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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Fear of abandonment

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Academic literature on the topic 'Fear of abandonment'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 8 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Fear of abandonment"

1

Palihawadana, Venura, Jillian H. Broadbear, and Sathya Rao. "Reviewing the clinical significance of ‘fear of abandonment’ in borderline personality disorder." Australasian Psychiatry 27, no. 1 (November 7, 2018): 60–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1039856218810154.

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Objectives: To review and highlight the clinical significance of the symptom ‘fear of abandonment’ in borderline personality disorder (BPD). Methods: A systematic search of the literature was conducted using MEDLINE and PubMed, employing search terms including ‘fear of abandonment’, ‘borderline personality disorder’ and ‘rejection’. The most relevant English-language articles and books were selected for this review. Results: Fear of abandonment is widely recognised as a core symptom in BPD; a biopsychosocial explanation for the occurrence of the symptom is presented. While fear of abandonment may differ in its clinical presentation, it has a significant impact on therapeutic engagement, suicidal behaviour and non-suicidal self-injury, clinical management and prognosis. Most evidence based psychotherapies for BPD address the phenomenon of fear of abandonment; however, the lack of specifically targeted treatment interventions is disproportionate to its prominence and clinical significance. Conclusions: Given its defining role in BPD, we recommend fear of abandonment as an important subject of future research and a specific therapy target.

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PATTON, CYNTHIA J. "Fear of Abandonment and Binge Eating." Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 180, no. 8 (August 1992): 484–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005053-199208000-00002.

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Joshi, Shashank. "Fear of abandonment: Australia in the world since 1942." International Affairs 93, no. 6 (November 1, 2017): 1502–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ia/iix203.

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O'Boyle, C., C. Robertson, and M. Secor-Turner. "Nurses' beliefs about a bioterrorism event: Fear of abandonment." American Journal of Infection Control 33, no. 5 (June 2005): e47-e48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2005.04.048.

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O'Boyle, Carol, Cheryl Robertson, and Molly Secor-Turner. "Nurses' beliefs about public health emergencies: Fear of abandonment." American Journal of Infection Control 34, no. 6 (August 2006): 351–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2006.01.012.

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Good, Linda. "Addressing Hospital Nurses' Fear of Abandonment in a Bioterrorism Emergency." AAOHN Journal 55, no. 12 (December 2007): 493–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/216507990705501203.

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Romaniuk, Liana, Merrick Pope, Katie Nicol, Douglas Steele, and Jeremy Hall. "Neural correlates of fears of abandonment and rejection in borderline personality disorder." Wellcome Open Research 1 (December 29, 2016): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.10331.1.

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Background: Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a prevalent and disabling psychiatric condition commonly associated with early life adversity. Social difficulties are a prominent symptom of BPD, particularly a fear of abandonment and rejection. There has recently been a growing interest in the neural basis of these social symptoms and their relationship to early experience. Methods: In the current study, we examined social brain function and learning in BPD using functional MRI. Participants with BPD (n=20) and healthy controls (n=16) completed a computerized parametric social exclusion task (the “Cyberball” task). Brain activation was compared between groups and related to social symptom status and experiences of childhood trauma. Additional analyses were conducted using a reinforcement learning model treating social inclusion as a rewarding event. Results: Participants with BPD demonstrated a group effect of decreased right temporoparietal junction (TPJ) activation (p < 0.013, FWE-corrected). Increased fear of abandonment in BPD was associated with reduced inclusion-related activation of the inferior frontal gyrus (p = 0.003, FWE-corrected). Across all participants, TPJ inclusion-related activation was modified by prior experience of childhood physical neglect (p < 0.001, FWE-corrected). Reinforcement learning modelling revealed decreased midbrain responses to social inclusion in BPD participants (p = 0.028, FWE-corrected within midbrain mask), with decreased anticipatory midbrain activation in anticipation of social inclusion specifically associated with fears of abandonment (p = 0.019, FWE-corrected within a midbrain mask). Conclusions: The findings demonstrate alterations in social brain function and social reinforcement learning in BPD, which are influenced by both early life experience and symptom status.

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Stanley, Karen J. "The Healing Power of Presence: Respite From the Fear of Abandonment." Oncology Nursing Forum 29, no. 6 (January 1, 2002): 935–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1188/02.onf.935-940.

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Willis, Malachi, and Rosemery O. Nelson-Gray. "Borderline personality disorder traits and sexual compliance: A fear of abandonment manipulation." Personality and Individual Differences 117 (October 2017): 216–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.06.012.

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김영준. "Appeasing the Fear of Abandonment in Asymmetric Alliances: The ROK-US Alliance Case." Journal of Eurasian Studies 11, no. 4 (December 2014): 79–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.31203/aepa.2014.11.4.005.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Fear of abandonment"

1

Zerubavel, Noga. "Restricted Awareness in Intimate Partner Violence: The Effect of Childhood Sexual Abuse and Fear of Abandonment." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1373037701.

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Miranda, O'Shea Flavia. "A Psychoanalytic Interpretation : Jay Gatsby’s Id, Superego, Ego, and Core Issues." Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Fakulteten för lärarutbildning, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-20170.

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The present essay attempts a psychoanalytic interpretation of F. Scott Fitzgerald’s Jay Gatsby’s id, superego, ego, and core issues. The first stage of the paper offers an analysis of Gatsby’s id, superego and ego; and finds that the id largely rules his behaviour, with few instances where the ego takes control and manifests the superego. The second stage proposes that three psychoanalytic core issues are identifiable in the character of Gatsby: fear of abandonment, low self-esteem and insecure or unstable sense of self. Through the lens of Psychoanalytic Criticism, the present essay looks at fictional literature in order to gain insight into the human psyche, in hopes of discussing and spreading awareness about mental health.

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Judkins, Wayne A. "Abandonment Fears in Persons with Alzheimer's at Adult Day Care Centers." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/10029.

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In my research, I examined abandonment fears in persons with Alzheimer's disease at the Salem Veterans Affairs adult day care center. I observed fifty hours at the center, and conducted open-ended interviews with two of the participants and their respective caregivers. These two participants (Ellen and Opel) at the center expressed abandonment fears much more frequently than any of the other participants. I found that most of the time, these two women would express their abandonment fears in the form of repetitive questions about going home. Staff used two different methods to deal with the problem: 'reassurance by fact' and redirection. The staff was divided as to the efficacy of their methods and whether more frequent attendance would help Ellen and Opel to adjust to the center. Some participants were bothered by the their constant questions, while others were not. Using an existing attachment questionnaire, Ellen's daughter classified her mother as having an avoidant attachment style, but Opel's daughter classified her mother as having secure attachment. Although Ellen's behavior at the center fit with the description of a person with avoidant attachment (e.g., extreme self-reliance, activity disturbance), Opel's fearful nature did not suggest that she had a secure attachment style as her daughter believed.
Master of Science

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Daelman, Sacha. "Influence du monde affectif et interpersonnel de l’individu dans la relation entre la dépendance, l’automutilation et ses fonctions." Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/18489.

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L’objectif de cette thèse est de jeter un éclairage sur ce qui influence une personne, ayant peur d’être abandonnée, à s’automutiler. Les modèles psychologiques des relations d’objet et de l’attachement ont montré empiriquement que la peur de l’abandon, via les concepts de l’anxiété d’attachement et de la dépendance, est associée à l’automutilation. Cependant, la nature de cette relation n’a jamais été approfondie. Après avoir défini et mis en contexte la notion d’automutilation, une explication théorique est proposée à l’aide des approches des relations d’objet, de l’attachement et de l’évitement expérientiel des fonctions de l’automutilation, afin de mieux comprendre ce qui influencerait une personne dépendante à s’automutiler. La présente thèse suggère que les individus dépendants et ayant peur d’être abandonnés s’automutileraient afin de gérer leurs émotions négatives liées à la perception d’un abandon, d’une séparation ou d’un rejet. Cette influence de l’automutilation se ferait, théoriquement, à travers des fonctions de régulation intrapersonnelle et interpersonnelle, telles que la régulation affective, l’autopunition et l’influence interpersonnelle, mais également par une fonction d’évitement de l’autonomie. Ces fonctions permettraient de préserver les représentations internes d’une relation de dépendance et ainsi réduire les sentiments subjectifs de l’abandon. Pour appuyer empiriquement ces propositions, 58 participants consultant en clinique externe de psychologie ont, entre autres, complété le Questionnaire des expériences dépressives (DEQ), l’Inventaire d’énoncés sur l’automutilation (ISAS) et l’Entrevue diagnostique révisée pour les troubles limites de la personnalité (DIB-R). Les résultats montrent qu’une dépendance, de type anaclitique, et la fréquence de l’automutilation sont associées et que leur relation peut s’expliquer par les effets médiateurs des difficultés sur les plans affectifs et interpersonnels. En outre, la dépendance anaclitique apparaît être liée spécifiquement à différentes fonctions de l’automutilation, soit symboliser la détresse interne, l’antidissociation, l’influence interpersonnelle ainsi que l’évitement de l’autonomie. Ces résultats suggèrent que la dépendance anaclitique favorise l’expérience de difficultés affectives et interpersonnelles qui augmentent la fréquence de l’automutilation. En outre, ils suggèrent que l’automutilation, associée à ce type de dépendance, servirait à réguler des états affectifs internes, influencer l’environnement interpersonnel et éviter l’autonomie. Quant à elles, la régulation affective et l’autopunition sont présentes chez une majorité des personnes qui s’automutilent, sans égard à leur niveau de dépendance. Ainsi, si ces fonctions sont bien liées théoriquement à la dépendance derrière l’automutilation de certains individus, les analyses rappellent qu’elles contribuent également à l’automutilation chez des personnes n’ayant pas de crainte particulière de l’abandon.
The objective of this thesis is to shed light on what may lead a dependent person who fears abandonment to engage in self-injury. Psychological models of object relations and attachment have shown that self-injury is empirically associated with fear of abandonment via dependency and attachment anxiety. However, the nature of this relationship has yet to be thoroughly explained. Having defined and contextualised self-injury, a theoretical explanation is proposed through object relations, attachment and experiential avoidance functions of self-injury, all with the goal of better understanding what can influence a dependent individual to self-injure. This thesis suggests that individuals who are dependent and afraid of being abandoned might use self-injury to regulate negative emotions associated with their perception of abandonment, separation or rejection. Theoretically, this influence of self-injury could occur through intrapersonal and interpersonal functions, such as affect regulation, self-punishment and interpersonal influence, as well as autonomy avoidance. These functions might serve to protect internal representations of dependence and thus, reduce subjective feelings of abandonment. To test these theoretical proposals, 58 outpatient participants completed, among other measures, the Depressive Experiences Questionnaire (DEQ), the Inventory of Statements About Self-Injury (ISAS) and the Revised Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines (DIB-R). Results showed a relationship between anaclitic neediness and self-injury frequency, which was explained by mediator effects of both affective and interpersonal problems. Furthermore, this type of dependency was found to be specifically associated with marking distress, anti-dissociation, interpersonal influence and autonomy avoidance functions of self-injury. These findings suggest that anaclitic neediness favours the experience of affective and interpersonal difficulties, which in turn increase the frequency of self-injury. Results also suggested that self-injury associated with this type of dependency might serve to regulate internal affective states, to influence the interpersonal environment and to avoid autonomy. Affect regulation and self-punishment functions were endorsed by the majority of individuals who self-injured, regardless of their level of dependence. While these two functions are associated in theory to dependency issues that underpin self-injury for some individuals, analyses indicated that these functions also contribute to self-injury behaviour in people who do not fear abandonment specifically.

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Books on the topic "Fear of abandonment"

1

Black, Claudia. Changing course: Healing from loss, abandonment, and fear. 2nd ed. Center City, Minn: Hazelden, 2002.

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Changing Course: Healing from Loss, Abandonment, and Fear. Central Recovery Press, 2019.

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Changing Course: Healing from Loss, Abandonment and Fear. 2nd ed. M A C Pub, 1999.

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Skeen, Michelle. Love me, don't leave me: Overcoming fear of abandonment & building lasting, loving relationships. 2014.

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STUDIO, Hamatea PUBLISHING, and Laurance Rosemberg. Anxiety in Relationship: A Step-By-Step Therapy for Couples to Overcome Anxiety, Insecurity, Fear of Abandonment, Jealousy, Attachment, and Conflicts. Including Proven Exercises. Independently Published, 2020.

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Bennett, Logan. Anxiety in Relationship: The Easiest Way to Eliminate Fear of Abandonment, Insecurity, Negative Thinking and Jealousy to Overcome Couple Conflicts and Improve Communication Between Partners. Independently Published, 2020.

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Reyes, Beverly. Insecure in Love: Learn to Cultivate Empathy and Security in Relationships. How to Cure and Manage Anxious Attachment and Those Behaviors That Trigger Jealousy, Anxiety, and Fear of Abandonment. Independently Published, 2020.

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MILLER, Theresa. Anxiety in Relationship: How to Eliminate Negative Thinking, Jealousy, Attachment and Overcome Couple Conflicts. Insecurity and Fear of Abandonment Often Cause Irreparable Damage Without a Therapy - Help Yourself Understanding Your Partner. Independently Published, 2019.

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9

Weiner, Mark A., and Herbert L. Malinoff. Revising the Treatment Plan and/or Ending Pain Treatment (DRAFT). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190265366.003.0018.

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This chapter describes specifically the population with chronic non-malignant pain whose illness is described as “opioid treatment failures,” perhaps 75% of the total. It addresses one of the most difficult questions in the management of comorbid pain and addiction: termination of opioid therapy. It begins by defining the problem for each patient in terms of strata of risk, and then describes the opioid discontinuation process in both outpatient medical offices and hospital settings. Timelines for discontinuation, including of benzodiazepines, are discussed, as well as the place of buprenorphine during taper or withdrawal. Both the fear of abandonment and the requirement for long-term aftercare are addressed, consistent with psychosocial principles generally accepted for the management of all chronic conditions.

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Baile, Walter F., and Patricia A. Parker. Breaking bad news. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198736134.003.0012.

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Bad news is any information that adversely and seriously changes the patient’s and family’s view of the future. Factors that influence disclosure include the type of communication (e.g. diagnosis, treatment failure, medical error disclosure), cultural, ethnic and family factors, and clinician attitudes and skills. Patients in general wish to have as much information as possible, but important individual and situational differences exist. Disclosure can help patients and families cope and initiate appropriate goals of care. Barriers to giving bad news include lack of training, fear of one’s own and patient/family emotions, and concerns about destroying hope. While best practice guidelines exist, effective training using simulation, coaching, and practice is sporadic. Dealing with emotions (both the clinician’s and patient/family’s) are difficult challenges, and defensive behaviours such as avoidance of discussions, premature reassurance, and patient abandonment prove common. Controlled clinical trials of teaching bad news reveal that skills can be acquired.

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Book chapters on the topic "Fear of abandonment"

1

Cundy, Linda. "Fear of abandonment and angry protest: understanding and working with anxiously attached clients." In Anxiously Attached, 1–30. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429471889-1.

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Brüne, Martin. "Anxiety disorders." In Textbook of Evolutionary Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, 195–206. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780198717942.003.0011.

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Anxiety disorders comprise a group of syndromes that revolve around fear or worry elicited by specific situations and objects (i.e. phobias), or occurring independently of specific triggers (general anxiety disorder). They are accompanied by autonomic nervous system activation, including sweating, tachycardia, tremor, and nausea. Avoidance of the precipitating stimulus is typical. Anxiety disorders occur in response to perceived danger or threat. Accordingly, flight or freezing may follow. At the cognitive level, anxiety disorders are associated with increased uncertainty about future threats, and at the emotional level with feelings of uncontrollability and unpredictability. Like depression, anxiety disorders are concerned with harm avoidance and defence. Fear and anxiety are among the most common evolutionarily conserved emotions. Following the analogy of the smoke detector, thresholds for fear responses are low, which may explain why so many false alarms occur. Threshold-lowering factors include impending abandonment or the perception of social threat.

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Crépon, Marc, and James Martel. "Freedom." In Murderous Consent, 75–108. Fordham University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823283750.003.0004.

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This chapter examines the most recurrent, extensive, and disturbing form of vulnerability in the world: famine. While Europe imposes production quotas to boost agricultural prices, others, beyond Europe's borders, die of hunger on a massive scale. Famine epitomizes the axiom according to which the world is without meaning if people make exceptions to the assistance they bring to the vulnerable and mortal other. In other words, because there is no more extreme form of abandonment than consigning others to ineluctable death, famine divests globalization of any possible meaning—other than consent to mass murder. The chapter then looks at the depiction of famine in the works of Vasily Grossman and Emmanuel Levinas. Famine reduces freedom to powerlessness in two ways. First, famine is an element in the arsenal of weapons that tyrants count on to subdue freedom. It cultivates fear and in the end suffocates all resistance. Moreover, famine turns most of those whom it spares into spectators, passive witnesses, and even accomplices in the abandonment that it reveals. What is each and everyone's freedom worth if it proves incapable of assisting the hungry—if freedom proclaims that it is powerless, that famine is not its concern or responsibility, but instead the fault of a climate, of governments, of globalization?

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Narang, Vipin. "France." In Nuclear Strategy in the Modern Era. Princeton University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691159829.003.0006.

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This chapter traces the contours of France's nuclear postures over time. During the Cold War and after, France adopted an asymmetric escalation posture—though for very different reasons in the two periods. During the Cold War, France's geopolitical position and its fear of American abandonment in the event of a conflict pushed France toward an asymmetric escalation posture for strictly security reasons. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, however, France enjoyed a more benign security environment. It was then faced with a choice: it could scale back its nuclear force posture toward an assured retaliation posture to deter conflict and coercion at the nuclear level, or it could continue to adopt an asymmetric escalation posture as a hedge to deter future potential conventional threats. France has since opted to maintain an independent asymmetric escalation posture.

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Lane, Belden C. "Fear: The Maze in Canyonlands and John of the Cross." In Backpacking with the Saints. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199927814.003.0019.

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It’s one thing to wake up in the middle of the night to an imagined terror. It’s another thing to be wide awake and feel the hand of fear creeping up your spine. Camping alone one winter night above Ghost Ranch in New Mexico, I heard (or did I dream I heard?) scratching on the wall of the tent and the heavy breathing of an animal outside in the snow. I was so frightened I couldn’t voice the scream stifled in my throat. Or was it in my dream that I wasn’t able to make any sound? On waking I wasn’t sure what had or hadn’t happened—or whether it was all in my mind. An even more uncanny experience came on another moonlit night in the depths of the Maze in Canyonlands National Park in southeast Utah. A friend and I had walked a mile down the canyon from our campsite, under the shadow of the towering walls within that vast winding labyrinth. Hiking in the light of a full moon without flashlights, we felt a sense of wild, animal abandonment. With reckless exuberance we’d been howling like wolves at the moon. But then we found ourselves standing before a canyon wall covered with ancient figures painted by archaic artists some two thousand years ago. These were spirit beings standing vigil—long, ethereal shadows hovering on the surface of the rock. Whether they were guarding, witnessing, or offering protection, I didn’t know. But in the hollowed-out world of moonlight and shadow that formed the Maze, I sensed the presence of something I couldn’t name. It’s a place about as far away from other people as you can get in the lower forty-eight, yet for an instant I had an uncanny awareness of a finger lightly touching me on the back of the neck. I’d been taken into a profoundly deeper meaning of fear. Three days earlier we had driven seven hours from the Hite Marina on Lake Powell along a tortuous dirt road, part of the old Flint Trail. It was a belly-scraping, wheel-spinning, bronco-twisting ride, with hairpin turns around huge boulders and narrow rocky ledges.

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Hurst, Steven. "2009–15: Obama and the Road to the JCPOA." In The United States and the Iranian Nuclear Programme, 190–245. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9780748682638.003.0006.

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Obama introduced significant changes to US policy that brought ambitions more effectively into line with the means available to achieve them. He secured more effective multilateral cooperation from key states, which in turn enabled him to impose more effective coercion. Of equal importance, however, was his abandonment of the demand that Iran give up the fuel cycle. That decision was driven by his recognition that continued enrichment was non-negotiable as far as Tehran was concerned and his fear that the alternative to acknowledging that would be military conflict. There would have been no JCPOA, however, without parallel changes inside Iran. After eight years of dominance by Iranian hard liners, the 2013 election saw Hassan Rouhani returned to office. Obama's concession on enrichment created the political space for him to pursue a negotiated solution while Iran's economic problems and growing legitimacy crisis persuaded the Supreme Leader to support him in doing so. A nuclear agreement was finally reached as a result of smarter diplomacy on the part of the USA, the exhaustion of coercive options short of war, and domestic political changes on both sides, but especially in Iran.

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Busch, Fredric N., Barbara L. Milrod, Cory K. Chen, and Meriamne B. Singer. "Phase 3." In Trauma Focused Psychodynamic Psychotherapy, 105–18. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780197574355.003.0008.

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This chapter highlights the importance of the termination phase to the practice of TFPP. Attachment dysregulation and feelings of abandonment and rage come to the fore within the therapeutic relationship during termination. Careful handling of this process is crucial in helping the PTSD patient move past symptoms to effect therapeutic change. Issues that commonly arise during termination are feelings of loss and mourning, anxiety surrounding separations, aggravation of mistrust and anger, and fantasies and fears of helplessness. Feelings of pride and gratitude may also emerge. Termination is a challenging time in TFPP, and this chapter also focuses on common countertransference concerns and ways of avoiding pitfalls. Clinical vignettes of TFPP terminations are provided.

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Goff, James, and Walter Dudley. "The World’s Oldest Tsunami Victim at the Gateway to the Pacific—and Beyond." In Tsunami, 37–48. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197546123.003.0005.

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The 1998 Papua New Guinea tsunami was a significant puzzle for scientists who finally cracked the cause, but it also marks the most recent event of many that can be dated back to at least 6,000 years ago where the skull of the oldest tsunami victim in the world was found. Papua New Guinea was also the starting point for the most remarkable navigational feat in the world, with Polynesians moving rapidly east into the Pacific Ocean, their settlement of the region being punctuated by hiatuses caused by catastrophic tsunamis approximately 3,000, 2,000, and 600 years ago. It was on isolated Pacific islands that humans first came into contact with the deadly Pacific Ring of Fire. Settlement abandonment, mass graves, and cultural collapse mark their progress.

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Hinton, David A. "The Wars and the Posies." In Gold and Gilt, Pots and Pins. Oxford University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199264537.003.0013.

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The problems of the second half of the fourteenth century continued to affect the fifteenth. Sudden death remained a constant threat, and population levels probably did not begin to recover much, if at all, until the 1540s. Instability in England was briefly restrained by the century’s first two Henries, but thereafter losses in France soon began to prove expensive, the Wars of the Roses were resumed, and uprisings in Wales added to the uncertainty. Nor did the new Stewart dynasty bring internal peace to Scotland. Commercial profits could still be made, especially in the cloth trade, but exports rose and fell with alarming rapidity. Population reduction led to much restructuring, not least in widespread abandonment or shrinkage of rural sites and of urban back areas and suburbs. For archaeology there are some compensations; stone-lined rubbish-pits were one response to fears of smell-spread disease, and their final fills are less often mixed up with residual material than those left unlined. But in London the establishment of the stone waterfront means that the dump deposits peter out, so that the place of the capital in setting standards for the rest of the country becomes even more difficult to assess. Although there was enough bullion to sustain a silver currency in England and Scotland and to allow at least intermittent minting of gold coins, sometimes in quite large numbers, the site-find record is an indicator of decreased overall usage. Both silver and gold became available from new sources after 1460, some compensation for the fall of Constantinople in 1453 and the consequent extra difficulty of trading with the Near East, but the maritime route that opened up for bringing gold from West Africa may not have increased the quantity coming into Europe as a whole, as trans-Sahara caravans were fewer. Use of the sea, however, put first Portugal and later England in the middle of commercial flow-lines, rather than at their ends. After the fifteenth century gems began to come round the Cape to enter Europe by the same western route, and emeralds even crossed the Atlantic, to be followed by new supplies of gold.

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Conference papers on the topic "Fear of abandonment"

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Mohd Thiyahuddin, Mohd Izzat, Nian Wei Tan, Mazlan Dindi, M. Ikhranizam M Ros, M. Zhafran Sulaiman, and M. Redzuan Abdul Rahman. "Abrasive Waterjet Cutting Simulation Using Coupled SPH-FEA Method." In SPE Symposium: Decommissioning and Abandonment. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/193949-ms.

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