Journal articles: 'Feather industry'

1

Wood, Roy C. "The last feather-bedded industry?" Tourism Management 17, no. 8 (December 1996): 583–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0261-5177(96)00079-9.

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Wu, Xiao Qian, Li Chen, Zhang Jun Cao, and Mei Hua Zhou. "Feather Degradation and Keratinase Production by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia DHHJ." Advanced Materials Research 550-553 (July 2012): 1400–1403. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.550-553.1400.

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Feathers, as a waste, are produced in large quantities from poultry processing industry every year. In this paper, feathers were biodegraded by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia DHHJ which was isolated from soil samples. The results show that the optimal conditions for the feather degradation and the keratinase production are 2.5% feather as substrate, the initial pH of 7.8 and cultivation at 40 °C for 5 days. Salts, KCl and NaCl, can increase feather degradation slightly. The proper concentration of Tween 80 can enhance keratinase production significantly. EDTA, as a metalloprotease inhibitor, greatly inhibits keratinolytic activity.

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Borchardt, John K. "Birds of a Feather." Mechanical Engineering 133, no. 10 (October 1, 2011): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2011-oct-5.

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This article focuses on the benefits of clustering same field companies in the same city or region. The article also discusses that clustering same field companies in same region can help businesses and engineers and in making vital decisions. In addition, interactions and successful partnering among these various organizations can create synergies that increase the productivity of companies, drive the direction and pace of innovation, and stimulate new business start-ups. The concentration of energy businesses along Katy Freeway, Houston is a classic example of what economists call a business cluster, an industry cluster. Investing in technology centers and instituting government-sponsored incentives may persuade firms to locate in a region, however, without the economic culture of collaborative relationships; a collection of companies will never become a true business cluster. The article also highlights that professional organizations can promote fruitful interactions between individuals in an industry and help promote business interests in a cluster.

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Mazotto, Ana Maria, Rosalie Reed Rodrigues Coelho, Sabrina Martins Lage Cedrola, Marcos Fábio de Lima, Sonia Couri, Edilma Paraguai de Souza, and Alane Beatriz Vermelho. "Keratinase Production by Three Bacillus spp. Using Feather Meal and Whole Feather as Substrate in a Submerged Fermentation." Enzyme Research 2011 (August 1, 2011): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/523780.

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Three Bacillus species (B. subtilis LFB-FIOCRUZ 1270, B. subtilis LFB-FIOCRUZ 1273, and B. licheniformis LFB-FIOCRUZ 1274), isolated from the poultry industry, were evaluated for keratinase production using feathers or feather meal as the sole carbon and nitrogen sources in a submerged fermentation. The three Bacillus spp. produced extracellular keratinases and peptidases after 7 days. Feather meal was the best substrate for keratinase and peptidase production in B. subtilis 1273, with 412 U/mL and 463 U/ml. The three strains were able to degrade feather meal (62–75%) and feather (40–95%) producing 3.9–4.4 mg/ml of soluble protein in feather meal medium and 1.9–3.3 mg/ml when feather medium was used. The three strains produced serine peptidases with keratinase and gelatinase activity. B. subtilis 1273 was the strain which exhibited the highest enzymatic activity.

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Tronina, Przemysław, and Fabiola Bubel. "Production of organic fertilizer from poultry feather wastes excluding the composting process." Polish Journal of Chemical Technology 10, no. 2 (January 1, 2008): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10026-008-0025-3.

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Production of organic fertilizer from poultry feather wastes excluding the composting process Chicken feathers generated in large quantities by the poultry industry are hazardous for the natural environment because of their poor digestibility and their potential as a source of microbiological pathogens. Currently, the main method of feather waste management is the production of feather meal by steam pressure cooking. This technology requires a high energy input. The high costs of hydrothermal degradation of these wastes are conducive to finding other alternative possibilities of poultry wastes management. This paper describes the feather-utilization method with calcium oxide treatment in a rotational reactor, which leads to the production of organic-mineral fertilizers. The effectiveness of this method has been tested in chemical and microbiological analyses. The results of the study confirm the possibility of the environmental usage of utilization-products.

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Song, Xinwei, Yulan Gao, Dongmei Shen, and Rusheng Jia. "Study on the Pollution Control of Down Washing Wastewater in West Anhui, China." E3S Web of Conferences 165 (2020): 02035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016502035.

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The down industry is one of the special agricultural industrial clusters in West Anhui province, China. There are large drainage and large pollution load in the washing down industry. By analysing the characteristics of wastewater from down washing industry, it is proposed that the enterprises of down industry should separate heavily polluted wastewater from slightly polluted and reuse the wastewater directly or after regeneration treatment. According to the gathering situation of down feather industrial enterprises in West Anhui province, it is proposed to build down feather industrial park and down specialized sewage treatment plant in the industrial gathering area, so as to solve the pollution problem of enterprises through centralized treatment and make industry bigger and stronger.

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Pourjavaheri, Firoozeh, Farzad Mohaddes, Robert A. Shanks, Michael Czajka, and Arun Gupta. "Effects of Different Purification Methods on Chicken Feather Keratin." Advanced Materials Research 941-944 (June 2014): 1184–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.941-944.1184.

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Every year billion kilograms of unused feathers result from the poultry industry worldwide, which in effect impose a difficult disposal process to the environment. Chicken feathers are considered as a valuable and renewable keratin protein source, which could be used advantageously in a number of applications as alternatives to feather meal and feather disposal. Although the potential applications of keratin derived from chicken feathers have been investigated, the initial purification phase has not been fully described in the literature. Original chicken feathers contain many biological organisms along with other contaminants after plucking. Unprocessed chicken feathers are considered as potentially hazardous biological materials due to the presence of blood borne pathogens; therefore, the decontamination process is very important. The purpose of this work is to compare the effects of different purification techniques on chicken feathers prior to keratin isolation. These processes include surfactant washing, soxhlet extraction with ethanol, ozone, and sodium chlorite solutions. Thermogravimetric analysis, vibrational spectroscopy, and wide angle X-ray scattering were used to characterise the purified feathers prior to keratin extraction.

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Pedrosa, Nely de Almeida, Cristiano José de Andrade, José Carlos Cunha Petrus, and Alcilene Rodrigues Monteiro. "Sequential Hydrolysis of Chicken Feathers Composed of Ultrasound and Enzymatic Steps: An Enhanced Protein Source with Bioactive Peptides." Biomass 2, no. 4 (September 30, 2022): 237–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomass2040016.

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Chicken feather is a massive by-product. Its incorrect disposal can lead to serious environmental impacts. However, chicken feather is a promising low-cost keratin source. Keratin products have a wide application in the food and pharmaceutical industry. Mostly, chicken feathers are hydrolyzed by hydrothermal processes, and then applied into animal feed formulations. Despite the low cost, the hydrothermal hydrolysis leads to uncontrolled and low hydrolysis yield. Therefore, the aim of this work was to develop and optimize a sequential strategy of chicken feathers hydrolysis composed of ultrasound and enzymatic hydrolysis (savinase®) steps. In the first research step an experimental design was built and the optimum hydrolysis condition was obtained at 50 °C and 12.5% (enzyme/chicken feather), using three integrated rectors containing enzyme/substrate and sodium disulfite. Then, the ultrasound probe was added in the experimental apparatus in order to investigate the enzymatic hydrolysis assisted by ultrasound treatment. The enzymatic hydrolysis assisted by ultrasound treatment led to high concentrations of peptides, including a dipeptide (245.1868 m/z). Thus, the sequential hydrolysis strategy composed by two green technologies proposed in this study, enhanced the degree of hydrolysis of chicken feathers, producing bioactive peptides that can be used as ingredients in food products and other sectors.

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Sello, Cornelius Tlotliso, Chang Liu, Yongfeng Sun, Petunia Msuthwana, Jingtao Hu, Yujian Sui, Shaokang Chen, et al. "De Novo Assembly and Comparative Transcriptome Profiling of Anser anser and Anser cygnoides Geese Species’ Embryonic Skin Feather Follicles." Genes 10, no. 5 (May 8, 2019): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10050351.

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Geese feather production and the quality of downy feathers are additional economically important traits in the geese industry. However, little information is available about the molecular mechanisms fundamental to feather formation and the quality of feathers in geese. This study conducted de novo transcriptome sequencing analysis of two related geese species using the Illumina 4000 platform to determine the genes involved in embryonic skin feather follicle development. A total of 165,564,278 for Anser anser and 144,595,262 for Anser cygnoides clean reads were generated, which were further assembled into 77,134 unigenes with an average length of 906 base pairs in Anser anser and 66,041 unigenes with an average length of 922 base pairs in Anser cygnoides. To recognize the potential regulatory roles of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) during geese embryonic skin feather follicle development, the obtained unigenes were annotated to Gene Ontology (GO), Eukaryotic Orthologous Groups (KOG), and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) for functional analysis. In both species, GO and KOG had shown similar distribution patterns during functional annotation except for KEGG, which showed significant variation in signaling enrichment. Anser asnser was significantly enriched in the calcium signaling pathway, whereas Anser cygnoides was significantly enriched with glycerolipid metabolism. Further analysis indicated that 14,227 gene families were conserved between the species, among which a total of 20,715 specific gene families were identified. Comparative RNA-Seq data analysis may reveal inclusive knowledge to assist in the identification of genetic regulators at a molecular level to improve feather quality production in geese and other poultry species.

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Jagtap, A. R., and M. G. Bodhankar. "Bio-degradation of Feathers Waste by the Staphylococcus epidermidis P3A." Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 14, no. 4 (November 9, 2020): 2611–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.22207/jpam.14.4.37.

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Development of industrialization is directly proportional to the development of nations. Rising industrializations also increase the pollutions. One of them is poultry industry which discharges a huge amount of keratinous waste. The present study focused on the selection of feather degrading bacteria from Barshi region of Maharashtra. Bacterial strains were grown in whole feather broth medium. Out of 16 proteolytic bacterial isolates, 9 feather degrading isolates were selected from the Parande road side feather waste dumping area. Among these isolates, P3A was selected and classified on the basis of morphological and biochemical analysis. 16S rRNA studies confirmed that the isolated strain was Staphylococcus epidermidis. Staphylococcus epidermidis P3A shows 84% feather degradation and 72 U/ml maximum keratinase activity after 96 hrs. The isolate shows potential use in feather waste disposal methods which are safe and environment friendly.

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Sergey, Zinoviev, Volik Victor, and Ismailova Dilaram. "Efficiency of feeding broilers with feather meal, obtained by the method of short-term hydrothermic exposure." Poultry and Chicken Products 24, no. 1 (2022): 65–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.30975/2073-4999-2022-24-1-65-68.

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In the poultry industry, animal flour is often used, which is prepared from a mixture consisting of the remains of bones, soft tissues and feathers. They are rarely processed separately, especially for feathers, which have a very low digestibility. The technology of short-term high-temperature hydrolysis of feathers in a thin layer leads to the destruction of the keratin structure and increases the availability of its amino acids. This processing method achieves 86–88% of protein digestibility. The efficiency of using this feather meal (PM) in feeding makes it possible to reduce the cost of rations and improve zootechnical indicators.

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Mézes, Lili, and Szabolcs Molnár. "Study of the biodegradation of slaughterhause feather waste by Bradford method." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 55 (February 25, 2014): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/55/1913.

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The 15–20% of the by-products of meat- and poultry industry – that unsuitable for human consumption – contains keratin. The slaughter technology of poultry produces large amount of poultry feather with 50–70% moisture content. This means more million tons annually worldwide (Williams et al., 1991; Hegedűs et al., 1998). The keratin content of feather can be difficulty digested, so physical, chemical and/or biological pre-treatment is needed in practice, which has to be set according to the utilization method. The microbiological and enzymatic degradation of feather to soluble protein and amino acids is a very favourable and relatively cheap opportunity to produce valuable products of the resulting feather. Our applied treatments were based on the determination of the most effective method, which is able to follow the biodegradation of waste poultry feather.

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Kumar, Jitendra, and Ranjana Yadav. "Keratinolysis of chicken feather and human hair by nondermatophytic keratinophilic fungi isolated from soil." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 12, no. 4 (November 29, 2020): 568–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v12i4.2398.

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Development in food industry increases consumption of chicken by people and it is estimated that tons of poultry feathers are produced by poultry farms. Hairs are other forms of keratinous waste which is generated in huge amounts by leather industries and parlours worldwide. Chicken feathers and hairs are waste contains high-quality protein, hard to degraded. Eleven nondermatophytic keratinophilic fungi were isolated from soil by hair baiting method and were used to deteriorate hairs and feathers. Pictographic authentication showed that the microbial incidence started with surface colonization of keratinous substrate, mechanical interference of substrate by penetrating hyphae and development of broad perforating organs. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis of degraded and undegraded hair and the feather was made. In the sulphoxide region at 1073, the band corresponding to S-O was observed with low intensity and poorly visible in control feathers, while in degraded feather intensity of the band was high in case of Chrysosporium indicum and Chrysosporium tropicum. In Hairs, S-O band was more intense in C indicum as compared to C. tropicum while it was absent in undegraded human hair. The present work observed keratin degradation activity on human hair and chicken feather by FTIR spectra which are useful in the study of structure and mechanism of keratinolysis. Keratinous waste degradation has great potential to convert them into various byproducts such as enzymes, amino acids, biofertilizer and animal feed.

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Mi, Xiang, Wei Li, Helan Xu, Bingnan Mu, Yue Chang, and Yiqi Yang. "Transferring feather wastes to ductile keratin filaments towards a sustainable poultry industry." Waste Management 115 (September 2020): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2020.07.022.

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Solcova, Olga, Jaroslav Knapek, Lenka Wimmerova, Kamila Vavrova, Tomas Kralik, Milena Rouskova, Stanislav Sabata, and Jiri Hanika. "Environmental aspects and economic evaluation of new green hydrolysis method for waste feather processing." Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy 23, no. 6 (April 9, 2021): 1863–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10098-021-02072-5.

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Abstract In recent years, an increase in the chicken meat process industry has been growing quickly, which brings a large amount of difficult to process waste, chicken feathers. These billions of kilograms create a serious waste problem over the world, furthermore, poultry feather processing is not only particularly difficult but also relatively expensive. In fact, there is no technology suitable for processing such huge quantities of feathers to guarantee sustainable development of the chicken meat industry together with processing of waste feathers. This article introduces a newly designed and original, highly efficient and environmentally friendly method of physicochemical hydrolysis of waste feathers. The hydrolysis is carried out in the presence of a weak organic carboxylic acid; thus, the resulting hydrolysate does not contain any salts or ashes. Therefore, a resulting hydrolysate, which includes a mixture of amino acids, peptides, proteins, glycoproteins and free fatty acids, is suitable for a variety of applications; e.g. as a chondroprotective agent in the treatment of joint diseases, nutrients for crop plants or targeted biostimulants for agriculture. This paper is focused not only on the process scale-up but also on environmental aspects and economic evaluations to bring general view of the process. Graphic abstract

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George, Brian R., Anne Bockarie, Holly McBride, David Hoppy, and Alison Scutti. "Utilization of Turkey Feather Fibers in Nonwoven Erosion Control Fabrics." International Nonwovens Journal os-12, no. 2 (June 2003): 1558925003os—12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1558925003os-1200212.

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Currently, between two and four billion pounds of feathers are produced annually by the poultry processing industry (1). These feathers present a disposal problem, and are usually converted to animal feed. A method of effectively stripping the feather fibers from the quill without damaging the fibers has been patented, and as a result research is being conducted to determine uses for these fibers (4). Current research has focused on creating latex bonded fabrics containing turkey feather fibers for utilization as erosion control fabrics. These fabrics have been compared with currently available erosion control fabrics to determine their suitability for this particular purpose. The turkey fiber fabrics performed similarly to the commercially available erosion control fabrics tested in terms of light and water transmittance. None of the fabrics significantly affected the pH, nitrogen or phosphorus content of the soil even though the turkey fabrics had fully decomposed by the conclusion of the experiment. The turkey fabrics increased soil moisture content and decreased soil compaction, which are critical properties for successful ecological restoration of habitats. One significant drawback of the turkey fabrics was difficulty in handling and installation on the site compared to the two commercial erosion control fabrics tested.

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Hedlund, Louise, and Per Jensen. "Effects of stress during commercial hatching on growth, egg production and feather pecking in laying hens." PLOS ONE 17, no. 1 (January 4, 2022): e0262307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262307.

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Every year, billions of egg layer chicks around the world are hatched under highly stressful, industrial circumstances. Here, it is investigated how the stressful procedure in the commercial hatchery, including incubation, hatching, processing, and transport affects the chicks with regards to traits relevant for the egg production industry. These traits were compared to those of a control group hatched in a small incubator and handled gently och quietly in a quiet room without any processing and transport. The chicks were weighed at hatch and at eight additional time points: 4 days, 1 week (w), 2 w, 3 w, 5 w, 8 w, 20 w and 25 w of age. Feather pecking was studied at 15 w of age and damages to the feathers and injuries on the comb and wattle were assessed at 25 w of age. From 19 w of age, eggs were collected on three days per week, counted and weighed. Chicks from a commercial hatchery had a lower hatch weight than control chicks (p<0.001). At 20 w of age, the weight of the commercial hatched chicks was still numerically lower, although this did not reach statistical significance. Commercially hatched chicks tended to show more feather pecking behaviour at 15 w of age compared to control chicks (p<0.1), although feather condition at 25 w of age showed the opposite pattern. Regarding production, commercially hatched chickens laid fewer (p<0.05) and smaller (p<0.05) eggs than chicks hatched and handled under calm circumstances. From this experiment, it is concluded that the stressful experience in the commercial hatchery has an overall negative effect on traits relevant for the industry.

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Riffel, A., and A. Brandelli. "Isolation and characterization of a feather-degrading bacterium from the poultry processing industry." Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology 29, no. 5 (November 2002): 255–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj/jim/7000307.

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Riffel, A., and A. Brandelli. "Isolation and characterization of a feather-degrading bacterium from the poultry processing industry." Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology 29, no. 5 (November 1, 2002): 255–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.7000307.

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Santha Kalaikumari, S., T. Vennila, V. Monika, K. Chandraraj, P. Gunasekaran, and J. Rajendhran. "Bioutilization of poultry feather for keratinase production and its application in leather industry." Journal of Cleaner Production 208 (January 2019): 44–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.10.076.

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Klingaman, Gerald, and G. L. Wheeler. "Use of Poultry Byproducts in a Production System for Greenhouse-grown Crops." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 857F—857. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.857f.

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In 1993, the Arkansas poultry industry produced 1.048 billion broilers with a total live weight of 2.54 million metric tons. Depending on the type of processing used, from 30% to 50% of live weight can end up in the waste stream. Three primary waste-stream products are generated by the poultry industry: feather meal, poultry meal, and bone meal. Feather meal contains ≈14% N, poultry meal 11% N, and bone meal 8% N. Byproduct additions were made to tomato, marigold, and impatiens transplants at the rate of 6, 12, 24 and 48 g/10-cm pot. The two highest rates killed plants outright, while the lower rates resulted in some growth reduction when compared to the control. Studies are under way to further evaluate the use of these byproducts in an organic production system for tomatoes and bedding plants.

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Abdul Gafar, Aa’ishah, Mohd Ezuan Khayat, Siti Aqlima Ahmad, Nur Adeela Yasid, and Mohd Yunus Shukor. "Response Surface Methodology for the Optimization of Keratinase Production in Culture Medium Containing Feathers by Bacillus sp. UPM-AAG1." Catalysts 10, no. 8 (July 29, 2020): 848. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10080848.

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Keratinase is a type of proteolytic enzyme with broad application in industry. The main objective of this work is the optimization of keratinase production from Bacillus sp. strain UPM-AAG1 using Plackett-Burman (PB) and central composite design (CCD) for parameters, such as pH, temperature, feather concentration, and inoculum size. The optimum points for temperature, pH, and inoculum and feather concentrations were 31.66 °C, 6.87, 5.01 (w/v), and 4.53 (w/v), respectively, with an optimum keratinase activity of 60.55 U/mL. The keratinase activity was further numerically optimized for commercial application. The best numerical solution recommended a pH of 5.84, temperature of 25 °C, inoculums’ size of 5.0 (v/v), feather concentration of 4.97 (w/v). Optimization resulted an activity of 56.218 U/mL with the desirability value of 0.968. Amino acid analysis profile revealed the presence of essential and non-essential amino acids. These properties make Bacillus sp. UPM-AAG1 a potential bacterium to be used locally for the production of keratinase from feather waste.

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Sun, Ruixia, Zongqian Wang, Ning Pan, Tianlong Chen, and Mingrong Wang. "A new technique to clean down and feather dust: Composition and resolution of down dust." Textile Research Journal 89, no. 15 (October 23, 2018): 3080–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517518809047.

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The amount of dust is an important indicator in evaluating the quality of down and feather. However, there has been little published research on dust in down and feather and no report of the generation of dust and its reduction. We extracted dust from down and feather and divided it into water-soluble dust and floating dust based on solubility and then calculated the proportion of the two types of dust. The morphology of floating dust was characterized and a formation mechanism proposed for fine dust. A machine was designed to reduce the dust from down and feather during washing. Floating dust was a major component of down and feather dust, accounting for up to 71.5% (m/m). The main component of floating dust was organic material. The fibrillation and pulverization of down fibers is proposed as the main cause of fine organic dust. An overflow de-dusting and centrifuging integrated device was constructed to replace the traditional centrifugal dehydration machine in the washing of down and feather. The dust level was reduced significantly when using the new machine, especially floating dust. Therefore the dust problem will be better resolved by using this technology in the down-washing process, alleviating the health concerns of workers and helping the industry to become more sustainable.

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Kumari, Mannu, and Jitendra Kumar. "Chicken feather waste degradation by Alternaria tenuissima and its application on plant growth." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 12, no. 3 (September 7, 2020): 411–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v12i3.2345.

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The use of chicken as food is rising day today and as byproduct 8.5 billion tons, poultry feathers are produced worldwide, whereas India contributes about 350 million tons per annum. It is a waste product of poultry industries, are considered a potential high-quality protein supplement owing to their crude protein content of more than 85%. In the present study Alternaria tenuissima a keratinophilic fungus was used for feather degradation in submerged state fermentation and soil. Total Protein releases were studied in submerged state fermentation by A. tenuissima are 122µg/ml and 238µg/ml in 15 and 25 days respectively. Lysine, Methionine, Cysteine and Valine were found 15.8, 6.8, 20.2, 7.5 µg/ml in 25 days, respectively. Chicken feathers were mixed with soil and inoculated with spore suspension for degradation of complex keratin protein into simpler organic forms. A. tenuissima degraded feathers in soil and enhances nutritional value. Five-gram feathers in 250 g soil mixtures were found better growth enhancers and increased height. This work will reduce the solid waste generated in the form of feathers from the poultry industry, and convert it into a simpler organic form that can be used by plants.

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Said, M. I. "Potential development of poultry feather waste resources as raw material in industry: A review." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 492 (June 24, 2020): 012089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/492/1/012089.

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Dąbrowska, Małgorzata, Agata Sommer, Izabela Sinkiewicz, Antoni Taraszkiewicz, and Hanna Staroszczyk. "An optimal designed experiment for the alkaline hydrolysis of feather keratin." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 29, no. 16 (November 25, 2021): 24145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17649-2.

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AbstractFeathers, burdensome waste from the poultry industry, can be a cheap source of keratin, a protein with excellent physicochemical, biological, and mechanical properties. Acid and alkaline hydrolyses are usually adopted for isolation of keratin from its natural resources. This study aimed at assessing the statistically significant effect of input variables in the alkaline hydrolysis of keratin from chicken feathers on the process yield and on the molecular weight of peptides obtained. The effect of the volume ratio of 1M NaOH to the feathers’ mass, the hydrolysis time, and the shaking speed of the reaction mixture on the process yield were analyzed. The use of statistical analysis at the design step of experiment allowed reducing the trial number from 27 to 9. Among the input variables analyzed, only the volume ratio of 1M NaOH to the feathers’ mass had a significant effect on the process yield, while none of them significantly affected the molecular weight of the peptides obtained. All hydrolysates were dominated by two peptides’ fractions, with molecular weights of ca. 130 and 250 kDa, and mixture of many peptides of weight close to 10 kDa and smaller. Alkaline hydrolysis of feather keratin yielded protein hydrolysates soluble over a wide pH range.

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Bright, A., TA Jones, and MS Dawkins. "A non-intrusive method of assessing plumage condition in commercial flocks of laying hens." Animal Welfare 15, no. 2 (May 2006): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600030190.

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AbstractStandard techniques for assessing plumage damage to hens from feather pecking typically require capture and handling. Handling of individual birds for plumage assessment is relatively easy in experimental studies; however, close inspection of individual birds in commercial flocks is less feasible because catching birds is difficult, may compromise bird welfare and affect egg production. The aim of this study was to assess a non-intrusive method for scoring plumage damage in a commercial free-ranging flock of laying hens. Plumage damage was scored within a 2 m distance of the birds, without capture or handling, using a 5-point scale for 5 body regions. The feather scores, recorded at a distance, by two independent scorers were compared (distance scores), and were then compared with feather scores recorded by a scorer who caught and handled the birds to examine the plumage damage closely (capture scores). There was a significant and positive correlation between the distance scores and the capture scores, and the mean correlation coefficient for all plumage score traits was 0.89. There was also a significant and positive correlation between scorers, and the mean correlation coefficient for all plumage score traits was 0.84. The standard deviation of the residual mean difference between scorers and between methods was less than 1 point for individual body regions and less than 1.5 points for the total body score. Large variation in feather damage within a flock and small sample size increased the standard error of the mean total feather score. When feather damage variation within flocks is low (ie little observed feather damage), the current industry standard of scoring a sample of 100 birds is likely to provide a reliable estimate of flock feather damage; however, when there is large variation within birds of a flock (ie considerable observed feather damage) ≥200 birds should be inspected to accurately monitor changes in plumage condition. The non-intrusive method of feather scoring described in this paper may be useful for commercial-scale feather pecking studies or for farmers who need to assess the plumage damage of their flocks reliably, quickly and with minimal disturbance or stress to the birds.

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Escamilla-García, Axel, Genaro M. Soto-Zarazúa, Manuel Toledano-Ayala, and Abraham Gastélum-Barrios. "A new application of morphometric variables and image processing to determine day-old chicken sex." Journal of Applied Research and Technology 20, no. 5 (October 31, 2022): 564–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/icat.24486736e.2022.20.5.1390.

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One of the principal activities in the poultry industry is determine the sex of chickens of one day old. In this paper, we present a non-invasive technique to determine the sex of day-old chickens based on image processing algorithms. The technique analyzes morphometrical attributes from chicken using the slow and rapid growth of primary and secondary feathers patterns and linear discriminant analysis models. Based on the area formed with the superior points of each feather, the technique is capable to determine the sex of day-old chickens with an accuracy of 94.4%, providing a cheap, non-invasive, and high accurate technique that could be implemented onto a dedicated and automated system.

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Fijn, Lisa B., F. Josef van der Staay, Vivian C. Goerlich-Jansson, and Saskia S. Arndt. "Importance of Basic Research on the Causes of Feather Pecking in Relation to Welfare." Animals 10, no. 2 (January 28, 2020): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10020213.

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Feather pecking is a prominent issue in the commercial egg industry, associated with economic losses and welfare problems. A non-systematic literature search suggests that studies on feather pecking are predominantly concerned with applied research goals. That is to say, they aim to solve or diminish the effects of this problematic behavior by orienting towards practical approaches. The strong emphasis on this research approach has skewed our knowledge of the causes of feather pecking in relation to welfare. While the need for such research is high, there is an equivalent need for basic research that has not received corresponding effort. Also, current research predominantly focuses on the negative effects on the birds being pecked, whereas too little attention is given to the possible welfare problems of the peckers. We argue that more basic research is needed for obtaining comprehensive science-based knowledge of behavioral needs and abilities of hens, in particular with respect to behavioral problems that threaten their welfare.

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Park, Dae-Hak, In Yang, Won-Sil Choi, Sei Chang Oh, Dong-uk Ahn, and Gyu-Seong Han. "Evaluating The Water Resistance of Wood Adhesives Formulated with Chicken Feather Produced from Poultry Industry." Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology 45, no. 1 (January 25, 2017): 126–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5658/wood.2017.45.1.126.

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Lili Mézes. "Physical and chemical treatment of poultry feather from the slaughter-house." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 42 (December 22, 2010): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/42/2659.

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The 15-20% of the by-products of meat – and poultry industry – that unsuitable for human consumption – contains keratin. The slaughter technology of poultry produces large amount of poultry feather with 50-70% moisture content. This means more million tons annually worldwide (Williams et al., 1991; Hegedűs et al., 1998). The keratin content of feather can be difficulty digested, so physical, chemical and/or biological pretreatment is needed in practice, which has to be set according to the utilization method.Our applied treatments were based on biogas production, which is a possible utilization method. In the IFA (TULLN) Environmental Biotechnology Institute the feather was homogenized, and – according to the previous examinations – the most effective 1:2 feather-distilled water ratio or 1% NaOH-solution was used, and then treated with microwave (70, 130, 160 °C) during 1 hour time period. DM% and oDM% content was analyzed in the original samples, and the pH, Carbon-, Nitrogen-content in the output, too. Based on the received correlation coefficients (R) and related significance values (Sig.) I concluded, that the C-, N-content and the pH values weren’t influenced by any of the additives. The temperatureaffected all three tested factors. The temperature showed a strong coherency with the N-content and the pH value when distilled water was used and weak-medium coherency with the Carboncontent. With NaOH-solution treatment the temperature gave strong coherency with the C- and N-content, as well as medium coherency with the pH. Our objective was to determine the method with effectively the pre-treating of poultry feather for biogas production or composting and to prepare of the treated samples for N and C analyzing. Our next aims will be the elaboration of the technological parameters of heat pre-treatment and microbial digestion of poultry feather for biogas production.

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Park, Sangyoub, and Eui Hang Shin. "Patterns of Market Polarization and Market Matching in the Korean Film Industry." Journal of East Asian Studies 4, no. 2 (August 2004): 285–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1598240800001843.

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Despite its embedded ambiguity, conventional wisdom tends to prevail over time. This may be because old adages recurrently embrace some ingredients of truth. As James A. Mathisen highlights, conventional wisdom plays a significant role in constituting knowledge as a starting point. For many people, numerous adages (the rich get richer while the poor get poorer; birds of a feather flock together) are most commonly perceived as true. More interestingly, the accuracy of the two folk wisdoms appears to be more salient in culture-producing industries, including the motion picture industry. Concomitantly, the two adages have long been connected to diverse societal phenomena and sociological knowledge.

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Gozali, C., D. Suryanto, and A. Hartanto. "Partial purification and characterization of keratinase produced by keratinolytic fungi, Earliella scabrosa A2 and Aspergillus flavus A11." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1115, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1115/1/012071.

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Abstract Chicken feather waste originating from the poultry industry and its processing is a potential source of protein and amino acids that can still be used as functional compounds. This study aimed to study the keratinolytic activity of local fungal isolates in vitro as a keratin-degrading agent. Keratinase secreted by keratinolytic fungal isolates were produced and characterized in 1% (w/v) Feather Meal Broth (FMB) composed of pure chicken feathers. Fungal isolates used in this study were A2 and A11 which were later identified based on ITS-rDNA genetic similarity to Earliella scabrosa and Aspergillus flavus, respectively. Crude enzymes were precipitated using an increasing ammonium sulphate salt gradient. The enzyme activity of Earliella scabrosa A2 and Aspergillus flavus A11 were 19 and 7.5 U/mL respectively. The crude enzymes showed an increase of activity during 80% of precipitation for isolate A2 with 10 U/mL and for isolate A11 with 18.6 U/mL. The specific activity after dialysis were 61.99 U/mg for isolate A2 and 75.11 U/mg for isolate A11. The optimum condition of keratinase activity for isolate A2 were at pH 7 and 30°C while isolate A11 showed its optimum activity at pH 8 and 45°C.

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Mahnashi, Mater H., Uday M. Muddapur, Bhagya Turakani, Ibrahim Ahmed Shaikh, Ahmed Abdullah Al Awadh, Mohammed Merae Alshahrani, Ibrahim A. Almazni, et al. "A Review on Versatile Eco-Friendly Applications of Microbial Proteases in Biomedical and Industrial Applications." Science of Advanced Materials 14, no. 4 (April 1, 2022): 622–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sam.2022.4264.

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Enzymes are the keystone for metabolism or the chemical reactions in biological systems. They help to build certain substances and break others down. Enzymes play a critical role in our bodies, industries and corporate sectors. Protease is an enzyme that helps break the peptide bonds present in the protein and separates the amino acids. Microbial proteases are the ones where the bacteria can produce the protease enzyme. Among many industrial enzymes, microbial protease has a versatile role in many fields like laundry, leather preparation, feather degradation, detergent preparation, biocontrol agents, optical lens cleaners, tannery, deproteinization of prawn shell, prevention of putrefaction of cutting oil, food preservatives, chelating agents, fodder additives, removal and degradation of polymeric substances (EPS), removal of hairs in buffalo hide, waste treatment, bioremediation process, reduction of waste-activated sludge and biofilm formation, degumming of silk, cosmetics (to remove glabellar-frown lines), cheese making, Meat tenderization, rehydration of goat skins and reduced water quantity, fibrin degradation, photographic, silver recovery from X-ray films, dairy industry, control harmful nematodes, fruit juice, and bakery, soybean paste, and sauce industry, pulp mills, alcohol production, fish processing wastes, prion degradation. Microbial protease is popularly used in the detergent industry, leather industry, textile industry, food industry, dairy industry, meat processing industry, bakery industry, pharmaceutical industry, etc.

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35

Latifah, Rais Nur. "Preparation and Characterization of Adsorbent from Natural Zeolite Mixed Chicken Feather in Degradation of Batik Waste Dyes Based Green Chemistry." JKPK (Jurnal Kimia dan Pendidikan Kimia) 6, no. 3 (December 31, 2021): 362. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/jkpk.v6i3.55420.

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This research is the adsorption of dyestuffs from batik industry waste. The adsorption method was used chicken feather adsorbent with natural zeolite. Zeolite was activated by HF. Feather flour was activated with 0.2 M KOH. The main focus of this research is determine the potential for dye degradation with the batch method.Samples were analyzed by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS), Fourier Transform Infra Red Spectrophotometer (FTIR), and Surface Area Analyzer (SAA). Measurement of dye degradation includes the effect of adsorbent concentration, pH, contact time and particle size of adsorbent. The results showed that the optimum pH in the degradation of dyestuffs from the batik industry waste was pH 8.5. The optimum contact times by activated and unactivated adsorbents were 65 minutes and 120 minutes, respectively. The reaction kinetics analysis showed the Freundlich adsorption model based on the experimental data. This indicates that the surface pores of the adsorbent are very influential in the degradation of the dye. Adsorption capacity of degradation dyestuffs with adsorbents has an efficiency of 94%. In the laboratory, it has been proven that adsorbents are able to degrade dyes in batik waste before being discharged into the water disposal system.

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Bayot, Jezza B., Alexandra Cuartero, Ruth R. Aquino, Menandro C. Marquez, Joel L. Villanueva, and Gabriel Angelo Tapas. "Effect of Keratin Extracted from Chicken Feather Filled Electrospun Polyacrylonitrile Nanocomposite Membrane." Key Engineering Materials 878 (March 2021): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.878.9.

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Chicken feathers are known for its unique properties such as low density, warmth retention, and distinct morphological structure [1]. Despite these unique properties, chicken feathers are considered a waste byproduct of the poultry industry [2]. To utilize feather waste, it was used as an additive to reinforce Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) polymer in the form of Keratin Extract. The highlight of the study is to prepare and characterize PAN with chicken feather keratin as additive by electrospinning. Keratin was extracted under reduction method with the use of sodium sulphide and solubilized with NaOH [3]. The presence of Keratin was confirmed with Fourier Transform Infrared Microscopy (FTIR) and Ultraviolet–visible Spectroscopy (UV-Vis).PAN nanofibers with different keratin loadings were formed by electrospinning process and Dimethylformamide (DMF) as solvent. The electrospun nanocomposite membranes were analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), FTIR, contact angle goniometer, and Ion-Adsorption test. Addition of keratin into the polymer solution, decreased the average fiber diameter from 91nm (Pure Keratin), 84nm (PAN/1%Keratin), 71nm (PAN/3%Keratin) to aggregates (PAN/5%Keratin). Also, the change in morphology affected the polymer’s hydrophilicity. As the percentage loading of keratin increases, the average contact angle decreases. The average contact angle of Pure Pan, 1%, 3%, and 5% keratin decreased from 28.21°, 18.85°, 16,76° to 15.34°. The effect of the fiber on conductivity was also tested with a salt bath method. 3M of NaCl solution presented a conductivity of 93.0 mS. Upon the addition of Pure PAN in saltwater Solution, the conductivity had decreased to 60.0mS which indicated that some ions from the NaCl had adhered to the membrane. Upon the addition of Keratin nanofibers, it can be observed that the conductivity increases to 61.0 mS, 96.8 mS. and 100.1 mS as the percentage of keratin loading increases.

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Elsayed, Ashraf Abdelmotaleb, Amr M. Mowafy, Ahmed Abd Elrazak, Mahmoud M. Fawzy, and Yehia Osman. "Characterization of Keratin Degrading Alkaliphiles." Journal of Biology and Life Science 7, no. 2 (August 9, 2016): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jbls.v7i2.9655.

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Feather which mainly contains Keratin is one of the main poultry industry wastes and at the same time with high nutritional value if converted to soluble form. In this study, we isolated and characterized four alkaliphilic bacteria for their ability to degrade feather under alkaline conditions. Two of the isolates have been identified as Lysinibacillus spp. and both of them are growing optimally at 30 °C and pH 9. The others were identified as Micrococcus sp. and Nocardiopsis sp. and both of them showed optimum growth at 37 °C and pH 10.5. All the isolates are promising and potential tools that could be used for keratin degradation.

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38

Samani, Arash E., Jeroen D. M. De Kooning, Nezmin Kayedpour, Narender Singh, and Lieven Vandevelde. "The Impact of Pitch-To-Stall and Pitch-To-Feather Control on the Structural Loads and the Pitch Mechanism of a Wind Turbine." Energies 13, no. 17 (September 1, 2020): 4503. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13174503.

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This article investigates the impact of the pitch-to-stall and pitch-to-feather control concepts on horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs) with different blade designs. Pitch-to-feather control is widely used to limit the power output of wind turbines in high wind speed conditions. However, stall control has not been taken forward in the industry because of the low predictability of stalled rotor aerodynamics. Despite this drawback, this article investigates the possible advantages of this control concept when compared to pitch-to-feather control with an emphasis on the control performance and its impact on the pitch mechanism and structural loads. In this study, three HAWTs with different blade designs, i.e., untwisted, stall-regulated, and pitch-regulated blades, are investigated. The control system is validated in both uniform and turbulent wind speed. The results show that pitch-to-stall control enhances the constant power control for wind turbines with untwisted and stall-regulated blade designs. Stall control alleviates the fore-aft tower loading and the blades flapwise moment of the wind turbine with stall-regulated blades in uniform winds. However, in turbulent winds, the flapwise moment increases to a certain extent as compared to pitch-to-feather control. Moreover, pitch-to-stall control considerably reduces the summed blade pitch movement, despite that it increases the risk of surface damage in the rolling bearings due to oscillating movements with a small amplitude.

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39

Sypka, Marcin, Iga Jodłowska, and Aneta M. Białkowska. "Keratinases as Versatile Enzymatic Tools for Sustainable Development." Biomolecules 11, no. 12 (December 18, 2021): 1900. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom11121900.

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To reduce anthropological pressure on the environment, the implementation of novel technologies in present and future economies is needed for sustainable development. The food industry, with dairy and meat production in particular, has a significant environmental impact. Global poultry production is one of the fastest-growing meat producing sectors and is connected with the generation of burdensome streams of manure, offal and feather waste. In 2020, the EU alone produced around 3.2 million tonnes of poultry feather waste composed primarily of keratin, a protein biopolymer resistant to conventional proteolytic enzymes. If not managed properly, keratin waste can significantly affect ecosystems, contributing to environmental pollution, and pose a serious hazard to human and livestock health. In this article, the application of keratinolytic enzymes and microorganisms for promising novel keratin waste management methods with generation of new value-added products, such as bioactive peptides, vitamins, prion decontamination agents and biomaterials were reviewed.

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Jones, R. B., and P. M. Hocking. "Genetic Selection for Poultry Behaviour: Big Bad Wolf or Friend in Need?" Animal Welfare 8, no. 4 (November 1999): 343–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600021977.

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AbstractAlthough genetic selection for certain characteristics has compromised the well-being of domestic animals, selective breeding could and probably should be used to improve welfare. Three of the major behavioural problems facing the poultry industry are fear, feather pecking and social stress. However, these and many other behavioural traits respond readily to genetic selection. The present paper reports the results of selective breeding studies in which underlying fearfulness, sociality, feather pecking, adrenocortical responsiveness, and growth rate were manipulated in Japanese quail, Coturnix japonica, or in chickens, Gallus gallus domesticus. The apparent benefits of selection for appropriate levels of these characteristics are discussed, as are the ethical issues involved. The ultimate aims of the selection programmes and the studies described here are to improve the birds ‘ welfare and productivity by increasing their ability to interact successfully with their physical environment, with one another, and with human beings.

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Meng, Yong, Yin Tang, Xiuhong Zhang, Jin Wang, and Zhengfu Zhou. "Molecular Identification of Keratinase DgokerA from Deinococcus gobiensis for Feather Degradation." Applied Sciences 12, no. 1 (January 4, 2022): 464. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12010464.

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Keratin is a tough fibrous structural protein that is difficult to digest with pepsin and trypsin because of the presence of a large number of disulfide bonds. Keratin is widely found in agricultural waste. In recent years, especially, the development of the poultry industry has resulted in a large accumulation of feather keratin resources, which seriously pollute the environment. Keratinase can specifically attack disulfide bridges in keratin, converting them from complex to simplified forms. The keratinase thermal stability has drawn attention to various biotechnological industries. It is significant to identify keratinases and improve their thermostability from microorganism in extreme environments. In this study, the keratinases DgoKerA was identified in Deinococcus gobiensis I-0 from the Gobi desert. The amino acid sequence analysis revealed that DgoKerA was 58.68% identical to the keratinase MtaKerA from M. thermophila WR-220 and 40.94% identical to the classical BliKerA sequence from B. licheniformis PWD-1. In vitro enzyme activity analysis showed that DgoKerA exhibited an optimum temperature of 60 °C, an optimum pH of 7 and a specific enzyme activity of 51147 U/mg. DgoKerA can degrade intact feathers at 60 °C and has good potential for industrial applications. The molecular modification of DgoKerA was also carried out using site-directed mutagenesis, in which the mutant A350S enzyme activity was increased by nearly 30%, and the results provide a theoretical basis for the development and optimization of keratinase applications.

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Atmakuri, Sri Latha, and Priya R. Iyer. "Isolation and Characterization of Protease from Bacillus spp and Serratia spp." South Asian Journal of Experimental Biology 2, no. 6 (January 23, 2013): 252–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.38150/sajeb.2(6).p252-255.

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Proteases are the largest group of enzymes that have a wide variety of industrialapplications in detergent, leather industry, pharmaceutical industry and bioremediation processes. In the current study, processed water from Pallavaramleather industry (Chennai & Tamilnadu) was used for isolation of organisms producing protease. Bacillus spp and Serratia spp were isolated on 0.5% casein minimal media. The presence of protease was confirmed by paper chromatography and estimated by ninhydrin method. The protease activity of Bacillus species was high at the temperature of 60oC, pH 9 and the concentration was found to be 280mg/100ml, whereas the activity of protease for Serratia species was high at the temperature of 40oC, pH 5 and at concentration of 240mg/100ml. The highest concentration at which the activity of protease was maximum was 2 % for both the organisms. The protease enzyme used for the blood stain removal and degradation of outer gelatin layer of Xâ€ray films was good however chicken feather degradation was less.

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Horn, Tamara Bianca, Juliana Granich, Júlia Horn Körbes, Guilherme Liberato Da Silva, and Noeli Juarez Ferla. "Mite fauna (Acari) associated with the poultry industry in different laying hen management systems in Southern Brazil: a species key." Acarologia 58, no. 1 (January 30, 2018): 140–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.24349/acarologia/20184233.

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This study is based on results from a large project on the mite diversity in commercial laying hen systems in Brazil. It aims to identify potential biocontrol agents amongst mites present in poultry farms, with a focus on one feather mite pest Megninia ginglymura. A secondary goal is to provide an operational identification tool to help the development of biological control in poultry farms. Sampling was conducted from August 2013 to August 2014, with 43 sampling events, in three different laying hen management systems. We used traps, laying hen feathers, and abandoned wild bird nests to collect the mites. A total of 38,862 mites belonging to 23 families and 39 species were found, including 17 species exclusively found in traps, six in wild bird nests, and one in feathers. The most abundant and frequent ectoparasitic species was M. ginglymura (76.3%; observed in all management systems). Amongst other mites, Tydeidae showed the highest richness with five species (Brachytydeus argentinensis (Baker, 1970), Brachytydeus australensis (Baker, 1970), Brachytydeus obnoxia (Kuznetzov and Zapletina, 1972), Brachytydeus oregonensis (Baker, 1970), and Brachytydeus tuttlei (Baker, 1965)), followed by Cheyletidae with four species (Chelacheles bipanus Summers and Price, 1970, Cheyletus eruditus (Schrank, 1781), Cheyletus malaccensis (Oudemans, 1903), and Cheletomimus (Hemicheyletia) wellsi (Baker, 1949)). Potential predatory species for biological control were C. malaccensis (9.4%), Typhlodromus transvaalensis (Nesbitt, 1951) (0.8%), Blattisocius keegani (Fox, 1947) (0.7%), and Blattisocius dentriticus (Berlese, 1918) (0.4%). A dichotomous key is provided to identify 48 species dwelling in Brazilian layer farms.

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Almahasheer, Arwa Ali, Amal Mahmoud, Hesham El-Komy, Amany I. Alqosaibi, Sultan Aktar, Sayed AbdulAzeez, and J. Francis Borgio. "Novel Feather Degrading Keratinases from Bacillus cereus Group: Biochemical, Genetic and Bioinformatics Analysis." Microorganisms 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10010093.

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In this study, five keratinolytic bacteria were isolated from poultry farm waste of Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. The highest keratinase activity was obtained at 40–45 °C, pH 8–9, feather concentration 0.5–1%, and using white chicken feather as keratin substrate for 72 h. Enhancement of keratinase activity through physical mutagen UV radiation and/or chemical mutagen ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) resulted in five mutants with 1.51–3.73-fold increased activity over the wild type. When compared with the wild type, scanning electron microscopy validated the mutants’ effectiveness in feather degradation. Bacterial isolates are classified as members of the S8 family peptidase Bacillus cereus group based on sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA and keratinase genes. Interestingly, keratinase KerS gene shared 95.5–100% identity to keratinase, thermitase alkaline serine protease, and thermophilic serine protease of the B. cereus group. D137N substitution was observed in the keratinase KerS gene of the mutant strain S13 (KerS13uv+ems), and also seven substitution variations in KerS26 and KerS26uv of strain S26 and its mutant S26uv. Functional analysis revealed that the subtilisin-like serine protease domain containing the Asp/His/Ser catalytic triad of KerS gene was not affected by the predicted substitutions. Prediction of physicochemical properties of KerS gene showed instability index between 17.5–19.3 and aliphatic index between 74.7–75.7, which imply keratinase stability and significant thermostability. The docking studies revealed the impact of substitutions on the superimposed structure and an increase in binding of mutant D137N of KerS13uv+ems (affinity: −7.17; S score: −6.54 kcal/mol) and seven mutants of KerS26uv (affinity: −7.43; S score: −7.17 kcal/mol) compared to the wild predicted structure (affinity: −6.57; S score: −6.68 kcal/mol). Together, the keratinolytic activity, similarity to thermostable keratinases, and binding affinity suggest that keratinases KerS13uv+ems and KerS26uv could be used for feather processing in the industry.

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Wreyford, Natalie. "Birds of a Feather: Informal Recruitment Practices and Gendered Outcomes for Screenwriting Work in the UK Film Industry." Sociological Review 63, no. 1_suppl (May 2015): 84–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-954x.12242.

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Salaheen, Serajus, Md Arafat Al Mamun, Shakila Nargis Khan, and Md Mozammel Hoq. "Improvement of Bacillus licheniformis MZK05 by mutation for increased production of keratinase." Dhaka University Journal of Biological Sciences 24, no. 1 (January 15, 2015): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujbs.v24i1.46304.

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Bacillus licheniformis MZK05 was subjected to mutation by ultraviolet radiation for enhanced production of keratinase. Of 750 isolates from irradiated plates, 200 colonies that showed zone of casein hydrolysis on Skim Milk Agar were cultured in liquid Feather Meal Medium containing digested feather as carbon and nitrogen source in shake culture at 37ºC. The mutant B. licheniformis MZK05M9 (BlM9) exhibited highest enzyme activity of 170 ± 5.63 U/ml as compared to 74 ± 5.29 U/ml by the wild MZK05. Both the strains were examined for the presence of gene encoded for keratinase (kerA gene) by PCR using primer which showed the product sizes 1156 bp and 520 bp, respectively for MZK05 and BlM9. The keratinase from both strains exhibited a thermal stability of about 97% for 2 hrs at 40°C whereas the keratinase of the mutant strain showed less stability (55%) at 50°C. The BlM9 while cultivated in batch culture in 7 litre bioreactor for production of the keratinase in the Feather Meal Medium, the productivity was found to be double (17,608 U/L/hr) than that of in the shake flask culture (8,525 U/L/hr). This improved strain thus will be very useful for large scale production of keratinase enabling its technical applications in industry. Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci. 24(1): 17-23, 2015 (January)

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Ellen, Esther, Malou van der Sluis, Janice Siegford, Oleksiy Guzhva, Michael Toscano, Jörn Bennewitz, Lisette van der Zande, et al. "Review of Sensor Technologies in Animal Breeding: Phenotyping Behaviors of Laying Hens to Select Against Feather Pecking." Animals 9, no. 3 (March 22, 2019): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9030108.

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Damaging behaviors, like feather pecking (FP), have large economic and welfare consequences in the commercial laying hen industry. Selective breeding can be used to obtain animals that are less likely to perform damaging behavior on their pen-mates. However, with the growing tendency to keep birds in large groups, identifying specific birds that are performing or receiving FP is difficult. With current developments in sensor technologies, it may now be possible to identify laying hens in large groups that show less FP behavior and select them for breeding. We propose using a combination of sensor technology and genomic methods to identify feather peckers and victims in groups. In this review, we will describe the use of “-omics” approaches to understand FP and give an overview of sensor technologies that can be used for animal monitoring, such as ultra-wideband, radio frequency identification, and computer vision. We will then discuss the identification of indicator traits from both sensor technologies and genomics approaches that can be used to select animals for breeding against damaging behavior.

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Tang, Yin, Leizhou Guo, Mingming Zhao, Yuan Gui, Jiahui Han, Wei Lu, Qilin Dai, et al. "A Novel Thermostable Keratinase from Deinococcus geothermalis with Potential Application in Feather Degradation." Applied Sciences 11, no. 7 (April 1, 2021): 3136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11073136.

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Keratinase can specifically attack disulfide bridges in keratin to convert them from complex to simplified forms. Keratinase thermal stability has drawn attention to various biotechnological industries. In this study, a keratinase DgeKer was identified from a slightly thermophilic species, D. geothermalis. The in silico analysis showed that DgeKer is composed of signal peptide, N-terminal propeptide, mature domain, and C-terminal extension. DgeKer and its C-terminal extension-truncated enzyme (DgeKer-C) were cloned and expressed in E. coli. The purified DgeKer and DgeKer-C showed maximum activity at 70 °C and pH 9–The thermal stability assay (60 °C) showed that the half-life value of DgeKer and DgeKer-C were 103.45 min and 169.10 min, respectively. DgeKer and DgeKer-C were stable at the range of pH from 9 to 11 and showed good tolerance to some metal ions, surfactants and organic solvent. Furthermore, DgeKer could degrade feathers at 70 °C for 60 min. However, the medium became turbid with obvious softening of barbules after being treated with DgeKer-C, which might be due to C-terminal extension. In summary, a thermostable keratinase DgeKer with high efficiency degradation of feathers may have great potential in industry.

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Alshehri, Wafa A., Ashjan Khalel, Khaled Elbanna, Iqbal Ahmad, and Hussein H. Abulreesh. "Bio-plastic Films Production from Feather Waste Degradation by Keratinolytic Bacteria Bacillus cereus." Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 15, no. 2 (May 12, 2021): 681–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.22207/jpam.15.2.17.

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Plastic materials have become a necessity of human life especially in the packaging of food commodities and biomedical procedures. Bioplastic is emerging as an effective alternative to fossil oil-based materials to avoid the environmental hazards of the plastic industry. During this study, chicken feathers were used as a substrate to isolate keratin degrading bacteria. Among 14 identified isolates, Bacillus sp BAM3 was found to be the most promising isolate. Partial 16S rDNA analysis-based molecular characterization revealed it is a strain of Bacillus cereus. Bacillus sp BAM3 can grow and produce keratinase in feathers containing basal medium as the sole carbon and energy source. The maximum keratinase production (730U/ml) was achieved within 24 h under optimum reaction conditions. The optimized reaction pH and temperature were noted as 9.0 and 50 °C for crude keratinase activity, respectively. The chicken feathers were used as a substrate in 2, 5, and 10 wt% glycerol to synthesize keratin-based bioplastic with keratinolytic bacterium Bacillus cereus BAM3. Bioplastic prepared from keratin with 2% of glycerol was found to possess good mechanical properties. Therefore, the results present a novel keratinolytic isolate of Bacillus cereus BAM3, which may have potential biotechnological applications in keratin hydrolysis processes. The development of keratin-based bioplastics possessing superior crystalline morphology requires further investigations to substitute fossil oil-based materials.

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50

Cooper, Ross G. "Ostrich (Struthio camelus var. domesticus) skin and leather: a review focused on southern Africa." World's Poultry Science Journal 57, no. 2 (June 2001): 157–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/wps20010012.

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Ostrich skin when tanned forms distinctive and exclusive leather which is much sought after in the fashion industry. Promotion and marketing are focused on its distinctive quill pattern, durability and suppleness. The leather commands a high price by comparison with other livestock leather. The industry in southern Africa is currently export focused with the highest number of tanned skins being exported from South Africa principally to Japan. There are currently many debates on the optimum age for slaughter, skin size being dependent on buyer demand. Skins are subjected to strict grading criteria. Many factors need to be considered to maximise skin yield and quality including adequate nutrition, preventing on-farm scarring and bruising during transport, preventing feather pecking and treating birds for parasitic and arthropod infestations. Stringent conditions during the processing of the skins at the abattoirs and tanneries are crucial in preventing damage and subsequent downgrading. Environmental impacts of tanning are crucial and harmful by- products, including trivalent chromium, must be extracted from the effluent. The establishment of a strategy that ensures improvements in both the local ostrich and skin industry, and in the export market is necessary if southern Africa is to become a global player.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Feather industry'

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