Relevant bibliographies by topics / Feathers as feed

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Feathers as feed'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 7 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Feathers as feed"

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Jumini, Sri. "Alternative fish feed production from waste chicken feathers." International Journal of Science and Applied Science: Conference Series 1, no. 2 (August 14, 2017): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/ijsascs.v1i2.5140.

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<p class="Abstract">In this This devotion has been done to provide education and training of the utilization of waste chicken manure, making flour chicken feathers as a fish feed alternative, that can overcome some of the problems that waste chicken feathers from the center cutting broiler chickens in the village Krasak enough, it causes pollution, and not used optimally; Low public awareness of awareness of environmental pollution; the lack of public knowledge about the utilization of waste chicken feathers, and processing technology, as well as to address the needs of fish feed more expensive, need alternative feed ingredients. This service program has provided insight to the public about waste chicken feathers so that it can be used as a new entrepreneurial startups. To achieve these objectives have been done of activity as follows: 1) Provide counseling and understanding of the community will be a negative impact on the environment of waste chicken feathers. 2) Provide counseling utilization of waste chicken feathers for people in nearby farms. 3) Make a chicken feather meal of chicken feather waste as an alternative fish feed to improve digestibility of chicken feathers. 3) The formation of the group for increasing the economic income of the family. This service activities program runs quite well with demonstrated some activity, namely: 1) Change Behavior Society (knowledge transfer); 2) Chicken Feather Extension Waste Utilization; 3) Making Unit Waste Chicken Feathers; 4) Establishment of New Business of Diversified Waste Chicken Feathers.</p>
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Arrazola, A., and S. Torrey. "The development of fault bars in domestic chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) increases with acute stressors and individual propensity: implications for animal welfare." Animal Welfare 28, no. 3 (August 1, 2019): 279–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.7120/109627286.28.3.279.

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Negative experiences during feather growth can result in fault bar formation. Fault bars are malformations perpendicular to the rachis of the feather caused by stressful experiences during feather growth. However, there are little data on the causal effect of psychological stress on the formation of fault bars in chickens. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of acute stress in domestic chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) on fault bar formation to validate this measure as a welfare indicator. Thirty broiler breeder pullets were housed in six cages at 21 days of age. Three cages were exposed to an acute stress protocol while the other three were the unstressed control. Feathers were marked as close as possible to the growing follicle at 21 (wing feathers) and 60 (all feathers) days of age. Acute stress came in the form of three procedures (unpredictable feed delivery, induction of tonic immobility, and crowding) repeated twice, 3–8 days apart and randomly, from 28 to 60 days of age. Wing, tail, and cover feathers were removed and measured at 60 days of age for weight, length, and number of fault bars. Exposure to acute, unpredictable stress increased the number of fault bars in wing feathers of chicks with a high number of initial fault bars. Feather growth decreased for the stressed group compared to the control. These results suggest that feather traits, including fault bars and feather growth, can be used as indicators of negative welfare in chickens.
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Bush, Sarah E., Dukgun Kim, Brett R. Moyer, Jackson Lever, and Dale H. Clayton. "Is Melanin a Defense Against Feather-Feeding Lice?" Auk 123, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 153–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/123.1.153.

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Abstract The adaptive basis of plumage color has received much attention, including the finding that color can reveal information about parasite loads to potential mates. A related possibility, that color may be a direct defense against parasites, has received less attention. Melanin makes feathers tough and more resistant to wear and tear. Melanin may also make feathers more difficult for feather-feeding parasites to eat. We explored the role of melanin as a possible ectoparasite defense using Rock Pigeons (Columba livia) and their feather-feeding lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera). Rock Pigeons are an ideal species for such work because of the extreme variation in the feathers of different color morphs, ranging from melanin-rich black to melanin-free white individuals. We tested the effect of melanin on lice in several ways. First, we compared the natural louse loads of free-ranging pigeons to see whether the more melanistic color morphs had fewer lice. We also did laboratory assays in which we measured the survival and reproductive success of pigeon lice forced to feed on feathers with different amounts of melanin, and we compared the quantities of feather material consumed by these lice. Finally, we tested the habitat and feeding preferences of lice exposed to feathers with different amounts of melanin. None of our tests revealed any effect of melanin on lice. We conclude that melanin is not, at least in Rock Pigeons, a defense against feather lice. ¿Es la Melanina una Defensa Contra los Piojos que se Alimentan de Plumas?
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Pasayev, Nazim, and Onur Tekoglu. "The use of chicken feather fibers as filling material in Winter clothes for heat insulation purposes." International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology 31, no. 2 (April 15, 2019): 259–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcst-11-2017-0181.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate if the fibers obtained from chicken feathers have a possibility to be used or not used in Winter outerwears as a filling material in terms of thermal insulation parameters. Design/methodology/approach In the study, thermal properties of the heat-resistant interlining samples produced from the chicken feathers fibers were analyzed in comparison with the samples produced from the industrial filling materials. Findings In the study, it was revealed that the use of chicken feathers fibers as filling material in Winter outerwears was possible. Practical implications The use of chicken feather fibers in Winter outerwears as a filling material will be an extremely low-cost alternative to pile flies of water birds which are sufficiently expensive filling materials. Social implications A significant portion of the chicken feather, which is released as a by-product in the production of chicken meat, is destroyed as industrial waste by digging or burning. Some of this product is used in the production of such cheap products as poultry feed. In the case of the production of fibers from the chicken feather, the use of these fibers as a filler in Winter clothing along with environmental protection will allow the use of this product for the production of products of higher cost. Originality/value The use of feathers’ material as a filling material in Winter outerwears has been known since ancient times. Due to the rough structure and low elasticity of chicken feathers, chicken feathers are not the best raw material for this purpose. This study revealed that it is possible to use chicken feathers as a filling material in terms of heat protection. The study is original in this respect.
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Kumar, Jitendra, and Ranjana Yadav. "Keratinolysis of chicken feather and human hair by nondermatophytic keratinophilic fungi isolated from soil." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 12, no. 4 (November 29, 2020): 568–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v12i4.2398.

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Development in food industry increases consumption of chicken by people and it is estimated that tons of poultry feathers are produced by poultry farms. Hairs are other forms of keratinous waste which is generated in huge amounts by leather industries and parlours worldwide. Chicken feathers and hairs are waste contains high-quality protein, hard to degraded. Eleven nondermatophytic keratinophilic fungi were isolated from soil by hair baiting method and were used to deteriorate hairs and feathers. Pictographic authentication showed that the microbial incidence started with surface colonization of keratinous substrate, mechanical interference of substrate by penetrating hyphae and development of broad perforating organs. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis of degraded and undegraded hair and the feather was made. In the sulphoxide region at 1073, the band corresponding to S-O was observed with low intensity and poorly visible in control feathers, while in degraded feather intensity of the band was high in case of Chrysosporium indicum and Chrysosporium tropicum. In Hairs, S-O band was more intense in C indicum as compared to C. tropicum while it was absent in undegraded human hair. The present work observed keratin degradation activity on human hair and chicken feather by FTIR spectra which are useful in the study of structure and mechanism of keratinolysis. Keratinous waste degradation has great potential to convert them into various byproducts such as enzymes, amino acids, biofertilizer and animal feed.
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Adejumo, Isaac Oluseun, and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji. "Production and evaluation of biodegraded feather meal using immobilised and crude enzyme from Bacillus subtilis on broiler chickens." Brazilian Journal of Biological Sciences 5, no. 10 (2018): 405–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21472/bjbs.051017.

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The management of solid wastes has been a major concern to many cities of the world due to daily increasing rural-urban migration and globalization. Due to a greater consumption of poultry meat, the disposal of feather wastes has contributed to the daily increasing environmental pollution. Agricultural wastes (such as poultry feathers) are disposed by burning, which consequently constitute environmental pollution and their chemical or mechanical conversion into animal feed normally leads to minimization of amino acids. The application of biotechnology through the utilisation of enzymes is considered an easy and inexpensive means of producing valuable products from poultry feather wastes. Bacillus subtilis was isolated from a dumping site and the plates were incubated on nutrient agar. The treatments containing 200 mL each of crude enzyme, immobilized enzyme and sterilized water were added to the bioreactor for biodegradation of chicken feathers. After hydrolysis, the feathers were dried and the products labelled microbial biodegraded feather meal. The effect of temperature, keratinolytic activity and the influence of the immobilised and crude enzyme-degraded feather meal on broiler chickens were assessed. The optimal activity and biodegradative potential of the keratinolytic enzyme was observed as 45 oC and 48 h after fermentation, respectively. The weight gain of the birds fed immobilised enzyme-degraded feather meal-based diet compared with the control. The enzyme-degraded feather meal is safe for inclusion in broilers' diet and slight feeding manipulations could improve their performance.
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Achache, Yonathan, Nir Sapir, and Yossef Elimelech. "Hovering hummingbird wing aerodynamics during the annual cycle. II. Implications of wing feather moult." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 2 (February 2018): 171766. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.171766.

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Birds usually moult their feathers in a particular sequence which may incur aerodynamic, physiological and behavioural implications. Among birds, hummingbirds are unique species in their sustained hovering flight. Because hummingbirds frequently hover-feed, they must maintain sufficiently high flight capacities even when moulting their flight feathers. A hummingbird wing consists of 10 primary flight feathers whose absence during moult may strongly affect wing performance. Using dynamic similarity rules, we compared time-accurate aerodynamic loads and flow field measurements over several wing geometries that follow the natural feather moult sequence of Calypte anna , a common hummingbird species in western North America. Our results suggest a drop of more than 20% in lift production during the early stages of the moult sequence in which mid-wing flight feathers are moulted. We also found that the wing's ability to generate lift strongly depended on the morphological integrity of the outer primaries and leading-edge. These findings may explain the evolution of wing morphology and moult attributes. Specifically, the high overlap between adjacent wing feathers, especially at the wing tip, and the slow sequential replacement of the wing feathers result in a relatively small reduction in wing surface area during moult with limited aerodynamic implications. We present power and efficiency analyses for hover flight during moult under several plausible scenarios, suggesting that body mass reduction could be a compensatory mechanism that preserves the energetic costs of hover flight.
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MARTÍN, B. SAN, J. CORNEJO, D. IRAGÜEN, H. HIDALGO, and A. ANADÓN. "Depletion Study of Enrofloxacin and Its Metabolite Ciprofloxacin in Edible Tissues and Feathers of White Leghorn Hens by Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Tandem Mass Spectrometry." Journal of Food Protection 70, no. 8 (August 1, 2007): 1952–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-70.8.1952.

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To ensure delivery of safe foods to consumers, withdrawal times for drugs must be respected according to the maximum residual limits established by regulatory agencies. Because of availability and price, feather meal is currently incorporated into animal feed as a protein source for farm species. Few data are available on residual drugs in feathers from treated animals. A depletion study was performed with laying hens treated intramuscularly with 5% enrofloxacin (Enromic) at 10 mg/kg body weight over 3 days. Thirty-three birds were treated and slaughtered at different times between 6 and 216 h after treatment; and samples of muscle plus skin, liver, kidney, and feathers were collected. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a tandem mass spectrometry method was validated before sample analysis to determine the decision limit, detection capability, recovery, and precision. Liver was the edible tissue with the slowest drug depletion. A withdrawal time of 6 days was calculated based on European Union maximum residual limits (100 μg/kg). A withdrawal time of 9 days was calculated based on Japan maximum residual limits (10 μg/kg). Enrofloxacin plus ciprofloxacin concentrations in feathers remained high through all sampling periods. Thus, feathers from treated animals should not be fed to food-producing animals.
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Jitendra Nayak and Bhikhu More. "Isolation of Keratinolytic Microorganism Streptomyces chartreusis strain ISP 5085 from the Soil Sample: Characterization, Degradation and Microbial Identification using 16S rDNA Region." International Journal for Modern Trends in Science and Technology 6, no. 10 (November 24, 2020): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.46501/ijmtst061013.

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Keratinolytic microorganisms have a broad significance in feather waste degradation and it can be used for advancement of livestock feed and production of protein hydrolysates. Production of keratin into the environment in different forms is very high which leads to setback for its degradation. An approach for degradation of keratin based wastes through potential microorganism with higher efficiency can be attained. The study shows that maximum DFD% i.e. Degree of Feather (keratin) Degradation, through the isolates is achieved, when nutrient medium is kept at temperature 30 °C and pH-8.5 supplemented with dehydrated powdered form of chicken feathers as keratin source for 72 h – 120 h. Chicken feathers acts as a better substrate and source of keratin content. A molecular approach was necessary therefore; phylogenetic trees of the isolate were constructed with neighbour-joining method through the Microbial Identification using 16S rDNA Region, which showed that sequence exhibited a high level of homology with Streptomyces chartreusis strain ISP 5085. The present study deals with identification of isolates that play a significant role in the degradation of chicken feather waste as well as keratin degradation ability of the isolates and optimum conditions required for it.
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George, Brian R., Anne Bockarie, Holly McBride, David Hoppy, and Alison Scutti. "Utilization of Turkey Feather Fibers in Nonwoven Erosion Control Fabrics." International Nonwovens Journal os-12, no. 2 (June 2003): 1558925003os—12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1558925003os-1200212.

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Currently, between two and four billion pounds of feathers are produced annually by the poultry processing industry (1). These feathers present a disposal problem, and are usually converted to animal feed. A method of effectively stripping the feather fibers from the quill without damaging the fibers has been patented, and as a result research is being conducted to determine uses for these fibers (4). Current research has focused on creating latex bonded fabrics containing turkey feather fibers for utilization as erosion control fabrics. These fabrics have been compared with currently available erosion control fabrics to determine their suitability for this particular purpose. The turkey fiber fabrics performed similarly to the commercially available erosion control fabrics tested in terms of light and water transmittance. None of the fabrics significantly affected the pH, nitrogen or phosphorus content of the soil even though the turkey fabrics had fully decomposed by the conclusion of the experiment. The turkey fabrics increased soil moisture content and decreased soil compaction, which are critical properties for successful ecological restoration of habitats. One significant drawback of the turkey fabrics was difficulty in handling and installation on the site compared to the two commercial erosion control fabrics tested.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Feathers as feed"

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Ellingson, Terry Allen. "Digestion and utilization of nutrients in diets containing feather meal and (or) supplemental fat by lactating dairy cows." Thesis, This resource online, 1993. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-09292009-020238/.

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Tsai, Tzung-Cheng, and 蔡宗騁. "Evaluation of Growth Performance and Blood characteristics of Red-feathered Taiwan Country Chickens Fed on Musca domestica Maggot Meal as a Feed Supplement." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/sx2pc5.

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碩士
國立中興大學
動物科學系所
104
The aim of this study was conducted to evaluate the nutrition value of maggot meal and its effects on growth performance and health status of red-feathered taiwan country chickens. First, the chicken dropping-substrate maggot meal （DMM）, chicken visceral-substrate maggot meal （VMM） and bran-substrate maggot meal （BMM） were analyzed for crude protein and amino acids profile. The results showed the crude protein content, methionine and lysine of maggot meal were higher than SBM, but lower than FM except lysine. In the animal trial stage 1, one hundred fifty-four red-feathered taiwan country chickens were fed with four treatment diets containing protein sources from soybean meal （SBM）, FM, DMM, and VMM. No differences were observed in chickens body weight gain （BWG）. In addition, DMM group have lower feed intake （FI） and better feed conversion rate （FCR） in growing and finishing periods. Moreover, the protein digestibility of DMM diet is better than FM diet in starter period and the protein digestibility of DMM diet is comparable with FM diet. DMM group has higher ammonia concentration in feces and higher pH in ileal content in grower period, but no significant difference was observed in blood characters in all groups. In the animal trial stage 2, two hundred thirty-four red-feathered taiwan country chickens were fed with four treatment diets containing protein sources form SBM, FM, DMM, and BMM form grower period to finishing period. The results showed that body weight gains of DMM and BMM groups were similar to FM group, and were better than SBM group in grower period and finisher period. Significant increase of blood urea nitrogen, uric acid and globulin of plasma was observed in DMM group in finisher period. In conclusion, the amino acid profile and protein content of DMM are superior to SBM and similar to FM. Broilers’ diets supplied with DMM showed similar BWG comparable to that with SBM and FM supplements. Our results showed the potential of using DMM to replace FM in poultry diets, but further studies would still be needed on evaluating protein metabolism, organ pathology and blood analysis.
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Pruekvimolphan, Sopaphan. "Effects of feather meal on lactation performance of dairy cows fed methionine deficient diets." 2001. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/47228786.html.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 2001.
Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 50-55).
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Chou, Pei-Hsuan, and 周佩璇. "Effects of Sex-linked Dwarf Gene and Feed Restriction onGrowth Performance and Activity of Red-feathered TaiwanCountry Chickens." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/39237055482372294302.

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碩士
國立中興大學
動物科學系所
96
Improving growth efficiency in the commercial Red-feathered Taiwan Country chicken (Red TCC) had made them as fat as the White Broiler breeder and resulted in reproduction difficulties. In order to realize whether crossing with small size strain or using sex-linked dwarf gene to reduce body size, or using feed restriction can resolve these problems, an experiment was conducted to test their effects on the growth and behavioral activity in the rearing period. The treatment structure was a 3 genotypes*2 feeding arrangements factorial experiment. The three genotypes were Red TCC and offspring of the cross between Red TCC and a small size heterozygous chicken with normal and dwarf sex-linked genes. The two feeding arrangements were an ad libitum control and a restricted feeding withdrawing feed for two single days per week. Every treatment combination had four pens, and every pen had three males and 24 females. Totally there were 24 pens, 72 males and 576 females. The experimental period was from 5 to 16 weeks of age and tested traits included growth performance, stress-related traits and daytime activity. For the traits measured at 16 weeks of age, crossing with small body size chicken had resulted in 16% less body weight and 3% shorter shank length, dwarf gene could further reduce 25% body weight and 17% shank length. Feed restriction could reduce 10% body weight of Red TCC and 5% body weight of crossbred normal, but did not affect dwarf chickens. Both smaller body size and dwarf gene could improve keel condition, restricted feeding also had some effect except for the dwarf chickens. The result of Heterophil to lymphocyte ratio show feed restriction has bad effect on the dwarf chickens but the result of Tonic Immobility test show feed restriction tends to decrease the level of fear of these three genotype chickens. Both small body size and dwarf genotypes had less eating but more foraging, preening and perching behaviors. On the day after feed restriction, every genotype displayed much higher eating, drinking and foraging behaviors. In conclusion, it could improve the animal welfare of Red-feathered Taiwan Country Chickens whatever use sex-linked dwarf gene or feed restriction.
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Yonika, Dhika, and 狄卡. "The effect of dioxin contaminated feed on production performance, egg, liver, abdominal fat dioxin concentration, and gene expression in liver of red-feathered Taiwan country chicken." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/83631166755842824176.

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碩士
國立屏東科技大學
動物科學與畜產系所
102
The aim of this research was to evaluate dioxin contaminated feed on production performance, egg, liver, abdominal fat dioxin concentration, and gene expression in the liver of red-feathered Taiwan country chickens. A total number of 32 laying hens were divided into 2 treatments control and dioxin group. Sixteen chickens were fed with the contamination dioxin feed for fourteen days, were continued by clean feed up to 42 days. Chickens were sacrificed at 2, 14, 28, and 42 after dioxin treatment. The dose of 17 dioxin congeners were added to the diet is 5.5 ng TEQ kg-1 feed. Experimental data was analyzed with 2 x 4 Factorial Design. Differences between the treatments were analyzed and compared by least squares mean and a P-value of < 0.05 was considered significantly. The result indicated that dioxin was significantly reduced average daily gain (ADG) 5.76 g （P　＜　0.05）. Dioxin administrated was no significantly different (P > 0.05) in liver weight, liver percentage, spleen weight, spleen percentage, egg weight and egg production. However, dioxin treatment tended to decrease relative spleen weight (P = 0.08). PCDD/PCDFs concentrations in liver were higher than control group. Then, concentration PCDD/PCDFs in liver gradually decreased after dioxin contaminated feed was changed by clean feed. Liver is the highest concentration of dioxin in tissue, continued by egg, and abdominal fat. Dioxin altered lipid metabolism gene expression in liver. Moreover, dioxin altered gene expression in the liver which related with PPAR signaling pathway, pyruvate metabolism pathway and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathways. Genes that has role in PPAR signaling pathway are apolipoprotein A-V (APOA5), carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (liver) (CPT1A), cytochrome P450 family 7 subfamily A, polypeptide 1 (CYP7A1), matrix metallopeptidase 1 (interstitial collagenase) (MMP1), and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 (PCK1). Genes that has role in pyruvate metabolism and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathways are acyl-CoA syntheses short-chain family member 1 (ACSS1), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 (PCK1), pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoamide) alpha 1 (PDHA1), and similar to acetyl-CoA synthetase 2-like (LOC423347).
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Books on the topic "Feathers as feed"

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Lajosné, László. A toll-liszt gyártás és felhasználás néhány gazdasági kérdése. Budapest: Agrárgazdasági Kutató Intézet, 1985.

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Lock, Deborah. Feathers, flippers, and feet. New York, NY: DK Pub., 2004.

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L, Jones Robert. Mineral composition of feathers from Canada geese (Branta canadensis) fed experimental diets. Champaign, Ill: Illinois Natural History Survey, 1987.

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Jones, Robert L. Mineral composition of feathers from Canada geese (Branta canadensis) fed experimental diets. Champaign, Ill: Illinois Natural History Survey, 1987.

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Suther, Donna. Feed your feathered friends: Make your yard a bird sanctuary. [Britton, S.D.] (P.O. Box "P", Britton 57430): [D. Suther Enterprises, 1996.

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National Geographic angry birds: Fed up, feathered, and furious. Washington, D.C: National Geographic, 2012.

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Will, Pokriots, ed. Attracting backyard birds: Inviting projects to entice your feathered friends. New York: Sterling, 1995.

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Birds & bloom (Firm). For the birds: Easy-to-make recipes for your feathered friends. Pleasantville, N.Y: Reader's Digest Association, 2010.

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Lock, Deborah. Feathers, Flippers, and Feet. Tandem Library, 2004.

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Lock, Deborah. Feathers, Flippers, and Feet. Turtleback Books Distributed by Demco Media, 2004.

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Book chapters on the topic "Feathers as feed"

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Hertrampf, Joachim W., and Felicitas Piedad-Pascual. "Feather Meal (Hydrolysed)." In Handbook on Ingredients for Aquaculture Feeds, 131–41. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4018-8_15.

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Kumar, Jitendra. "Microbial Hydrolysed Feather Protein as a Source of Amino Acids and Protein in the Diets of Animals Including Poultry." In Advances in Poultry Nutrition Research [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96925.

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Feathers are hard waste products, mainly composed of hard β-keratin, and are produced in large quantities in commercial poultry processing plants. Therefore, their industrial utilization is important economically as well as environmentally. Feathers degradation through keratinolytic microorganisms has been considered as an important method for efficient bioconversion, nutritional enhancement and eco-friendliness. The use of crude keratinase significantly increased the amino acid digestibility of raw feathers and commercial feather meal. This enzyme increased the digestibility of commercial feather meal and could replace as much as 7% of the dietary protein for growing chicks. However, feathers are currently utilized on a limited basis as a dietary protein supplement for animal feed because feather meal production is an expensive process, requiring significant amounts of energy. This review paper explains the nutritive value of feathers which makes suitable and inexpensive animal and poultry feed.
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Tolstoy, Leo. "Chapter XV." In Resurrection. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199555765.003.0077.

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Count Ivan Mikhaylich had been a Minister, and was a man of strong convictions. His convictions consisted in the belief that just as it was natural for a bird to feed on worms, to be clothed in feathers and down, and to fly in...
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Goldfinger, Eliot. "Birds." In Animal Anatomy for Artists. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195142143.003.0015.

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Bird characteristics: Body always covered with feathers; feet (toes and usually tarsometatarsus) covered with scales (thickened skin). Aquatic birds have webbed toes. No teeth; horny beak. Lightweight skeleton in flying birds (many hollow bones), with keel on sternum for attachment of flight muscles (pectoral muscles). No keel in large flightless birds (ostrich, emu, rhea). Completely bony ribs (no rib cartilage). Clavicles fused into single bone, the furculum (wishbone). Numerous neck vertebrae (number varies by species) provide great neck flexibility. Some of the middle thoracic vertebrae fused in some species (chicken); posterior thoracic, all lumbar, and all sacral vertebrae fused into synsacrum, which in turn is fused to the pelvis. Short, flexible tail terminates in stout bone (pygostyle) for support of highly mobile long tail feathers. Wing (arm) skeleton modified for flying (ostrich and penguins evolved from flying ancestors). Wrist joint automatically straightens when elbow joint is straightened; conversely, wrist joint automatically bends when elbow joint is bent. Individual hand and finger bones reduced in number and largely fused together for support of primaries (outer flight feathers). Three digits present; small third digit nonmovable. Short alular feathers attach to movable first digit. Secondaries (inner flight feathers) attach to rear edge of ulna. Three toes point forward and one points backward in most species (e.g., chicken, hawk, crow), or two toes forward and two back (e.g., woodpecker, parrot). Ostrich has two toes per foot. Toes terminate with claws. Male chicken has bony spur covered with horny sheath on tarsometatarsus.
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Leopold, Estella B. "Winter." In Stories From the Leopold Shack. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190463229.003.0007.

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Winter at the Shack was always a great time, and some weekends it was a big challenge just to get in. After a good snowfall we would park near Mr. Lewis’s farmhouse and ski in the mile and a half, carrying our grub. We have a picture I especially love of Mother skiing through the woods, wearing her denim skirt and winter coat. What a great sport she was! And she would holler “Whoopeee!” while sliding down a short terrace in the woods. We were proud of her. Skis were not much in those days—just two waxed boards with a leather strap. But they were better than walking, and fun too. Passing through the snowy winter landscape was always, in Dad’s words, a “search for scats, tracks, feathers, dens, roostings, rubbings, dustings, diggings, feedings, fightings, or preyings collectively known to woodsmen as ‘reading sign.’ ” We could often see many of these signs on the snow. I can remember skiing through the woods with Nina one morning after a heavy snowfall and seeing little “bursts,” places where a partridge or two had spent the night in a snowbank and then burst out in the morning to feed. If one wonders how our songbirds survive a cold snowy winter, the answers are revealed on a fresh snow surface: the prairie plants hold their seed pods up away from the snow, and the songbirds land on these dark stalks and remove the seeds. Their dear little tracks show where they were picking up seeds. A way to make a living in winter. For our wood-gathering efforts, our tools were the two-man saw, a double-bit ax with an extra-long handle, two regular axes, a heavy sledgehammer, and two iron wedges. Some of the logs we cut in the woods, though of fireplace length, were too big to carry, so we would split them right there before loading them on the sled. Our favorite place for the cutting operation was west of the Shack, down the slough and bearing south at what we called the “branch slough” and “the fallen bee tree.” Our dog (then Flicky) was always running along with us.
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Gessner, David. "The Snowy Winter." In When Birds Are Near, 101–8. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501750915.003.0013.

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This chapter describes the author's experience while staying on Cape Cod to finish a novel. The best moment came when the author was standing alone out on Coast Guard Beach — on almost the exact spot where the naturalist-writer Henry Beston lived for a year in his outermost cabin on Cape Cod's ocean shore — when the young snowy owl rose off the tundra-like marsh with a black duck in its talons. The duck hung down limp below the owl, and below that the duck's lifeless feet hung down even lower, like damaged landing gear. The author saw a couple who attempted to follow the owl. The couple were not birders, but they were considerate, giving the owl plenty of space. “Radiant” is a word the author had been using a lot during their last few days of owl-watching, though mostly to describe the white unworldly shine of the snowy owl's feathers.
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Snead, James E. "The Kentucky Mummy: Encountering the American Past." In Relic Hunters. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198736271.003.0004.

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In September 1816 a notice appeared in the National Aegis of Worcester, Massachusetts: . . . Great Natural Curiosity TO BE SEEN AT COL. SIKE’S HALL A FEMALE MUMMY . . . Supposed to be more than 1,000 years old. She was recently discovered in a Saltpetre Cave, in Kentucky. At the time, she was shrouded in cloth made from the bark of the willow, and ornamented with beads and feathers, having her instruments for working and musick lying by her; as was also a very curious wooden bowl, containing burnt bones, the relics of some of her friends, and the preserved skin of a Rattle Snake— all of which are preserved, and now presented to the view of the curious. She appears to have been about 5 feet 8 inches in height, and of the most delicate and elegant symmetry. The hair is still on her head; some of her teeth yet remain, and the nails on her fingers and toes are still perfect. It is presumed that she, together with the articles found with her, is one of the greatest curiosities ever exhibited to the American public. Great conjectures are formed as to the period of her existence; but we presume it is no exaggeration to say that, in all probability she is as ancient as the immense Mounds of the western Country, which have so astonished the philosophical world. The arrival of the Kentucky Mummy—on view for only two weeks, at a visitor’s price of 25 cents—was the culmination of a summer of antiquarian excitement along the eastern seaboard of the United States. Journalists, poets, and impresarios were moved by the sight. Scholars schemed to acquire the mummy for their cabinets and scrutinized the withered remains for clues as to her origins and associations. But it was the interest of the general audience that made her progress particularly noteworthy. “All you gentlemen and ladies,” announced a Philadelphia newspaper, “have the opportunity to gratify yourselves and behold this rare curiosity.” The history of Euro-American encounters with the indigenous antiquities of the Americas is remarkably incomplete.
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Wohl, Ellen. "August: Legacy Effects." In Saving the Dammed. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190943523.003.0011.

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Emily Dickinson wrote a lovely poem using a brook as a metaphor for one’s interior life. The poem includes the lines: . . . And later, in August it may be, When the meadows parching lie, Beware lest this little brook of life Some burning noon go dry! . . . No chance of the little brook going dry if it runs through a beaver meadow. The movement of water across and through the North St. Vrain beaver meadow has slowed perceptibly by August. Some of the secondary channels barely flow and the main channel is easily crossed on foot. The water remains high in the main beaver pond, but few of the small dams winding across the meadow have water spilling over them. My feet are less likely to sink into wet black muck as I wander through the meadow, and even the moose tracks leave less of an imprint in the drying soil. Plenty of water remains, however, and the meadow is a much brighter shade of green than the adjacent, drier hill slopes. Many flowers remain in bloom across the meadow. Stalks bristling with the elaborate, richly pink blossoms of elephant’s head rise above standing water. Dusky purple monkshood flowers in slightly drier soil, as do the showy blue and white columbines. The blue bell-shaped flowers of harebell mark the driest sites. The late-summer flowers are joined now by the spreading tan or scarlet caps of fungi, as well as green berries on the ground juniper and kinnikinnick growing on the drier terrace beside the beaver meadow. Songbirds born this summer are fully feathered and capable fliers, and some of the birds have already left the meadow for the year. Early morning temperatures carry a hint of the coming autumn. The beaver kits grow steadily more capable, too, and by now they are used to foraging on their own. Presumably, this frees the breeding adult female for more time spent in dam and lodge repair or starting the food cache for the coming winter.
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"emission of dust-borne odourants like volatile fatty acids (VFA) and simple phenols and indoles from piggeries, the impor­ tance of particle-borne odours, and the possibilities of con­ trolling dust-borne odours. 2. ORIGIN, NATURE AND RELEASE OF THE DUST It is estimated that the dust in animal houses originates mainly from the feed (15 ), (16 ), (17 ), the bedding material (18), (19), the manure (20) and the animals themselves (21),(22). Relevant values are rare. Table I shows that feed and bedding, when used, are the predominant sources of dust in pig and hen houses. Dust from animal houses consists mainly of organic matter (23). The preferred technique for investigating both the mate­ rial composition of the dust and feed stuff is the WEENDER An­ alysis Technique (24). Table II shows the composition of dust from pig and hen houses compared to the feed fed. The differ­ ences in the protein content between dust and feed support the opinion that an important part of the dust originates from feathers, hairs, and skin cells of the animals. The release of the dust is caused by the activity of ani­ mals or man or the function of technical equipments in the an­ imal house. Feeding, particularly dry feeding (25), as well as bedding and cleaning activities, the use of different systems of feed distribution, manure removal and ventilation (26) can increase the dust level in the air of animal houses consider­ ably (27). Figure 1 gives an example of the relation between the amount of dust in the air and different activities based on values as reported by CERMAK and ROSS (27) for poultry houses. In the course of a day the dust level in animal houses varies considerably. Mostly feeding increases the dust concen­ tration in the air as demonstrated in Figure 2 (22). However, within 30 to 120 min the "normal" background level is reached again (16),(22). The figure shows that even before the feed is distributed, the activity of the animals increases the dust concentration in the air considerably. Table III shows the influence of rel . humidity, pen vol­ ume, feeding system and air flow on the number of dust parti­ cles and weight of settled dust in an experimental piggery.The essential influence of animal activity on the formation of dust is shown by the fact that self-feeding results in significant­ ly greater atmospheric dust concentration (particles/volume of air) than does floor-feeding. However, a significantly greater amount of settled dust is associated with floor feeding. Prob­ ably, the self-fed pigs spend much more time eating than the floor-fed pigs. The intense activity of the pigs during floor feeding results in a great deal of visible dust for only a pe­ riod of time, while the self-fed pigs may play with the excess feed (28),(17). These studies indicate that the factors deter­ mining the amount of dust in confinements include animal ac­ tivity, temperature, relative humidity, ventilation rate,stock­ ing density and volumetric air-space per animal, feeding method, and nature of feed. This dust originating from various sources can carry gases, vapours and odours (7)." In Odour Prevention and Control of Organic Sludge and Livestock Farming, 336. CRC Press, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482286311-130.

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Conference papers on the topic "Feathers as feed"

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George, Brian R., Anne Bockarie, and Holly McBride. "Utilization of Turkey Feather Fibers in Erosion Control Materials." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-39472.

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Currently, between two and four billion pounds of feathers are produced annually by the poultry processing industry. These feathers are usually converted to animal feed in an attempt to recycle it rather than dispose of them in landfills. However, this method can result in diseases being passed along to the ingestors of this feather meal. Until recently there was no method of removing the quill from feather, but a method of effectively stripping the feather fibers from the quill without damaging the fibers has been patented, and as a result research is being conducted to determine uses for these fibers. Current research has focused on creating nonwoven latex bonded fabrics containing turkey feather fibers for utilization as erosion control fabrics. These fabrics have been compared with currently available erosion control fabrics to determine their suitability for this particular purpose.
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