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Journal articles on the topic 'Fear of darkness'
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Kopcsó, Krisztina, and András Láng. "Relationship between early maladaptive schemas, attachment quality and fear of darkness." Orvosi Hetilap 155, no. 49 (2014): 1967–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/oh.2014.30045.
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Introduction: Although fear of darkness is most common in childhood, it is also a remarkable phenomenon in young adulthood. Aim: To examine the relationship between fear of darkness, early maladaptive schemas and attachment quality in young adults and assess fear related sex differences. Method: A self-developed scale was used to measure fear of darkness’ intensity and frequency. Young Schema Questionnaire – Short Form and two scales that measure attachment dimensions were also applied. 120 university students (68 women, 52 men) filled in the tests. Results: Fear of darkness’ frequency correlated with avoidant attachment, and intensity with independent and anxious attachment. Fear of darkness variables correlated with several early maladaptive schemas. Women reported more frequent and intensive fear of darkness than men. Conclusions: These results indicated that the elevated level of fear of darkness is related to specific cognitive style and attachment quality. This highlights the potential clinical relevance of fear of darkness. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(49), 1967–1972.
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Smolyarchuk, Inessa V., Ekaterina D. Safonova, and Angelina S. Ivkina. "Features of fears expression among preschool children." Psychological-Pedagogical Journal GAUDEAMUS, no. 47 (2021): 94–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-231x-2021-20-1(47)-94-100.
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The emotional sphere is significant for the mental and social development of preschool children. We consider the main causes of children’s fears; the role of parents in their appearance and consolidation. We analyze the features of actual fears in preschool children with mental retardation and normative development. The empirical study (the ascertaining stage) was performed on a sample of 31 subjects (6–7 years old) using diagnostic tools such as: technique of “Choosing the Most Terrible Picture” (T. V. Lavrentiev), test “Fears in Houses” (modified by M.A. Panfilova), projective method “My Family”. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the results allowed to identify 6 groups of dominant fears among preschool children: medical fears (fear of doctors, injections, blood, getting sick, getting infected), night fears (fear of being alone, terrible dreams, darkness), fear of natural disasters (fear of storms, hurricanes, floods, earthquakes, war, fire), specific fears (fear of darkness, height, depth, confined space, pain), social fears (fear of being late, parents, punishment, large areas), fear for their own lives and the lives of parents.
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Hugo, Pierre. "Towards Darkness and Death: Racial Demonology in South Africa." Journal of Modern African Studies 26, no. 4 (1988): 567–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x0001538x.
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Many students of human relations in South Africa would probably agree that an understanding of the policy of racial separation and the general determination of whites not to yield power to the black majority necessitates an awareness of their fears. The importance of this factor can hardly be overlooked, especially if it is defined broadly along the lines suggested by Philip Mason in his succinct study of racial tensions around the globe: There are fears of all kinds… There is the vague and simple fear of something strange and unknown, there is the very intelligible fear of unemployment, and the fear of being outvoted by people whose way of life is quite different. There are fears for the future and memories of fear in the past, fears given an extra edge by class conflict, by a sense of guilt, by sex and conscience… Fear may also act as a catalytic agent, changing the nature of factors previously not acutely malignant, such as the association in metaphor of the ideas of white and black with good and evil… Where the dominant are in the minority they are surely more frightened.1
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Erick, Paulus, Suryani Mira, Adhi Kusuma Wijayanti Puspita, Perdana Yusuf Firdaus, and Iskandarsyah Aulia. "The use of mobile-assisted virtual reality in fear of darkness therapy." TELKOMNIKA Telecommunication, Computing, Electronics and Control 17, no. 1 (2019): 282–90. https://doi.org/10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v17i1.11614.
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Fear of darkness is a common psychological problem that may extent to a specific phobia if it is not treated well. Several intervention techniques related to fear and phobia using actual exposure therapy have been studied for decades, however, there were some constraints emerged when the therapist provides a real environment to overcome the patient's reaction to his/her specific fear. Virtual reality (VR) technology is an innovative tool providing a more immersive, secure, personal, and controlled virtual environment. Therefore, we developed a novel framework for treating the fear of darkness named Mobileassisted Virtual Reality (MAVR). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of MAVR to treat fear of darkness based on usability, time consumption and its ability to decrease fear. We used the GOMS model as an interaction guidance between human and computer which aimed to facilitate the process of re-learning in mindset change and individual’s behavioral toward situation of darkness and night. Therefore, a comprehensive evaluation was conducted to measure the efficacy of the MAVR. We developed the usability assessment checklist to assess the feasibility and acceptability of the MAVR, and fear of darkness thermometer to measure the degree of fear. The Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test showed that the fear of darkness was significantly decreased after participants received the MAVR therapy (z=-3.550, p-value<0.001). We found that the MAVR was very useful, easy to be used and acceptable for participants. In conclusion, this study highlights the efficacy of Mobile-assisted Virtual Reality in treating specific fear, and it seems that Virtual Reality technology has a promising benefit to be implemented for other fear or specific phobia and also used in other psychological treatment.
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Lawton, Graham. "Night special: When darkness falls, fear rises." New Scientist 220, no. 2945 (2013): 43–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(13)62802-x.
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Hariyono, Silvia Marta Wijaya, Kusuma Wijaya, Rommel Utungga Pasopati, and Rindrah Kartiningsih. "The Fundamental Expressions of Fear in Sofia Samatar's The Huntress." Alphabet 7, no. 1 (2024): 46–54. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.alphabet.2024.07.01.06.
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This article underlines the expressions of fear in Sofia Samatar’s flash fiction entitled The Huntress. The fear felt by the townspeople was thick, the darkness and silence merged. The moon was shining, everyone had their windows shut tight, and a brave man had come to visit the town. The silence is in line with a frightening situation in the story of The Huntress by Sofia Samatar. This paper would like to answer the question of how may fear be accentuated in Sofia's Samatar's The Huntress? Through qualitative method with cultural studies approach in the theory of myth by Claude Levi-Strauss, this paper locates expressions of fear, darkness, and courage in a story of The Huntress by Sofia Samatar. Darkness expresses the threat and disgrace experienced by the townspeople, the hunters are like a feared tenor lion, but then comes a young stranger who calls for courage in the townspeople. The fear of the townspeople is such a socio-cultural myth that has been embraced by them for a long time. In conclusion, the story shows how a young stranger tries to dispel the fear that gnaws at the townspeople's souls, convincing them that hunters are not dangerous
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Niese, Lukas, Linlin Wang, Sayan Das, and Juliane Simmchen. "Apparent phototaxis enabled by Brownian motion." Soft Matter 16, no. 47 (2020): 10585–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0sm01603a.
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Li, Yadan, Wenjuan Ma, Qin Kang, et al. "Night or darkness, which intensifies the feeling of fear?" International Journal of Psychophysiology 97, no. 1 (2015): 46–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.04.021.
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Mahzuna Shavkatovna, Shoyimqulova. "Setting in Joseph Conrad’s “Heart of Darkness”." International Journal on Integrated Education 2, no. 6 (2019): 28–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v2i6.192.
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“Heart of Darkness” is a crucial work in the development of modem literature, as it establishes the main theme of twentieth-century writing: fear and disillusion about the western man’s place in the world and the values by which he lives. Joseph Conrad witnessed the violence and hypocrisy of colonizing culture travelling up the Congo and revealed his experience in his novel what he calls the “Heart of Darkness”, the book is an authentic material. The setting of Conrad's “Heart of Darkness” is extremely essential to the story. The setting affects the mood, the characterization and the plot development. The setting allows for more realistic plot development, and as a result, more credible characters.
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Minaieva, E. V. "Conceptological analysis of artistic space in novel „The Time Machine" by H. G. Wells (translated into Russian)." Bulletin of Luhansk Taras Shevchenko National University, no. 4 (335) (2020): 151–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.12958/2227-2844-2020-4(335)-151-160.
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The article discusses the features of modeling artistic space in novel The Time Machine, by H. G. Wells through a complex system of concepts top, bottom, fear, darkness, light. The constant interaction of these concepts leads to increased permeability of their boundaries, to a continuous exchange of conceptual features. The artistic space in the novel by H. G. Wells has a pronounced vertical character. We have identified the universal axis of top-bottom concepts in the artistic space and analyzed it. Movement along the vertical axis of the up and down concepts is carried out throughout the novel. In the novel The Time Machine, the features of the top concept become blurred, as they are overlaid with the features of the bottom concept. In the novel by H. G. Wells, the emotive concept of fear forms a fusion with the concepts of darkness and light. Fear unites different levels of the novel's artistic space. The binary concepts of darkness and light actively model the artistic space in novel The Time Machine. These concepts are closely related to the binary opposition of top-bottom concepts. In addition, they perform ontological, epistemological, axiological and aesthetic functions. The study of the features of artistic space in the novel The Time Machine opens up opportunities for further research of the artistic model of the world by H. G. Wells and the problems of modeling artistic space in the literature.
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Ioanesyan, E. R. "Semantic shift of the type ‘fear activator— fear’ in a variety of languages." Linguistics and Language Teaching 16, no. 1 (2022): 39–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.37892/2218-1393-2022-16-1-39-56.
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The paper deals with fear activators, that is to say, the phenomena that produce fear, which is one of the basic human emotions. There may be different reasons behind fear, and it may be rational and irrational, based on the feeling of imminent danger or on the suppositions and predictions of probable events in the future. Psychology distinguishes between fear activa-tors such as quickly approaching objects, pain, solitude, death, tight spaces, darkness, and the unknown. Some of these activators have become the basis of naming fear in different lan-guages. The article employs the method of analysing semantic shifts, which reflect the chang-es in meanings of words that occur in various languages on a regular basis. Based on the wide array of languages, it concerns itself with the ‘a — fear’ semantic shifts, where ‘a’ stands for a fear activator in the worldview of a given language.
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HUNTER, IAN. "THE HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY AND THE PERSONA OF THE PHILOSOPHER." Modern Intellectual History 4, no. 3 (2007): 571–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479244307001424.
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Although history is the pre-eminent part of the gallant sciences, philosophers advise against it from fear that it might completely destroy the kingdom of darkness—that is, scholastic philosophy—which previously has been wrongly held to be a necessary instrument of theology.
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Sanchez, Aida I., Jacob L. Gewirtz, and Martha Pelaez-Nogueras. "Determinants of fear-denoting protests in darkness and in illuminated settings." Infant Behavior and Development 21 (April 1998): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0163-6383(98)91297-8.
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NICOLAE, Raluca. "Shaping Darkness in hyakki yagyō emaki." Asian Studies 3, no. 1 (2015): 9–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/as.2015.3.1.9-27.
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In Japanese culture, the yōkai, the numinous creatures inhabiting the other world and, sometimes, the boundary between our world and the other, are obvious manifestations of the feeling of fear, “translated” into text and image. Among the numerous emaki in which the yōkai appear, there is a specific type, called hyakki yagyō (the night parade of one hundred demons), where all sorts and sizes of monsters flock together to enjoy themselves at night, but, in the end, are scattered away by the first beams of light or by the mysterious darani no hi, the fire produced by a powerful magical invocation, used in the Buddhist sect Shingon. The nexus of this emakimono is their great number, hyakki, (one hundred demons being a generic term which encompasses a large variety of yōkai and oni) as well as the night––the very time when darkness becomes flesh and blood and starts marching on the streets.
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Toet, Alexander, Joske M. Houtkamp, and Paul E. Vreugdenhil. "Effects of personal relevance and simulated darkness on the affective appraisal of a virtual environment." PeerJ 4 (February 25, 2016): e1743. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1743.
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This study investigated whether personal relevance influences the affective appraisal of a desktop virtual environment (VE) in simulated darkness. In the real world, darkness often evokes thoughts of vulnerability, threat, and danger, and may automatically precipitate emotional responses consonant with those thoughts (fear of darkness). This influences the affective appraisal of a given environment after dark and the way humans behave in that environment in conditions of low lighting. Desktop VEs are increasingly deployed to study the effects of environmental qualities and (architectural or lighting) interventions on human behaviour and feelings of safety. Their (ecological) validity for these purposes depends critically on their ability to correctly address the user’s cognitive and affective experience. Previous studies with desktop (i.e., non-immersive) VEs found that simulated darkness only slightly affects the user’s behavioral and emotional responses to the represented environment, in contrast to the responses observed for immersive VEs. We hypothesize that the desktop VE scenarios used in previous studies less effectively induced emotional and behavioral responses because they lacked personal relevance. In addition, factors like signs of social presence and relatively high levels of ambient lighting may also have limited these responses. In this study, young female volunteers explored either a daytime or a night-time (low ambient light level) version of a desktop VE representing a deserted (no social presence) prototypical Dutch polder landscape. To enhance the personal relevance of the simulation, a fraction of the participants were led to believe that the virtual exploration tour would prepare them for a follow-up tour through the real world counterpart of the VE. The affective appraisal of the VE and the emotional response of the participants were measured through self-report. The results show that the VE was appraised as slightly less pleasant and more arousing in simulated darkness (compared to a daylight) condition, as expected. However, the fictitious follow-up assignment had no emotional effects and did not influence the affective appraisal of the VE. Further research is required to establish the qualities that may enhance the validity of desktop VEs for both etiological (e.g., the effects of signs of darkness on navigation behaviour and fear of crime) and intervention (e.g., effects of street lighting on feelings of safety) research.
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Paulus, Erick, Mira Suryani, Puspita Adhi Kusuma Wijayanti, Firdaus Perdana Yusuf, and Aulia Iskandarsyah. "The use of mobile-assisted virtual reality in fear of darkness therapy." TELKOMNIKA (Telecommunication Computing Electronics and Control) 17, no. 1 (2019): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.12928/telkomnika.v17i1.11614.
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Mitchi D, Kavya. ""How did it get so dark?": Mapping Liminal Spaces in Music Videos of Billie Eilish." Revista de Estudios Norteamericanos, no. 28 (2024): 37–58. https://doi.org/10.12795/ren.2024.i28.9.
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: Darkness as it exists in one’s imagination and in the tangible realm is inextricably linked with a confusion of boundaries, a period of uncertainty and transition. By blurring the boundaries between familiar and unfamiliar, liminal spaces are safe yet intimidating. The paper analyses the lyrics and the music videos of songs “bury a friend,” “everything I wanted,” “NDA” and “Happier Than Ever” released by Billie Eilish from her albums When We All Fall Asleep, Where Do We Go? (2019) and Happier Than Ever (2021) to trace the configuration of liminal spaces. The dark visuals and lyrics that hint at fear, hatred and death act as liminal spaces where the numerous conflicts arising from separation, nightmares, violation of privacy, and intrusive thoughts are addressed, if not fully resolved. The darkness contributes to the evaluation of personal beliefs, aspirations and challenges in uncanny settings. Engaging with Eilish’s lyrics and music videos facilitates an investigation into the conceptualization of darkness in the popular American imagination
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Dronov, Pavel, Yevgeniya Ioanesyan, and Maria Kovshova. "Images of fear in language communities and cultures: the case of Slavic, Germanic, Romance, and Celtic languages." Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski 11, no. 2 (2020): 445–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/pw.6522.
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Being a case study of lexical and figurative units in Slavic, Germanic, and Romance languages, as well as Irish, the paper deals with the means of naming fear, revealing its connection to other concepts. The paper covers models of naming this emotion represented in the underlying metaphors, synchronous polysemy and phraseology. As the analysis shows, different languages have different primary associations with fear, e.g. darkness, uncertainty, insecurity, loneliness, high altitude, etc. To investigate underlying images and metaphors found in the naïve worldview, the authors use the corpus-based approach, as well as (for the Russian data) the technique of modified semantic differential. The technique, based on an experiment involving Russianspeaking respondents, allowed for distinguishing and detailing criteria of perceiving names and predicates denoting fear.
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Danang, Satria Nugraha. "On the Edge of Ours's Seat: Depicting the Fear in the English Proverbs." ISRG Journal of Arts Humanities & Social Sciences (ISRGJAHSS) 1, no. 5 (2023): 346–54. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8434804.
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<em>This academic exploration delves deeply into the intricate portrayal of fear within English proverbs, meticulously examining its linguistic manifestation and contextualization. Through a comprehensive analysis of a diverse range of proverbs, the study identifies recurring patterns, metaphors, and linguistic cues that contribute to constructing fear-related concepts. Moreover, the study aims to shed light on the underlying cognitive mechanisms that facilitate the representation of fear in language. The findings of this study provide invaluable insights into the intricate relationship between language and emotions, making a significant contribution to the field of cognitive linguistics by revealing the intricate cognitive processes involved in the conceptualization of fear within a linguistic framework. First, proverbs frequently use metaphors to convey fear through source-target domain mappings. These metaphors draw on diverse domains such as physical danger, darkness, human body or animals, and the unknown. Second, the metaphor was frequently used to illustrate fear as an uncertain path, connections between human fear and animal behavior, and physical sensations. Third, there is an evidence that the societal anxieties, historical events, and cultural norms (see Example 9) all shape fear-related expressions. To further advance this investigation, future research might conduct cross-linguistic comparisons to investigate how fear is portrayed in proverbs across diverse languages.</em>
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Packer, Craig, Alexandra Swanson, Dennis Ikanda, and Hadas Kushnir. "Fear of Darkness, the Full Moon and the Nocturnal Ecology of African Lions." PLoS ONE 6, no. 7 (2011): e22285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0022285.
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Sayers, William. "Snorri’s Trollwives." Scandinavian-Canadian Studies 18 (December 1, 2009): 12–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/scancan30.
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ABSTRACT: The 60 names for female trolls associated with Snorri Sturluson’s Skaldskaparmál are constructed according to specific phono-semantic criteria. Some are represented elsewhere in the literary record, e.g., Grýla; others appear more arbitrary constructs, no less typical. The names suggest conflict, the noise of weapons, darkness, disturbed emotional states, and point to the warrior’s susceptibility to panic and fear. The trollwives are thus potential judges of male courage and competence.
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Sabelnikova, N. "Attachment and Personality Traits as Predictors of Fears in Student Age." Psikhologicheskii zhurnal 44, no. 1 (2023): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s020595920024348-8.
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The article presents the results of a study of the predictors of students’ fears. The sample consisted of university students (N = 94,82% - women) aged 18–22. The measure of intensity of fears by Yu.V. Shcherbatykh and E.I. Ivleva, the questionnaire “Experience of close relationships” (ECR) by N.V. Sabelnikova and D.V. Kashirsky, Attachment Style Questionnaire by J. Finey et al. (ASQ) adapted by N.V. Sabelnikova, D.V. Kashirsky, the “Big Five” (5PFQ) technique by P. Costa and R. McCrae adapted by S.A. Shchebetenko were used in the study. Based on the principal component analysis (PCA), the structure of fears experienced by students was revealed. It included “fears of uncontrollable events” (changes in personal life, death, illness, etc.), “natural fears” (darkness, enclosed space, snakes, spiders, etc.), “social fears” (exams, public speaking) fears and “fear of losing self-control” (aggression towards loved ones, auto-aggression, etc.). The quality of the structural model has been verified by confirmatory factor analysis. The analysis of regression equations (MRA) revealed the dependence of individual groups of fears on avoidance of attachment relationships, neuroticism, extraversion, and conscientiousness.
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Sypion, Natalia, Arkadiusz Kołodziej, Michael Leitner, and Marek Dutkowski. "Gendered perceptions and socio-economic and spatial determinants of fear of crime: an empirical analysis in Szczecin, Poland." Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series, no. 63 (April 4, 2024): 99–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/bgss-2024-0008.
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The study of the fear of crime phenomenon provides a socially and politically important research question. Many studies show that gender differentiates the fear of crime, which is why we examine this phenomenon in a spatial perspective. The female versus male perspective of feelings of safety in residential areas were significantly different. The research was carried out using the CAWI technique in the city of Szczecin, in Poland (n=346). The research also examined which factors influenced the fear of crime the most: darkness, socio-economic characteristics, type of violations, number of registered crimes, or the assessment of police work. The research shows that women aged 19–25 are the group that reports the highest fear of crime. They are generally better educated, work or study, but often come from peripheral rural areas, and their current place of residence is little known. Activities aimed at building a sense of security in local communities should therefore be addressed to a wide demographic spectrum of recipients, but with emphasis on young females. A very interesting result from the research is the relationship between fear of crime and the opinion of residents about the effectiveness of police work, where the study reports that the better the assessment of police work, the lower the fear of crime.
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Hutapea, Jusuf, and Jose Abraham. "RELEASING SERVICESTO PEOPLE SICK DUE TO OCCULTISM." MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education 2, no. 1 (2021): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.47135/mahabbah.v2i1.23.
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Occult forces made them physically sick for years. They are formed by fear, discomfort and also they lose touch with God or don't grow spiritually. The occult always damages human life physically and mentally. This writing uses a descriptive qualitative method with a practical theological approach with several case studies. This article aims to describe how the ministry can serve the people concerned who are affected by the effects of darkness (occult). Correct recovery services can help free people affected by occultism.
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Mundra, Archana B., and Anand S. Kabra. "Case of fear cured by homeopathy in 9 years old – understanding personality of the child through art." Southeast Asian Journal of Health Professional 6, no. 4 (2023): 104–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.sajhp.2023.024.
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A 9 year old boy complained of intense fear of darkness, being alone, teachers, school, being kidnapped, pain, loss of money etc because of which his parents had to change his school for 3 times in last 2 years. He was asked to explain his fears by putting it on paper in the form of art. He chose to draw a few figures and explained his art with total clarity of thought. In such psychiatric cases where it is difficult to understand the personality of patient because of overcrowding of disease symptoms, art helped us as physicians to understand his personality in a much better way to prescribe the perfect similimum and experience the power of Homoeopathic medicines in bringing about gentle, rapid cure. In this particular case, we could also find that the pace of achieving cure after administration of correct homeopathic remedy is magical.
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Huda, Tarique Md Nurul, Tania Jahir, Sushobhan Sarker, et al. "Formative Research to Design a Child-Friendly Latrine in Bangladesh." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 21 (2021): 11092. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111092.
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In low- and middle-income countries, most latrines are not accessible to young children. We explored how to modify existing pit latrines to make them child friendly. We conducted four focus group discussions with mothers to explore barriers to child latrine use. We then enrolled 20 households with a child aged 3–7 years old to test six enabling technologies developed based on the identified barriers. Two to three weeks after installing the selected enabling technologies in each household, researchers conducted 19 in-depth interviews with caregivers to explore the technologies’ acceptance and feasibility. Common barriers included the discomfort of squatting on a large pan, fear of darkness, and fear of a slippery floor. Of the potential solutions, a ring to stabilize the child while squatting in the latrine was preferred by children and was affordable and available. A wooden board with a smaller hole than the usual pan reduced fears of falling and helped eliminate discomfort but was inconvenient to handle and clean. A transparent fiberglass roof tile was affordable, available, increased visibility, and kept the latrine floor dry. In conclusion, the fiberglass roof tile and stability ring were two affordable and locally available technologies that facilitated latrine use by children aged 3–7 years.
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Bogdzevič, Monika. "Metaphorical Conceptualization of ANGER, FEAR and SHAME in Lithuanian: In Search of Cultural Content." Vilnius University Open Series, no. 2 (July 29, 2021): 76–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/vllp.2021.5.
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The article discusses the conceptual images of ANGER, FEAR and SHAME in Lithuanian. The aim of the paper is to show the cognitive and cultural basis for the perception, valuation and linguistic expression of feelings of anger, fear and shame in Lithuanian. Conceptual metaphors and, in some cases, conceptual metonymies are used to reveal tendencies in thinking about these feelings. To this end, linguistic constructs are used to express various aspects of anger, fear and shame as well as the norms and behaviors associated with them. The research inventory consists of lexemes belonging to the categories of anger, fear and shame, composite linguistic units, which contain these lexemes or which are regularly associated semantically with the said lexemes, as well as derivatives derived from metonymic and metaphorical transfers and phraseological compounds. The structure of the article is measured by the source domains of the conceptual metaphors of ANGER, FEAR and SHAME. On this basis, first of all, the conceptual metaphors of the common source domain, which reveal the common patterns of perception of anger, fear and shame, are discussed (CONTAINER / CLOSED SPACE / UP and DOWN MOVEMENT / BALANCE; HUMAN / COMPANION / ENEMY; ANIMAL / BEAST; ARTEFACT; HEAT (FIRE) / COLD; DISEASE), the following are the directions of linguistic conceptualization specific to individual feelings only (PAIN / SUFFERING; BITTER / POISON; NATURAL FORCES / AIR / DARKNESS; PLANT (TREE / CEREALS); WATER (SEA / RIVER); DEVIL) First one reveal the common cognitive basis of the perception and evaluation of the feelings of ANGER, FEAR and SHAME, the second allows us to see the cultural layer of latter.
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Cone, Thomas E. "THE CHILDREN OF READING GAOL: A Letter from Oscar Wilde, 1897." Pediatrics 75, no. 6 (1985): 1123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.75.6.1123.
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A boy used to come and play in these streets. Now he is alone. Held by stone walls of a solitary cell. Gray slits of life escape through bars immobilizing him with shadowy splints. He sits on the floor wet with cold fear. His face a white wedge of terror like a hunted animal. He receives bread and water. In burned out sockets there is wrath. He has been crying all day. He cannot understand prison. He cannot realize what society is. Darkness covers him with dreams of death.
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Lee, Hyung-jin. "Dean Koontz’s The Eyes of Darkness and Cultural Translation of the COVID-19 Pandemic Fear." Comparative Literature 82 (October 31, 2020): 7–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21720/complit82.01.
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Robinson, Deborah, and Chris Goodey. "Agency in the darkness: ‘fear of the unknown’, learning disability and teacher education for inclusion." International Journal of Inclusive Education 22, no. 4 (2017): 426–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2017.1370738.
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Galbiati, Matteo, Raoul Manenti, Martina Forlani, et al. "The roles of landscape of fear and light in allowing the exploitation of spring habitats by subterranean amphipods: an experimental and field approach." ARPHA Conference Abstracts 5 (July 14, 2022): e87144. https://doi.org/10.3897/aca.5.e87144.
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Border habitats such as interfaces and ecotones promise research targets from an evolutionary and zoological point of view. Springs are typical ecotones that border two strongly distinct environments: surface and underground. They are exploited by both subterranean and surface species for which they may provide specific environmental pressures promoting phenotypic plasticity and local adaptations.The aim of this study is to understand how the landscape of fear (LOF) and physical constraints, like light occurrence, affect springs' exploitation by both a subterranean (<em>Niphargus thuringius</em>) and a surface crustacean amphipod species (<em>Echinogammarus stammeri</em>).From March to May 2021, we surveyed 15 springs, divided into 25 plots according to their distance to the border, and both day and night, we recorded amphipods activity and LOF levels for them. In a subterranean laboratory, we also reared 80 <em>N. thuringius</em> and 80 <em>E. stammeri</em> in safe and risky conditions with constant darkness and diel light variation assessing their activity and survival for 30 days. Risky conditions were represented by meso-predators (four fire salamander larvae) alone or with a top-predator (a dragonfly larva of the species <em>Cordulegaster boltonii</em>).While in field conditions, the activity of <em>N. thuringius</em> seemed negatively affected by the number of active predators, in laboratory experiments, the main role was played by the light treatment; activity was significantly higher in constant darkness conditions.<em>E. stammeri</em> activity in the field was higher in surface plots, while in laboratory conditions was affected by LOF. Predation risk negatively affected the survival of both amphipods.Our findings reveal that while light conditions seem to shape activity patterns of stygobionts strongly, predators have a lower effect on activity, even though predators have negative effects on survival. Moreover, physical constraints, such as light exposure, can affect antipredator responses of subterranean organisms, thus representing selective pressures for the exploitation of surface environments.
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Metwally, A. M., Marwa M. El-Sonbaty, Ghada A. Abdellatif, et al. "Common Phobias among Egyptian Primary Schoolchildren: An Emergency Trigger for Panic Disorder due to Corona Pandemic." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 8, T1 (2020): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2020.4766.
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BACKGROUND: In the wake of the adverse situation we are currently facing globally due to the coronavirus pandemic outbreak, it is normal to feel stressed, confused, and scared but what is abnormal is to turn this to panic. Phobias are more pronounced than fears. They develop when a person has an exaggerated or unrealistic sense of danger that may be evolved to experience panic attacks.
 AIM: Our objective was to identify the prevalence of most common phobias as well as panic disorder (PD) due to the coronavirus pandemic among Egyptian primary schoolchildren and their determinants.
 METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 2015 schoolchildren from 3 to 6 grades in three governorates of Egypt. Seven types of phobias were investigated: Agoraphobia, phobias from darkness, animal, untreatable illness (mainly coronavirus), insects, height, and social phobia. The child’s self-reported PD symptoms were assessed using DSM-IV with psychiatric diagnoses.
 RESULTS: Almost two-thirds of the surveyed primary schoolchildren have phobias of the low score (<9) versus one-third who had high phobias score (61.% vs. 35%, respectively) with highly significant difference (p < 0.001). The most prevalent phobias were from heights (66.5%) followed by darkness (60.0%). The important predictors of phobias were: Being a male child, living in an urban area, and studying at governmental school at fifth or sixth-grade residence. The prevalence of PD due to the corona epidemic is very high, it is reported by almost half of the surveyed primary schoolchildren. Fear of losing any of their family members, especially grandparents, was reported to be the highest PD symptom (97%).
 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION: Phobia from heights and darkness was the most common. The prevalence of PD due to the coronavirus epidemic is reported to be very high. Calming down children who might be experienced with a phobia that is triggering their PD is recommended.
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Schaller, Mark, Justin H. Park, and Annette Mueller. "Fear of the Dark: Interactive Effects of Beliefs about Danger and Ambient Darkness on Ethnic Stereotypes." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 29, no. 5 (2003): 637–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167203029005008.
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Carrassi, Vito. "The Cemetery and the Fear of the Dead." Literatura Ludowa 67, no. 1-2 (2023): 153–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/ll.1.2023.011.
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Fear is a characteristic feature of many legends. And the fear of the death is probably our deepest fear. Death is a crucial event in folk culture, as it triggers an existential crisis which must be duly managed. The living need to distance themselves from the dead in order not to lose their own “presence” in the world. To maintain this distance, people can rely on a dedicated place, the cemetery, where the fear of the dead can be mastered and framed in a sacred dimension. Cemetery may be regarded as a liminal, hybrid space, connecting life and death, the human and the divine, the visible and the invisible. Hence, it can turn into a critical, dangerous place, a “legend landscape”, where odd, mysterious, frightening encounters are possible or, at least, believable. This is especially so if one enters a cemetery at night, when it is forbidden to the living and the darkness creates the perfect stage for fearsome presences. In the ATU 1676B narrative type, an individual bets to enter a cemetery at night in order to show her/his courage and/or refute the belief of the dead as ghosts, but this gamble results in a death from fright. A different case concerns the fate of those who face the night in the cemetery with genuine courage and respect towards the dead, as in a folktale collected by W.B. Yeats (ATU 326), and a (true) story of a woman sleeping in the cemetery (Motif Index C735.2.5). Overall, the cemetery emerges as an ideal setting for a cautionary tale, through which local communities meditate on key issues such as death, fear and belief/non-belief.
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Degerman, Dan. "Within the heart’s darkness: The role of emotions in Arendt’s political thought." European Journal of Political Theory 18, no. 2 (2016): 153–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1474885116647850.
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Interest in the political relevance of the emotions is growing rapidly. In light of this, Hannah Arendt’s claim that the emotions are apolitical has come under renewed fire. But many critics have misunderstood her views on the relationship between individuals, emotions and the political. This paper addresses this issue by reconstructing the conceptual framework through which Arendt understands the emotions. Arendt often describes the heart – where the emotions reside – as a place of darkness. I begin by tracing this metaphor through her work to demonstrate that it is meant to convey the inherently uncertain nature of emotions rather than a devaluation of them. I proceed to challenge the notion that Arendt adopts the Enlightenment dichotomy between reason and emotion. In fact, she rejects both as a basis for politics. However, she does identify some constructive roles for the emotions. I argue that fear is intrinsically connected to courage – the principal political virtue – in Arendt’s philosophy. In light of my discussion, I then reinterpret the role of compassion and pity in On Revolution, concluding that Arendt’s insights can help us avoid the potential pitfalls of the contemporary project to recuperate the emotions in politics.
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Surla, Milica, and Vladislava Gordić-Petković. ""There's going to be a moon tonight": Images of light and darkness as symbolic elements in Ernest Hemingway's In our time." Zbornik radova Filozofskog fakulteta u Pristini 53, no. 3 (2023): 57–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zrffp53-45361.
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This paper aims at exploring and analysing the presence and significance of images of light and darkness as symbolic elements in the short story collection In Our Time by Ernest Hemingway. Many renowned writers incorporate such images into their works, often representing them as distinct polarities or as a unified entity. Given the fact that Hemingway's often omitted elements of the narrative are prone to analysis due to their significance, the main aim of this paper would be to examine what these symbolic elements might be an indication of. By relying on the theory of conceptual metaphor and Jung's coniunctio oppositorum, or the union of opposites, abstract oppositions such as emotions surrounding birth and death, fear and consolation, the fundamental misunderstanding between various married or unmarried couples within these short stories will be analysed within the mentioned framework. Thus, the paper provides an exploration of these notions and sheds light on Hemingway's portrayal of the stereotypical dark/light opposition, as well as the coexistence of these opposing elements within the inner and outer worlds of his characters. Hence, the main conclusions which can be drawn from the analysis include the perspective from which the author creates images of light and darkness in order to draw attention to emotions such as fear or consolation corresponding to the common perception of these images. Nonetheless, depending on the context within different narratives, the author also manipulates the common perception, thus creating the reverse symbolisation. By presenting both of these images, examining their contrast, relatedness, as well as the necessity of their existence, Ernest Hemingway creates a unique short story collection, thus supporting the claim that his narratives can be repeatedly and inexhaustibly reread and reanalysed.
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Savonova, G. I. "The ontology of good and evil and the problem of freedom of choice christian philosophical reasoning of S. Kierkegaard." Науково-теоретичний альманах "Грані" 22, no. 1 (2019): 110–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/171914.
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The article reveals the peculiarity of S. Kierkegaard’s philosophical arguments about the essence of good and evil, the problems of ethical and psychological compression of human existence in transcendence «or-or». The ontology of good and evil is revealed by the philosopher in the problem of freedom as a given and unfreedom as a limitation, when good as God resides in freedom. God does not know unfreedom precisely for his freedom is unrecognized, and this is the greatest punishment for evil. It is noted that a Christian who is an ethical person finds himself in a situation of choice between good and evil, and the hovering of the process of choice in time leads to a choice in unfreedom, which is already sin and evil. The emphasis is placed on the concept of “sin” in the Christian definition of it by S. Kierkegaard, as well as on the problem of «blocking» the choice by fears. The article establishes the connection between sin and fear in the problem of faith and human action. The analysis of differentiation of fear as fear to be oneself and fear not to be oneself is carried out. Fear in philosophy S. Kierkegaard is defined as the psychological problem of choice and the metaphysical essence of evil that experiences fear of good. Evil is afraid of good because it defines it as something that encroaches on the essence of evil – unfreedom. People are afraid of their knowledge of lack of freedom and loss of faith. The question of Christian faith in the metaphysics of freedom of choice is a means of salvation from the demonicness of non-freedom, according to the philosophy of S. Kierkegaard. The loss of faith at any stage of life leads a person to despair. There are two types of despair in the philosophy of S. Kierkegaard: despair to be I and despair not to be I. The article focuses on the problem of sin. The problem of defining sin reveals the meaning of despondency as the beginning of any sin. Discouragement is bound to the darkness of evil, the place of permanent stay restless demoni and eternal falling into the abyss. A disappointed person does not have a point of support for the “leap of faith”, so she seeks comfort in the realization of her desires and the injection of fear. That is why the “leap of faith” from the ethical to the religious person is considered in the article as a way out of the choice between good and evil. The article also provides a brief comparative review of the philosophical arguments Of S. Kierkegaard and existentialist philosophers.
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Grochowski, Zbigniew Tadeusz. "Nicodemus. A Disciple Liberated by the Cross of the Christ from the Darkness of Fear and Disbelief." Biblical Annals 10, no. 4 (2020): 637–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/biban.8985.
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Nicodemus, a Pharisee and one of the Jewish leaders, appears only in the Fourth Gospel. Three events in which he participates—a night meeting with Jesus (John 3:1-21), a verbal clash with members of the Sanhedrin (John 7:50-52) and a funeral, performed for Jesus together with Joseph of Arimathea (John 19:38-42)—are perceived negatively by numerous exegetes, and Nicodemus’s attitude is (sometimes harshly) criticised. However, taking into consideration the significance of all the details of the current narrative and the context of the occurring events, one should be led to the conclusion that this man, nowhere explicitly referred by the Evangelist with the term μαθητής, deserves to be called “a disciple of Christ,” who passed through the three-stage process of maturation in faith. Gradually he began to gain courage in advocating for Christ, and at the decisive moment—during Jesus’ death on the Cross—he definitely stepped out of hiding and gave a public testimony of his adherence to the Master of Nazareth. His person, through a gesture shown to the Crucified, became the locus theologicus in which Jesus revealed himself as the immortal Messiah, Prophet, and King.
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Garcia, Antero, and Thomas M. Philip. "Smoldering in the darkness: contextualizing learning, technology, and politics under the weight of ongoing fear and nationalism." Learning, Media and Technology 43, no. 4 (2018): 339–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17439884.2018.1534860.
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Hvass, Mette, and Ellen Kathrine Hansen. "Balanced Brightness Levels: Exploring how lighting affects humans’ experiences of architectural and social urban contexts." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1099, no. 1 (2022): 012017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1099/1/012017.
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Abstract This paper explores how lighting and darkness influence human experiences of architectural and social public urban contexts in dark hours. Tram stations in Aarhus, Denmark, are used as cases to investigate how brightness levels influence human sensory experience of the local space, the surroundings, co-presence with other people, and the activities performed in a specific context. Furthermore, this paper describes a transdisciplinary process, where methods from natural science, social science and arts/humanities are combined in three pre-analyses and a main field experiment. Lighting is often related to safety while darkness is related to fear. However, the findings from the main field experiment of this project indicate that lower and balanced brightness levels can sharpen our senses and create a relaxed atmosphere. Additionally, lower brightness levels enrich perceptions of and connections with spatial and social surroundings, thereby increasing perceived safety. We argue for context specific field experiments based on pre-analyses and the use of a transdisciplinary process, for drawing nearer to people’s immediate senses when exploring experiences of urban lighting. The ultimate goal of the studies is to inspire to solutions that exploit the architectural and social potential of lighting by lowering and balancing brightness levels, all while reducing energy use and light pollution.
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Shubina, M. V., S. Yu Tereshchenko, and N. N. Gorbacheva. "The role of stress factors in the formation of gastroesophageal reflux disease in children: characteristics of anxiety-phobic and depressive disorders." Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council, no. 12 (July 27, 2023): 247–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21518/ms2023-163.
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Introduction. There is enough evidence of the influence of the psycho-emotional state of children on the development of gas-troesophageal reflux disease, numerous studies reveal anxiety and depressive disorders in them. However, there is no common understanding of the specific causal relationships underlying the pathogenesis of this disease.Aim. To identify the features and possible causes of anxiety and depressive disorders in children with gastroesophageal reflux disease and analyze their role using Yu.I. Burlan's system-vector psychology.Materials and methods. 677 adolescents aged 11-17 years were examined on the basis of the pediatric department in the Clinic of the Research Institute of Medical Problems of the North (Krasnoyarsk). The gastroesophageal reflux diseasewas diagnosed by testing according to the Russian version of the Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Questionnaire. Computerized testing “The Development and Well-Being Assessment” was used to identify mental disorders.Results. In children with gastroesophageal reflux disease, all kinds of fears were significantly more common: fear of separation - 50.0 (25.1-74.9)%; darkness, thunderstorms, thunder, heights - 66.7 (38.6-86.1)%; blood injections, wounds - 58.3 (31.6-80.8)%; loud noise - 33.3 (13.9-61.4)%; to be far from home - 41.7 (19.2-68.4)%. 41.7 (19.2-68.4)% of children had manifestations of depression, which is 2 times more often than in the control group, and every fourth had self-harm. Separation from friends, panic attacks, fear of death, melancholy, resentment, learning problems, appearance were indicated as the causes of depression.Conclusions. The causal relationships disclosed by the system-vector psychology, according to which certain stress factors play an important role in the development of gastroesophageal reflux disease. These factors depend on the type of character: for emotional children, these are all kinds of fears, phobias, breaking emotional ties, problems in relationships with others, and for obedient and calm children - resentment, learning problems and any factor of novelty (change of the usual environment, living conditions, team).
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Z.Sophia, Banu. ""Democracy Dies In Darkness" - An Explorative Study on the Exploitation of Women in India." Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science and Humanities 6, S1 (2019): 122–27. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2586400.
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India is a developing country where women are facing exploitation in every facet of their life to live their life peacefully. The declining sex ratio is a negative sign which projects exploitation of women in a crystal clear format. Women are being exploited physically, mentally, economically and socially. Crimes against women are in various forms or structures. It is inclusive of crimes against female genital mutilation, adultery, prostitution, trafficking, rapes, dishonest misappropriation, domestic violence, dowry problem are all the injurious hazards to the society. Rape is one of India’s most universal crimes against women. Official sources show that rape cases in India has been doubled. India has been named as the most dangerous country for women in the world-in the recent survey conducted by Thomson Reuter’s foundations in the year 2018. For rape there is no fixed time in India, women should always be alert. No democracy is a democracy when half of its population lives in fear. It is high time to take steps to solve the problem of exploitation.
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Bogdanova, Alyona V. "The Story ‘The Old Teacher’ by V. S. Grossman: an Analysis of the Motivic and Lexical Organization of the Text." Вестник Пермского университета. Российская и зарубежная филология 16, no. 1 (2024): 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2073-6681-2024-1-89-97.
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The article is devoted to an analysis of the lexical structure and the system of characters in the text of V. S. Grossman’s short story The Old Teacher. The author of the paper looks at this text in the context of works of Russian literature dealing with the Holocaust. The study examines the lexical means used to create the images of the key characters, the main one of which is an old mathematics teacher living in a city besieged by the Nazis. The author comes to a conclusion that the main compositional-and-stylistic principle in the work under study is opposition, the selection of linguistic material is determined by the oppositions light/darkness, youth/old age, life/death; the main character is depicted with the use of antithesis as he is shown in comparison with and in opposition to other characters. There is a motive of fear in the story, realized through active lexical and derivational repetition of words and phrases with a pronounced seme of fear, which allows us to consider the motive conceptually significant. Through an analysis of text dominants, the study identifies important personality traits of key characters, determines realities that are conceptually significant for the writer’s artistic world. The semantic opposition life/death and the opposition light/darkness, associated with the former, determine the choice of means for depicting objects of opposition; the main one of such means is metaphorization. The article discusses the functions that metaphors perform in the text of the story (pictorial, cognitive, prospective). The analysis identified a lexico-semantic group of words with the common component ‘time’ that are repeated during the characterization of the characters as well as at the beginning and at the end of the text, which indicates significance of this concept for the artistic space of the work. The main character conveys the image of a righteous man, so characteristic of the traditions of Russian literature.
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K.Hemaladha. "Reimagining Daughterhood: Feminist Resistance and Empowerment in Margaret Atwood's "Lady Oracle" and Shashi Deshpande's "The Darkness Holds No Fear"." Reimagining Daughterhood: Feminist Resistance and Empowerment in Margaret Atwood's "Lady Oracle" and Shashi Deshpande's "The Darkness Holds No Fear" 9, no. 2 (2024): 331–39. https://doi.org/10.36993/ RJOE.2024.9.2.339.
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Daughterhood, as a literary theme, has long been a poignant lens to examine theintricate dynamics of gender, power, and identity. This paper delves into theportrayal of daughterhood in Margaret Atwood's "Lady Oracle" and ShashiDeshpande's "The Darkness Holds No Fear," two novels that offer nuancedexplorations of female subjectivity within patriarchal societies. The paper analyses how the protagonists, Joan Foster and Sarita,navigate the complexitiesof familial expectations, societal pressures, and personal desires, ultimatelychallenging traditional notions of daughterhood and forging paths ofempowerment and resistance. By tracing the protagonists' journeys of selfdiscovery, agency, and rebellion,the paper uncovers the transformative potentialof feminist resistance in reimaginingdaughterhood as a site of empowerment.Through the analysis, the author intends to illuminate how these novels contributeto broader conversations about feminism, identity,and power, inviting readers to reimagine daughterhood beyond its traditional confines and embrace itscomplexities and contradictions.
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Costa, Roberto Marques. "O ABSURDO DA MORTE NO NIILISMO DE BEAUVOIR E SCHOPENHAUER." Sapere Aude 12, no. 23 (2021): 313–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5752/p.2177-6342.2021v12n23p313-323.
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This article presents a basic and descriptive bibliographic research on death in the nihilistic conception of Beauvoir and Schopenhauer. Death is a natural, complex phenomenon that causes fear in individuals. Death is a fact for finitude, in which it reduces the human being to the absurdity of nothingness. The focus of the article is to discuss through secondary sources and by the hypothetical deductive method the problem of death in the philosophy of these two thinkers. The relevance of this scientific research is based on the insertion that death is an object of study of paramount importance, because it presents itself to the individual as an inexorable and imminent reality. In the philosophical theory of these authors, death is a fact that contains nothing but an absolute darkness. It is the finitude of all human
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길혜령. "Fear to Self-Awareness or Fun to Self-Destruction in Lord of the Flies: William Golding’s Heart of Darkness." Journal of English Language and Literature 54, no. 6 (2008): 883–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.15794/jell.2008.54.6.006.
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Schulte-Römer, Nona. "What is French about the “French fear of darkness”? The co-production of imagined communities of light and energy." Revue d'Histoire de l'Énergie N° 2, no. 1 (2019): 1f—20f. https://doi.org/10.3917/jehrhe.002.0001f.
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Viaud-Murat, Estelle. "I Will Never See a Full Moon the Same." Christian Journal for Global Health 8, no. 2 (2021): 45–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15566/cjgh.v8i2.581.
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I will never see a full moon the same
 Since the night I stepped out
 In the dark, looked up to the moon and
 Heard the cries of a mother who just lost her son.
 
 The African moon, so full and so proud, seemed
 too bright for such a somber night.
 And my empty hands, which this son once held,
 Sought to grasp the thought of
 A young, lifeless body
 Left lying on that hospital bed.
 
 Swaddled by the night’s rich darkness,
 Full of chants, cries, and pains,
 I am reminded that
 Only what’s done for Christ remains.
 
 Tonight, as my gaze meets again this
 African moon, from half a world away,
 I remember
 The cries, the lost, this life,
 The strange peace and the hope that
 We will meet again.
 
 What an oddly beautiful night it was to die.
 
 So, take courage, dear heart
 Don’t fear the night, don’t fear the pain,
 Rest in His unchanging grace.
 
 Go,
 and be the hands
 of the only Son who saves.
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Moyes, Holley. "Xibalba, the Place of Fear: Caves and the Ancient Maya Underworld." ARYS: Antigüedad, Religiones y Sociedades, no. 14 (May 16, 2018): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/arys.2017.3990.
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Resumen: Las cuevas eran un elemento destacado de la cosmología maya que encarnaban el inframundo de Xibalba. Como describe el mito, su propio nombre significa “lugar del miedo o el terror”. Aun así, los antiguos mayas se adentraban en la obscuridad de las cavernas para celebrar rituales destinados a divinidades asociadas con la lluvia, la fertilidad, y los ominosos Señores del Inframundo. Aunque se ha escrito poco sobre las prácticas rituales del período maya clásico, los artefactos encontrados en las cuevas documentan que los antiguos mayas dejaron ofrendas de cerámicas, objetos domésticos, incienso, joyería, y en ocasiones también víctimas sacrificiales, para los poderosos seres que habitaban los espacios subterráneos. De hecho, estas cuevas poseen todavía una consideración sagrada entre las actuales comunidades mayas, lo que atestigua la resiliencia de la religión y la cosmología mayas, así como el poder del mito.Abstract: Caves were a salient feature of Maya cosmology that instantiated the underworld of Xibalba. Described in myth, its very name meant the place of fear or fright. Yet, ancient people journeyed deep into the darkness to conduct rituals for deities associated with rain, fertility, and the ominous Lords of the Underworld. Although little was written about ritual practices in the Classic period, the artifact record attests that ancient people left offerings of ceramics, household items, incense, jewelry and sometimes sacrificial victims for the powerful beings that inhabited caves. These sites are still considered sacred in Maya communities today, a testament to the resilience of Maya religion and cosmology and the power of myth.Palabras clave: Xibalba, religión maya, topografía del miedo, cueva, inframundo, ritual, cosmología maya, mito, ofrendas.Key words: Xibalba, Maya Religion, Fearscape, Cave, Underworld, Ritual, Maya Cosmology, Myth, offerings.
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Jones, Sara, Katherine Agud, and Jean McSweeney. "Barriers and Facilitators to Seeking Mental Health Care Among First Responders: “Removing the Darkness”." Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association 26, no. 1 (2019): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1078390319871997.
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BACKGROUND: First responders (FRs) are at significant risk for developing mental health (MH) problems due to the nature, frequency, and intensity of duty-related traumatic exposure. However, their culture strongly esteems strength and self-reliance, which often inhibits them from seeking MH care. AIMS: This study explored factors that influenced FRs’ perceptions of MH problems and engagement in MH services. METHODS: A community-based approach and individual ethnographic qualitative interviews were used. Recruitment of a convenience sample of firefighters and emergency medical technicians/paramedics from across Arkansas was facilitated by our community partners. Interviews were analyzed using content analysis and constant comparison. RESULTS: Analysis generated three broad factors that influenced FRs’ perception of MH problems and engagement in MH services: (a) Knowledge, (b) Barriers to help-seeking, and (c) Facilitators to help-seeking. Knowledge was an overarching factor that encompassed barriers and facilitators: A lack of knowledge was a barrier to help-seeking but increased knowledge served as a facilitator. Barriers included five subthemes: Can’t show weakness, Fear of confidentiality breech, Therapist: negative experience, Lack of access and availability, and Family burden. Facilitators included five subthemes: Realizing “I’m not alone,” Buy-in, Therapist: positive experience, Problems got too bad, and Recommendations. CONCLUSIONS: Findings provide unique perspectives from FRs about how to best address their MH needs. First responders, as well as mental health care providers, need a more thorough understanding of these issues in order to mitigate barriers and facilitate help-seeking. As advocates, educators, and health care providers, psychiatric nurses are well-positioned to care for this at-risk population.