Relevant bibliographies by topics / Fear

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Fear'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 25 July 2025

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles

Select a source type:

Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Fear.'

Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.

You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.

Journal articles on the topic "Fear"

1

O’g’li, Siddiqov Sardorbek Zafarjon. "Types of Adolescent Fears." European Journal of Higher Education and Academic Advancement 1, no. 1 (2023): 72–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.61796/ejheaa.v1i1.41.

Full text
Abstract:
Fear is a natural and useful companion throughout life. The study attempts to identify the fears of 15-year-olds. Fear of losing someone, fear of someone/something is the top category, followed by fear of death and worry about friends and family. Common fears come in second place, represented by fear of failure and fear of the future. The third largest category is the category of school-related fears. Differences in the emergence of fear are discussed depending on gender and developmental stage.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Papenfuss, Inka, and Brian D. Ostafin. "A preliminary comparison of fundamental fears related to anxiety." Journal of Experimental Psychopathology 12, no. 2 (2021): 204380872110076. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20438087211007601.

Full text
Abstract:
In the quest to uncover lower order processes that underlie anxiety disorders, researchers have proposed a number of fundamental fears, which are thought to represent fears of inherently aversive stimuli that can explain a number of higher order constructs such as more specific fears. In a recent theoretical article, Carleton narrowed the list of potential fundamental fears down to three candidates: fear of death, fear of pain, and fear of the unknown. Carleton proposes that fear of the unknown represents the primary fundamental fear, suggesting that unlike the other two, fear of the unknown i
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Smolyarchuk, Inessa V., Ekaterina D. Safonova, and Angelina S. Ivkina. "Features of fears expression among preschool children." Psychological-Pedagogical Journal GAUDEAMUS, no. 47 (2021): 94–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-231x-2021-20-1(47)-94-100.

Full text
Abstract:
The emotional sphere is significant for the mental and social development of preschool children. We consider the main causes of children’s fears; the role of parents in their appearance and consolidation. We analyze the features of actual fears in preschool children with mental retardation and normative development. The empirical study (the ascertaining stage) was performed on a sample of 31 subjects (6–7 years old) using diagnostic tools such as: technique of “Choosing the Most Terrible Picture” (T. V. Lavrentiev), test “Fears in Houses” (modified by M.A. Panfilova), projective method “My Fam
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Meierbachtol, Adam, Michael Obermeier, William Yungtum, et al. "Injury-Related Fears During the Return-to-Sport Phase of ACL Reconstruction Rehabilitation." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 8, no. 3 (2020): 232596712090938. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967120909385.

Full text
Abstract:
Background: Fear of reinjury is common after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) and often deters a return to preinjury sport participation. A better understanding of injury-related fear is needed to inform rehabilitation strategies. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to (1) identify individual fear-evoking tasks or situations, (2) compare the intensity and amount of change relative to other injury-related fears (reinjury, knee giving way, and knee pain) after completion of a return-to-sport training program, and (3) determine whether standardized questionnaires can
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Díez González, María del Carmen, and Rafael Marcos Sánchez. "The impact of fear in the post covid era." Journal of Neurology & Stroke 11, no. 6 (2021): 186–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/jnsk.2021.11.00484.

Full text
Abstract:
Feeling fear is involuntary, as it is often unconscious. However, there are other faces of fear that we can recognize and that are familiar to us. We go from real fears to unreal fears, from present fears to projective fears that are reinforced and mutate into other more complex situations that further reinforce our fear. The more we reinforce these thoughts the stronger our fear becomes. So, what is feeding our fear? How do we react to fear? Is it the desire to dodge the blow, to strike back, to attack it? Fear is a very powerful mechanism that should only be activated in dangerous situations
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Burkhardt, Käthe, Helene Loxton, and Peter Muris. "Fears and Fearfulness in South-African Children." Behaviour Change 20, no. 2 (2003): 94–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/bech.20.2.94.24837.

Full text
Abstract:
AbstractThe present study examined common childhood fears in 9- to 13-year-old South-African children (N = 404) from white, coloured, and black cultural groups. Fears were assessed by means of two methods — the fear list method and the Fear Survey Schedule for Children-Revised (FSSC-R). Results showed that fear rank orders as obtained with the fear list method were quite different from those derived from the FSSC-R. Furthermore, clear differences in fear levels were found among the three cultural groups. More specifically, coloured and black South-African children displayed significantly highe
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Kendler, K. S., C. O. Gardner, P. Annas, and P. Lichtenstein. "The development of fears from early adolesence to young adulthood: a multivariate study." Psychological Medicine 38, no. 12 (2008): 1759–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291708002936.

Full text
Abstract:
BackgroundCommon fears change over development. Genetic and environmental risk factors for fears are partly shared across fears and partly fear-specific. The nature of the changes in common and fear-specific genetic and environmental risk factors over time is unknown.MethodSelf-reported fears were obtained at ages 13–14, 16–17 and 19–20 from 2404 twins in the Swedish Twin Study of Child and Adolescent Development. A multivariate longitudinal twin analysis was conducted with Mx.ResultsEighteen individual items formed four fear factors: animal, blood-injury, situational, and social. The best-fit
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Lipp, Annalisa, Xiao Chi Zhang, Ekrem Dere, and Armin Zlomuzica. "The role of self-efficacy in specific fears." PLOS ONE 18, no. 3 (2023): e0283660. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283660.

Full text
Abstract:
Low self-efficacy for threatening stimuli and situations has been proposed as an important etiological factor in the development and maintenance of specific phobias. The present study examined the relationships between general self-efficacy (GSE), specific self-efficacy (SSE) and specific fears in a representative sample (n = 717). While GSE was associated with higher self-reported fear and avoidance, SSE (e.g. SSE in the presence of animal-related fear) was more related to specific fears. SSE turned out to be a significant predictor of specific fear even after controlling for trait anxiety, a
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Gorkovaya, Irina Alekseyevna. "Fears among children and overcoming them." Pediatrician (St. Petersburg) 5, no. 3 (2014): 128–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ped53128-133.

Full text
Abstract:
The article examines the fears of children, which are divided into three following groups: the “instinctive” fears (fear of death, death of relatives, fear of doctors, injections, etc.), fears of “interpersonal relations” (fear of being late, did not catch, fear of inability to cope with feelings, fear of disapproval from peers, etc.) and “technological” fears (fear of fire, fly a plane, explosions, etc.). According to the research of 2008- 2011, almost all children revealed a fear of losing their parents. Change is observed in the content side: children 4-6 years were afraid of losing their p
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Pysarchyk, Olena, Natalia Yamshynska, and Neonila Kutsenok. "UNDERSTANDING AND ADDRESSING STUDENTS’ FEARS IN ESL SPEAKING CLASSES: INSIGHTS FROM STUDENTS." Education. Innovation. Practice 13, no. 2 (2025): 88–93. https://doi.org/10.31110/2616-650x-vol13i2-012.

Full text
Abstract:
In language teaching and learning, there has been significant progress in understanding and addressing students' speaking fears, nevertheless, there are still several issues that need to be addressed. The article explores students’ fears in ESL classrooms and suggests strategies to manage those fears as impediments to learning progress. A survey was conducted with the aim of getting a comprehensive understanding of the most common fears of students, namely fear of making mistakes and being corrected, fear of speaking in class, and fear of falling behind in studies. The survey consisted of ques
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
More sources

Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Fear"

1

Nylocks, Karin Maria. "FEAR-PATHOLOGY ETIOLOGY: FEAR REACTIVITY, FEAR RECOVERY, AND REGULATORY RESOURCES." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1582126029109518.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Flessati, Eugene William. "The effects of anxious arousal on fear, fear reduction, and the return of fear." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/30577.

Full text
Abstract:
The purpose of this investigation was to examine the applicability of several habituation models to fear processes with special reference to the effects of anxious arousal on fear, fear reduction, and the return of fear. The effects of anxious arousal on self-efficacy expectations were also explored. Seventy-six female undergraduate students who reported a fear of snakes and met a minimum criterion of fear on a Behavioral Approach Test participated in the study. Subjects viewed a videotaped fear reduction program under either control or anxious arousal conditions. Fear and self-efficacy expect
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

McHenry, Shannon. "Sinful fear." Online full text .pdf document, available to Fuller patrons only, 2003. http://www.tren.com.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Soares, Sandra C. "Fear commands attention snakes as the archetypal fear stimulus? /." Stockholm, 2010. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2010/978-91-7409-824-2/.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Lakey, Holly. "The Grammar of Fear: Morphosyntactic Metaphor in Fear Constructions." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/20415.

Full text
Abstract:
This analysis explores the reflection of semantic features of emotion verbs that are metaphorized on the morphosyntactic level in constructions that express these emotions. This dissertation shows how the avoidance or distancing response to fear is mirrored in the morphosyntax of fear constructions (FCs) in certain Indo-European languages through the use of non-canonical grammatical markers. This analysis looks at both simple FCs consisting of a single clause and complex FCs, which feature a subordinate clause that acts as a complement to the fear verb in the main clause. In simp
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Donyo, Pema. "The Fear Factor: Determinants of Entrepreneurial Fear of Failure." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2017. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1670.

Full text
Abstract:
This thesis aims to investigate determinants of fear of failure in entrepreneurial activity that could inhibit starting a business. The study uses cross-sectional, pooled OLS, and panel regressions. The dependent variable is fear of failure regarding entrepreneurship, measured with the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) survey question of whether fear of failure would prevent the responder from starting a firm. The unit of analysis is at country level. I categorize determinants into demographic, property rights, and procedural variables. A population of higher working age ratio (measured as
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Roth, Cortes Rodolfo. "Nothing to fear but fear itself? : A qualitative study of men’s and women’s fear of crime." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Sociologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-32709.

Full text
Abstract:
The purpose of this study is to obtain a better understanding of what people fear might happen to them when being outside after dark. A lot of quantitative studies have been made on the subject of fear of crime to generalize and quantify people’s fears, but lacks any in-depth information about their fears and experiences. I have chosen to research about just that. Theories used are Doing gender and Ideal victims and I have interviewed 8 individuals about what they fear, why they fear it, where they think this fear comes from and other feeling and experiences associated with it. In my analysis
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Purkis, Helena Margaret. "Why do we fear what we fear? evidence for a learning based account of stimulus fear relevance /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2004. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe17989.pdf.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Doerksen, Mark D. "Fighting Fear with Fear: A Governmental Criminology of Peace Bonds." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/24224.

Full text
Abstract:
Peace bonds are a legal tool of governance dating back to 13th c. England. In Canada, a significant change in the application of peace bonds took place in the mid-1990s, shifting their purpose from governing minor disputes between individuals to allowing for persons who have not been charged with a crime to be governed as if they had. Given the legal test for a peace bond has always been the determination of ‘reasonable fear’, the advent of these ‘specialized’ peace bonds suggests that the object of reasonable fear has changed. Despite their lengthy history, peace bonds have limited coverag
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Vice, President Research Office of the. "Freedom from Fear." Office of the Vice President Research, The University of British Columbia, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/2698.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
More sources

Books on the topic "Fear"

1

Rybakov, Anatoliĭ Naumovich. Fear. Laurel, 1993.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Gates, R. Patrick. Fear. New American Library, 1988.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Orr, Tamra. Fear. Cherry Lake Publishing, 2017.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Ricci, Aníbal. Fear. Mosquito Comunicaciones, 2007.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

R, Marcos M. Moreno. Fear. [El Milagro], 2011.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Abbott, Jeff. Fear. Dutton, 2006.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Pascal, Francine. Fear. Simon Pulse, 2002.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Ron, Hubbard L. Fear. Bridge Publications, 1995.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Grant, Michael. Fear. Egmont, 2012.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Hicks, Zehra, and Rachel Rooney. Fears You Fear. American Psychological Association, 2023.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
More sources

Book chapters on the topic "Fear"

1

Boukalas, Christos. "Fear vs fear." In Biosecurity, Economic Collapse, the State to Come. Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003302988-10.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Gidron, Yori. "Fear and Fear Avoidance." In Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39903-0_1131.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Clemson, Lindy, J. Rick Turner, J. Rick Turner, et al. "Fear and Fear Avoidance." In Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine. Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9_1131.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Gidron, Yori. "Fear and Fear Avoidance." In Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine. Springer New York, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6439-6_1131-2.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Clemson, Lindy, J. Rick Turner, J. Rick Turner, et al. "Fear." In Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine. Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9_100641.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Chan, Jeffrey K. H. "Fear." In Urban Ethics in the Anthropocene. Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0308-1_6.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Roas, David. "Fear." In Behind the Frontiers of the Real. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73733-1_4.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Asquith, Glenn H. "Fear." In Encyclopedia of Psychology and Religion. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24348-7_9276.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Fairholm, Gilbert W. "Fear." In Management for Professionals. Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17154-8_10.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Verster, Joris C., Thomas M. Tzschentke, Kieran O’Malley, et al. "Fear." In Encyclopedia of Psychopharmacology. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68706-1_1491.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Conference papers on the topic "Fear"

1

Cvijanović, Drago, and Tamara Gajić. "THE INFLUENCE OF FEARS ON THE TRAVEL DECISION - COVID FEAR AGAINST MONEY FEAR." In The Sixth International Scientific Conference - TOURISM CHALLENGES AMID COVID-19, Thematic Proceedings. FACULTY OF HOTEL MANAGEMENT AND TOURISM IN VRNJAČKA BANJA UNIVERSITY OF KRAGUJEVAC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52370/tisc21232dc.

Full text
Abstract:
The American National Institute of Mental Health announced that 10% of the total adult population has some kind of phobia. With the appearance of the COVID - 19 infection, and the huge consequences it left behind, there is a growing fear of people deciding to travel. There is a growing fear of infection after a year, but also a fear of lack of money, at a time when protection measures have destroyed tourism and hospitality. About 6,000 experts, including many scientists from the UK, say Covid measures are physically and mentally harmful to health, as well as to the social environment and the e
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Sohn, Sung In. "The Fear." In SA '11: SIGGRAPH Asia 2011. ACM, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2077356.2425737.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

"FEAR IN POLITICAL COMMUNICATION: EMPHASIS ON FEAR OF UNKNOWN." In Psychological Applications and Trends 2025. inScience Press, 2025. https://doi.org/10.36315/2025inpact044.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Bergström, Jenny. "Fear and design; how can design impact on fear? How can design raise questions about fear?" In Nordes 2007: Design Inquiries. Nordes, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.21606/nordes.2007.041.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Iriye, Akira. "Misperception, Mistrust, Fear." In The Conflicts of the 20th Century and the Solutions for the 21st Century. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812795496_0010.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Carver, Harriet, Mike Stylianou, Sarah Regan, Marc Cohen, and Lucy Hepburn. "109 Deconstructing Fear." In GOSH Conference 2019, Care of the Complex Child. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2019-gosh.109.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Baskaran, Krutheeka, and Saji K. Mathew. "Danger vs Fear." In SIGMIS-CPR '20: 2020 Computers and People Research Conference. ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3378539.3393856.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Doupé, Adam, Bryce Boe, Christopher Kruegel, and Giovanni Vigna. "Fear the EAR." In the 18th ACM conference. ACM Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2046707.2046736.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Levy, Laura M., Maribeth Gandy, Rob Solomon, Anne Collins McLaughlin, Jason C. Allaire, and Laura A. Whitlock. "Fear of failure." In the International Conference. ACM Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2282338.2282405.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Younis, Awad, Yashwant Malaiya, Charles Anderson, and Indrajit Ray. "To Fear or Not to Fear That is the Question." In CODASPY'16: Sixth ACM Conference on Data and Application Security and Privacy. ACM, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2857705.2857750.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Reports on the topic "Fear"

1

Calvo, Guillermo, and Carmen Reinhart. Fear of Floating. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w7993.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Mitchener, Kris James, and Gary Richardson. Contagion of Fear. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w26859.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Jennifer L., Conyer. Encoding of Fear Memory in High and Low Fear Mice. Defense Technical Information Center, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada608690.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Jordà, Òscar, and Alan Taylor. The Carry Trade and Fundamentals: Nothing to Fear But FEER Itself. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w15518.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

McAdory, Robert T., and Jr. Cape Fear-Northeast Cape Fear River, North Carolina; Numerical Model Study. Defense Technical Information Center, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada384556.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Stulz, Rene. Should We Fear Derivatives? National Bureau of Economic Research, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w10574.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Treisman, Daniel. The Geography of Fear. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w16838.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Blanchflower, David, and Chris Shadforth. Fear, Unemployment and Migration. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w13506.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Karasavva, Vasileia. The Fear Factor: Fear Deficits in Psychopathy as an Index of Limbic Dysregulation. Journal of Young Investigators, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.22186/jyi.36.6.73-80.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Blanchflower, David. Fear, Unemployment and Pay Flexibility. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w3365.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
You might also be interested in the extended bibliographies on the topic 'Fear' for particular source types:
Journal articles Dissertations / Theses Books
We offer discounts on all premium plans for authors whose works are included in thematic literature selections. Contact us to get a unique promo code!

To the bibliography