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1
Jumini, Sri. "Alternative fish feed production from waste chicken feathers." International Journal of Science and Applied Science: Conference Series 1, no. 2 (August 14, 2017): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/ijsascs.v1i2.5140.
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<p class="Abstract">In this This devotion has been done to provide education and training of the utilization of waste chicken manure, making flour chicken feathers as a fish feed alternative, that can overcome some of the problems that waste chicken feathers from the center cutting broiler chickens in the village Krasak enough, it causes pollution, and not used optimally; Low public awareness of awareness of environmental pollution; the lack of public knowledge about the utilization of waste chicken feathers, and processing technology, as well as to address the needs of fish feed more expensive, need alternative feed ingredients. This service program has provided insight to the public about waste chicken feathers so that it can be used as a new entrepreneurial startups. To achieve these objectives have been done of activity as follows: 1) Provide counseling and understanding of the community will be a negative impact on the environment of waste chicken feathers. 2) Provide counseling utilization of waste chicken feathers for people in nearby farms. 3) Make a chicken feather meal of chicken feather waste as an alternative fish feed to improve digestibility of chicken feathers. 3) The formation of the group for increasing the economic income of the family. This service activities program runs quite well with demonstrated some activity, namely: 1) Change Behavior Society (knowledge transfer); 2) Chicken Feather Extension Waste Utilization; 3) Making Unit Waste Chicken Feathers; 4) Establishment of New Business of Diversified Waste Chicken Feathers.</p>
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Arrazola, A., and S. Torrey. "The development of fault bars in domestic chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) increases with acute stressors and individual propensity: implications for animal welfare." Animal Welfare 28, no. 3 (August 1, 2019): 279–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.7120/109627286.28.3.279.
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Negative experiences during feather growth can result in fault bar formation. Fault bars are malformations perpendicular to the rachis of the feather caused by stressful experiences during feather growth. However, there are little data on the causal effect of psychological stress on the formation of fault bars in chickens. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of acute stress in domestic chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) on fault bar formation to validate this measure as a welfare indicator. Thirty broiler breeder pullets were housed in six cages at 21 days of age. Three cages were exposed to an acute stress protocol while the other three were the unstressed control. Feathers were marked as close as possible to the growing follicle at 21 (wing feathers) and 60 (all feathers) days of age. Acute stress came in the form of three procedures (unpredictable feed delivery, induction of tonic immobility, and crowding) repeated twice, 3–8 days apart and randomly, from 28 to 60 days of age. Wing, tail, and cover feathers were removed and measured at 60 days of age for weight, length, and number of fault bars. Exposure to acute, unpredictable stress increased the number of fault bars in wing feathers of chicks with a high number of initial fault bars. Feather growth decreased for the stressed group compared to the control. These results suggest that feather traits, including fault bars and feather growth, can be used as indicators of negative welfare in chickens.
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Bush, Sarah E., Dukgun Kim, Brett R. Moyer, Jackson Lever, and Dale H. Clayton. "Is Melanin a Defense Against Feather-Feeding Lice?" Auk 123, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 153–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/123.1.153.
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Abstract The adaptive basis of plumage color has received much attention, including the finding that color can reveal information about parasite loads to potential mates. A related possibility, that color may be a direct defense against parasites, has received less attention. Melanin makes feathers tough and more resistant to wear and tear. Melanin may also make feathers more difficult for feather-feeding parasites to eat. We explored the role of melanin as a possible ectoparasite defense using Rock Pigeons (Columba livia) and their feather-feeding lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera). Rock Pigeons are an ideal species for such work because of the extreme variation in the feathers of different color morphs, ranging from melanin-rich black to melanin-free white individuals. We tested the effect of melanin on lice in several ways. First, we compared the natural louse loads of free-ranging pigeons to see whether the more melanistic color morphs had fewer lice. We also did laboratory assays in which we measured the survival and reproductive success of pigeon lice forced to feed on feathers with different amounts of melanin, and we compared the quantities of feather material consumed by these lice. Finally, we tested the habitat and feeding preferences of lice exposed to feathers with different amounts of melanin. None of our tests revealed any effect of melanin on lice. We conclude that melanin is not, at least in Rock Pigeons, a defense against feather lice. ¿Es la Melanina una Defensa Contra los Piojos que se Alimentan de Plumas?
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Pasayev, Nazim, and Onur Tekoglu. "The use of chicken feather fibers as filling material in Winter clothes for heat insulation purposes." International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology 31, no. 2 (April 15, 2019): 259–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcst-11-2017-0181.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate if the fibers obtained from chicken feathers have a possibility to be used or not used in Winter outerwears as a filling material in terms of thermal insulation parameters. Design/methodology/approach In the study, thermal properties of the heat-resistant interlining samples produced from the chicken feathers fibers were analyzed in comparison with the samples produced from the industrial filling materials. Findings In the study, it was revealed that the use of chicken feathers fibers as filling material in Winter outerwears was possible. Practical implications The use of chicken feather fibers in Winter outerwears as a filling material will be an extremely low-cost alternative to pile flies of water birds which are sufficiently expensive filling materials. Social implications A significant portion of the chicken feather, which is released as a by-product in the production of chicken meat, is destroyed as industrial waste by digging or burning. Some of this product is used in the production of such cheap products as poultry feed. In the case of the production of fibers from the chicken feather, the use of these fibers as a filler in Winter clothing along with environmental protection will allow the use of this product for the production of products of higher cost. Originality/value The use of feathers’ material as a filling material in Winter outerwears has been known since ancient times. Due to the rough structure and low elasticity of chicken feathers, chicken feathers are not the best raw material for this purpose. This study revealed that it is possible to use chicken feathers as a filling material in terms of heat protection. The study is original in this respect.
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Kumar, Jitendra, and Ranjana Yadav. "Keratinolysis of chicken feather and human hair by nondermatophytic keratinophilic fungi isolated from soil." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 12, no. 4 (November 29, 2020): 568–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v12i4.2398.
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Development in food industry increases consumption of chicken by people and it is estimated that tons of poultry feathers are produced by poultry farms. Hairs are other forms of keratinous waste which is generated in huge amounts by leather industries and parlours worldwide. Chicken feathers and hairs are waste contains high-quality protein, hard to degraded. Eleven nondermatophytic keratinophilic fungi were isolated from soil by hair baiting method and were used to deteriorate hairs and feathers. Pictographic authentication showed that the microbial incidence started with surface colonization of keratinous substrate, mechanical interference of substrate by penetrating hyphae and development of broad perforating organs. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis of degraded and undegraded hair and the feather was made. In the sulphoxide region at 1073, the band corresponding to S-O was observed with low intensity and poorly visible in control feathers, while in degraded feather intensity of the band was high in case of Chrysosporium indicum and Chrysosporium tropicum. In Hairs, S-O band was more intense in C indicum as compared to C. tropicum while it was absent in undegraded human hair. The present work observed keratin degradation activity on human hair and chicken feather by FTIR spectra which are useful in the study of structure and mechanism of keratinolysis. Keratinous waste degradation has great potential to convert them into various byproducts such as enzymes, amino acids, biofertilizer and animal feed.
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Adejumo, Isaac Oluseun, and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji. "Production and evaluation of biodegraded feather meal using immobilised and crude enzyme from Bacillus subtilis on broiler chickens." Brazilian Journal of Biological Sciences 5, no. 10 (2018): 405–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21472/bjbs.051017.
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The management of solid wastes has been a major concern to many cities of the world due to daily increasing rural-urban migration and globalization. Due to a greater consumption of poultry meat, the disposal of feather wastes has contributed to the daily increasing environmental pollution. Agricultural wastes (such as poultry feathers) are disposed by burning, which consequently constitute environmental pollution and their chemical or mechanical conversion into animal feed normally leads to minimization of amino acids. The application of biotechnology through the utilisation of enzymes is considered an easy and inexpensive means of producing valuable products from poultry feather wastes. Bacillus subtilis was isolated from a dumping site and the plates were incubated on nutrient agar. The treatments containing 200 mL each of crude enzyme, immobilized enzyme and sterilized water were added to the bioreactor for biodegradation of chicken feathers. After hydrolysis, the feathers were dried and the products labelled microbial biodegraded feather meal. The effect of temperature, keratinolytic activity and the influence of the immobilised and crude enzyme-degraded feather meal on broiler chickens were assessed. The optimal activity and biodegradative potential of the keratinolytic enzyme was observed as 45 oC and 48 h after fermentation, respectively. The weight gain of the birds fed immobilised enzyme-degraded feather meal-based diet compared with the control. The enzyme-degraded feather meal is safe for inclusion in broilers' diet and slight feeding manipulations could improve their performance.
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Achache, Yonathan, Nir Sapir, and Yossef Elimelech. "Hovering hummingbird wing aerodynamics during the annual cycle. II. Implications of wing feather moult." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 2 (February 2018): 171766. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.171766.
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Birds usually moult their feathers in a particular sequence which may incur aerodynamic, physiological and behavioural implications. Among birds, hummingbirds are unique species in their sustained hovering flight. Because hummingbirds frequently hover-feed, they must maintain sufficiently high flight capacities even when moulting their flight feathers. A hummingbird wing consists of 10 primary flight feathers whose absence during moult may strongly affect wing performance. Using dynamic similarity rules, we compared time-accurate aerodynamic loads and flow field measurements over several wing geometries that follow the natural feather moult sequence of Calypte anna , a common hummingbird species in western North America. Our results suggest a drop of more than 20% in lift production during the early stages of the moult sequence in which mid-wing flight feathers are moulted. We also found that the wing's ability to generate lift strongly depended on the morphological integrity of the outer primaries and leading-edge. These findings may explain the evolution of wing morphology and moult attributes. Specifically, the high overlap between adjacent wing feathers, especially at the wing tip, and the slow sequential replacement of the wing feathers result in a relatively small reduction in wing surface area during moult with limited aerodynamic implications. We present power and efficiency analyses for hover flight during moult under several plausible scenarios, suggesting that body mass reduction could be a compensatory mechanism that preserves the energetic costs of hover flight.
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MARTÍN, B. SAN, J. CORNEJO, D. IRAGÜEN, H. HIDALGO, and A. ANADÓN. "Depletion Study of Enrofloxacin and Its Metabolite Ciprofloxacin in Edible Tissues and Feathers of White Leghorn Hens by Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Tandem Mass Spectrometry." Journal of Food Protection 70, no. 8 (August 1, 2007): 1952–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-70.8.1952.
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To ensure delivery of safe foods to consumers, withdrawal times for drugs must be respected according to the maximum residual limits established by regulatory agencies. Because of availability and price, feather meal is currently incorporated into animal feed as a protein source for farm species. Few data are available on residual drugs in feathers from treated animals. A depletion study was performed with laying hens treated intramuscularly with 5% enrofloxacin (Enromic) at 10 mg/kg body weight over 3 days. Thirty-three birds were treated and slaughtered at different times between 6 and 216 h after treatment; and samples of muscle plus skin, liver, kidney, and feathers were collected. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a tandem mass spectrometry method was validated before sample analysis to determine the decision limit, detection capability, recovery, and precision. Liver was the edible tissue with the slowest drug depletion. A withdrawal time of 6 days was calculated based on European Union maximum residual limits (100 μg/kg). A withdrawal time of 9 days was calculated based on Japan maximum residual limits (10 μg/kg). Enrofloxacin plus ciprofloxacin concentrations in feathers remained high through all sampling periods. Thus, feathers from treated animals should not be fed to food-producing animals.
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Jitendra Nayak and Bhikhu More. "Isolation of Keratinolytic Microorganism Streptomyces chartreusis strain ISP 5085 from the Soil Sample: Characterization, Degradation and Microbial Identification using 16S rDNA Region." International Journal for Modern Trends in Science and Technology 6, no. 10 (November 24, 2020): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.46501/ijmtst061013.
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Keratinolytic microorganisms have a broad significance in feather waste degradation and it can be used for advancement of livestock feed and production of protein hydrolysates. Production of keratin into the environment in different forms is very high which leads to setback for its degradation. An approach for degradation of keratin based wastes through potential microorganism with higher efficiency can be attained. The study shows that maximum DFD% i.e. Degree of Feather (keratin) Degradation, through the isolates is achieved, when nutrient medium is kept at temperature 30 °C and pH-8.5 supplemented with dehydrated powdered form of chicken feathers as keratin source for 72 h – 120 h. Chicken feathers acts as a better substrate and source of keratin content. A molecular approach was necessary therefore; phylogenetic trees of the isolate were constructed with neighbour-joining method through the Microbial Identification using 16S rDNA Region, which showed that sequence exhibited a high level of homology with Streptomyces chartreusis strain ISP 5085. The present study deals with identification of isolates that play a significant role in the degradation of chicken feather waste as well as keratin degradation ability of the isolates and optimum conditions required for it.
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George, Brian R., Anne Bockarie, Holly McBride, David Hoppy, and Alison Scutti. "Utilization of Turkey Feather Fibers in Nonwoven Erosion Control Fabrics." International Nonwovens Journal os-12, no. 2 (June 2003): 1558925003os—12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1558925003os-1200212.
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Currently, between two and four billion pounds of feathers are produced annually by the poultry processing industry (1). These feathers present a disposal problem, and are usually converted to animal feed. A method of effectively stripping the feather fibers from the quill without damaging the fibers has been patented, and as a result research is being conducted to determine uses for these fibers (4). Current research has focused on creating latex bonded fabrics containing turkey feather fibers for utilization as erosion control fabrics. These fabrics have been compared with currently available erosion control fabrics to determine their suitability for this particular purpose. The turkey fiber fabrics performed similarly to the commercially available erosion control fabrics tested in terms of light and water transmittance. None of the fabrics significantly affected the pH, nitrogen or phosphorus content of the soil even though the turkey fabrics had fully decomposed by the conclusion of the experiment. The turkey fabrics increased soil moisture content and decreased soil compaction, which are critical properties for successful ecological restoration of habitats. One significant drawback of the turkey fabrics was difficulty in handling and installation on the site compared to the two commercial erosion control fabrics tested.
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SAFIYU, Kamorudeen, Olajide SOGUNLE, Lawrence EGBEYALE, Taofik SHITTU, Olusola ODUTAYO, Jubril MUSTAPHA, and Arumbackam V. ELANGOVAN. "Evaluation of Growth Traits and Tibiae Health in Sexed Indigenous Turkeys with Different Feather Colours Under Deep Litter and Outdoor Run Houses." Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Veterinary Medicine 76, no. 1 (June 12, 2019): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-vm:2018.0049.
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The study consisted of 400 sexed turkeys, grouped on the basis of 2 distinct feather colours (white and black) into deep litter and outdoor, respectively. Day-old poults were brooded for 4 weeks and acclimatized in both houses for 2 weeks before the commencement of the study that lasted for 10 weeks. At the end of the trial, 2 birds per replicate were sacrificed and left tibiae were removed for morphometric and mineral analyses. Data were arranged in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial layout and subjected to Analysis of Variance in a Completely Randomized Design. Results showed water intake and water: feed were significantly (p<0.05) higher in turkeys reared on deep litter. Also, male turkeys recorded significantly (p<0.05) higher weight gain, feed and water intakes, and better feed conversion ratio than female turkeys. Tibia length and ash weight were significantly (p<0.05) greater in turkeys reared in deep litter than turkeys in outdoor. Tibiae phosphorus was significantly influenced by interactions of sex by feather colour as well as housing system by sex by feather colour. Therefore, female turkeys with either white or black feathers could be reared in outdoor-run for strong tibiae with predominant bone mineral (Ca and P) matrix.
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Kakonke, Grace, Tamrat Tesfaye, Bruce Sithole, and Mbuyu Ntunka. "A Novel Method for Rapid Extraction Of Biofibres from Waste Chicken Feathers." Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management 47, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 31–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5276/jswtm/2021.31.
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South Africa is the biggest chicken meat producer in Southern Africa and generates about 258 million kg of waste feathers. Although some of this waste is beneficiated into animal feed and fertiliser there are problems in adequate digestion of the feed by animals. Consequently, there is a need to find other innovative ways of beneficiating the waste. In this paper, beneficiating of feathers by extraction of fibres for possible conversion into high value products was explored. Three mechanical methods for extracting fibres from feathers were evaluated and the properties of the resultant fibres were studied and compared: they were using a tweezer, a blender, and a novel stripping method using a pulp fluffer. The results revealed that fibres extracted from chicken feathers using a tweezer or a blender had a hollow structure whereas those from the fluffer exhibited pronounced damaging effects on the fibre structure as some barbules were detached from their rami. Fluffer fibres had the highest average length of 16.56 mm followed by blender (16.15 mm) and tweezer (14.84 mm); they were also the most flexible with an aspect ratio of 476.29. The modified pulp fluffer appeared to be a cost-effective and an efficient method of grinding feathers into commercial fibres.
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Vilcinskas, Andreas, Michael Schwabe, Karina Brinkrolf, Rudy Plarre, Natalie Wielsch, and Heiko Vogel. "Larvae of the Clothing Moth Tineola bisselliella Maintain Gut Bacteria that Secrete Enzyme Cocktails to Facilitate the Digestion of Keratin." Microorganisms 8, no. 9 (September 14, 2020): 1415. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8091415.
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The evolutionary success of insects is promoted by their association with beneficial microbes that enable the utilization of unusual diets. The synanthropic clothing moth Tineola bisselliella provides an intriguing example of this phenomenon. The caterpillars of this species have adapted to feed on keratin-rich diets such as feathers and wool, which cannot be digested by most other animals and are resistant to common digestive enzymes. Inspired by the hypothesis that this ability may be conferred by symbiotic microbes, we utilized a simple assay to detect keratinase activity and a method to screen gut bacteria for candidate enzymes, which were isolated from feather-fed larvae. The isolation of DNA from keratin-degrading bacterial strains followed by de novo genome sequencing resulted in the identification of a novel bacterial strain related to Bacillus sp. FDAARGOS_235. Genome annotation identified 20 genes with keratinase domains. Proteomic analysis of the culture supernatant from this gut bacterium grown in non-nutrient buffer supplemented with feathers revealed several candidate enzymes potentially responsible for keratin degradation, including a thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase and multiple proteases. Our results suggest that the unusual diet of T. bisselliella larvae promotes their association with keratinolytic microorganisms and that the ability of larvae to feed on keratin can at least partially be attributed to bacteria that produce a cocktail of keratin-degrading enzymes.
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Adejumo, Oluseun, Oluwaseun Adetunji, Kunle Ogundipe, and Ndudi Osademe. "Chemical composition and amino acid profile of differently processed feather meal." Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Belgrade 61, no. 3 (2016): 237–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jas1603237a.
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Feather wastes represent potential alternative ingredients for animal feedstuffs which can ameliorate the protein shortage for food and feed. Previous attempts to provide information about the nutrient composition of feather meal are either too complicated for rural livestock farmers in developing countries or they provided incomplete information on chemical composition. Washed feathers were subjected to different processing techniques such as pre-soaking in distilled water, wood ash, 0.3M NaOH, a mixture of wood ash and 0.3M NaOH, incubated at 37?C and boiled at 150?C for 60 minutes. Treated feather meals were analysed for chemical composition and amino acid profile. The overall result showed that feather meal pre-soaked with wood ash for 24 hr boiled at 150oC for 60 minutes, those pre-soaked with 0.3M NaOH and wood ash incubated at 37?C for 24 hr boiled at 150?C for 60 minutes and raw feather meal pre-soaked in distilled water for 24 hr boiled at 150?C for 60 minutes gave better results. Wood ash and 0.3M NaOH and their mixture could enhance the nutritional value of feather meal.
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Papadopoulos, M. C. "Biological evaluation of the effect of processing conditions on feather meal amino acid digestibility." Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 33, no. 3 (August 1, 1985): 319–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/njas.v33i3.16850.
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Feathers were autoclaved for 30, 50 or 70 min without addition or with 0.4% sodium hydroxide or 0.4% proteolytic enzyme. Groups of 7 young male chickens were given feather meal as their only feed in 3 doses at intervals of 3 h. Excreta were collected during 36 h from the first intake of feather meal. Amino acid concentrations in ileal digesta were estimated 2.5 h after the last intake of feather meal and plasma amino acids were estimated 1 h after the last intake. There was considerable variation in true digestibility between individual amino acids ranging from 36% for aspartic acid to 87% for isoleucine. Mean true digestibility of lysine was 49, histidine 53, methionine 63 and cystine 49%. Amino acids were increased in the ileum and decreased in plasma as processing time of the feather meal was increased. It was concluded that quantitative digestibility estimations by excreta analysis of the individual amino acids have to be used for evaluation of quality of feather meal. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)
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Zaman, Mohammad Badru, Ristika Handarini, and Deden Sudrajat. "Non-Carcass Parts of Local Male Ducks Fed Commercial Feed Supplemented with Torch Ginger (Etlingera elatior) Flower Extract." Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Research 1, no. 1 (March 31, 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/injar.v1i1.189.
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The torch ginger (Etlingera elatior) is a herbaceous plant the flower of which is commonly used in feed to improve the quality of meat. This study was aimed at assessing the effects of giving commercial feed non-carcass portions of local ducks. The study was conducted at the Poultry Farm of Department of Animal Husbandry Djuanda University, Bogor, from June to August 2016. Twenty four 2-week-old male local ducks were used. Completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 3 replicates was used. The treatments consisted of 100% of commercial ration (R0), commercial ration + 2.5% of TGE solution (R1), commercial ration + 5% of TGE solution (R2), and commercial ration + 7.5% of TGE solution (R3). The feeding trial lasted 6 weeks after which the ducks were slaughtered and carcass weight, dressing percentages and carcass parts were measured. The percentage of non-carcass parts including head, neck, shank, liver, heart, gizzard, feathers, blood and intestines were also measured. No significant effect of treatments (P > 0.05) on all parameters measured were found. It was concluded that the inclusion of TGE solution in commercial ration up to 7.5% did not significantly affect the live weight, weight and percentages of non-carcass parts including blood, feathers, head, neck, shank, liver, gizzard, heart, and intestines.
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Silva, Luana Thamires Rapôso da, Emanuel Felipe de Oliveira Filho, Taciana De Holanda Kunst, Vitor Pereira Matos Rolim, José Sérgio de Alcântara e. Silva, Rodrigo Farias Silva Regueira, Ana Paula Silveira Paim, Pierre Castro Soares, and Andréa Alice da Fonseca Oliveira. "Heavy Metal Concentrations in Free-Living Southern Caracaras (Caracara plancus) in the Northeast Region of Brazil." Acta Scientiae Veterinariae 45, no. 1 (November 17, 2017): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1679-9216.80786.
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Background: With the continuously increasing release of heavy metals in the environment, mostly from anthropogenic sources, there is a need to find ways of evaluating and managing the issuance of these contaminants and correct its damages. The birds being at the top of some food chains reflect the presence of metals in the environment, keeping this in perspective, raptors have been successfully used for heavy metals biomonitoring studies in the past. The purpose of this study was to identify and quantify cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), and chromium (Cr) in the feathers and livers of free-living southern caracaras, live and dead, from Recife, Pernambuco state, Northeast of Brazil.Material, Methods & Results: Sixty-two feathers from live and dead southern caracaras and 21 livers from dead southern caracaras were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry for Hg and by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry for Cd, Cr, Pb, and Cu. Concentrations of Cr and Cu elements were detected in all feather and liver samples analyzed from live and dead caracaras. There was no difference in the concentration of metals between feathers of dead and live caracaras: Pb (P = 0.3576), Cd (P = 0.0792), Cr (P = 0.5475), and Cu (P = 0.3603), but significant variation was observed for Hg (P = 0.0459). The highest concentrations of Pb (P < 0.0001) and Cr (P < 0.0001) were found in the feathers than in the liver. On the other hand, the highest concentrations of Cu were found in liver samples (P = 0.0011). No significant variation in the concentrations of Cd (P = 0.7770) and Hg (P = 0.3669) was found between feathers and liver samples.Discussion: Chromium, as well as Hg, and Cu have a high affinity for keratin, which may explain the higher concentrations of Cr in caracaras feathers in this research. Lead was detected in all liver samples analyzed. Elevated levels were also found in the feathers of dead (95.2%) and live (75.6%) caracaras. The presence of Pb may be due to external contamination by pollutants, such as fossil fuels. Higher concentrations of Hg were observed in dead caracaras feathers, this concentrations change during molting but are not affected by external contamination. Metals, such as Hg, and Cd, accumulate in organisms from different trophic levels, which may indicate that this contamination comes mainly from feed. Pearson’s coefficient here showed no correlation between metals from dead caracaras feathers and livers, although a few previous studies have shown a correlation between metal concentrations from tissues and feathers. This pattern can be attributed to the different time of exposure of feathers to metals in relation to livers. The concentrations of metals in hepatic tissues reflect the levels of elements in the diet of these birds, characterizing acutely the contamination of the ecosystem. On the other hand, feathers represent the exposure in the time of molting, when the artery supplies metals, thus representing a chronic exposure. In feathers from live birds, the Pearson’s correlation analysis showed a high to moderate correlation between metals, which may suggest that they come from a similar source, but there is no way to specify the origin since the metals surveyed could be present in the soil, water, or in the prey eaten by these animals. For the purpose of environmental analyses, it is required to determine the exact source of contamination. Considering that it is possible to confirm the presence of these heavy metals in southern caracaras, these birds may be important environmental bioindicators. The development of systematic research on animals and the environment is essential for monitoring the levels of metal pollutants and evaluating their impact in order to guide measures to protect fauna and human health.
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Bertsch, A., and N. Coello. "A biotechnological process for treatment and recycling poultry feathers as a feed ingredient." Bioresource Technology 96, no. 15 (October 2005): 1703–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2004.12.026.
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Gladiy, M. V., Yu F. Melnik, V. G. Kebko, Yu P. Polupan, and I. I. Murzha. "MODERN TECHNOLOGIES OF PROCESSING OF POULTRY WASTES AND PRODUCTION OF HIGH-PROTEIN FEED ADDITIVES: DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN EXPERIENCE." Animal Breeding and Genetics 51 (March 28, 2018): 302–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.51.41.
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The article highlights different technologies of aviculture wastes recycling, first of all feather raw materials, for fodder purposes, in particular hydrothermal method, extrusion method, thermochemical method, and method of high temperature and high pressure. Hydrothermal method of recycling of meat and bone wastes in the horizontal vacuum boilers has quite satisfactory results, but ineffective in the processing of feather raw materials. More effective methods of raw feathers processing are ones with the use of extrusion process and thermochemical machining, but due to the complexity of processes, large amount of outlay and unsatisfactory sanitary and environmental conditions these technologies are not widely used in manufacturing. European experience of non-waste production and processing of aviculture wastes deserves deeper studying, particularly recycling of raw feathers, by processing method with high temperature and high pressure at continuous technological process and the possibility of using these technologies in the domestic large-scale production at poultry farms of industrial type.
The purpose of the work was to study domestic and foreign advanced technologies of processing of non-food wastes of poultry products and production of high-protein feed additives and to consider the widespread introduction of the most effective ones in domestic manufacture on an industrial scale.
The main wastes of processing of poultry products are gastrointestinal tract and its content, bone frame in the case of deep processing of carcasses, heads, legs, and other expired products, blood and, above all, feather raw materials, which totally constitute 20% of poultry weight. Recycling of meat and bone wastes from poultry slaughtering is carried out in horizontal vacuum boilers (so called Laps boilers), which are mainly used for animal origin wastes at sanitary-veterinary factories, united in association "Ukrvetsanzavod."
The vacuum horizontal boiler for the production of fodder flour from animal raw materials wastes at the sanitary-veterinary utilization factories is a cylindrical metal frame located on stilts, which has a loading manhole and unloading pipes and on the outside of a cylindrical frame – a shell for heating of the frame with pipes for filing and withdrawal of the heat carrier and shaft, which is mounted along the length of the frame, with a mixer, fixed on the ends by bearings. Hot steam is the heat carrier for temperature processing of raw materials, which is supplied directly from the boiler room into the frame shell.
In order to improve horizontal vacuum boiler for producing fodder flour from animal raw material wastes and to reduce its prime cost the special device was designed for its heating by using electricity. To do this on the outside of boiler (for its heating) there is a bullet made of the refractory material with three electric heaters, covered with a layer of insulation.
In our country animal origin feed production has recently decreased, and the price of imported fodder is extremely high due to the reduction in livestock numbers and their processing. At the same time, Ukraine has gained intensive development of the poultry industry, particularly growing the broiler chickens and processing their meat at the large poultry farms of industrial type. Herewith, the substantial amount of non-food wastes from poultry products processing (gastrointestinal tract, bone frame in the case of deep processing of carcasses, dead poultry, blood, feather raw materials etc.) is not used for fodder purposes in many poultry farms. Furthermore, in order to get rid of wastes from poultry and livestock products processing, and instead of organizing high protein feed additives production from them, the technologies of destruction them by burning are developed, which can’t be considered reasonable solution to this problem. It is not only the reason of significant losses of valuable high-protein raw material for animal origin fodder, but also leads to environmental pollution. Therefore, in the conditions of a shortage of animal origin fodder, the use of non-food poultry products processing wastes is not only a great resource saving value, but simultaneously solves some environmental problems.
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UDEDIBIE, A. B. I., G. ANYANWU, U. I. UKPAI, and A. J. OYET. "POULTRY OFFAL MEAL AS A PROTEIN SUPPLEMENT FOR LAYING HENS AND FINISHER BROILERS." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 15 (January 5, 2021): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v15i.1217.
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Two experiments were conducted to determine the value of poultry offal meal (POM) as a protein supplement for layers and finisher broilers, respectively, at dietary levels of O, 10, 15 and 20%. In the layer experiment, body weights of layers increased with increasing dietary levels of POM. Treatments effects on feed intakes were not significant but egg production as well as feed efficiency were significantly (P < 0.05) improved by POM. In the broiler experiment, feed intake, growth rate, feed efficiency ad weights of livers were significantly (P < 0.05) higher at 15 and 20% POM dietary levels. Abdominal fat became significantly (P < 0.05) higher as from 10% POM dietary level. Poultry offal meal (POM), the processed edible and inedible parts of poultry (viscera, feathers, beaks, blood, discarded eggs and dead birds), used in this study contained (on dry matter basis) crude protein 56.4%, crude fat 20.9%, total ash 7.7%, crude fibre 4.6%, metabolizable energy 3.18kcal/gm.
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HOI, H., J. KRIŠTOFÍK, A. DAROLOVÁ, and C. HOI. "Experimental evidence for costs due to chewing lice in the European bee-eater (Merops apiaster)." Parasitology 139, no. 1 (September 29, 2011): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182011001727.
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SUMMARYAnimals frequently host organisms on their surface which can be beneficial, have no effect or a negative effect on their host. Ectoparasites, by definition, are those which incur costs to their host, but these costs may vary. Examples of avian ectoparasites are chewing lice which feed exclusively on dead feather or skin material; therefore, costs to their bird hosts are generally considered small. Theoretically, many possible proximate effects exist, like loss of tissue or food, infected bites, transmission of microparasitic diseases or reduced body insulation due to loss of feathers, which may ultimately also have fitness consequences. Here, we experimentally examined a possible negative impact of 2 feather-eating louse species (Meropoecus meropisandBrueelia apiastri) on male and female European bee-eaters (Merops apiaster) by removing or increasing louse loads and comparing their impact to a control group (lice removed and immediately returned) after 1 month. A negative effect of chewing lice was found on body mass and sedimentation rate and to a lesser extent on haematocrit levels. Males and females lost more weight when bearing heavy louse loads, and were more susceptible to infestations as indicated by the higher sedimentation rate. Our results further suggest differences in sex-specific susceptibility.
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Rachmatika, Rini, Siti Nuramaliati Prijono, Andri Permata Sari, and Suparno Suparno. "Chick growth and nutrient requirement during rearing period on eclectus parrot (Eclectus roratus, Müller 1776)." BIO Web of Conferences 19 (2020): 00013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20201900013.
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Nutrition is an important aspect of the successful breeding of wild birds in captivity. This research aims to find out nestling growth of Eclectus parrot (Eclectus roratus, Müller 1776) by parent-reared and nutrient requirement during rearing season. This research used a pair of Eclectus parrot with a male chick at first and fifth clutch, and female chick at the second, third, and fourth clutch. This research was conducted from July 2016 to June 2018. The bodyweight of chick was measured every week and feed intake was observed since the age of one week until the chick can eat independently. Feed was provided ad libitum and cafeteria. The chick was the altricial type. Feathers began to cover all bodies at weeks 9. Fledging time was approximately at weeks 10-11. Chick could be separated from its parents at 20 weeks of age. Feed intake tends to be increased along with the increasing age of chick. Eclectus favorites feed is sunflower seed. Nutrient consumption when rearing male chick is more than rearing the female chick.
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Maddaleno, Aldo, Ekaterina Pokrant, Francisca Yanten, Betty San Martin, and Javiera Cornejo. "Implementation and Validation of an Analytical Method for Lincomycin Determination in Feathers and Edible Tissues of Broiler Chickens by Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry." Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry 2019 (February 25, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4569707.
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Recent studies have detected different antimicrobial residues in broiler chicken feathers, where they persisted for longer periods of time and at greater concentrations than in edible tissues. However, until today, lincomycin behaviour in this nonedible tissue has not been assessed yet. Considering this, an analytical methodology to detect and quantify this antibiotic concentration in feathers, muscle, and liver tissues from broiler chickens was implemented and in-house validated. The methodology will allow the determination of the bioaccumulation of this highly persistent antibiotic in feathers of treated birds. For this purpose, 98% lincomycin and 95% lincomycin D3 standards were used. Methanol was selected as the extraction solvent, and Chromabond® Florisil® cartridges were used for the clean-up stage. The separation of analytes was performed through the analytical column SunFire C18 with a running time of 4 minutes, and the instrumental analysis was performed through an LC-MS/MS, with a liquid chromatograph Agilent® 1290 Infinity, coupled to an AB SCIEX® API 5500 mass spectrometer. An internal protocol for an in-house validation was designed based on recommendations from Commission Decision 2002/657/EC and the Guidance document on the estimation of limit of detection and limit of quantification for measurements in the field of contaminants in feed and food. The average retention time for lincomycin was 2.255 min (for quantifier ion, 126.0). The calibration curves showed a coefficient of determination (r2) greater than 0.99 for all matrices, while recovery levels ranged between 98% and 101%. The limit of detection (LOD) calculated was of 19, 22, and 10 μg·kg−1, and the limit of quantification (LOQ) was of 62, 73, and 34 μg·kg−1 in feathers, muscle, and liver, respectively. This method detects lincomycin in the studied matrices, confidently and accurately, as it is required for designing analytical studies of drug residues in edible and nonedible tissues, such as feathers.
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Gonçalves, Camila Angelica, Nilva Kazue Sakomura, Miryelle Freire Sarcinelli, Letícia Graziele Pacheco, Letícia Soares, Mirella Cunha Melaré, Warley Junior Alves, and Robert Mervyn Gous. "In vivo assessment of body composition and growth potential of modern broiler using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry." Animal Production Science 60, no. 16 (2020): 1959. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an18792.
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Context Genetic improvements in modern strains have led to continuous increments in broiler growth rates, which, as a consequence, have resulted in higher economic returns for broiler producers over the last decades. Aim The present study was conducted to characterise the potential growth of the body and feathers of Cobb 500, Hubbard Flex and Ross 308 male and female broilers, as well as to assess the changes in chemical composition that occur up to 16 weeks of age. Methods Birds were fed isoenergetic diets divided in four phases and formulated to marginally exceed the nutritional requirements of the strains throughout the growing period. They were maintained in a controlled environment so as not to limit growth. A dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scanner was used to follow the in vivo body composition of 12 broilers of each strain and sex (total of 72 broilers), and the feather weight and composition was determined in four birds of each strain and sex selected at intervals during the growing period (total of 288 broilers) through comparative slaughter with later chemical analysis. Key results Parameters of Gompertz growth curve to describe the strains were estimated for body and feather weight as well as for the growth of their chemical components. Conclusion Differences in the growth rates between strains were evident, indicating the possible differences in selection methods used by geneticists in the different breeding companies. These genetic parameters would explain part of the variation on broiler´s performance which impacts on the way they should be fed and housed during growth. Implications The accurate description of genetic growth potential is useful information to be associated with factorial models that predict nutritional and feed intake requirements of birds. The main advantage of DXA technology is to decrease the variation of body deposition on the Gompertz model, resulting from the use of the same bird throughout its life. Despite the speed of obtaining chemical values of the body, the method is unsuitable for measuring the growth of feathers, which is also important data to be collected and related to the broiler strains.
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Kumar, Vijay, Prasenjit Dhar, Mandeep Sharma, and Anshu Raj. "Bacterial enteritis in an oriental white backed vulture (Gyps bengalensis) and its successful management." Veterinary Science Development 2, no. 1 (February 10, 2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/vsd.2012.3793.
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An oriental white backed vulture weighing about 8 kg was rescued from a farmer’s field in a moribund condition. The vulture was showing signs of drooping feathers and wings, anorexia, unable to stand, and severe enteritis with dehydration. Bacterial culture from the cloaca of the bird revealed association of hemolytic E. coli that was sensitive to enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin. The bird was treated successfully with injectable enrofloxacin and oral rehydration solution. No parasitic eggs/protozoal oocysts or hemoprotozoan parasites could be detected in the bird. The bird recovered uneventfully and started taking feed and water normally.
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Coward-Kelly, Guillermo, Vincent S. Chang, Frank K. Agbogbo, and Mark T. Holtzapple. "Lime treatment of keratinous materials for the generation of highly digestible animal feed: 1. Chicken feathers." Bioresource Technology 97, no. 11 (July 2006): 1337–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2005.05.021.
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Kokoszyński, D., Z. Bernacki, and A. Cisowska. "Growth and development of young game pheasants (<i>Phasianus colchicus</i>)." Archives Animal Breeding 54, no. 1 (October 10, 2011): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-54-83-2011.
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Abstract. Fifty game pheasants were kept to 8 weeks in confinement housing and later maintained outdoors in a partially roofed aviary. Pheasants received commercial feed mixtures ad libitum. Body weight and dimensions were determined every 4 weeks. Ten pheasants were selected for slaughter at the end of 18 and 20 weeks each. After slaughter, their heads, shanks, feathers, blood, inedible viscera and major internal organs were weighed and digestive tract separated and measured. The carcasses were dissected. Higher body weights and daily gains were found in males than in females on all test days during rearing to 20 weeks of age. Compared to females, males had significantly longer keel from 4 weeks, longer lower thighs and shanks from 8 weeks, and longer trunk with and without neck and greater chest circumference from 12 weeks of age. Older pheasants had a significantly lower proportion of feathers and blood, and higher content of inedible viscera, with significantly relatively shorter (cm 100 g b.w.−1) small intestine, caecum and rectum in males than in females. With advancing age, there was a decrease in the proportion of gizzard (significant) and liver, and in males a significant increase in the proportion of testicles.
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Palma Bendezu, Hilda, Nilva Kazue Sakomura, Euclides Braga Malheiros, Juliano Cesar De Paula Dorigam, Edney Pereira Da Silva, and Matheus De Paula Reis. "Estimation of desired feed intake for growth and reproductive organ development in pre-laying hens." Animal Production Science 59, no. 7 (2019): 1228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an17768.
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The objective of the present study was to describe the growth of reproductive organs and, on the basis of this information, predict feed intake during the pre-laying phase of laying-type pullets and to evaluate the results of the models. Ninety-six ISA-Brown pullets from 15 to 28 weeks of age were used in the first experiment. The weights of the birds with and without feathers, ovaries and oviducts were measured, and samples were taken to analyse dry matter, gross energy and crude protein. Seventy-six ISA-Brown and 76 Hy-Line pullets from 15 to 24 weeks of age were used in the second experiment. Feed intake was measured daily for each hen until the first egg was laid. The energy for maintenance (EEM) was calculated on the basis of the actual protein content and protein weight at maturity. The effective energy (EE) requirement was calculated as EER = EEM + 50 deposition of protein (DP) + 56 deposition of lipids (DL). Feed intake was calculated by dividing the EE requirement by the EE content in the feed. The simulation of feed intake overestimated values of 0.41 g/day (P > 0.05) and 2.65 g/day (P < 0.001) for Hy-Line and ISA-Brown respectively. A significant linear bias was observed for Hy-Line (P < 0.001) but not for ISA-Brown (P > 0.05). The assessment of the results indicated that the models for predicting feed intake were more accurate and less precise for Hy-Line than for ISA-Brown. Thus, there was an agreement between the calculated and measured values for feed intake, which shows that the models provide a true estimation of feed intake during the pre-laying phase.
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Adelina, A., F. Feliatra, Y. I. Siregar, I. Suharman, and N. A. Pamukas. "Fermented chicken feathers using Bacillus subtilis to improve the quality of nutrition as a fish feed material." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 348 (November 21, 2019): 012008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/348/1/012008.
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Liu, Jinlin, Xiaoyan Li, and Anjie Li. "Effect of feed type and other factors on soluble microbial product production and its disinfection byproduct formation during biological treatment of wastewater organics." Water Supply 17, no. 2 (September 2, 2016): 399–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2016.143.
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Soluble microbial products (SMPs) can act as a disinfection byproduct (DBP) precursor besides natural organic matter (NOM) when source water is polluted by biologically treated wastewater effluent that has SMPs as its main component. Influential factors of SMPs as a DBP precursor were investigated in this study. Model feed substrates were biologically incubated to simulate the biological treatment of wastewater organics, and the SMPs produced were chlorinated according to the standard procedure to study the DBP formation potential (DBPFP) of SMPs. Feed chemical type is a crucial factor affecting SMP production and the following DBP formation. SMPs from four kinds of model feed substrates with the same initial organic carbon concentration produced DBPs with a wide range from 196 to 684 μg L−1 and also different DBP formation properties. Different organic substrates would facilitate the growth of different microbial species, which produce SMPs with varied levels and chemical structure and subsequently different DBP formation characters. For the environmental factors, an anaerobic condition showed a significant effect, producing extremely high chloral hydrate up to about 2000 μg L−1, probably due to the production of volatile fatty acids. Different incubation conditions can not only bring about different levels of SMPs and DBPs, but also SMPs with different DBP formation feathers.
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Piekutin, Janina, Monika Puchlik, Michał Haczykowski, and Katarzyna Dyczewska. "The Efficiency of the Biogas Plant Operation Depending on the Substrate Used." Energies 14, no. 11 (May 28, 2021): 3157. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14113157.
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The study aimed to assess the most efficient solution of raw material management in selected biogas plants into the concept of circular economy and evaluate the most efficient solution of raw material management in selected biogas plants due to the quality and quantity of the feed and the final product obtained, which is biogas, as well at the closed circulation (circular economy). The study evaluated two agricultural biogas plants on a real scale and one at the sewage treatment plant (in real scale) in northeastern Poland. A year-long study showed that in technical terms, the best work efficiency is achieved by agricultural biogas plants processing: silage, manure, apple pomace, potato pulp (biogas plant No. 1), followed by biogas plant No. 3 processing chicken manure, decoction, cattle manure, poultry slaughterhouse waste (sewage sludge, flotate, feathers), and finally, the lowest efficiency biogas plant was No. 2, the sewage treatment plant, which stabilized sewage sludge in the methane fermentation process. Moreover, based on the results, it was found that agricultural biogas gives the best efficiency in energy production from 1 ton of feed.
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CHRISTAKI (Ε. ΧΡΗΣΤΑΚΗ), E. "Some principles of ostriches nutrition and their products." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 52, no. 1 (January 31, 2018): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.15402.
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The ostriches have been farmed for about 150 years in South Africa. They are flightless birds but fast runners. Adults usually weigh more than 130 kg and stand up to 2.7 m tall. Domesticated ostriches reach maturity at 2-3 years old. Theirgastrointestinal tract is more similar to that of ruminants than to poultry's. The ostriches derive a lot of energy from feed fibre through the production of volatile fatty acids, in large intestine. The ostriches tend to be a credible competitor in the red meat market because of the quality of its meat (low in cholesterol and fat, high protein) .The eggs and nearly all parts, feathers, leather and meat, of the slaughtered ostrich can be used for commercial purposes.
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Ramakrishnan, Jayapradha, Hariram Balakrishnan, Selvaraj Thirupathi Kumara Raja, Natarajan Sundararamakrishnan, Sadagoban Renganathan, and Venkatesh Nagarajan Radha. "Formulation of economical microbial feed using degraded chicken feathers by a novel Streptomyces sp: mitigation of environmental pollution." Brazilian Journal of Microbiology 42, no. 3 (September 2011): 825–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1517-83822011000300001.
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Ševčíková, S., M. Skřivan, G. Dlouhá, and M. Koucký. "The effect of selenium source on the performance and meat quality of broiler chickens." Czech Journal of Animal Science 51, No. 10 (December 5, 2011): 449–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3964-cjas.
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The effect of dietary supplementation of selenium in an organic form on performance, carcass traits and selenium content in tissues of broiler cockerels Ross 308 was studied. The soya-wheat-maize diet contained 50 mg vitamin E/kg. The experiment was conducted on 810 straight-run broiler cockerels randomly divided into 3 groups: group I – control, without selenium supplement; experimental group: II – 0.3 mg Se/kg, Se-enriched yeast was applied as a Se source; III – 0.3 mg Se/kg, Se-enriched alga Chlorella as a Se source. The broiler chickens were slaughtered at 42 days of age. In performance traits higher (P ≤ 0.05) live weight of broiler chickens was recorded in the experimental groups (II – 2 430.6 g and III – 2 425.2 g). There were no significant differences between the groups in feed conversion and mortality. Se-enriched alga had the best feed conversion, and selenium supplementation slightly increased mortality in both experimental groups. No significant differences between the groups were found out in carcass traits and dressing percentage. The content of selenium in breast and thigh muscle, feathers and excrements increased (P ≤ 0.05) in both experimental groups compared to the control group. Higher values in breast and thigh muscle and in feathers were measured in the group supplemented with selenium from Se-enriched yeast, also in comparison with the group supplemented with selenium from Se-enriched alga Chlorella. The broiler chickens receiving Chlorella had a higher (P ≤ 0.05) selenium content in excrements compared to the group with Se-enriched yeast. The selenium concentration in liver was higher (P ≤ 0.05) in both experimental groups compared to the control. The supplement of selenium from Se-yeast and Chlorella in the diet for broiler chickens increased the microelement concentration in muscle.
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Hong, Wiley, Powers, Michener, Kaufman, and Hatch. "Stable Isotope Analyses of Multiple Tissues of Great Shearwaters (Ardenna Gravis) Reveals Long-Term Dietary Stability, Short-Term Changes in Diet, and Can be Used as a Tool to Monitor Food Webs." Diversity 11, no. 9 (September 12, 2019): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d11090163.
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The great shearwater (Ardenna gravis) is a common pelagic bird with a distribution that spans almost the entire Atlantic basin, which in conjunction with its relatively high abundance, makes great shearwaters an effective bio indicator. We compared δ13C and δ15N values from the feathers, red blood cells (RBCs), and plasma of great shearwaters collected in 2014 and 2015 from the waters off Massachusetts and Cape Cod. The δ13C and δ15N values of RBCs were quite constant between sampling periods and years, suggesting a generally stable food web over that time period. However, the δ13C of plasma indicates a small seasonal change in diet between July and September for both years, with plasma δ15N values suggesting a slight increase in trophic level late in summer. Comparison of the δ15N of RBCs and plasma indicates that great shearwaters experienced a diet shift during the first few weeks of summer 2014, but not in 2015. Comparisons with other studies suggest that these shearwaters feed at a lower trophic level than great shearwaters sampled in the Bay of Fundy and that there is a decrease in δ13C with increasing latitude, which could indicate a more pelagic diet in northern waters. Stable isotope analysis of the sixth primary feathers provided evidence that these feathers are molted in the Northern Hemisphere and that the diet of great shearwaters shortly after arrival was different in 2014 and 2015. This study demonstrates that within species comparisons of tissue isotopic signatures over time and comparisons of isotopic signatures of tissues with different turnover rates, can detect changes in diet and be used as a tool to monitor for changes in marine food webs over time and space. The relevant signals remain informative even in the absence of species-specific data on tissue-diet discrimination factors, tissue turnover rates, or knowledge of dietary components and their stable isotopic signatures, suggesting dietary changes indicative of a corresponding change in the food web.
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Banu, Laila Anjuman, Afrina Mustari, and Nazim Ahmad. "Efficacy of probiotics on growth performance and hemato-biochemical parameters in broiler." Research in Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries 6, no. 1 (May 14, 2019): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ralf.v6i1.41390.
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Cobb-500 broiler chicks were used to study the effects of probiotics on growth performances and haemato-biochemical parameters. A total of fifteen broiler chicks (16 days old) were randomly divided into three equal groups (n=5). Two groups of broilers were fed probiotics at the rate of 0.5 gm/kg and 1gm/kg respectively with commercial feed for 22 days. Chicks fed on only commercial feed were considered as control group. The results showed that broilers treated with probiotics grew faster compared to control group. After having completed the trial, the birds were sacrificed to collect blood sample for hematological and biochemical analysis. Dressed weight, weight of skin including feathers, leg weight, breast weight and liver weight were found higher in treated groups compared to control group. Total erythrocytes count and hemoglobin content were found increased in treated group compared to control group. ESR value was found decrease in treated groups compared to control group. Total cholesterol, triglycerides and HDL was significantly (P>0.01) lower in the treated groups compared to control group. The serum alkaline phosphatase significantly (P<0.01) increased in treated groups.
Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.6(1): 91-100, April 2019
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Gard, Nicholas W., and David M. Bird. "Nestling growth and fledging success in manipulated American kestrel broods." Canadian Journal of Zoology 70, no. 12 (December 1, 1992): 2421–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z92-325.
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To study factors regulating clutch size in American Kestrels (Falco sparverius), brood manipulation experiments were performed on captive and wild birds in southwestern Quebec during 1986 and 1987. The largest normally occurring brood size was 5 young. Manipulations enlarged or decreased broods to 7 or 2 young, respectively. Significantly more young fledged from wild control and enlarged broods in 1987 than from comparable groups in 1986. The average number of young fledging from enlarged wild broods in 1987 was slightly higher than for control broods, but fledging weight was significantly depressed in enlarged broods. Growth rates and tarsal and antebrachial length at fledging were not affected by brood size, but development of primary feathers was slower in enlarged wild broods. Parental ability to adequately feed all young appears to be the major factor limiting brood size in American Kestrels.
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Muvhali, Pfunzo, Maud Bonato, Anel Engelbrecht, Irek Malecki, Denise Hough, Jane Robinson, Neil Evans, and Schalk Cloete. "The Effect of Extensive Human Presence at an Early Age on Stress Responses and Reactivity of Juvenile Ostriches towards Humans." Animals 8, no. 10 (October 5, 2018): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani8100175.
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The effect of extensive human presence and regular gentle handling performed at an early age (0–3 months old) on stress responses and reactivity of juvenile ostriches towards humans was investigated. A total of 416 ostrich chicks over two years were exposed to one of three treatments for three months after hatching; namely, Human Presence 1 (HP1, N = 144): extensive/prolonged human presence with physical contact (touch, stroking), gentle human voice, and visual stimuli; Human Presence 2 (HP2, N = 136): extensive/prolonged human presence without physical contact, but with gentle human voice and visual stimuli; and the Standard treatment (S, N = 136): human presence limited to routine feed and water supply as a control. At 7.5 months of age, the plasma heterophil/lymphocyte (H/L) ratio was measured before and 72 h after feather harvesting and feather clipping to determine acute stress responses, while chronic stress was measured by quantification of corticosterone (CORT) concentrations in the floss feathers of the birds. Birds’ behavioural response towards a familiar or an unfamiliar handler was evaluated at 12 months using docility and fear tests, and through behavioural observations conducted on random days between the ages of 8–13 months. Willingness to approach, and to allow touch interactions, aggressiveness, and exhibition of sexual display towards the handler, was recorded. No difference in the H/L ratios before and after feather harvesting and clipping was observed in HP1 birds, whereas H/L ratios showed a significant increase 72 h post feather harvesting and clipping in HP2 and S birds (p < 0.05). Birds from the S treatment exhibited a significantly (p < 0.05) higher feather CORT concentration compared with HP1 birds, while HP2 birds had intermediate responses. Birds’ reactivity towards humans and temperament as evaluated using behavioural observations, docility, and fear tests was not affected by treatment (p > 0.05). However, HP1 and HP2 birds were more inclined (p < 0.05) to approach a familiar rather than an unfamiliar handler during the behavioural observations, indicating an ability to distinguish between a familiar and an unfamiliar handler. Overall, the results indicate that early gentle human interactions with ostrich chicks can be beneficial in reducing physiological stress sensitivity later in life and facilitate the ability of ostriches to distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar handlers.
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Bale, O. O. J., A. A. Sekoni, and C. N. Kwanashie. "A case study of possible health hazards associated with poultry houses." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 29, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 102–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v29i1.1538.
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This study on layer and broiler houses is expected to give basic information on the nature of microbes, their occurrence, health hazard they could constitute and the possibilities for disease control measures. Modern husbandry practices, state or local concentration of the industry, high stocking densities, uniform age distribution of birds and continuous feeding may promote the spread of poultry diseases. Illness due to contaminated food, poultry wastes, poultry and poultry by products are one of the most widespread problems of the contemporary world. From the poultry houses investigated, bacteria and fungi were isolated from swabs of window nets dust, feed stock, roof dust, faeces, floors, feeders, drinkers, feathers, cages and egg trays using standard microbiological media and biochemicals procedures.The isolates encountered include: Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus terreus, Streptococcus faecalis, Bacillus sp., Pasteurella gallinarum, Pasteurella multocida, Klebsiella sp., Eschericia coli, Salmonella sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Yeast and Rhodotorula spp., which were nol typed. Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus terreus, Bacillus sp., Pasteurella gallinarum, Klebsiella sp., Eschericia coli, Yeast and Rhodotorula Sp., were present in both layers and broilers houses structures and materials in varying proportions. However, Pasteurella Multocida, Salmonella sp., and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated from egg trays, feathers, faeces, and feeders respectively from poultry house materials only and none from the structures of layers and broilers houses. The layer house structures and materials tend to yield more microbes mir than broiler house structures and materials. There were no acid-fast organisms observed from the sediments of washed swabs materials for culture using Ziehl-Neelsen stain
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Derbyshire, R., D. R. Norris, K. A. Hobson, and D. Strickland. "Isotopic spiking and food dye experiments provide evidence that nestling Canada Jays (Perisoreus canadensis) receive cached food from their parents." Canadian Journal of Zoology 97, no. 4 (April 2019): 368–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2018-0158.
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While many animals rely on stored food to survive periods of no or few resources, some of these species may also use cached food to feed young. The Canada Jay (Perisoreus canadensis (Linnaeus, 1766)) is a territorial, food-caching resident of North American boreal forests. Canada Jays have high winter survival when fresh food is rarely available and achieve high fledging rates before the return and breeding of most sympatric migratory passerines. Stored food must account for the Canada Jay’s winter survival, but it is less certain that stores are also used to feed nestlings. We conducted two experiments seeking evidence of such use, one using food marked with dye and a second using 15N-enriched glycine. Breeding pairs were supplemented with marked food in the pre-incubation period, followed by our attempts to find the marker in nestling feces (dye experiment) or feathers (15N-enrichment experiment). Both experiments provided evidence that at least some nestlings had ingested the marker, although the importance of this behaviour within the population remains unknown. Our study demonstrates how food markers can be used to infer feeding behaviour that has not been directly recorded in the wild, even after over 50 years of close observation.
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Damat, Damat, Lili Zalizar, and Vritta Amroini. "PENDAMPINGAN PEMBUATAN PAKAN DARI SAMPAH ORGANIK SECARA FERMENTASI KEPADA PETERNAK BEBEK DI KOTA BATU." SELAPARANG Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Berkemajuan 4, no. 1 (November 1, 2020): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.31764/jpmb.v4i1.3008.
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ABSTRAKTempat pembuangan akhir (TPA) di Desa Tlekung, Kota Batu, telah memberikan manfaat bagi para peternak bebek di Desa tersebut. Masyarakat setempat dapat memanfaatkan sampah organik sebagai pakan bebek. Akan tetapi penggunaan sampah tersebut untuk pakan bebek menimbulkan masalah, yaitu timbulnya cemaran bau yang berasal dari sampah yang belum terfermentasi dengan sempurna, dan rata-rata tingkat kematian bebek cukup tinggi. Pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk melakukan transfer teknologi fermentasi sampah organik sebagai pakan bebek. Kegiatan ini dilakukan dalam beberapa tahap, yaitu (i) survei lapangan, (ii) penyampaian materi teori disampaikan secara klasikal , (iii) penyampaian materi keterampilan dalam bentuk praktik/ demonstrasi pembuatan pakan organik secara fermentasi dan (iv) pendampingan kepada para peternak serta (v) monitoring dan evaluasi kegiatan. Hasil yang diperoleh sangat menggembirakan dan memberikan kepuasan tersendiri bagi peternak. Feses bebek yang diberi pakan hasil proses fermentasi sudah tidak bebau seperti semula, bulu bebek dapat tumbuh dengan baik, dan bebek yang dihasilkan tampak lebih gemuk dan lebih sehat dan memiliki pertambahan berat badan lebih baik dibandingkan dengan yang diberi pakan yang tidak diferementasi. Disamping itu, penggunaan pakan fermentasi dari sampah organik diketahui dapat menghemat biaya pakan sampai sebesar 60%, sehingga keuntungan peternak menjadi meningkat. Kata kunci: tempat pembuangan akhir; sampah organik; pakan organik. ABSTRACTThe landfill in Tlekung Village, Batu City, has provided benefits for duck farmers in the village. Local people can use organic waste as duck feed. However, the use of organic waste as duck feed causes some problems, that is odor contaminant from unfinished fermentation, also high average rate duck mortality. This community service program is carried out to transferring organic waste fermentation technology knowledge in feed duck production. Program consist of (i) field survey, (ii) classical theory sharing, (iii) skill sharing by practice/ demonstration of organic duck fermented feed production, (iv) assistance of duck farmers, and (v) monitoring and evaluation of program. The results obtained are very encouraging and give satisfaction to farmers. The duck feces which fed with fermentation organic production have no smell like before, duck feathers can grow well, also duck look healthier and have better weigh gain than duck which fed with unfermented fed. In addition, the use of fermented feed from organic waste is known to save feed cost up to 60%. So, it is increasing farmer’s profit. Keywords: organic waste; duck feed; fermented feed.
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Bochenski, Zbigniew M., Teresa Tomek, Małgorzata Bujoczek, and Grzegorz Salwa. "A new passeriform (Aves: Passeriformes) from the early Oligocene of Poland sheds light on the beginnings of Suboscines." Journal of Ornithology 162, no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 593–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10336-021-01858-0.
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AbstractThe paper describes a complete specimen of a passerine bird from the early Oligocene of Poland, preserved as imprints of bones and feathers on two slabs. Crosnoornis nargizia gen. et sp. nov. is just the fifth passerine species described from the Paleogene worldwide and the fourth complete. The features preserved in the distal elements of the wing exclude Acanthisittidae and Oscines and indicate that this bird can be included in Suboscines, making it the second complete representative of this group in the Paleogene. A strong, straight beak indicates that this bird could feed on a variety of foods, including hard seeds, fruit and invertebrates, and, therefore, occupied a different foraging niche than the Oligocene passerines described so far. The wing proportions, a very short tail and relatively long legs indicate that this bird spent most of its time in the forest, close to the ground in dense shrubs or dense tree crowns.
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Jordaan, J. W., T. S. Brand, C. Bhiya, and B. B. Aucamp. "An evaluation of slaughter age on the profitability of intensive slaughter ostrich production." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 7 (2008): 916. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea08040.
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The traditional slaughter ostrich production system evolved mainly around two aspects: producing the optimum skin size and attaining the ideal shape of follicle on the skin. Over time the practice of slaughtering ostriches at 14 months of age proved to be the ideal system and became the standard in the ostrich industry. With a gradual increase in demand for ostrich meat in the past decade, the meat yielded by a 14-month-old bird provided additional income to the producer. However, the cost of feed can affect profitability and, especially so, for a production system over a 14-month period. In addition to increasing feed costs, evidence exists of an increasing risk of skin damage over long production periods, affecting income negatively. A study at the Kromme Rhee experimental farm near Stellenbosch in South Africa investigated slaughter age regimes at 8.5 months, 10.5 months, 12.5 months, 14.5 months and 16.5 months. Data on feed intake and yields of cold carcass, crust skin size, skin grade and total feathers revealed significant differences (P < 0.01) at different slaughter ages. This paper attempts to assess the effect of different slaughter age regimes on the profitability of intensive slaughter ostrich production. Values predicted from a regression analysis were imputed into a gross margin budget analysis and discounted over a 5-year planning period to compare profitability over the long-term. Income was highest at the 14.5-month slaughter system but gross margin of the 10.5-month slaughter age system was highest, with the 8.5-month system second. Changes in the slaughter age regimes in the ostrich industry may increase efficiency in production systems.
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Falls, M., D. Meysing, C. Liang, M. N. Karim, G. Carstens, L. O. Tedeschi, and M. T. Holtzapple. "Development of highly digestible animal feed from lignocellulosic biomass Part 2: Oxidative lime pretreatment (OLP) and shock treatment of corn stover1." Translational Animal Science 1, no. 2 (April 1, 2017): 215–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/tas2017.0025.
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Abstract Oxidative lime pretreatment (OLP) increases lignocellulose digestibility by removing lignin and hemicellulose acetyl content. Digestibility is improved further by adding mechanical shock treatment, which subjects aqueous slurry of biomass to an explosive pressure pulse. Shock treatment mechanically disrupts the microscopic structure while maintaining the macroscopic integrity of the biomass particle. This study determined the effectiveness of these pretreatments to enhance the ruminant digestibility of corn stover. In terms of compositional changes, OLP and shock treatment should negatively affect the feed value of corn stover; however, digestibility analysis provides a significantly different conclusion. With corn stover, shock + OLP improved the 48-h neutral detergent fiber digestibility (NDFD) to 79.0 g neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digested/100 g NDF fed, compared to 49.3 for raw corn stover. The 48-h in vitro total digestible nutrients (TDNom, g nutrients digested/100 g OM) was 51.9 (raw), 59.7 (OLP), and 72.6 (shock + OLP). Adding extracted corn stover solubles to shock + OLP increased TDNom to 74.9. When enough solubilized chicken feathers were added to match the protein content of corn grain, TDNom increases to 75.5, which is only 12.6 less than corn grain.
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GENIGEORGIS, C., M. HASSUNEH, and P. COLLINS. "Campylobacter jejuni Infection on Poultry Farms and its Effect on Poultry Meat Contamination during Slaughtering." Journal of Food Protection 49, no. 11 (November 1, 1986): 895–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-49.11.895.
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In 1984, we monitored 4 ranches with a total of 24 houses (15,000–20,000 birds/house) for 3 consecutive generations (January–August). On epidemiologic grounds, infection of birds did not originate at the hatcheries or the central water and feed. Considering all lots of birds, the infection rate increased from 2.3% by the 10th day to 9.5, 29.7, 47.9, 65.7, 78.6 and 81.8% by the 20th, 30th, 40th, 45th, 50th day and at slaughter times, respectively. Transmission from one generation of chickens to the next via the old litter is suspected, but not proven microbiologically. A 5-log reduction of Campylobacter jejuni was shown in experimentally inoculated litters stored at 17 and 30°C for 6 d and 8°C for 11 d. The houses remained empty for 9–29 d before being filled with new chicks. Carrier flocks contaminated the slaughterhouse equipment to such an extent that negative flocks processed afterwards resulted in contaminated meat. Lack of effective sanitation at the end of the day contributed to the contamination of meat from Campylobacter-free birds processed the next day. Feather picker drip water was positive 94% of the sampling times at levels of log10 3.4 (1.0–4.7). Scalding temperatures did not affect the level of contamination in the finished products (P>0.2). An ELISA based on heat-stable antigens was adapted for the detection of circulating antibodies. Of 56 broilers aged 50 to 68 d, only 2 (3.5%) 68 d old with log10 5.4 C. jejuni/g of feces were considered as positive. Birds considered negative harbored C jejuni in their ceca at levels of log10 2.0 to 5.4/g of feces. Five out of 6 (83%) 18 month-old hens were considered as positive. Yet, none of these birds were found carrying C. jejuni in their feathers or ceca.
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Irfan, Muhammad, Nasir Mukhtar, Tanveer Ahmad, and Muhammad Tanveer Munir. "Gastric impaction: an important health and welfare issue of growing ostriches." Agricultura Tropica et Subtropica 53, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 161–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ats-2020-0016.
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AbstractOstrich farming serves as a source for meat, feathers, skin, eggs, and oil. In general, ostriches are hardy birds that can resist a wide range of climatic harshness and some diseases. However, musculoskeletal and digestive complications, including the gastric impaction, remain the major cause of mortality. The gastrointestinal impaction alone is responsible for 30 – 46% of spontaneous deaths in growing ostriches. The literature review of 21 publications on this subject has shown that 90% of these incidents happen during first six months of life. The aetiology of this problem is mostly stress and behaviour-related gorging of feed and picking on non-feeding materials such as stone, sand, wood pieces, plastic, glass, and metallic objects. Conservative therapy or surgical approaches show good results with almost 70 to 100% recovery depending upon the clinical presentation and timely diagnosis. Overall, this literature review describes impaction in farmed ostriches, along with diagnosis, treatment, and control and preventive measures. This information will help stakeholders understand the gastrointestinal impaction in ratites to better manage this issue, reduce economic losses, and improve welfare of the birds.
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Shestakova, Anna, Svetlana Timorshina, and Alexander Osmolovskiy. "Biodegradation of Keratin-Rich Husbandry Waste as a Path to Sustainable Agriculture." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (August 4, 2021): 8691. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13168691.
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Every year, the size of the human population grows; with it, the need for agricultural products increases. This leads to an increment in the volume of waste, including hard-to-degrade keratin-rich ones, such as feathers. Currently, most of the agro-industrial complex protein by-products are utilized by incineration, landfilling, and chemical hydrolysis. Such methods do not meet modern trends in the development of a sustainable economy, negatively affecting the environment and humans, and preventing the reusing of waste. An alternative is biodegradation, which consists of the application of living organisms and their enzymes to recycle by-products. This approach is not only sustainable, but also makes it possible to obtain products of waste hydrolysis that are in demand for the manufacture of fertilizers and feed additives. This brings the development of agriculture closer to a circular economy and makes the recycling process more profitable. This review article emphasizes the significance of keratinolytic microorganisms and keratinases for the improvement of green methods for processing hard-to-degrade protein waste of the agro-industrial complex, which is necessary for sustainable economic development.
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O'Toole, D., and M. F. Raisbeck. "Experimentally Induced Selenosis of Adult Mallard Ducks: Clinical Signs, Lesions, and Toxicology." Veterinary Pathology 34, no. 4 (July 1997): 330–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030098589703400409.
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Selenosis is thought to be a significant problem among waterfowl populations in selenium-contaminated wetlands in the western United States. Chemical analysis of avian tissues is currently the principal basis for diagnosis. The purpose of these two 150-day studies was to establish whether morphological criteria for selenosis could be developed to supplement chemical analysis. Forty-eight flightling male mallard ducks were fed either a proprietary waterfowl ration (< 1 ppm selenium) or the same ration amended to contain 10, 25, and 60 ppm selenium supplied as seleno-L-methionine ( n = 12/group). In a separate study, 12 birds fed twice daily were offered either a proprietary ration or a selenium-supplemented ration (120 μg/g) for one of two daily feedings. Selenium in whole blood increased from baseline concentrations (< 0.4 μg/ml) to means of 4.5, 8.9, and 16.0 μg/ml in the 10-, 25-, and 60-ppm groups, respectively. All birds in the 60-ppm-dose group rapidly lost weight and were killed (11/12) or died (1/12) between 22 and 50 days of dietary exposure. In addition to emaciation, six of 12 birds (50%) fed the 60-μg/g diet developed mild to moderate generalized hepatopathy with single-cell necrosis, karyomegaly of hepatocytes, hyperplastic bile duct epithelium, and/or iron accumulation in Kupffer cells. The principal lesions in birds exposed to other dietary concentrations of selenium involved integumentary structures containing hard keratin. Gross lesions developed after 76 days of dietary exposure and consisted of bilaterally symmetrical alopecia of the scalp and dorsal cervical midline, broken or lost digital nails, and necrosis of the tip of the beak (maxillary nail). One or more of these three lesions were present in 0/12 birds (0%) fed 10 ppm selenium, 5/12 birds (42%) fed 25 ppm selenium, and 4/9 (44%) birds fed a split-feed diet containing 120 ppm selenium. Controls were unaffected. Histologic lesions in digital and maxillary nails consisted of single-cell to full-thickness necrosis of keratinocytes and multifocal parakeratosis in stratum corneum. Histologic lesions in alopecic skin (necrosis of the epidermal collar, inflammation of the feather pulp, and follicular keratosis) were mild. Some birds with alopecia had no detectable lesions in feather follicles from affected areas of skin. The highest tissue concentrations of selenium were in liver, kidney, and feathers, respectively. Mean hepatic tissue concentrations were 14.5 μg/g (10 ppm group), 29.6 μg/g (25 ppm group), 60.6 μg/g (60 ppm group), 13.0 μg/g (120 ppm split-feed group), and 2.0 μg/g (controls). Integumentary and hepatic lesions may be of value in corroborating a diagnosis of selenosis based on chemical analysis of tissues from naturally intoxicated waterfowl. Some birds with fatal selenosis may have no morphologic lesions other than emaciation.
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Pasaribu, Tiurma. "PELUANG ZAT BIOAKTIF TANAMAN SEBAGAI ALTERNATIF IMBUHAN PAKAN ANTIBIOTIK PADA AYAM / The Opportunities of Plants Bioactive Compound as an Alternative of Antibiotic Feed additive on Chicken." Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian 38, no. 2 (December 16, 2019): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jp3.v38n2.2019.p96-104.
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<p>Bioactive compounds (phenols, tannins, flavonoids, essential oils, curcumin, saponins, phyllanthin) have the ability as an antibacterial or antifungal. Feed additives are feed raw materials that do not contain nutrients, however, it may increase productivity, quality of livestock products (meat, eggs, milk, skin, feathers), the feed efficiency and to improve animal health or resistance of disease. Feed additives that are widely used in the livestock industry include antibiotics, antioxidants, antifungals, emulsifiers, and binders. The aim of using antibiotics is to reduce the population of pathogenic microbes or disturbing microbes in the digestive tract. Antibiotics have been banned for used because it can cause resistance to pathogenic bacteria or intestinal microflora which has a negative impact on consumers. To improve feed efficiency in poultry and to produce higher quality products, healthy and safe for consumption, the antibiotic could be replaced with plant bioactive compound. The aims of this review is to describe the role of plant bioactive compounds as feed additive to replace antibiotic for chickens. Some of plant bioactive substances that can be used as feed additives include phenols, curcumin, saponins, tannins, phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids. Bioactive substances from plants have several functions including inhibiting the growth of bacteria or fungi, increasing endurance, as an adjuvant, and preventing fat oxidation. It can be concluded that bioactive substances from plants have potential as feed additives which have the ability as antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, immunostimulator, and adjuvant.</p><p>Keywords: bioactive compound, plants, feed additives, chicken </p><p> </p><p><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p> Zat bioaktif (fenol, tanin, flavonoid, minyak atsiri, curcumin, saponin, phyllanthin) memiliki kemampuan sebagai antibakteri atau antifungi. Imbuhan pakan adalah bahan baku pakan yang tidak mengandung nutrisi, namun dapat meningkatkan produktivitas, kualitas produk ternak (daging, telur, susu, kulit, bulu), efisiensi penggunaan pakan dan meningkatkan kesehatan hewan atau ketahanan terhadap penyakit. Imbuhan pakan yang banyak digunakan dalam industri peternakan termasuk antibiotik, antioksidan, antifungi, pengemulsi, dan pengikat (binder). Tujuan penggunaan antibiotik adalah untuk mengurangi populasi mikroba patogen atau mikroba yang mengganggu di saluran pencernaan. Antibiotik telah dilarang untuk digunakan karena dapat menyebabkan resistensi terhadap bakteri patogen atau mikroflora usus yang memiliki dampak negatif pada konsumen. Untuk meningkatkan efisiensi pakan pada unggas dan menghasilkan produk berkualitas tinggi, sehat dan aman untuk dikonsumsi, antibiotik dapat diganti dengan zat bioaktif tanaman. Tujuan dari ulasan ini adalah untuk menggambarkan peran zat bioaktif tanaman sebagai pengganti imbuhan pakan antibiotik pada ayam. Beberapa zat bioaktif tanaman yang dapat digunakan sebagai imbuhan pakan termasuk fenol, kurkumin, saponin, tanin, fenol, flavonoid, alkaloid. Zat bioaktif dari tanaman memiliki beberapa fungsi antara lain menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri atau jamur, meningkatkan daya tahan tubuh, sebagai bahan adjuvan dan mencegah oksidasi lemak. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa zat bioaktif dari tanaman berpotensi sebagai imbuhan pakan yang memiliki kemampuan sebagai antibakteri, antifungi, antioksidan, imunostimulator, dan adjuvant.</p><p>Kata kunci: Zat bioaktif, tanaman, imbuhan pakan, ayam </p>
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GOUS, R. M., and M. K. NONIS. "Modelling egg production and nutrient responses in broiler breeder hens." Journal of Agricultural Science 148, no. 3 (March 30, 2010): 287–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859610000183.
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SUMMARYThe model described simulates the response of a population of broiler breeders to a daily allowance of a feed of specified composition for up to 280 days from sexual maturity. The population is generated using normally distributed values for initial bodyweight, initial body lipid and protein weight, age at first egg, yolk weight constant and ‘aggressiveness’, the latter producing different feed intakes around the controlled mean. Age at sexual maturity for each bird is predicted from bodyweight and from information about rearing lighting programmes. Egg production, clutch patterns, yolk weights, egg component weights, double-yolked eggs, internal laying and soft-shelled eggs are predicted. Body protein growth, including feathers, is assumed to cease at sexual maturity, thus bodyweight changes after maturity are due entirely to accumulation or utilization of lipid.Energy transactions are expressed in units of effective energy. Protein required for egg production is calculated from the composition of the next egg to be laid and an assumed fixed chemical composition. Assumptions for protein partition rules are that maintenance has highest priority, yolk protein deposition second and albumen protein third. Provided that sufficient energy and nutrients are available, yolk protein deposition is assumed to occur continuously to meet the predicted growth rate, unless inter-clutch intervals exceed 2 days (user defined), when yolk growth ceases. Energy and nutrients (amino acids) for albumen production accumulate in a pool which has some controlling influence over ovulation. If the energy and nutrients in the albumen pool will support the predicted development of the next egg then ovulation will occur, otherwise ovulation is delayed until sufficient energy and nutrients are available. All events are timed within a 24 h day assuming that feeding is at one time in the morning.The desired feed intake is calculated each day according to the supply of the first limiting energy or nutrient (invariably an amino acid) in relation to potential need. Actual feed intake is either the desired intake or the feed allowance, whichever is the lower. The additional energy required for thermogenesis is taken into account, but not the constraining effects of high temperature or the bulkiness of the food as a constraint to voluntary food intake.Some shortcomings of the current model are discussed, these being areas suitable for further research on broiler breeder nutrition.