of local institutions on the spatial location of FDI in the provinces in Vietnam. Results show that the quality of local institutions, measured by transparency, political support to the private sector and labor policy, significantly affects the spatial location of FDI in the provinces in Vietnam

Depuis plus de trois décennies, la mobilité internationale des firmes et des facteurs de production compte l‟un des aspects les plus importants de la mondialisation. Les économies deviennent donc de plus en plus interdépendantes. Les investissements directs étrangers (IDE) se placent au centre de ce processus de mondialisation et les firmes multinationales (FMN) sont les principaux acteurs dans les stratégies de développement des pays d‟accueil. Croyant profiter des « spillovers », les pays d‟accueil se trouvent pris dans un processus de concurrence acharnée afin d‟attirer les investisseurs étrangers. Un tel processus conduit les pays d‟accueil à s‟engager dans des programmes d‟amélioration de leurs déterminants économiques et institutionnels d‟une part, et d‟accroître leur ouverture aux échanges internationaux en s‟engageant dans des processus d‟intégration régionale particulièrement dans les zones régionales de libre échange d‟autre part. L‟objectif de cette thèse est d‟évaluer la nature de la relation directe et indirecte entre les institutions ou de la qualité institutionnelle et l‟attractivité dans le cas des pays du sud et de l‟est de la Méditerranée (PSEM). Pour cela nous étudions empiriquement dans un premier temps l‟impact direct des institutions et particulièrement de la gouvernance sur l‟attractivité des PSEM et dans un second temps, nous explorons la nature de la relation indirecte entre l‟attractivité et les institutions via un canal de transmission qui est l‟intégration régionale à partir d‟une étude empirique de l‟impact de l‟intégration régionale sur l‟attractivité des pays de la zone. La qualité des institutions est validée comme déterminant important dans l‟attractivité des pays et dans l‟encadrement des processus d‟intégration régionale. En revanche, dans le cas des PSEM, l‟intégration régionale n‟est pas source d‟attractivité des IDE. Les pays de la zone doivent donc mener des politiques portant sur les institutions afin d‟améliorer leur attractivité vis-à-vis des IDE
For over three decades, the international mobility of firms and factors of production has one of the most important aspects of globalization. The economies thus become increasingly interdependent. Foreign direct investments (FDI) are placed in the center of this process of globalization and multinational corporations (MNCs) are the main actors in the development strategies of the host country. Believing enjoy the "spillovers", host countries are caught in a process of intense competition to attract foreign investors. This process led the host country to engage in programs to improve their economic and institutional determinants on the one hand, and increase their openness to international trade by engaging in regional integration processes particularly in regional free trade zones on the other. The objective of this thesis is to evaluate the nature of the direct and indirect relationship between institutions or institutional quality and attractiveness in the case of MENA countries. For this we look empirically at first the direct impact of institutions, especially governance on the attractiveness of MENA countries and in a second step, we explore the nature of the indirect relationship between attractiveness and institutions through a channel transmission which is regional integration from an empirical study of the impact of regional integration on the attractiveness of countries in the region. The quality of institutions is validated as an important determinant of the attractiveness of the country and in the supervision of the regional integration process. However, in the case of MENA countries, regional integration is not source of attraction for FDI. The zone countries must pursue policies on institutions to improve their attractiveness vis-à-vis FDI

Mestrado em Desenvolvimento e Cooperação Internacional
O presente estudo examina o apoio prestado pelas instituições portuguesas no processo de internacionalização das PMEs para a América Latina, à luz das teorias do IDE, Comércio Internacional e do Institucionalismo. Para identificar o perfil de internacionalização das PMEs, os pontos fortes e fracos das instituições que prestam apoio ao processo de internacionalização, e a perceção das empresas sobre o processo e apoios recebidos, elaborou-se um inquérito distribuído a 5872 PMEs. Responderam 107 empresas, tendo-se procedido à análise quantitativa dos dados e obtido um conjunto de conclusões, cuja principal limitação resulta na impossibilidade de inferência estatística para a população de PMEs identificadas. Constatou-se que as empresas seguem o processo gradual de internacionalização para a América Latina, que a maioria só se dedica à exportação, procurando diretamente o cliente. Em relação ao IDE, foi verificado que são poucas as PMEs com investimentos na América Latina. Na avaliação feita às instituições que procuram auxiliar o processo de internacionalização das empresas portuguesas, foi identificado um conjunto de falhas no processo de atuação das mesmas.
This study examines the support provided by the Portuguese institutions on the internationalization of SMEs in Latin America, according to the theories of FDI, International Trade and Institutionalism process. To identify the SME internationalization's profile, the strengths and weaknesses of the institutions that provide support to the internationalization process, and the perception of firms about the process and support received, it was elaborated a survey distributed to 5872 SMEs. Only 107 companies have responded, and the collected data were subjected to quantitative data analysis, which allowed obtaining a set of conclusions; however with the impossibility to make a statistical inference to the population of SMEs identified. It was found that companies follow a gradual internationalization's process to Latin America, and that most of the companies only engaged in export, searching their customers directly. Regarding the FDI, it was found few SMEs with investments in Latin America. In assessment to institutions that assist the internationalization's process of the Portuguese companies, it was identified a set of shortcomings in their performance.

Academic literature has increasingly shown escape foreign direct investment (FDI) to be a strategic motive used by firms investing abroad to diversify their risk to their home market. Internationalisation allows firms to mitigate the risk of being based in uncertain environments characterised by underdeveloped institutions and economic weakness (institutional voids), which are seen as comparative disadvantages. By expanding abroad, firms reduce their dependence on the home market for their revenues and profits. To date, most existing research has explored the characteristics, drivers and motivations for outbound FDI from emerging economies, but has paid relatively less attention to the economic consequences of such investments. The aim of this study is to gain an understanding of the economic consequences of escape FDI. Understanding the economic consequences of escape FDI will enable managers of South African multinational firms (MNEs) to develop and implement internationalisation strategies that create value, as measured by an increase in market capitalisation, for the firm. Quantitative, explanatory research methods were adopted in order to gain new insights into the economic consequences of escape FDI. The study adopted a longitudinal, multi-industry design and was deductive in nature. The population was 85 firms, which were investigated over a 5-year period, with an interval between 2013 and 2018. The data was analysed using descriptive statistics followed by confirmatory regression analysis. The key finding was that South African MNEs who invested in emerging markets, particularly in multiple host countries in Africa whilst adopting a “portfolio approach” to their international investments, delivered exceptional performance, creating significant value in the process. The secondary finding was that individual firms who either invested in emerging markets or developed markets created and destroyed value evenly, confirming existing literature that firms are heterogeneous and that a firms place in time and space, and thus context, matters fundamentally. The findings from this research add to the extant literature in the field of international business by introducing the “portfolio approach” to international investment strategy and performance. The implications for management is that firms need to understand their ownership advantages in designing and implementing international investment strategies because escape based FDI and related economic performance can have profound direct consequences for the firm itself, but indirectly on the wider community as a whole.
Mini Dissertation (MPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2019.
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
MPhil (International Business)
Unrestricted

This thesis consists of four essays, covering four different topics. The first essay investigates the relationship between inter-firm labor mobility and regional productivity growth. Previous studies have shown that density is positively correlated with growth. I claim that it is not density in itself, but rather the attributes associated with it that drives economic growth. One such attribute is the increased possibility for labor mobility and knowledge diffusion that follows when firms and individuals locate in close proximity to each other. This hypothesis is tested using density as an instrument for labor mobility. The result shows that labor mobility increases regional growth rates. The second essay examines the relationship between agglomeration economies and relative wage costs in influencing location of multinational corporations. An inflow of firms to certain regions and industries is likely to increase demand for labor. If mobility of labor is low increased costs can be expected to deter additional inflows of firms, albeit agglomeration economies may compensate for higher wages. The empirical analysis finds that FDI has become increasingly sensitive to differences in wage costs across industrialized countries, but also that agglomeration economies related to knowledge externalities positively influences higher costs. The third essay looks at the impact of FDI on home country investments. Previous research has been inconclusive as regards the effects on domestic investments. In this article, we show that this inconclusiveness can be explained at a disaggregated level as a function of the way industries are organized. We argue that a complementary relationship can be expected to prevail in vertically integrated industries, whereas a substitutionary relationship can be expected in horizontally organized production. The empirical analysis confirms a significant difference between the two categories of industry as regards the impact of outward FDI on domestic investment. The fourth, and final, essay of this thesis analyses how increased R&D expenditures and market size influence the distribution of comparative advantage. Previous studies report ambiguous results and also refer to periods when markets were much more segmented and production factors less mobile. The empirical analysis comprises 19 OECD-countries and spans the period 1981 to 1999. It is shown how an increase in R&D-expenditures by one percentage point implies a three-percentage point increase in high-technology exports, whereas market size fails to attain significance. In addition, institutional factors influence the dynamics of comparative advantage.

In the face of tightened loans from commercial banks, skyrocketing interest rates, reduced export demand, and weak domestic industries, the countries of the Andean Community (Ancom) turned their eyes, in the early 1990s, to the promise of FOI. Paradoxically, despite the success of the incentives put in place to attract FOI, Ancom failed to attract the sought after technology flows that would assist them in diversifying their exports, strengthening their industry, and retaining a higher portion of the value-added activities in the production chain. FOI was mainly directed to economic sectors entailing enclave-type activities with weak linkages to the rest of the economy as well as often low levels of local processing of resources, unstable international prices, low tax income for non-renewable resources, and environmental contamination. The aim of this thesis is to investigate, first, what are the historical sector-level FOI patterns of inward FOI in Ancom; and second, what are their determinants. In particular, we explore the role that local political and civil institutions play in determining inward FOI, and whether this role varies from one sector to another. We present a newly compiled dataset of inward FDI stocks, disaggregated by eight welldefined economic sectors within each country. The contributions of this dataset are, first, unprecedented time coverage, extending for an entire extra decade, the 1980s, for the countries of Colombia and Peru, for every disaggregated economic sector; second, the presentation of previously unpublished FDI stock data for the Colombian oil and petroleum sector; and third, the reorganisation of the existing individual country datasets into a comprehensive regional dataset. The outcome is the creation of the strongest available statistical foundation, based on published as well as unpublished figures from official sources. From an econometric perspective our analysis uses techniques that allow exploring nonstationary processes such as the analysis of stochastic and time trends, cointegration, and vector-error-correction models. Key findings include the importance of the quality of the institutional quality of a country in determining the industrial structure of inward FOI. Furthermore, we find that institutions are multidimensional and, as such, changes in the quality of different institutions often play conflicting roles in determining sector-level FDI. In the sectors of: Mining, Utilities, and Communications and Transport, FDI is associated with low levels of political rights, and high levels of civil liberties, whilst, the opposite holds for FOI in Agriculture, Manufacturing , Construction, Finance and Oil/Petroleum. Market size and trade openness are found to be important determinant in most sectors, whilst wages are either insignificant or inversely related to FOI. We also examine, from a historical perspective, the political economy surrounding changes in FOI policy as well as the evolving FDI trends, made available by the new dataset. We find, on the one hand, that the degree of political sensitivity to liberalisation, at sector-level, determines the availability and contract-modality of opportunities for foreign investors. On the other hand, geographical characteristics of each sector determine the type of political environment that is most conducive to increases in FDI. For this purpose we propose an extension of the definition of key geographical characteristics. We present an original framework, matching the two dimensions of sector-level characteristics to FDI contractmodality and political-conducive environment to increased FDI.

This study investigates the determinants of British Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) institutional avoidance, adaptation, and co-evolution factors leading to determinations to enter in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) for investment purposes. More specifically, by British Multinational Enterprises (MNEs). For the purposes of stability and sustainable growth in the KSA, FDI is required in both imports and exports to promote a variety of industries. This research seeks to identify what institutional factors are being adapted and valued by British MNEs currently operating in the KSA. There is a need to understand the various factors that encourage FDI inflows into nations, and why different countries are often successful when compared to others, when attracting this important investment tool. The study provides answers to the questions regarding which factors positively and/or negatively affect the decision of British MNEs to locate in the KSA. The research demonstrates that many key factors considered as being important in other countries have also played a significant role in the decisions made by British MNEs in the KSA. The study asked firms about the obstacles they found when entering the KSA for the purposes of FDI. The results of the research indicated that most of the institutional determinants are largely analogous for all host countries, yet further research is required to ascertain if religious and cultural differences have more of an impact in the KSA due to its strong, deep rooted cultural and religious beliefs. This study is among one of a few focusing on institutional determinants of British MNEs location decisions in the KSA. Despite the numerous advantages of FDI in different countries such as Singapore, China, and Malaysia, little research has been done on FDI in the KSA (Roberts and Almahmood, 2009). Hence, it is hoped that this study will provide a useful contribution to existing research by filling this current dearth. In the KSA, some factors have been identified that lead to a low inflow of FDI. They include; Business regulatory consistency in dealing with the government; Bureaucracy; Cronyism (Wasta) and Enforcement by the legal and judicial system. The major contribution of this research is to have a clear understanding of the effects of institutions on the FDI policy and in doing so, help to fill the existing lack of literature in this area. Furthermore, the recommendations from this study may be considered as a referential basis for concept development and institutional reforms which can be used by governmental agencies promoting FDI such as the UKTI, the SCIT and the SAGIA.

Examensarbetet behandlar ämnet fri lek under den fria tiden på fritidshem. Syftet med arbetet var att få mer kännedom om hur barn på två fritidshem lekte och samspelade med varandra i ett lärande, samt hur fritidspedagogerna såg och förhöll sig till barnens lek under den fria tiden. Följande frågeställningar preciserades i arbetet: Hur leker barnen på två utvalda fritidshem? Hur förhåller sig fritidspedagoger till barnens lek under den fria tiden? En nyckelforskare vi använt oss av i arbetet är Maria Øksnes (2011) som beskriver skolan som en institution där leken och barndomen är institutionaliserad i dagens samhälle. Den nyckelteori och teoretiska ram som används i arbetet är en teori av Berger och Luckmann (2010) och idén om sociala konstruktioner. Insamlingen av det empiriska materialet skedde via observationer där det observerades hur barn lekte under den fria tiden. Observationerna användes sedan till grund för gruppintervjuerna som genomfördes med fritidspedagogerna. Slutsatsen blev att barn lekte väldigt olika och att leken under den fria tiden skiljde sig åt mellan fritidshemmen. På det ena fritidshemmet lekte barnen mer fantasirikt medan barnen på det andra fritidshemmet mer engagerades av fritidspedagogen för att starta lekar. Fritidspedagogernas förhållningssätt till barnens lek var jämförelsevis lika mellan fritidshemmen. Samtliga fritidspedagoger såg ett lärande och ett kunskapsutbyte i leken under den fria tiden, något de även ansåg var positivt. Fritidspedagogerna arbetade aktivt med konflikthantering och förebyggande av utanförskap.

CHDS State/Local
The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) remains committed to working seamlessly with its international, federal, state and local partners to counter terrorism, the number one priority of the FBI. In order to more effectively equip personnel to meet and counter the ever-evolving threat, it is critical that inefficient practices that cause counterterrorism practitioners to "recreate the wheel" are quickly transformed to promote the most efficient counterterrorism knowledge management, knowledge transfer, and training practices available. Lessons learned through both formalized training and on-the-job experience must be quickly leveraged to aid broader sectors of the FBI and partner communities in order to promote streamlined operations in combating terrorism while countering inefficient knowledge management. This research identifies and analyzes the knowledge management deficit in counterterrorism training, while examining the core influences of organizational mindset and individual mindsets, the importance of trust, and the misnomer of 'best practices' that must be acknowledged and overcome. Focused on the establishment of Counterterrorism Mobile Education Teams to drive the enhanced infusion of tacit counterterrorism knowledge, this research culminates in the delineation of a multi-faceted strategy comprised of recommendations to target remaining counterterrorism training gaps, to strengthen homeland security collaboration, and to combat terrorism.

Thesis (M.S. in Security Studies (Homeland Security and Defense))--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2009.
Thesis Advisor(s): Schweit, Katherine D. "March 2009." Description based on title screen as viewed on April 23, 2009. Author(s) subject terms: Counterterrorism, Knowledge Management, Knowledge Transfer, Best Practices, Homeland Security, Training, Federal Bureau Of Investigation, FBI, Expert Registry, Center for Lessons Learned, Skill Building, Storytelling, Organizational Change, Mobile Education Team, MET Includes bibliographical references (p. 65-68). Also available in print.

Les pays en développement (PED) enregistrent un taux de croissance démographique particulièrement élevé et une forte demande alimentaire. Par ailleurs, l’investissement direct étranger (IDE) est au centre des politiques d’investissement de ces pays. Les PED attirent l’IDE pour améliorer la croissance économique. Cette vision optimiste est contredite par des effets négatifs sur leur économies. En se basant sur trois facteurs que nous jugeons très importants pour la sécurité alimentaire (SA) : la production agricole, la qualité institutionnelle et la dépendance en importation alimentaires, nous investiguons les effets de l’IDE sur la SA.Les résultats montrent que l’IDE agricole améliore la SA et l’IDE secondaire améliore la production agricole grâce au transfert technologique et du savoir-faire avec des effets nuisibles qui peuvent apparaitre comme la pollution de l’environnement. L’IDE tertiaire a tendance à baisser la main d’œuvre dans l’agriculture et à augmenter la demande alimentaire dans les zones urbaines. En ajoutant l’institution locales à l’analyse, les résultats montrent qu’à partir de certains seuils de qualité institutionnelle, l’IDE primaire et secondaire améliorent la SA. L’intérêt des PED est d’améliorer leur qualité institutionnelle et de cibler l’attraction de l’IDE
Developing countries (DCs) have a high population growth and food demand. Moreover, foreign direct investment (FDI) is in the heart of investment policy. DCs attract FDI to improve their economic growth. This optimistic view is contradicted by negative effects on their economies. We based our analysis on three important factors: agricultural production, institutional quality and the food import dependency, we investigate the effects of desegregated and aggregated FDI on the food security. The results show that agricultural FDI improves food security and secondary FDI improves agricultural production through technology transfer and know-how with harmful effects that may occur as the environmental pollution.The tertiary IDE tends to decrease labor in agriculture and increasing food demand in urban areas. By adding the local institution to the analysis, the results show that from certain institutional quality thresholds, primary and secondary IDE improves food security. Our recommendation is that DCs has the interest to improve their institutional quality and targeting the attraction of FDI. Finally, aggregated FDI tends to deteriorate the ability to import food in countries with low and lower middle income. These countries have an interest to attract export-oriented FDI

This thesis develops and tests a new model which integrates the resource-based view (RBV) and institutional theory to explain MNEs, especially emerging economy MNEs’ (EMEs) outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) strategy and performance. Existing literature has highlighted the significance as well as limitations of the RBV and IT in an international business context. Recently scholars argue that the RBV and IT should be combined for better applicability in MNE study. However, so far, there has been no work that comprehensively addresses the following questions: What are the limitations of the RBV and IT in the international business context? What are their boundaries and overlaps for MNE study? In the international business context, why should the RBV and IT be integrated and how can they be integrated to better explain MNEs’ OFDI strategy and performance? In order to fill the above research gaps, this thesis firstly discusses the limitations, boundaries, and integration mechanisms of the RBV and IT in an international business context, based on which, a new model integrating the RBV and IT is developed to explain/predict MNEs, especially EMEs’ OFDI strategy and performance. Theoretical propositions are proposed in the theory-building chapter (chapter 2). To test the above new model, three specific empirical studies (chapters 3, 4 and 5) are conducted. As a baseline of the model, chapter 3 examines how MNEs’ resources, institutional conditions and OFDI strategies affect their performance directly and separately. Specially, controlling for EMEs’ self-selection into the global investment market, chapter 3 investigates how EMEs’ resources, institutional conditions, and OFDI strategies affect their productivity gain from OFDI. The propensity-score matching and difference-in-difference (DID) approaches are combined to test the theoretical framework, utilizing unique data on Chinese manufacturing firms over the sample period 2002–2008. The results provide insights into this topic by indicating that EMEs without state ownership but with stronger absorptive capability gain higher and sustainable productivity effects. Such gains are lagged if merger and acquisition (M&A) are employed as an entry strategy, and gains are higher for EMEs investing in developed than in less developed countries. Policy and managerial implications are discussed. Chapters 4 and 5 investigate the determinants and impact of MNE subsidiaries’ bribing strategy in corrupt contexts. An analytical framework is built based on an integration of institutional and resource-based constructs, and tested using firm-level data from 2210 subsidiaries operating in Africa. Controlling for the subsidiaries’ self-selection to bribe, the findings, based on the Tobit, Heckman two-step, OLS and IV regression results, indicate that the heterogeneity of MNE subsidiaries’ resources and perceived corrupt pressures lead to differing bribery strategies in response to host country corruption, and these two variables then interactively moderate the impact of bribery on MNES performance. MNE subsidiaries’ perceived level of host country corruption produces a positive effect on their choice of bribery. But the subsidiaries’ home-country anti-corruption levels and their holding of internationally recognized quality certification (IQC) reduce MNE subsidiaries’ willingness to pay bribes. A more interesting finding is that, after controlling for MNE subsidiaries’ perceived pressures of corruption in host countries, MNE subsidiaries’ home-country anti-corruption levels and MNE subsidiaries’ holding of IQC negatively moderate bribery’s effectiveness on performance. Theoretical and managerial implications of the findings are discussed.

This paper deals with FDI in the Western Balkan countries with an emphasis on the determinants that influence FDI inflow. First, the conditions for investing in the region are examined, and then specific variables are chosen to be analyzed in the second part of the thesis. In the empirical part of the paper, the statistical significance of institutional and macroeconomic variables on the FDI inflow is researched. The concluding chapter evaluates the relationship between the accession process and FDI volume, and potential areas for FDI placement are recommended. As overall follow up to the preceding deductions, the investment outlook is finally presented.

Le choix de la bipolarité « institution Église et individualisation du croire » se justifie par la recherche scientifique avec l’option de droit canonique. Il s’agit d’une démarche pluridisciplinaire promue par les chercheurs en droit ecclésial. La problématique éclaire les questions sur l’appartenance à deux sociétés, civile et ecclésiale. La première partie, avec un regard socio-théologique, cherche à caractériser individualisation et fait religieux. Elle veut montrer les enjeux du caractère antinomique de ces deux thèmes et comment sortir de la contradiction. Au travers des sections se dégagent les grands traits concrets du fait religieux, lequel cherche à répondre en s’appuyant sur un discours ecclésiologique. Notre approche est phénoménologique et théologique; s’y glisse l’individualisation du croire. La deuxième partie s’ouvre à la normativité du droit : dans quelle mesure le Magistère élabore des stratégies de la gestion de l’institution? La réflexion doctrinale de l’Église l’a conduite à rédiger un code, en tenant compte de l’idée de séparation « Église-État », ou du pluralisme religieux. Le diagnostic est patent : l’ecclesia décline vers l’individualisation, et cette dernière tend à la laïcisation, voire la déchristianisation. L’étude le montre : l’appartenance est nécessaire, tant à l’Église qu’à la société, et elle passe par la reconnaissance des instances sociétales et ecclésiales, s’inscrivant dans l’optique canonique et normative. Quelle perspective pour cette double appartenance? Est-elle envisageable? Quoi qu’il en soit de la complexité des questions soulevées (théologiques, dogmatiques, sociologiques et canoniques), la gestion de cette double appartenance doit être le fait du croyant aujourd’hui
It is appropriate to choose to study the institution of the Church and the individualization of belief using scientific research with regard to canon law. This entails dealing with the question following the multidisciplinary approach adopted by studies of church law. Such an investigation throws light on how civil and church societies are interdependent and belong together. The first part of the study, taking a social-theological view, seeks to describe individualization, on the one hand, and the reality of religion, on the other. It endeavours to show the contradictory interaction of these two themes and suggests how this may be resolved. Here the principal outlines of religious reality are examined, the exposition relying on a study of church forms and traditions. Our approach is phenomenological and theological : it is here that the individualization of belief comes in. The second part introduces the authoritative standard of law : to what extent the Magisterium influences the way the day-to-day life of the institution is conducted? The Church’s study of doctrine has led it to draw up a code, keeping in mind the concepts of the separation of “Church and State” or religious pluralism. The result is evident : the ecclesia is turning towards individualization, and this result in a tendency towards laicization, even de-christianization. The study shows this is happening. Interdependence and a mutual association are necessary, as much for the Church as for the society, and these belong together in the perspectives of both canon and normative law. What future lies ahead for their association? Can we suggest how it may happen? No matter how complex the questions raised, be they theological, dogmatic, sociological and canonical, bringing about this double association must be an objective for the believer of today

This paper employs an augmented gravity model for a sample of 96 host countries to examine the impact of host country rule of law on direct investment from the United States. This paper further investigates the gap between property rights and freedom from corruption, the two primary components of a country’s rule of law. Property rights and freedom from corruption are both shown to have a significant positive effect on U.S. outward foreign direct investment. This thesis argues that freedom from corruption is a more powerful measure than property rights for determining the location of U.S. direct investment. This suggests that for host countries, reducing the level of corruption may be more effective at stimulating direct capital investment from U.S. investors than expanding property rights.

Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo analisar o processo de formação de coalizões dentro do Fundo Monetário Internacional e do Banco Mundial, evidenciando os motivos que levam os países a formarem blocos dentro dessas instituições. Como no FMI e no Banco Mundial as principais decisões são tomadas no âmbito do Diretório Executivo, este estudo se centrará na análise dos processos que levam à formação de alianças para a escolha de representantes nessa instância decisória. Por razões substantivas e metodológicas, este trabalho terá como escopo o caso brasileiro, buscando assim identificar os motivos que levariam os países a somarem seus votos na escolha de um brasileiro para representar seus interesses nessas instituições. Partindo da literatura que analisa como os países utilizam ajuda externa para perseguir seus objetivos, essa pesquisa analisará quantitativamente se os países mais pobres trocariam apoio político nas instituições financeiras internacionais por benefícios econômicos. Para tanto, será testada a hipótese de que os países que compõem a coalizão brasileira dentro dos Diretórios Executivos do FMI e Banco Mundial possuem mais chances de receber ajuda externa do Brasil do que os países que não apoiam o Brasil nessas instituições. Os resultados encontrados confirmam a hipótese.
This research analyzes the coalition formation processes within the International Monetary Fund and World Bank. More specifically, since the IMF and World Bank\'s main decisions are made by their Executive Directorate, this study focuses on the alliance formation for choosing the representatives for these boards. For substantive and methodological reasons, this work focuses on the Brazilian case, and identifies reasons why countries pool votes for a Brazilian to represent their interests within these organizations. Based on the literature about country\'s use of foreign aid to pursue foreign policy objectives, this paper quantitatively explores whether poor countries exchange their political support in the international financial arena for economic gains. Therefore, this research tests the hypothesis that members of the Brazilian constituencies in the IMF and World Bank are more likely to receive foreign aid from Brazil. The results confirm this hypothesis.

Cette thèse traite de la manière dont les organisations économiques internationales, plus particulièrement les institutions financières internationales universelles, le FMI et la banque mondiale, établissent le contenu et la forme de leurs espaces de légalité, le traitement de cette tension est fondamental. Généralement, pour l'espace de légalité, cette étude désigne toutes les actions qui, d'une manière ou d'une autre, entrent dans le champ de ce que l'organisation considère comme étant le droit, qu'il soit international ou national.Le recours aux institutions ne commence pas avec la Société des Nations et l'Organisation internationale du travail, au début du XXe siècle, mais bien avant, avec la reconnaissance de diverses autres institutions qui, même si elles ne sont pas des organisations, des administrations ou des tribunaux,donneront forme à ce que l'on appelle désormais le droit international. Ce qui distingue la nature de ces institutions est le processus par lequel elles se sont créées et la finalité qui leur est attribuée. La reconnaissances des différentes institutions comme pierres angulaires de la formation et de la consolidation des espaces sociaux internationaux soulève une question de définition à la fois fondamentale et problématique pour le droit international : qu'est ce qu'une institution en droit internationale ? Telle est la question fondamentale à laquelle cette thèse espère apporter une réponse. Une telle réponse servira de ligne directrice déterminante pour l'ensemble de l'étude. Car l'analyse de la question principale abordée par cette étude, à savoir comment les espaces de légalité des institutions financières internationales - le FMI et la Banque mondiale - sont créées, dépend principalement de la distinction que l'ont fait entre les OI en tant qu'organisations et les OI comme institutions de l'espace social international. Une telle étude doit alors envisager l'examen de ce qui a conduit le domaine du droit international, en particulier celui de l'économie mondiale, à devenir non seulement de plus en plus institutionnalisé, mais aussi organisé. Autrement dit, il faut analyser, d'une part, un processus d’institutionnalisation du domaine du droit international relatif à l'économie mondiale et, d'autre part, la manière dont les institutions individuelles créées au cours de ce processus contribuent également à l'organisation de ce domaine, circonscrivant ainsi l'ordre social sous des pouvoirs structurés. La présente étude est divisée en deux parties, chacune contenant deux parties. En considérant le développement des différentes branches de ce droit (commercial,financier, monétaire), ce travail vise à identifier les conditions dans lesquelles les formes conventionnelles d'action et d'activités dans ces domaines sont devenues des institutions sociales comme le droit et plus particulièrement le droit international. Ce travail examine: 1) la mesure dans laquelle les normes du droit international public qui constituent ce droit économique international influent sur l'action des organisations publiques 2) la mesure dans laquelle ces organisations sont attachées à ce droit international ou s'en distancient en fonction de leur position dans ce domaine ; 3) de quelle manières ces organisations ont un impact plus significatif sur le développement de ce domaine par l'autorégulation (la création des types normatifs autres que les règles positivistes classiques (article 38 de la cour)) ; et 4) quel rôle peuvent jouer les normes du droit international public en dehors de ce champ du droit économique international dans le développement de ces organisations
This thesis deals with how international economic organizations, more specifically the universal international financial institutions, the IMF and the World bank, establish the content and form of their spaces of legality, the treatment of this tension is fundamental. Generally, for spaces of legality, this study means all action that, in one way or another,fall under the scope whatever the organization sees as being law, be it international or national. The turn to institutions does not begin with the League of Nations and the international Labor Organization,at the beginningof the 20th century, but well before, with the recognition of a variety of other institutionsthat, even though are not organizations, administrations or courts,will give shape to what is now called international law. What distinguishes the nature of such institutions is the process by which they are created and the finality attributed to them. In this respect, treaties, customs, international organizations, although created in differents ways, are all part of the process of instituionalization of international law. The recognition of different institutions as crucial stone to the formation and consolidation of the international social spaces invokes a question of definition which is both fundamental and problematic for inernational law : what is an institution for international law ? This is the fundamental question to which this introduction hopes to provide an answer. Such an answer will serve as a determinant guideline for the whole study. For the analysis of the main issues addressed by this study,that is, of how the spaces of legality of international financial institutions - the IMF and the World bank - are created depends mainly on the distinction one makes between that IOs as organizations and IOs as institutions of the international social space. Such a study must then consider the examination of what has led the field of international law, specifically concerned with the world econonomy, to become not only inceasingly institutionalized, but also organised. In other words, there has to be an analysis on the one hand of a process of institionalizing the field of international law concerned with the world economy, and on the other hand, the way by which individual institutions created during this process also aid in organizing the field, circumscribing the the social order under sructured authorities. This study is divided into two parts, eache containing two chapters. The first part looks and focuses on the process of formation and institutionalization of what is now called "international economic law". Inconsidering the development of different branches (commercial, financial, monetary), this works aims at identifying the conditions under which conventional forms of action and activities in these fields have become social institutions such as law and more specifically international law. This works examines : (1) the extent to which the norms of public international lawmaking up this international economic law impact the action of public organizations ; (2) to what extent these organizations are attached to or distanced themselves from this international law accordind to their position in the field ; (3) in what ways do these organizations have a more significant impact on the development of this field through self-regulation (the creation of other normative types outside the typical positivist rules (Articles 38, of ICJ statute)) and (4) which role can play the norms of public international law outside this field of international economic law on the action of these organizations

L’intérêt à l’égard des relations économiques entre la Russie et l’Union européenne s’est accentué au cours des années 2000. L’interdépendance économique accrue entre les deux partenaires témoigne de l’importance de cette relation et justifie l’intérêt tant pour son architecture institutionnelle que pour ses conséquences de long terme. Notre démarche consiste à interroger la façon dont ce partenariat se construit sur la base des nouvelles propriétés convergentes entre la Russie et de l’Europe. Cela nous permet de mieux caractériser le rapport entre l’architecture institutionnelle et la dynamique « de facto » des échanges économiques au sein de ce partenariat qui, lui, tient compte de l’évolution des besoins économiques internes des deux partenaires. On est ramenés donc ici à aborder la question du développement économique interne de la Russie. Traiter ce dernier aspect à la lumière de l’évolution des relations Russie-Europe, en particulier à un moment où celles-ci sont grevées par l’hypothèque énergétique et des divergences d’ordre politique, peut paraître paradoxal. Toutefois, la prise en compte de la configuration de ces relations semble être pertinente à plus d’un titre et permet de constater que les échanges économiques entre l’UE et la Russie constituent la première étape d’un processus inéluctable de réalisation des objectifs de développement de long terme des deux partenaires. Les enjeux sont donc manifestes tant pour l’avenir de l’Europe que pour celui de la Russie. Largement lié à la question énergétique, ce partenariat est accompagné d’une ambition originale qui rappelle le vieux rêve d’une Eurasie fondée sur la relation de deux entités à vocation fédérale. Cependant, la forme même que prendrait cette Eurasie ainsi que ses limites posent problème. Ainsi, notre travail interroge la nature de ce modèle inédit de relations internationales, qui aurait la grande originalité de reposer exclusivement sur un équilibre institutionnel. Aussi, nous nous intéressons à la pertinence du qualificatif « partenariat » que l’on a l’habitude d’attribuer aux relations Russie-UE, pour voir s’il n’est pas plus approprié de parler d’une union politique régionale comme solution alternative à la globalisation. Enfin, ce travail entend fournir un cadre méthodologique original nécessaire à l’étude des relations particulières entre la Russie et l’Union européenne dans une perspective dynamique
The interest regarding economic links between Russia and The European Union has considerably increased during the 2000s. The greater economic interdependence between the two partners is a sign of the importance of this relationship and justifies such an interest as much in its institutional architecture as in the long-term consequences. Our approach is to question the way this partnership is being built, based on new common assets between Russia and Europe. This allow us to better characterise the rapport between institutional architecture and the ‘de facto’ economic exchanges within this partnership, that take into account the evolution of domestic economic needs of both partners. The leads us, therefore, to address the question of Russian domestic economic development. Treating this last aspect in the light of the evolution of Russian-European relationships, particularly at a time when they are strained by the energy hypothesis and divergences of a political order, may seem paradoxical. However, examining the shaping of these relationships seems pertinent for several reasons and enables us to conclude that economic exchanges between the EU and Russia are the first stage in the necessary process towards achieving both partners’ long-term development goals. The stakes are apparent for the future of both Europe and Russia. Strongly linked to the energy question, this partnership is accompanied by an original ambition reminiscent of the old Eurasian dream, founded on the relationship between two entities with a federal vocation. However, the shape that this Eurasia might take, and its limits, pose a problem. Thus, our work questions the nature of this new model of international relations, which would be very original, based exclusively on an institutional equilibrium. We are also interested in the pertinence of the term ‘partnership’ that we tend to use to define Russian-EU relationships, to see if it might not be more appropriate to talk about a regional political union as an alternative solution to globalisation. Lastly, this study intends to propose an original methodical framework necessary for studying specific relationships between Russia and the European Union with a perspective for growth

Depuis son accession à l’indépendance, le Burkina Faso est à la recherche d’une politique publique de développement qui lui permette de sortir de son état de « sous-développement ». La politique budgétaire a, de ce fait, été instituée en catalyseur d’un développement économique et social durable. Mais les errements budgétaires des Gouvernements qui se sont succédé ont plutôt entraîné une triple crise : une crise de la dette, une crise des déficits publics et une crise économique. A compter des années 1990, le FMI et la Banque Mondiale sont intervenus, aux côtés des autorités burkinabé, dans le cadre d’une double assistance technique et financière afin de réformer, structurellement, la politique budgétaire. Cette intervention va s’installer durablement dans la politique interne burkinabé. En deux décennies, la politique des finances sera orientée au gré de la doctrine budgétaire et des priorités définies par le FMI et la Banque Mondiale : les programmes d’ajustement structurel, puis la politique de lutte contre la pauvreté vont tenter de réaliser les objectifs de croissance économique, puis de croissance économique et sociale, grâce à une réforme de la politique de dépenses budgétaires et de la politique de ressources budgétaires. Seulement, quelque soit l’objectif pris en considération, les résultats atteints restent bien éloignés des résultats escomptés en termes de restructuration de la dette, des dépenses et des ressources budgétaires. Cette dynamique de réformes permet néanmoins de s’interroger, au vu des expériences passées, sur le rôle à attribuer à l’Etat au Burkina Faso, à la politique budgétaire, au FMI et à la Banque Mondiale, aux institutions communautaires ouest-africaines dans le processus de développement que le Burkina Faso doit nécessairement relancer, afin que ces décennies de réformes ne soient pas considérées comme inutiles
Since its independence, Burkina Faso is seeking public policy development that allows him to leave his state of "underdevelopment". Fiscal policy has, therefore, been established as a catalyst for sustainable economic and social development. But mistakes budget successive Governments have instead led to a triple crisis: a debt crisis, a crisis of deficits and an economic crisis. Beginning in the 1990s, the IMF and the World Bank intervened alongside Burkinabe authorities, within a double technical and financial assistance to reform structurally fiscal policy. This intervention will settle permanently in the internal politics of Burkina Faso. In two decades, finance policy will be geared to suit the budget doctrine and priorities defined by the IMF and the World Bank: the structural adjustment programs and the political fight against poverty will try to achieve the objectives of economic growth, and economic growth and social reform through policy and budgetary spending policy of budgetary resources. But whatever the goal under consideration, the results achieved are far removed from the expected results in terms of debt restructuring, expenditure and budgetary resources. This dynamic reforms can nevertheless wonder, in view of past experience, the appropriate role for the state in Burkina Faso, fiscal policy, the IMF and the World Bank, the Community institutions in West Africa the development process as Burkina Faso must necessarily raise, so that decades of reforms are not considered necessary

Cette recherche vise à étudier les questions relatives à la santé mentale et le travail des professeurs, plus spécifiquement liés à l'expérience du plaisir et la souffrance au travail des professeurs dans les établissements d'enseignement supérieur (EES) privés. Dans le contexte actuel, on peut voir une expansion considérable des établissements d'enseignement supérieur et, par conséquent, une surcharge de travail qui reflète la santé physique et mentale des professionnels qui travaillent dans ce domaine. Théoriquement, cette recherche est fondée sur des hypothèses que parlent de la santé mentale et le travail dans les établissements d'enseignement supérieur privé d'enseignement. Elle est basé théorique et méthodologiquement dans la clinique de la psychodynamique du travail. La méthode qualitative a été utilisée, avec la réalisation d'entrevues individuelles semi-dirigées avec dix-huit professeurs des établissements d'enseignement supérieur privé. L'analyse des résultats a été mis au point avec des hypothèses de la psychodynamique du travail, mettant en évidence des très large journée de travail qui, souvent, envahit la vie à l'extérieur du travail, mettant en évidence leur frais généraux activités demandé, qui, en conséquence, compromet la santé physique et psychologique des enseignants. Pour éviter des souffrances et des maladies psychiques, les enseignants interrogés font usage des stratégies de promotion de la santé, parmi lesquels ont été mis en évidence les stratégies défensives qui favorisent le maintien de l'Organisation du travail et les stratégies qui stimulent la continuité du travail d'enseignement. De cette façon, il a été possible d'identifier ce qui a été le plus gros changement demander: conquête d'un espace pour discuter de questions relatives au travail; la distribution obligatoire de la journée de travail pour être compatible avec le temps de préparation de classes et d'activités scolaires; moins d'heures à travailler dans la salle de classe, afin de permettre le développement d'activités et notamment l'extension de la recherche et la qualification. On peut donc voir que le travail peut être reconnu par leur potentiel constitutive de l'émancipation, de la subjectivité et de l'identité, mais d'autre part lorsqu'il résume la vie des travailleurs, mais s'il n'y aucune expérimentation au-delà du travail, il devient aliénant et causant des souffrances. Cependant travail dans cette étude n'est pas seulement comprise comme le lieu de production de souffrance santé/maladies, mais surtout, l'espace de vie et de socialisation, où la subjectivité est appelée constament de se (re) configurer. Pour un changement dans ce contexte, il est nécessaire d'aller au delà de l'espace physique des IES et d'amener cette discussion sur la souffrance dans le travail de l'enseignement dans d'autres sphères, afin de faire une question d'intérêt public et ainsi construire des stratégies efficaces des politiques pour le bénefice de la santé des professeurs d'université.
Esta pesquisa propõe-se a investigar temáticas referentes à saúde mental e o trabalho de docentes universitários, especificamente relacionadas às vivências de prazer e sofrimento no trabalho de professores universitários em Instituições de Ensino Superior (IES) privadas. No atual contexto brasileiro, percebe-se uma considerável expansão de Instituições de Ensino Superior e, consequentemente, uma sobrecarga de trabalho o que repercute na saúde física e mental dos profissionais que atuam neste âmbito. Teoricamente esta pesquisa está sedimentada em pressupostos que inter-relacionam a saúde mental e o trabalho docente em IES privadas. Fundamenta-se teórica e metodologicamente na Clínica da Psicodinâmica do Trabalho. Utilizou-se o método qualitativo, com a realização de entrevistas individuais semi-estruturadas com dezoito professores universitários de IES privadas. A análise dos resultados foi desenvolvida a partir dos pressupostos da Psicodinâmica do Trabalho, evidenciando uma extensiva jornada de atividades que, com frequência, invade a vida fora do trabalho, revelando a sobrecarga de atividades que lhes é solicitada cotidianamente, o que, como consequência, compromete a saúde física e psíquica dos professores. Para evitar o sofrimento e adoecimento psíquico os docentes entrevistados fazem uso de estratégias que promovam a saúde, dentre elas foram evidenciadas as estratégias defensivas que favorecem a manutenção da organização do trabalho, sendo estas consideradas alienadoras, e as estratégias que estimulam a continuidade do trabalho docente. Dessa forma foi possível identificar as maiores solicitações de mudança neste contexto, sendo elas: conquista de um espaço para discutir as questões do trabalho; a obrigatoriedade da distribuição na jornada de trabalho compatível com o tempo de preparação de aulas e atividades acadêmicas; menor carga horária direcionada ao trabalho em sala de aula, para permitir o desenvolvimento de atividades ligadas a extensão e, especialmente, à pesquisa e à qualificação. Sendo assim, percebe-se que o trabalho pode ser reconhecido por seu potencial emancipador, constituinte da subjetividade e da identidade, mas por outro lado, quando ele resume a vida dos trabalhadores, não havendo experimentações fora, o trabalho torna-se alienante e causador de sofrimento. Entretanto, o trabalho, neste estudo não é entendido apenas como o lugar da produção de sofrimento saúde/adoecimentos, mas sim, e principalmente, o espaço do viver e do conviver, em que a subjetividade é convocada constantemente a se (re) configurar. Para que haja transformação neste contexto é necessário transcender o espaço físico das IES e levar esta discussão sobre o sofrimento no trabalho docente para outras esferas, com o intuito de tornar este problema público, e assim, construir estratégias que implementem de forma eficaz políticas que viabilizem a saúde dos professores universitários.
This research proposes to investigate topics related to mental health and the work of university professors, more specifically related to the experiences of pleasure and pain in the work of university professors in private higher education institutions (HEI). In the current context, there is a considerable expansion of higher education institutions and consequently an work overload which affects the physical and mental health of people who work in this field. Theoretically this research is rooted in assumptions that interact to mental health and the teaching work in private HEI. It is based on theoretical and methodological in the Clinic of Psychodynamics of Work. The qualitative method was used, with the realization of individual semi-structured interviews with eighteen university professors of private HEI. The analysis of the results was developed from the assumptions of the psychodynamics of work, showing an extensive workday, which often, invades the life outside of work, showing the overload of the required daily activities, which results in impaired physical and mental health of teachers. To avoid suffering and psychic illness, the interviewed teachers make use of strategies that promote health, among them were evidenced the defensive strategies that favor the maintenance of work organization, which were more alienated, and strategies that encourage the continuity of teaching. This way it was possible to identify which were the largest change requests in this context, as follows: conquest of space to discuss the issues of work; distribution of workday compatible with the time of preparation of classes and academic activities; lower classroom workload directed to work in the classroom, to allow the development ofactivities related to extension and particularly research and qualification. Thus it is seen that the work can be recognized by its potential emancipator, constituent of subjectivity and identity, but on the other hand when he summarizes the life of the workers, there is no experimentation outside it, the work becomes alienating and causing suffering. However, work in this study is not only understood as the place of production of suffering health/diseases, but more importantly, the living space and socialization, where subjectivity is constantly referred to (re) configure. For any processing in this context it is necessary to transcend the physical space of the HEI and lead this discussion on suffering in the teaching work to other spheres, with the aim of making this public problem and thus build strategies that implement effectively policies that make possible the health of university professors.

Le 4 novembre 1847, Mgr de Bruillard, évêque de Grenoble, institue une commission d'enquête destinée à préparer le jugement doctrinal qu'il doit porter sur l'apparition alléguée de la Vierge Marie à La Salette le 19 septembre 1846. S'il ne fait en cela que reprendre les règles classiques de l'Eglise en matière de discernement des esprits, il innove en définissant de façon rigoureuse le cadre canonique dans lequel doit s'exercer ce discernement, selon une procédure calquée pour partie sur celle préconisée en matière de canonisations par le De servorum Dei beatificatione et de beatorum canonizatione (1734-1738) de Prospero Lambertini, futur pape Benoît XIV. Pour exemplaire que se veuille cette procédure – adoptée par un nombre croissant d'évêques concernés par des faits d'apparitions dans leurs diocèses –, pour efficace qu'elle se révèle, elle se heurte rapidement à divers obstacles montrant ses limites, obstacles dont les moindres ne sont pas, au XXe siècle jusqu'au concile Vatican II, les interventions de plus en plus fréquentes du Saint Office auprès des évêques. Après Vatican II, une plus grande latitude sera laissée aux évêques, mais les répercussions au niveau mondial de certaines mariophanies amèneront la Congrégation pour la doctrine de la foi à édicter en 1978 des Normes générales, véritable feuille de route destinée aux évêques. Ces Normes seront néanmoins rendues bientôt inapplicables à cause de l'émergence de nouveaux types de mariophanies, dont la matrice est le “phénomène Medjugorje” (1981) : qualifiée d'apparition de rupture, cette mariophanie pose, par ses implications non seulement religieuses, mais également sociétales et même politiques, la question de la réaction de l'institution ecclésiale face à des faits et des attitudes qui, tout en se réclamant de l'Église, prétendent se soustraire pour partie à son jugement sous le prétexte d'une plus libre et immédiate insertion dans l'histoire actuelle des hommes, et où l'efficacité temporelle du phénomène le dispute à son authenticité spirituelle et à sa fonction ecclésiale, au risque de constituer le principal critère de jugement de la mariophanie
On the 4th of November 1847, Msgr de Bruillard, the Bishop of Grenoble, sets up a commis-sion of inquiry aimed at clearing the way for the doctrinal judgment he will have to pass on the alleged apparition of the Virgin Mary at La Salette on the 19th of September 1846. In doing so is merely applying once again the usual rules of the Church in matters pertaining to the discernment of spirits, but he actually does innovate by rigorously definiting the canonical framework within which this judgment must be exercised, following – in matters regarding the question of canonization – a procedure which, to some extent, faithfully reflected the one already favoured by the De servorum Dei beatificatione et de beatorum canonizatione (1734-1738) by Prospero Lambertini (the future pope Benedict XIV). Even though it aims to serve as a model (adopted by a growing number of bishops having to come to terms with events of apparitions in their dioceses), and however efficient it proves to be, this type of procedure soon meets with a variety of obstacles exposing its own limitations : among these obstacles one could not minimize the increasingly frequent interference of the Holy Office in its dealings with the bishops, before the Second Vatican Council. After the Council, the bishops are given more leeway, but the repercussions – on a world scale – of certain mariophanies will induce the Congregation for the Doctrine of the faith to edict in 1978 a set of general Norms, offering the bishops the guiding lines of a roadmap. Nevertheless, these norms will soon become inapplicable, in the face of newly emerging types of mariophanies, whose primary source is the 'Medjugorje case' (1981). Because of its implications – not just religious, but political and societal as well – this mariophany has been dubbed the breaking point apparition, raising the question of how the ecclesiastical Institution should respond to facts and attitudes which, while pretending to speak in the name of the Church, claim the right to disregard part of her decisions, by using as an excuse the need for a more open-minded and a more immediate involvement in the history of mankind – as it appears nowadays ; so much so that, conflicting with the judgments on the authenticity of the case and its relevance for the Church, the claimed fruitfulness of the event runs the risk og beeing viewed as the principal criterion for a judgment on the phenomenon itself

BARREIRA, Sofia de Evaristo Menescal. Formação docente para a educação superior: nas trilhas de uma política institucional. 2009. 260 f. Tese (Doutorado em Educação) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Faculdade de Educação, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Brasileira, Fortaleza-CE, 2009.
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The thematic of this thesis concerns to the importance of the teaching formation for the superior education face to the challenge disposed by the society of information and knowledge to the accomplished professionalization on this teaching level. The Federal University of Ceará – UFC was chosen for the achievement of this field research as it historically represents the main former institution of active professionals in the teaching of superior education in Ceará. It was the first university created in the State and continues being one of the greatest referential for the others Superior Teaching Institutions by the importance of its debates, partnerships established and the meaningful contribution in the professional formation for the world of the work. This study was developed through a qualitative research, that is a case study using semistructured interviews and documental analysis. The subjects of the research are represented by 43 active managers from the period 1997 to 2006 – rectors, pro-rectors, directors of centers or faculties, chiefs of departments, coordinators of courses, managers of human resources, syndicate representative, auditor among others. The categories of Entrance, Evaluation and Formation were defined to guide the priorities pertaining specially to field research. The information and reflections resultant just show the necessity to implement an institutional policy of teaching formation to the teachers of the University, conceived in the scope of references of professional development. So, to have this effectuated, it is urgent to establish ruptures in order to face the evident problems and assume innovated attitudes in the face of explicit possibilities
A temática desta tese refere-se à importância da formação docente para a educação superior diante dos desafios postos pela sociedade da informação e do conhecimento à profissionalização efetivada nesse nível de ensino, mais especificamente à ação do professor no cotidiano da sua profissão. A Universidade Federal do Ceará – UFC foi escolhida para a realização da pesquisa de campo pelo fato de representar, historicamente, a principal instituição formadora de profissionais atuantes na docência da educação superior do Ceará. Primeira universidade a ser criada no Estado, continua sendo um dos maiores referenciais para as demais Instituições de Educação Superior - IES pela importância dos debates que promove, das parcerias que estabelece e da significativa contribuição de formação profissional para o mundo do trabalho. O estudo desenvolveu-se mediante uma pesquisa qualitativa, do tipo estudo de caso, utilizando entrevistas semiestruturadas e análise documental. Os sujeitos da pesquisa estão representados por 43 gestores, atuantes no período de 1997 a 2006 – reitores, pró-reitores, diretores de centro ou faculdade, chefes de departamentos, coordenadores de cursos, gestores de recursos humanos, representante sindical, ouvidor, dentre outros. As categorias Ingresso, Avaliação e Formação foram definidas para orientar as prioridades pertinentes à pesquisa de campo, em especial. As informações e reflexões decorrentes sinalizam a necessidade de implementar uma política institucional de formação docente para os professores da Universidade, concebida no âmbito de referenciais de desenvolvimento profissional. Para que se efetive, é imprescindível estabelecer rupturas para o enfrentamento dos problemas evidenciados e assumir posturas inovadoras diante das possibilidades explicitadas

Yes
This study examines the institutional arrangements that define the characteristics of national legal systems that are used to protect intellectual property (IP) assets embedded in outward FDI. The focus of the study is on how the institutional underpinnings of IPR regimes affect the costs and risk of using legal arenas to enable effective use of IP assets. Following a property rights approach it is postulated that formal and informal institutional arrangements influence how IP regimes affect the transaction costs and risk associated with converting ownership rights over IP into economic rights. Informal institutions are considered to affect the behaviour of agents involved in enforcing legal rights. This behaviour influences how IP law is implemented in legal arenas and thereby impacts on the efficacy of IPR regimes to help secure economic rights from the use of IP assets. Using data on outward FDI from the USA to 42 host countries the results find that the strength of informal institutions connected to the enforcement of IP in a country directly affects outcomes and positively moderates the effect of formal legal aspects of IP law on FDI flows. The results highlight the importance of informal institutional aspects connected to the behaviour of enforcement agents when using national legal systems to protect IP rights in cross-frontier transactions.

博士
東海大學
社會學系
99
In this study, Suzhou City, as a case study from the institutions and the history-oriented, analysis of technological learning system in Suzhou, the process of economic transition, whether the region can move towards a model of learning. This study emphasizes the study of coupling relationship local economic restructuring and technological learning system, and that the local system and driven by two factors led to foreign investment in information and electronic industry in Suzhou industrial development on a " development but without technological learning," the economic consequences. Suzhou in each phase of economic transition driven by the pursuit of local economic growth in the logic of governance. Inertia in this system, local officials interested in investment, of course, a large number of high-tech industries to absorb foreign investment and establish a complete industrial clusters, but in the highly competitive and technological capabilities of foreign firms dominated the industrial structure and the role of public R & D institutions positioning and other factors, makes the Suzhou area is not easy learning the skills and knowledge revealed embedded in local mode.

Dissertação de mestrado em Economia
O Investimento Direto Estrangeiro (IDE) desempenha um papel, cada vez mais importante, nas economias do mundo inteiro. Os IDE permitem aos países de acolhimento, um aumento das trocas comerciais, a criação de pólos de competitividade, a transferência de tecnologia, a modernização de empresas locais e a criação de emprego. Reconhecendo estes efeitos, as economias em desenvolvimento implementam medidas de atratividade para beneficiar dos IDE. A qualidade das instituições torna-se um fator que explica as diferenças entre os países; uma melhor qualidade das instituições é um meio eficaz de atratividade de IDE. Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a relação das variáveis institucionais com o IDE. Com base no conjunto de mais de 200 países pelo período, aproximado, de 60 anos, encontraram-se evidências de uma relação causal entre essas variáveis e o IDE. Para tal, recorre-se ao uso do método dos dados em painel e os estimadores de efeitos fixos. Como variáveis explicativas foram escolhidos diversos fatores, mas no caso das institucionais selecionaram-se nomeadamente: corrupção, instabilidade política, peso do governo, a qualidade da moeda, regulação dos mercados, os direitos de propriedade e a liberdade do comércio. Os resultados apontam que o peso do governo é significativo, o que indica que as economias com menor peso do governo apresentam maior participação do IDE no PIB. O mesmo acontece com o acesso a uma moeda sã/segura e um menor peso da regulação dos mercados. No que diz respeito ao arcabouço legal acerca dos direitos de propriedade e a liberdade do comércio, estes não tendem a ter impacto sobre os IDE. E quanto ao sistema legal dos direitos de propriedade, os resultados sugerem uma certa indiferença por parte do investidor em IDE.
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) plays an increasingly important role in economies around the world. FDI allows host countries to benefit from an increase in trade, the creation of centers of competitiveness, technology transfer, modernization of local businesses and jobs. Recognizing these effects, developing economies implement attractiveness measures to benefit from FDI. The quality of institutions becomes a factor that explains the differences between countries; a better quality of institutions is an effective mean of attracting FDI.This paper aims to analyze the relationship between institutional variables and FDI. Based on the set of more than 200 countries for the approximate period of 60 years, evidence of a causal relationship between these variables and FDI was found. For this purpose, the panel data method and the fixed effects estimators were used. As explanatory variables, a number of factors were chosen, but in the case of institutional ones, the following were selected: corruption, political instability, government size, quality of the money, market regulation, legal system and property rights, and freedom of trade. The results indicate that the government size is significant, which indicates that the economies with smaller governments show greater share of FDI in GDP. The same is true for access sound money and for lighter market regulation. With regard to the legal system and property rights and freedom of trade, they do not tend to have an impact on FDI. And, as for the legal system of property rights, the results suggest certain indifference from the foreign investors.

碩士
世新大學
財務金融學研究所(含碩專班)
97
This research mainly probes the institutional risk of investing in Chinese banking sector for FDI. Firstly, Through New Institution Economics approach, it analyzes the impact of the institutional risk of Chinese banking sector on FDI; Secondly, through Ecology of Public Administration approach it studies the cause of the institutional risk of Chinese banking sector and predicts the future development. Since 1979,the Reforming and Opening Policy has been set up for thirty years. The result of this research shows that the formal institutions and informal institutions failed to be established under autocracy. The asymmetry between responsibility and accountability, asymmetric information, government interventions and policies which are varied and opaque made the Chinese banking sector full of uncertainty. Enhanced legal system does not mean financial depth immediately, and we conclude that the smooth functioning of the legal system requires the complement of political institutions. As it was caused by the Chinese political regime, it is impossible to reduce the institutional risk of Chinese banking sector in short term. For FDI, carefully estimating and managing the institutional risk in Chinese banking sector would be necessary.

This dissertation consists of three papers on cross-border banking (Chapters 1 to 3) mainly motivated by the increasing integration in the financial services industry that is forcing banks to offer products and services over a wider geographic space. Chapter 1 analyzes competition in banking and adds to the literature by showing that competitive interaction influences bank FDI; Chapter 2 studies the determinants of cross-border mergers and acquisitions (M&A) and is poised to determine what factors might explain the asymmetry in M&A patterns between Asian and western banks; and Chapter 3 investigates the impact of geographic diversification on the economic value of multinational banks, addressing the question of whether geographic diversification creates value for the shareholders. In Chapter 1 we integrate concepts from FDI, multimarket and oligopolistic reaction to model the location of the world’s Top 10 commercial banks in 52 countries over 10 years (1998-2007). We assess the influence of competition in the location of overseas affiliates of multinational banks, a factor neglected in the literature on bank internationalization. The extant literature has investigated mostly why and where banks go abroad. We focus on the Top 10 banks since they are the ones more likely to match each others’ presence in foreign markets. We test three main hypotheses: (i) the positive influence of preexisting market overlapping on banking FDI; (ii) the influence of the presence of direct competitors on banking FDI; and (iii) the influence of the identities of direct competitors on banking FDI. We collect data on the location of banks subsidiaries from Bankscope on a yearly basis to construct a panel of 4,745 observations. Our variables of interest pertain (i) to the overlapping of each bank with the other Top 10 on a country by country basis; (ii) to the number of direct competitors present in a market; and (iii) to bank identities for each bank. We control for bank traits, bilateral characteristics between origin and destination country, destination country characteristics, and origin country characteristics. We use a mixed-effects logistic model (MELR) to test our hypotheses, considered the most promising state of the art discrete choice model, which endogeneizes bank behavior over time. MELR combines both fixed effects and random effects in the same specification, capturing the withinbank correlation present in our dataset. iii In Chapter 2 we investigate cross-border bank mergers and acquisitions (M&A) from western banks in Far Eastern and Central Asian (FECA) countries and from Asian banks in western countries, motivated by the striking difference between the two waves of M&A in number, size and growth rates. Particular attention has been given to entry by western banks in emerging markets, but much less attention has been given to the M&A activity of Asian banks in the west, despite their increasing volume. We build on two strands of literature: (i) on the one hand the Ricardian theory of comparative advantages, and (ii) on the other hand the new trade theory favoring market integration. We proxy comparative advantages by an index of financial depth and we measure the degree of similarity between origin and destination countries by a ratio computed as the difference between acquirer and target markets on a particular characteristic, scaled by the maximum in the two countries. Our data on M&A are collected from Zephyr. We consider deals over a 10 year period between 1996 and 2007. We analyze 66 cross-border M&A where a bank is involved as acquirer. Our sample encompasses 8 Asian countries and 30 western countries. We conduct a country-level analysis to test for the difference or similarity of the two waves of M&A using a negative binomial model, regressing the number of cross-border deals on bilateral characteristics, origin country characteristics and destination country characteristics. We use a similar specification with a Tobit model in which the dependent is instead the size of the deals. In Chapter 3 we compare the value of internationally diversified commercial banks with that of domestically more focused financial intermediaries. The paper relates to the general literature on the costs and benefits of focusing versus diversifying firms’ activities, but applied to financial intermediaries. The literature has only recently focused on financial intermediaries, but mostly in terms of functional diversification: income and balance sheet diversification between lending and non-lending activities. We address a parallel important dimension: geographical diversification for which the theoretical predictions are mixed. Our empirical model is designed to test whether bank’s economic value as measured by excess value is an increasing function of its international diversification. We define excess value as a bank’s real Tobin’s q minus its imputed Tobin’s q, the latter obtained as an approximation of the ‘chop-shop’ approach. We build on the literature on manufacturing firms and consider each bank as ‘chopped’ in a geographically diversified bank and a domestic, undiversified bank. We collect bank level data from Bankscope focusing on commercial banks since they have compelling reasons to internalize banking activity across iv borders. We exclude small banks to avoid confounding effects and focus on listed commercial banks. Our data assembling exercise yields a sample of 577 commercial banks and 4,039 bankyear observations and we end up with 384 banks headquartered in 56 countries for which timevarying data on subsidiaries is available between 2001 and 2007. We run robust regressions with excess value as the dependent and with three alternative measures of geographic diversity as the explanatory variable of interest, along with bank controls and country and year fixed effects.
A presente dissertação é formada por três artigos sobre banca internacional, incluídos nos Capítulos 1 a 3 e é motivada principalmente pela crescente integração da indústria de serviços financeiros, que está a compelir os bancos a oferecerem produtos e serviços numa área geográfica cada vez mais ampla. O Capítulo 1 analisa a concorrência na banca e contribui para a literatura ao mostrar que a interacção entre rivais tem influência no investimento directo estrangeiro (IDE) dos bancos. O Capítulo 2 estuda os determinantes das fusões e aquisições (F&A) transfronteiriças e tem como objectivo identificar os factores que permitam explicar a assimetria dos padrões de F&A entre bancos asiáticos e ocidentais. No Capítulo 3 investigamos o impacto da diversificação geográfica no valor económico dos bancos multinacionais, para determinar se a diversificação geográfica é geradora de valor para os accionistas. No Capítulo 1 integramos os conceitos de IDE, estratégia multimercado (multimarket) e reacção oligopolística para modelar a localização dos dez maiores bancos comerciais (Top 10) em 52 países ao longo de 10 anos (1998-2007). Neste artigo estudamos a influência da concorrência na localização das subsidiárias dos bancos multinacionais no estrangeiro. A literatura tem investigado essencialmente porquê e onde os bancos instalam subsidiárias além-fronteiras. No nosso caso, analisamos os Top 10 porquanto são eles que mais provavelmente se irão instalar nos países onde os seus rivais estiverem presentes. Testamos três hipóteses: (a) a influência positiva sobre o IDE dos bancos exercida pela sobreposição anterior dos Top 10 nos mercados estrangeiros, (b) a influência no IDE dos bancos exercida pela presença de concorrentes directos e (c) a influência no IDE dos bancos decorrente das identidades dos concorrentes directos. Recolhemos dados sobre as subsidiárias dos bancos no Bankscope, numa base anual, e construímos um painel com 4.745 observações. As nossas variáveis de interesse referem-se a: (a) sobreposição de cada banco com os outros Top 10, país a país, (b) número de concorrentes directos presentes num dado mercado e (c) identidades de cada banco. Usamos variáveis de controlo referentes às características dos bancos, às características bilaterais entre país de origem e país de destino, bem como às características do país de destino e do país de origem individualmente. Utilizamos um modelo logit misto para testar as nossas hipóteses. Este modelo hierárquico é considerado o modelo mais promissor para tratar variáveis discretas, e endogeneiza vi o comportamento dos bancos ao longo do tempo. O modelo combina efeitos fixos e efeitos aleatórios numa mesma especificação, o que permite capturar a correlação intra-bancos presente na nossa base de dados. No Capítulo 2 investigamos fusões e aquisições (F&A) de bancos ocidentais na Ásia central e oriental e de bancos asiáticos no ocidente, decorrente da diferença substantiva entre as duas vagas de F&A, quer em número, quer em valor e taxa de crescimento. A literatura tem analisado a entrada de bancos ocidentais em mercados emergentes, mas tem descurado a actividade de F&A de bancos asiáticos no ocidente, apesar do seu volume crescente. Baseamo-nos em duas correntes teóricas: por um lado a teoria ricardiana das vantagens comparativas e, por outro lado, a nova teoria do comércio internacional que é favorável à integração dos mercados. Medimos as vantagens comparativas através de um índice de desenvolvimento dos mercados financeiros e calculamos o grau de similitude entre país de origem e país de destino como o rácio da diferença entre país de origem e país de destino numa determinada característica, dividida pelo valor máximo dessa característica nos dois países. Recolhemos os dados sobre F&A de Zephyr. Incluímos operações durante um período de 10 anos, 1996 a 2007, e analisamos 66 fusões e aquisições em que o adquirente seja um banco. A nossa amostra engloba 8 países asiáticos e 30 ocidentais. A nossa unidade de análise é o país e testamos a diferença ou similitude entre as duas vagas de F&A mediante um modelo binomial negativo. Nas regressões, a variável dependente é o número de operações transfronteiriças e as variáveis explicativas são as características bilaterais, as características do país de destino e as características do país de origem. Empregamos igualmente um modelo tobit no qual a dependente é o volume das operações. No Capítulo 3 comparamos o valor de bancos comerciais internacionalmente diversificados com o de bancos geograficamente mais focalizados. Este artigo aborda a literatura baseada na análise de custos e de benefícios, que trata da diversificação das empresas, mas aplicamos a teoria aos bancos. A literatura tem recentemente analisado os bancos mas em termos de diversificação funcional: diversificação das fontes de rendimento e diversificação do balanço entre actividades creditícias e não creditícias. O nosso artigo analisa uma outra dimensão relevante: a diversificação geográfica que tem vindo a apresentar resultados divergentes em termos teóricos. O nosso modelo empírico destina-se a testar se o valor económico dos bancos, medido pelo seu valor incremental (excess value), é uma função crescente da sua diversificação geográfica. vii Definimos o valor incremental como a diferença entre o q de Tobin de um banco e o seu q de Tobin ajustado. Calculamos o q de Tobin ajustado usando uma aproximação da técnica chop shop que tem sido utilizada para as empresas não financeiras. Ou seja, consideramos que um banco é cindível em duas partes (shops), uma parte diversificada geograficamente e outra parte focada no mercado doméstico. Recolhemos dados do Bankscope restringindo-nos aos bancos comerciais, porquanto são eles que têm revelado motivos para internalizar as actividades bancárias nas suas operações além-fronteiras. Excluímos os bancos mais pequenos para evitar efeitos divergentes e analisamos somente bancos comerciais cotados. Obtemos desta forma uma amostra de 577 bancos comerciais e 4.039 observações (banco-ano). A disponibilidade dos dados conduz-nos a uma amostra final de 377 bancos comerciais, com subsidiárias em 56 países, de 2001 a 2007. Corremos regressões robustas utilizando o valor incremental como dependente e três medidas alternativas da variável de interesse, juntamente com variáveis de controlo atinentes aos bancos e efeitos fixos por país e por ano de observação.

This study examined the impact of in attracting Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in developing economies. ‘Institutional Advancement ‘is defined as the degree to which a host country's institutional environment matches the standards well-established in developed market economies. The World Governance Indicators developed by the World Bank were used as a measure to determine Institutional Advancement. The developing and developed economies were compared to determine whether Institutional Advancement had the same effect in attracting FDI in different economies. An additional variable, the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was introduced to investigate whether the state of the economy in each of the economy types also impacted on inward FDI. Data was collected from 2000 to 2009, however the analysis was done from 2002 due to the absence of a report on the World Governance Indicators in 2001. The results show that the World Governance Indicators did not present significant evidence that they impacted in attracting FDI in developing economies. GDP appeared to be a better predictor of FDI inflows than the World Governance Indicators in developing economies.
Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
unrestricted

碩士
國立雲林科技大學
空間設計系碩士班
95
Nowadays, scholars stand a position that associations of agedness treatment should fit in with humaneness, home base, and community. However, leaders of agedness treatments in Taiwan want to reach efficiency objective in a short time, so they neglect agedness’ requirements and environments. Moreover, they make actions and workflows and also form systems and groups, so agedness treatments are usually criticized for the phenomenon of association. Early periods, the government establishes “Relief Institution” in order to solve society problems of the population caused of transfer of the society structure and immigrants from China. Charity home is a classical society association that takes care of disadvantaged minorities in big scale and group ways. According to old people’s psychologic and physical conditions, charity home can provide various environments for old people’s different requirements. Therefore, this article attempts to understand the behavior of Relief Institution’s residents who paid the free by themselves and to analyze residents’ characteristics in living space, daily life, and living behaviors by way of the difference from body and mind functions and architecture space. Finally, it generalizes and arranges residents’ behavior of charity home. This research purpose is following, 1. Looking back and arranging records, and then define 「living behavior」 and understand the development and present situation of Charity Home. 2. Arranging and analyzing residents’ living behavior. 3. Comparing the difference of raising rooms and treating rooms from a point of view of body and mind functions. 4. Understanding the residents’ behavior from different treating rooms from a point of view of usage of hardware architecture space. 5. Researching and analyzing residents, the software of managing service, and the hardware of architecture environment. This result of research indicates that the time frame and life pace of the residents’ live depends on the the rules of software management of the association. On the other hand, the hardware of the architecture space and equipment affect residents’ usage of space conditions that includes the arrangement of life contents and the scope of living space. In a personal aspect, the condition of body and mind functions, home state, and personal favorite also affect the living behavior.

碩士
國立臺北科技大學
工業工程與管理研究所
99
According to the report of the Council for Economic Planning and Development (CEPD) in 2010, the elderly population ratio had reached up to 10.7%. They predicted that Taiwan will become aged society in 2017, and in 2025, Taiwan will become super aged society. The problem of society related to senior citizen will continue to emerge within only 15 years.As Taiwan entered industrial society, the two-income families and elderly population had increased rapidly. So it is much harder to take care of elders in most of the families. Moreover, because of the declining birthrate and the rising dependency ratio, the requirements for long-term care of these families are increased. The issues of institutionalized care in Taiwan are not the amount now, but the distribution location, quality of service, cost and acceptance of populace. Face to the increasing requirements of long-term care in the future, institutionalized care must have an important place. Solving the mentioned issues and building a new care institution under the specific restrictions is a complex location selection problem, such as existing institutions’ supply and demand, environmental sanitation, life functions and local policies, etc. And it is hard to achieve local balance development under community and fairness. 　　This research combined DEMATEL (Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory) method to ANP (Analytic Network Process) method, to set up factors that nursing Institution location selection in Taiwan. And we constructed a decision model for investors or government as a reference to make the best decision under rationality and objectivity.In the example of study, It is getting all the weights of criterion, the more highly weights are medical service, future demand, Access barriers, transportation construction, strategy and demand of long-term care. In the future, the study offer to investors or government to making a good decision that is location selection of small-scale elderly nursing institution by criterion of higher weight.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
土木工程學研究所
102
This research uses an institution based view to explore how Taiwanese small and medium enterprises (SMEs) engage in real estate development in China and their strategy of choice in the recent 20 years. The main focus is the process of real estate development, which includes land acquisition, design and construction; and how the Taiwanese SMEs strive under the limitations imposed by the local Chinese government to remain competitive and successful. The target SMEs can be divided into two types, (1) those which mainly invest on other industries and engage in real estate development only to construct the infrastructure needed by the enterprise, and (2) those which engage in real estate development as a main investment and construct the infrastructure as a product for profit. The first part of the research process consists of applying institutional theory on six real world cases to examine the strategy of choice of Taiwanese SMEs when engaging in real estate development under the limitations of the Chinese government. The analysis will cover four different aspects, which include (1) the environmental limitations imposed by the Chinese government such as laws, policies, politics and people, and how these limitations vary throughout time; (2) the strategic objectives Taiwanese SMEs aim for, such as Networks and Capabilities, and how these objectives vary according to the changing environmental limitations; (3) the ownership types when entering the Chinese market under different environmental limitations; and (4) the five most suitable strategic responses for real estate development, referenced from fifteen real world cases listed in the literature, to address formal institutions and informal institutions and how these responses, namely comply, conceal, co-op, influence, and control, vary throughout time. The second part of the research process states the following three propositions based on the strategy of choice framework: (1) the combination of environmental limitations and strategic objectives; (2) the combination of environmental limitations and ownership types; (3) the combination of environmental limitations and strategic responses. These propositions use the environmental limitations as a basis to examine the strategic objectives, ownership types, and strategic responses of the Taiwanese SMEs, to propose how Taiwanese SMEs should engage in real estate development in countries with environmental limitations similar to China. The contributions of this research are (1) believe the institution based can be used to explain that strategic choice of companies engaged in real estate development; and (2) evidence of strategic choices made by Taiwanese SMEs when engaging in real estate development in China in the recent 20 years and forecast of possible strategic choices; and (3) a reference for other SMEs when planning to engage in real estate development in unfamiliar environments.

碩士
國立中興大學
企業管理學系所
100
In this study, we are going to explore Taiwanese firms’s entry mode choice and performance in Mainland China by using Transaction cost theory and Instituinoal theory. According to Investment Commission, MOEA, we select 1000 Taiwanese firms which have invested in China, and send the questionnaires to headquarter of firms. The valid questionnaires are 131, and the effective response rate is 12%. Through factor analysis、logistic regression、Two-Sample t Test to analyze the valid questionnaires. After the assay, we find that transaction cost 、country restrictions、investment risks、networking relations、mimetic behavior significantly influence fim’s entry mode choice in Mainland China. The findings mean that if Taiwanese firms face the high of transaction cost、country restrictions、investment risks、mimetic behavior, they tend to choose wholly-owned. In the other hand, specific asset and culture distance are not supported from our hypothesis. The last but not the least, the control variable：Industrial sector insignificantly influences firm’s entry mode choice and performance. Finally, our research would like to examine the firm’s performance by using integration framework of theory. If the firm’s entry mode choice is based on the integration of Transaction Cost theory and Institutional theory , the firm’s performance will better than those which choose the entry mode choice is not based on the integration of Transaction Cost theory and Institutional theory. The empirical results show that: whether subjective performance or objective performance, the firm’s entry mode choice in accordance with the integration of Transaction Cost theory and Institutional theory will better than those which choose the entry mode choice in accordance with the integration of Transaction Cost theory and Institutional theory.