Relevant bibliographies by topics / Fear-avoidance model

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
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Academic literature on the topic 'Fear-avoidance model'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 17 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Fear-avoidance model"

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Pincus, Tamar, Rob J. E. M. Smeets, Maureen J. Simmonds, and Michael J. L. Sullivan. "The Fear Avoidance Model Disentangled: Improving the Clinical Utility of the Fear Avoidance Model." Clinical Journal of Pain 26, no. 9 (November 2010): 739–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ajp.0b013e3181f15d45.

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Zdun-Ryżewska, Agata, and Krzysztof Basiński. "Fear avoidance model – review of selected reports." BÓL 17, no. 4 (January 6, 2017): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0009.7382.

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SUMMARY: Based on the bio-psycho-social approach, fear-avoidance model can be used in situations when somebody avoids movement because of fear of pain. This model can be applied in groups of patients with low back pain and musculoskeletal pain and explains how acute pain becomes chronic. A simple behavioral model of classical and operant conditioning that explains activity avoidance was developed into a more sophisticated, cognitive-behavioral fear-avoidance model, postulating the existence of a vicious circle that causes increasing disability of patients in chronic pain. The variables involved in this mechanism are catastrophizing, fear of activity, avoiding movement, increased distress and fear-avoidance beliefs. This article also presents some further improvements to the model that include pain intensity and motivational theory. A brief overview of tools used in research on fear-avoidance is also presented. It is recommended to take Fear Avoidance Model in to consideration when working with patients with no improvement and the risk of recurrent episodes of pain. Further studies are needed to empirically verify the fear-avoidance model.
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Crombez, Geert, Christopher Eccleston, Stefaan Van Damme, Johan W. S. Vlaeyen, and Paul Karoly. "Fear-Avoidance Model of Chronic Pain." Clinical Journal oF Pain 28, no. 6 (2012): 475–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ajp.0b013e3182385392.

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Vlaeyen, Johan W. S., Geert Crombez, and Steven J. Linton. "The fear-avoidance model of pain." PAIN 157, no. 8 (August 2016): 1588–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000574.

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Asmundson, Gordon JG, Melanie Noel, Mark Petter, and Holly A. Parkerson. "Pediatric Fear-Avoidance Model of Chronic Pain: Foundation, Application and Future Directions." Pain Research and Management 17, no. 6 (2012): 397–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/908061.

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The fear-avoidance model of chronic musculoskeletal pain has become an increasingly popular conceptualization of the processes and mechanisms through which acute pain can become chronic. Despite rapidly growing interest and research regarding the influence of fear-avoidance constructs on pain-related disability in children and adolescents, there have been no amendments to the model to account for unique aspects of pediatric chronic pain. A comprehensive understanding of the role of fear-avoidance in pediatric chronic pain necessitates understanding of both child/adolescent and parent factors implicated in its development and maintenance. The primary purpose of the present article is to propose an empirically-based pediatric fear-avoidance model of chronic pain that accounts for both child/adolescent and parent factors as well as their potential interactive effects. To accomplish this goal, the present article will define important fear-avoidance constructs, provide a summary of the general fear-avoidance model and review the growing empirical literature regarding the role of fear-avoidance constructs in pediatric chronic pain. Assessment and treatment options for children with chronic pain will also be described in the context of the proposed pediatric fear-avoidance model of chronic pain. Finally, avenues for future investigation will be proposed.
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Bagraith, Karl S., Jenny Strong, and Roland Sussex. "Disentangling Disability in the Fear Avoidance Model." Clinical Journal oF Pain 28, no. 3 (2012): 273–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ajp.0b013e3182273e47.

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Nieto, Rubén, Jordi Miró, and Anna Huguet. "The fear-avoidance model in whiplash injuries." European Journal of Pain 13, no. 5 (May 2009): 518–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpain.2008.06.005.

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Wilson, Anna C., Amy S. Lewandowski, and Tonya M. Palermo. "Fear-Avoidance Beliefs and Parental Responses to Pain in Adolescents with Chronic Pain." Pain Research and Management 16, no. 3 (2011): 178–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/296298.

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BACKGROUND: The fear-avoidance model of chronic pain posits that fear of pain is associated with fear and avoidance of activity, which can lead to deconditioning and persistence of pain and disability. Despite being well supported in adults, little is known about the role of fear-avoidance beliefs regarding physical activity in children. Research has shown that parental protectiveness contributes to activity limitations in children; however, no studies have examined relationships between protectiveness, and fear and avoidance.OBJECTIVES: To conduct a cross-sectional study to provide additional information regarding the reliability and validity of the Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire physical activity subscale among adolescents with chronic pain; examine fear-avoidance beliefs and depressive symptoms as concurrent predictors of physical activity limitations; and test competing models using fear-avoidance beliefs as mediators and moderators of the association between parental protectiveness and activity limitations.METHODS: Adolescents (n=42) 11 to 17 years of age with chronic pain completed questionnaires assessing pain intensity, fear-avoidance beliefs, depressive symptoms and physical activity limitations. Their parents completed questionnaires regarding protectiveness and adolescent activity limitations.RESULTS: The Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire physical activity subscale was useful for assessing fear-avoidance beliefs in the present population. In support of hypotheses, greater fear-avoidance beliefs were associated with greater activity limitations, above pain intensity and depressive symptoms. Support was found for fear-avoidance beliefs as mediators of the association between parental protectiveness and activity limitations. Tests of moderation were not significant.CONCLUSIONS: Fear-avoidance beliefs may be an important target for interventions focused on decreasing activity limitations in youth with chronic pain. Future research should investigate these associations longitudinally.
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Boselie, Jantine J. L. M., and Johan W. S. Vlaeyen. "Broadening the fear-avoidance model of chronic pain?" Scandinavian Journal of Pain 17, no. 1 (October 1, 2017): 176–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sjpain.2017.09.014.

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Moseley, Lorimer G. "A new direction for the fear avoidance model?" Pain 152, no. 11 (November 2011): 2447–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2011.06.024.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Fear-avoidance model"

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Wideman, Timothy Howard. "An empirical and theory-based evaluation of the fear avoidance model of pain." Thesis, McGill University, 2012. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=110386.

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Persistent pain and disability are commonly associated with musculoskeletal injury and can result in considerable personal suffering and societal burden. The Fear Avoidance Model provides a theoretical account of how pain-related disability develops, and has inspired a large body of research that aims to mitigate the negative consequences of musculoskeletal injury. While The Fear Avoidance Model is currently the leading theory of pain-related disability, there are several theoretical and empirical aspects of the model that have yet to be fully addressed; this manuscript-based thesis aims to explore these aspects. This thesis consists of five chapters: a general introduction, three empirical studies, and a general discussion. The general introduction provides a broad theoretical context for the three empirical studies. The studies included in this thesis aim to address two empirical gaps in the literature; the studies evaluate specific prospective relationships proposed by the Fear Avoidance Model, and assess alternate relationships among model-relevant variables. The general discussion provides a detailed exploration of various theoretical assumptions that are made within the Fear Avoidance Model that may help account for the observed findings.
La douleur et l'invalidité persistante sont souvent associées avec des blessures musculo-squelettiques et peuvent entrainer une souffrance personnelle majeure ainsi qu'un fardeau social considérable. Le Modèle Cognitivo-Comportemental de la Peur liée à la douleur (MCCP) donne un compte rendu théorique de la manière dont l'invalidité associée à la douleur se développe et a inspiré une grande partie de la recherche qui vise à atténuer les conséquences de blessures musculo-squelettiques. Tandis que le MCCP est la théorie de premier ordre sur l'invalidité associée à la douleur, plusieurs aspects théoriques et empiriques du modèle n'ont pas encore été pleinement adressés. Cette thèse vise à examiner ces aspects. Cette thèse consiste en cinq chapitres : une introduction générale, trois études empiriques et une conclusion générale. L'introduction présente le cadre théorique pour les trois études empiriques. Les études incluses dans cette thèse visent à combler deux lacunes empiriques ; les études évaluent des relations prospectives spécifiques proposées par le MCCP, et examinent les relations alternatives entre les variables pertinents au modèle. La discussion générale fournit une exploration détaillée de diverses hypothèses théoriques développées dans le MCCP qui peuvent aider à expliquer les résultats des trois études.
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Zhao, Jinling. "The Effects of Fear and Happiness on Intertemporal Decision Making: The Proposed Approach/Avoidance (Inhibition) Motivation Model." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1426718437.

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Rydvall, Helena, and Hanna Sinner. "Psychological Features and Symptom Burden of Endometriosis." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-75844.

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Rose, Michael John. "The prediction of outcome of an acute episode of low back pain using the Fear Avoidance Model of Exaggerated Pain Perception." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.386892.

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Giles, Clover. "A replicated, single case, feasibility study of group cognitive behavioural therapy+ for provoked vulvodynia." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-73359.

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Dalrymple, Savannah. "Development of Ethologically-Based Inhibitory Avoidance Models of Fear Memory." Scholar Commons, 2017. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6823.

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Translational research provides a unique opportunity to investigate innate and conditioned fear to develop an integrated understanding of anxiety disorders, ultimately improving treatment for those afflicted. Many fear conditioning paradigms use physically aversive stimuli to induce fear but ethological stimuli may better represent psychological disorders from a translational standpoint. Natural predators and immobilization have been successful in inducing both innate and contextually conditioned fear in rodents but an inhibitory avoidance paradigm that uses ethologically relevant stimuli has yet to be developed. To expand the use of these stimuli into inhibitory avoidance conditioning, an inhibitory avoidance paradigm was developed to include a range of ethologically relevant psychologically (predator exposure, physical restraint) and physically aversive stimuli (electric shock). Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were conditioned using a step-through inhibitory avoidance model to associate crossing between two compartments with the presentation of an aversive stimulus. Subjects were assessed for conditioned fear measured by crossing latency, freezing behavior and defecation during conditioning and a contextual memory test. Freezing behavior within the conditioning chamber remained constant throughout conditioning regardless of stimulus but all groups conditioned with an aversive stimulus showed significant increases in crossing latency both overtime and during the retention test compared to subjects that received no aversive stimulus after crossing, indicating that inhibitory avoidance conditioning was achieved. Significant increases in defecation were also observed for footshock and predator exposed animals and this effect was intensified by predator exposure, but only after repeated exposures. With this, both predator based and restraint-based variations of the inhibitory avoidance model (PBIA and RBIA, respectively) have been successfully established and have been shown to induce evidence of emotionality similar to those seen in traditional shock-based inhibitory avoidance (SBIA) models. Successful development of PBIA and RBIA expands the range of stimuli that can be used with conventional inhibitory avoidance models, allowing for investigation into topics that have yet to be addressed in inhibitory avoidance conditioning.
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Billson, John Henry. "Effect of an aggressive versus conservative, multi-modal rehabilitation programme on chronic lower back pain." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/29008.

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Low back pain has become one of the most influential musculoskeletal diseases of modern society. It is one of most expensive diseases in terms of medical costs and increased worker absenteeism, which can lead to permanent disability and places strain on the economy as a whole. Pain has been recognised as a disease in itself, which has certain consequences when it becomes chronic. Many kinds of treatment options exist with varying degrees of success. The question is thus which treatment option is the most favourable and cost-effective. Conservative treatment is the most recommended form of treatment when no serious underlying diseases are present. Exercise has been shown to be very effective in the treatment of chronic low back pain but there are still questions regarding the use of exercise therapy. The predetermined goal of the study was to ascertain whether an aggressiveprogressive exercise programme, and specifically what kind of exercises, would be more effective in the treatment of chronic low back pain. This was achieved through a number of steps, which included an extensive literature review, the identification of an appropriate test battery with related minimum physical requirements and cut scores, subject recruitment and screening of subjects, the implementation of the intervention and the subsequent re-testing of the subjects. Once the data was completed, the next step was to make use of two case studies to assist in illustrating the effectiveness of individual patients compared to the sample as a whole. These case studies were of patients who completed the entire programme but one took longer to complete the programme. This assists in illustrating the value of maintaining exercise protocol. The results from the present study are extremely positive. The two case studies provided a glimpse of the potential value that could be added through the implementation of more aggressive-progressive exercise interventions in the treatment of chronic low back pain. The final product will greatly assist exercise therapists concerned with the treatment of chronic low back pain along with cognitive-behavioural techniques. Hopefully this study will provide insight into managing chronic low back pain in South Africa from an exercise standpoint. Secondly the study will provide practical techniques to implement in an era in which economic difficulties are rife.AFRIKAANS: Laerugpyn het een van die invloedrykste muskuloskeletale siektes van die moderne samelewing geword. Dit is een van die duurste siektes in terme van mediese koste en verhoogde siekverlof deur werkers, wat kan lei tot permanente ongeskiktheid en ’n verhoogde las plaas op die ekonomie as ’n geheel. Pyn word erken as ’n siekte op sy eie wat sekere gevolge het wanneer dit chronies begin raak. Verskeie soorte behandelingsopsies is beskikbaar met variërende grade van sukses. Die vraag is dus watter behandelingsopsie is die bruikbaarste en koste-doeltreffendste. Konserwatiewe behandeling is die mees aanbevole metode van behandeling wanneer daar geen ernstige onderliggende siektetoestande teenwoordig is nie. Dit is reeds bewys dat oefening baie doeltreffend is in die behandeling van chroniese laerugpyn. Daar bestaan egter steeds vrae rondom die gebruik van oefening as terapie.Die vooropgestelde doelwit van die studie was om te bepaal of ’n aggressiewe-progressiewe inoefeningsprogram doeltreffend sal wees in die behandeling van chroniese laerugpyn, en meer spesifiek watter tipe oefening die doeltreffendste sal wees. Die navorsing het bestaan uit ’n paar stappe wat ingesluit het ’n intensiewe literatuursoektog, die identifisering van ’n gepaste toetsbattery met verwante minimum fisieke vereistes en afsnytellings, die verkryging en evaluering van proefpersone, die implementering van die intervensieprogram en die daaropvolgende hertoetsing van die proefpersone.Nadat die invordering van die data en die gepaardgaande analise van die data voltooi is, was die volgende stap om gebruik te maak van twee gevallestudies ten einde die doeltreffendheid van die intervensieprogram vir individuele proefpersone te ilustreer deur dit te vergelyk met die groep as ’n geheel. Die twee gevallestudies was van proefpersone wat die intervensieprogram volledig voltooi het, alhoewel die een proefpersoon langer geneem het om die intervensieprogram te voltooi. Dit help om die navolgingswaarde van ’n inoefeningsprotokol te illustreer. Die resultate van die huidige studie is uiters positief. Die twee gevallestudies gee ’n mate van insig wat betref die potensiële waarde wat verkry kan word deur die implementering van ’n meer aggressiewe-progressiewe inoefeningsintervensie vir die behandeling van chroniese lae rugpyn. Die finale produk sal die nodige ondersteuning aan oefeningsterapeute bied wat onseker is oor die behandeling van chroniese laerugpyn deur middel van aggressiewe-progressiewe inoefeningsintervensies en kognitiewe gedragstegnieke. Hierdie studie sal dus die begrip en insig van die behandeling van chroniese laerugpyn in Suid-Afrika verhoog vanuit ’n oefeningsuitgangspunt. Tweedens sal die studie die gebruik van praktiese oefentegnieke aanmoedig in ’n era waarin ekonomiese tye moeilik is.
Thesis (DPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2011.
Biokinetics, Sport and Leisure Sciences
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Books on the topic "Fear-avoidance model"

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Dunsmoor, Joseph E., and Rony Paz. Generalization of Learned Fear. Edited by Israel Liberzon and Kerry J. Ressler. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190215422.003.0004.

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Autonomic hyperarousal and avoidance in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can be triggered by a host of stimuli or situations that bear some similarity or association to the trauma event. As these triggers are often encountered in safe environments removed from the original trauma, this overgeneralization of fear and anxiety is a burden that can interfere with daily life. Recent efforts to understand the neurobiology of PTSD have relied on laboratory models of Pavlovian fear conditioning and extinction. This chapter reviews studies of fear generalization in animals and humans, which provide a valuable model to conceptualize the excessive fear generalization characteristic of PTSD.
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Liberzon, Israel, and Kerry Ressler, eds. Neurobiology of PTSD: From Brain to Mind. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190215422.001.0001.

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Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a maladaptive and debilitating psychiatric disorder characterized by an extreme sense of fear at the time of trauma occurrence, with characteristic re-experiencing, avoidance, and hyperarousal symptoms in the months and years following the trauma. PTSD can occur in up to 25% of subjects who have experienced severe psychological trauma, such as combat veterans, refugees, and assault victims. Why are some people resilient, whereas others develop debilitating PTSD? Notably, PTSD is among the most likely of psychiatric disorders to be understood from the perspective of environmental influences interacting with genetic vulnerability, since diagnosis requires a specific, highly traumatizing, fear-evoking experience. In addition, a large amount of evidence now supports a model in which PTSD can be viewed, in part, as a disorder of fear dysregulation. This is particularly exciting because the neural circuitry underlying fear behavior in mammals is among the most well-understood behavioral circuits in neuroscience. Further, the study of fear behavior and its underlying circuitry has led to rapid progress in understanding learning and memory processes. By combining molecular-genetic approaches with a mechanistic understanding of fear circuitry, great progress is possible in the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of PTSD. This book examines the basic neural mechanisms that mediate complex responses and adaptations to psychological trauma; it describes what is currently known about how these biological processes are impaired in individuals with PTSD, and how environmental exposure to trauma interacts with the brain to create the syndrome of PTSD.
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Van Damme, Stefaan, and Geert Crombez. A Motivational Perspective on Coping with Pain. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190627898.003.0012.

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Coping is one of the most commonly used concepts in the pain literature. Despite its popularity, it remains a broad and confusing concept that is often vaguely defined and poorly operationalized. This chapter presents a motivational model of coping that starts from the idea that pain’s interference with goal pursuit elicits negative affect, which in turn activates coping responses that may then proceed along 3 possible pathways: goal persistence, problem-solving, or goal adjustment. The chapter describes and illustrates these pathways and asserts that all three could be either adaptive or maladaptive, depending upon the nature of the context. It recasts several traditional concepts regarding pain coping, such as pain catastrophizing, fear-avoidance, endurance, pain-related attention, and acceptance, within this motivational perspective. It discusses the potential implications of adopting the motivational account of pain coping for clinical interventions such as exposure, attention management, and acceptance, as well as commitment therapy.
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Hasenbring, Monika I., and Hanne P. J. Kindermans. Avoidance and Endurance in Chronic Pain. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190627898.003.0008.

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This chapter focuses on two vexing aspects of coping with daily activities while experiencing pain—the tendency to avoid actions that are perceived as exacerbating the pain (avoidance), and the tendency to endure pain by persistent engagement in ongoing activities (endurance). Based on theoretical approaches such as the fear-avoidance and the avoidance-endurance models of pain, the chapter provides insights into the wide variety of cognitive, emotional, and behavioral pain responses that are related to an avoidant or endurance pain response style and aspects of dysfunctionality. Several specific response patterns are identified that mirror dysfunctional avoidance or endurance in addition to an adaptive pattern. The chapter provides preliminary evidence from both clinical and experimental research and is based on selected models of goal striving as conceptualized within a broad self-regulation perspective.
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Khouzam, Hani Raoul. Psychiatry and Chronic Pain. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199981830.003.0007.

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This chapter reviews some of the connections between psychiatry and chronic pain, highlighting the role that psychiatrists can play in diagnosing and treating chronic pain. Identifying and addressing the various psychiatric components of chronic pain can significantly contribute to successful rehabilitation, recovery, and improved overall functioning.Psychiatric models (gate control, diathesis/stress, biopsychosocial–spiritual approaches, cognitive-behavioral transactional and cognitive-behavioral fear avoidance) are described to provide a theoretical basis for understanding the development and the clinical management of chronic pain.This chapter also describes how psychiatrists can collaborate with primary care providers in managing chronic pain within the framework of multidisciplinary treatment teams.It is important for healthcare professionals, regulators, law enforcement personnel, and legislators to identify the connection between psychiatry and chronic pain in the context of its diagnosis, management, and treatment.
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Book chapters on the topic "Fear-avoidance model"

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Goubert, Liesbet, Geert Crombez, and Johan W. S. Vlaeyen. "Muscle Pain, Fear-Avoidance Model." In Encyclopedia of Pain, 1963–66. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28753-4_2531.

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van’t Hof, Sophie, Arja Rydin, Jan Treur, and Paul Enzlin. "An Adaptive Computational Fear-Avoidance Model Applied to Genito-Pelvic Pain/Penetration Disorder." In Brain Informatics, 3–15. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59277-6_1.

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"Fear-Avoidance Model." In Encyclopedia of Pain, 1272. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28753-4_200798.

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"Fear-Anxiety-Avoidance Model." In Encyclopedia of Pain, 1272. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28753-4_200795.

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Rothbaum, Barbara Olasov, Edna B. Foa, and Elizabeth A. Hembree. "Session 2." In Reclaiming Your Life from a Traumatic Experience: Workbook, 25–44. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780195308488.003.0004.

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Chapter 4 details the second session of the treatment program, including a discussion about common reactions to trauma (fear and anxiety, reexperiencing the trauma, increased arousal, avoidance, anger, guilt, grief and depression, negative self-image, suffering relationships, and alcohol or drug use), examples of in vivo exposure, an introduction to Subjective Units of Discomfort (SUDS), in vivo hierarchy construction, safety considerations, in vivo assignments, and the model of gradual in vivo exposure.
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Oruh, Emeka Smart. "The Role of Technology Acceptance Model in Strengthening Business Positioning." In Corporate Social Responsibility and Strategic Market Positioning for Organizational Success, 117–55. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5409-7.ch005.

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Technology acceptance model (TAM)—new media—has been widely viewed as a veritable medium for innovating businesses, specifically business positioning. However, organizations are hardly adopting it due to fear of losing control of information flow and cyber-attack, which has intensified and taken mutative dimensions recently. Although numerous studies have explored TAM, they have largely focused on users' perception of the system's usefulness, ease of use, intention to use, and the actual use, while leaving out the strategic implications of such business practice. Thus, relying on thematic textual analysis of interview data drawn from 41 respondents, this chapter empirically investigates how selected ICT firms in Nigeria are behaving towards TAM- new social media. Consequently, the study proposes that rather than dwell on avoidance model, following associated risks, TAM can be securely and effectively integrated to help stimulate business positioning: market positioning, market leadership, customer intimacy-relationship, and competitive advantage for organizational success.
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Starcevic, MD, PhD, Vladan. "Specific Phobias." In Anxiety Disorders in Adults. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195369250.003.0009.

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Specific phobias (also referred to as simple phobias and isolated phobias) represent a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by excessive and/or irrational fear of one of relatively few and usually related objects, situations, places, phenomena, or activities (phobic stimuli). The phobic stimuli are either avoided or endured with intense anxiety or discomfort. People with specific phobias are aware that their fear is unreasonable, but this does not diminish the intensity of the fear. Rather, they are quite distressed about being afraid or feel handicapped by their phobia. Specific phobias are frequently encountered in the general population, but they are relatively uncommon in the clinical setting. Most phobias have a remarkable tendency to persist, prompting an assumption that they cannot be easily extinguished because of their ‘‘purpose’’ to protect against danger. Specific phobias are deceptively simple, as they are easy to describe and recognize but often difficult to understand. There are several conceptual problems and a number of issues associated with specific phobias:… 1. Where are the boundaries of specific phobias? How can we develop better criteria on the basis of which specific phobia could be distinguished as a psychiatric disorder from fears and avoidance considered to be within the realm of ‘‘normality?’’ 2. How can specific phobias be taken seriously by both the sufferers and clinicians? 3. In view of the considerable differences between various types of specific phobias, should they continue to be grouped together? 4. Should specific phobias be grouped on the basis of whether they are driven by fear or disgust? 5. In view of its unique features, should the blood-injection-injury type of specific phobia be given a separate psychopathological, diagnostic, and nosological status? 6. Considering a significant overlap between situational phobias and agoraphobia, should they be grouped together, along a hypothetical situational phobia/agoraphobia spectrum? 7. What is the relationship between specific phobias and other psychopathology? Are they relatively isolated from other disorders, both cross-sectionally and longitudinally, or should they more appropriately be conceptualized as a predisposition to or a risk factor for some psychiatric conditions? 8. How specific are pathways that lead to specific phobias? 9. Has the dominant treatment model for specific phobias, based on exposure therapy, exhausted its potential? Is the tendency for specific phobias to persist adequately addressed by treatments derived from learning theory?
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Murray, Karen E., Orion P. Keifer, Kerry J. Ressler, Seth Davin Norrholm, and Tanja Jovanovic. "Neurobiology and Treatment of PTSD." In Neurobiology of Mental Illness, edited by Kerry J. Ressler, 662–72. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199934959.003.0049.

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Experiencing an extremely traumatic event, such as combat or violent assault can lead to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the fourth most common psychiatric diagnosis. It is defined by reexperiencing, hyperarousal, and avoidance symptom clusters following an event that elicited fear, helplessness, or horror. As a disorder which is in part explained by disruption of normal fear regulation, it provides a particularly interesting and exciting intersection of the molecular neurobiology of fear processing that is being rapidly understood in animal models. This chapter reviews some aspects of convergence from preclinical studies with human neuroimaging, neurophysiology, and genetic approaches as well as current and new treatment approaches.
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"The Neurotic Paradox: Attempts by Two-Factor Fear Theory and Alternative Avoidance Models to Resolve the Issues Associated With Sustained Avoidance Responding in Extinction." In Handbook of Contemporary Learning Theories, 571–608. Psychology Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781410600691-20.

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"the unpleasant 31–2; and showing ‘going native’ 185–6; impact of 172; ‘bottle’ 30–1, 34–7; and special interest in process of 92–3; status 31; and volatility of emotions interview roles in 98–9; 28 involvement/subjectivity 93–7; professional danger 6–7, 8, 68–9, long-term consequences 43; and 168–9; and acceptability of minimisation of threat 63, 70; and research/methodology 20–1; networking 89–90, 202; nomadic defined 20; and extremism 158–60; 52–3; as non-neutral act 143–4; as insidious 23; and power normative model 93; and relationships 21–2; and publication permanency of employment 68–9; 22–3 and position of ‘stranger within’ psychological danger 184–6 105; and presentation of Punch, M. 28 auto/biography 106–8, 109–10; about private/personal issues 97; race 199 200; groups 19; research into relationships 97–100, 105; and 179; socially constructed concept of self/other equation 99–100; and 175 solidarity with group being studied Racialists 148, 150, 152, 153, 154, 36–7; solitary nature of 88, 89, 120, 156, 157, 158, 159, 162 126, 145, 156, 202; sub-aqua 55; Ramazanoglu, C. 95 support structures for 103–4, 118, Ramsay, K. 104 125, 128–9, 130, 145, 202; Reiner, R. 28, 31, 34 vulnerability in 63–4 religious festival see Santo Domingo Resistance Records 176 festival Ribbens, J. 92, 94, 95, 98; and Renzetti, C.M. and Lee, R.M. 61 Edwards, R. 95 research: academic validity/reliability Richardson, J.T. 150, 151, 152 149, 158–60, 163; and risk society 9–10 accountability 178–9; analysis of risk/danger: assessment of 201–2; data 149–50; and concern for avoidance of 198; awareness of 198; participant 116; cultural construction of 186–9; contamination/escape 126–7; cross-fluidity of 181, 182–4, 203–4; cultural 132; as danger 189–92; and gendered aspects 199; as integral danger of exploitation 105; and part of fieldwork 194; notions of dangerous fieldwork 115–18; 194–5; as pedagogy 181–2, 192–4; distance/denial 121–3; emotional and placement of actor 188–9; and experience in 114–15; enduring researcher/participant distinction fieldwork 29–32; 197, 199; shifting notions of 181, ethnomethodologically-inspired 184–6; and time 187–8; as 46–7; and experience of fear 33–7, worthwhile 198–200; see also danger 40–1; and funding for 69, 89; and Roedinger, D. 175." In Danger in the Field, 220. Routledge, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203136119-41.

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