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1

Rosenthal, Benjamin M. The Japanese aspectual construction - TE I- (-TE IRU): A context-free/context-sensitive approach. Lincom Europa, 2008.

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2

Gore, Vivek. A quasi-polynomial-time algorithm for sampling words from a context-free language. LFCS, Dept. of Computer Science, University of Edinburgh, 1995.

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3

Šerý, Ondřej, Pavel Doboš, Ladislava Suchá, et al. Geografie bariér. Edited by Robert Osman. Masaryk University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.m210-9910-2021.

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The book Geography of Barriers: Examples of Good Barrier-free Practice offers a collection of texts that are interested in making space, services, and information accessible. Thus, the collection is primarily about barriers, their nature, localization, and possible effects. Under barriers, most people imagine material barriers for wheelchair users in the form of steps or sidewalk curbs. Only a few would think that barriers can be represented by loosely placed rugs, unfit lighting, large glass surface, a doorbell without visual output, unwanted attention, frequent asking and offering help, lack
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4

Kallmeyer, Laura. Parsing Beyond Context-Free Grammars. Springer, 2012.

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5

Kallmeyer, Laura. Parsing Beyond Context-Free Grammars. Springer, 2010.

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6

Montgomery, Raymond A. Genetic algorithm parsing of context-free grammars. 1992.

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7

Bobzien, Susanne, Bradley Armour-Garb, and Bradley Armour-Garb. Gestalt Shifts in the Liar orWhy KT4M Is the Logic of Semantic Modalities. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199896042.003.0004.

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This chapter offers a revenge-free solution to the liar paradox and presents a formal representation of truth in, or for, a natural language like English, which proposes to show both why (and how) truth is coherent and how it appears to be incoherent, while preserving classical logic and most principles that some philosophers have taken to be central to the concept of truth and our use of that notion. The chapter argues that, by using a truth operator rather than truth predicate, it is possible to provide a coherent, model-theoretic representation of truth with various desirable features. Afte
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8

Noack, Christian, ed. Politics of the Russian Language Beyond Russia. Edinburgh University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474463799.001.0001.

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Russia increasingly emphasises the importance of ‘soft power’ for securing its foreign policy interests. Recent research has paid more attention to Russia’s intentions rather than to the receiving end of its cultural and public diplomacy. This volume addresses this gap and explores the specifics of both Russian language promotion and its acceptance in a number of case and country studies, including Ukraine, Germany and Ireland. The authors discuss the legal status and the practical use of Russian for communication or media use, both in the ‘near’ and the ‘far abroad’, examining the politics of
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9

Scott, Virginia. Google. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400658495.

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It's the American dream—start a company, make a fortune, and retire early. But to become multimillionaires in their twenties, as Google founders Larry Page and Sergey Brin did, boggles the mind. All they did, after all, is come up with a better way to search for things on the Internet, right? Only in part. No company achieves a market value in the range of $172 billion (in early 2008) based on a single good idea. This new entry in the Corporations That Changed the World series shows how Google exploited the rage for click through ads, instant news, mapping and satellite imagery, email, and mor
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10

Bugan, Carmen. Poetry and the Language of Oppression. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198868323.001.0001.

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Poetry and the Language of Oppression is an incursion into the creative process that engages with the experience of oppression and the reclamation of freedom in the context of the Cold War. What is freedom in language and how does the poet who has endured political oppression write himself or herself free? What is literary testimony and how does it reflect one’s artistic values? How do we govern ourselves with language? Oppression, repression, expression, as well as their tools (incarceration, surveillance, exile, gestures in language) have been with us in various forms throughout history; the
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11

Baumeister, Roy F. Free Will and the Human Essence. Edited by Martijn van Zomeren and John F. Dovidio. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190247577.013.3.

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This chapter examines free will as a distinctive element of the human essence, arguing that it evolved to enable the development of culture and that culture requires “responsible autonomy”—personal choices for actions that balance the achievement of individual objectives and control with respect for the rules of society. Understanding the human essence as produced by evolution to facilitate culture provides a useful context for understanding free will. The chapter shows that the evolution of free will partly depended on finding a way for the brain to use some of the body’s energy in order to p
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12

Arpaçukuru, Osman, and Abdullah Demir. İSNAD Atıf Sistemi 2. Edisyon Citavi Şablonu Kullanım Kılavuzu. Oku Okut Yayınları, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55709/okuokutyayinlari.5.

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Citavi is a software that helps academicians in all processes, especially in the field of theology, in scientific research, and writing, from literature review to writing drafts of the research report (article, thesis, book) before the final revision. It differs from its peers with its features and tools that facilitate and accelerate research activities and processes and complete it with a solid weave. It fully supports many languages, including Arabic and Turkish, and offers error-free writing in these languages. It allows all kinds of date and page number entries to be written as written by
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13

Stavans, Ilan, ed. Immigration. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400668661.

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Immigration is a topic on the minds of a large portion of Americans. In 2006, a series of large marches and political debates shook the nation to the core. With the 2008 presidential campaign under way, the controversy is alive and well. However, it is essential to approach it in an informed, balanced fashion, and the material presented in this volume is designed to accomplish the task. To what extent are immigrants from Mexico and Central America different from their predecessors from say Italy, Poland, and Finland? Is the process of assimilation expected to be as successful today as it was a
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14

Liang, Percy, Michael Jordan, and Dan Klein. Probabilistic grammars and hierarchical Dirichlet processes. Edited by Anthony O'Hagan and Mike West. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198703174.013.27.

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This article focuses on the use of probabilistic context-free grammars (PCFGs) in natural language processing involving a large-scale natural language parsing task. It describes detailed, highly-structured Bayesian modelling in which model dimension and complexity responds naturally to observed data. The framework, termed hierarchical Dirichlet process probabilistic context-free grammar (HDP-PCFG), involves structured hierarchical Dirichlet process modelling and customized model fitting via variational methods to address the problem of syntactic parsing and the underlying problems of grammar i
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15

Martín-Vide, Carlos. Formal Grammars and Languages. Edited by Ruslan Mitkov. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199276349.013.0008.

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This article introduces the preliminaries of classical formal language theory. It outlines the main classes of grammars as language-generating devices and automata as language-recognizing devices. It offers a number of definitions and examples and presents the basic results. It classifies grammar according to several criteria. The most widespread one is the form of their productions. This article presents a systematic study of the common properties of language families has led to the theory of abstract families of languages. It shows that a context-free grammar generates not only a set of stri
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16

Kaplan, Ronald M. Syntax. Edited by Ruslan Mitkov. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199276349.013.0004.

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This article introduces some of the phenomena that theories of natural language syntax aim to explain. It briefly discusses a few of the formal approaches to syntax that have figured prominently in computational research and implementation. The fundamental problem of syntax is to characterize the relation between semantic predicate-argument relations and the superficial word and phrase configurations by which a language expresses them. The major task of syntactic theory is to define an explicit notation for writing grammars. This article details a framework called transformational grammar that
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17

Jestaedt, Matthias, Oliver Lepsius, Christoph Möllers, and Christoph Schönberger. The German Federal Constitutional Court. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793540.001.0001.

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This translation into English of the leading German-language work on the German Federal Constitutional Court (Bundesverfassungsgericht, BVerfG) gives an overview of both the Court’s history and its role as one of the most influential constitutional courts in recent years. The book consists of four extended, free-standing chapters, each written by one of the authors. In turn, these four chapters cover the historical development and political context of the Court; the Court and its relationship to the constitution; the Court’s approach to judicial reasoning and to the setting of legal standards;
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18

Carroll, John. Parsing. Edited by Ruslan Mitkov. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199276349.013.0012.

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This article introduces the concepts and techniques for natural language (NL) parsing, which signifies, using a grammar to assign a syntactic analysis to a string of words, a lattice of word hypotheses output by a speech recognizer or similar. The level of detail required depends on the language processing task being performed and the particular approach to the task that is being pursued. This article further describes approaches that produce ‘shallow’ analyses. It also outlines approaches to parsing that analyse the input in terms of labelled dependencies between words. Producing hierarchical
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19

Garrett, Don. Spinoza’s Ethical Theory. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195307771.003.0022.

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This chapter analyzes Spinoza’s ethical theory in the context of his philosophical naturalism, his doctrine that the actual essence of each thing is its striving for self-preservation (conatus), and his psychology of the emotions as it concerns both “bondage to the passions” and the active emotions such as intellectual joy. It explains how Spinoza’s ethical precepts are expressed chiefly through demonstrated propositions about good and evil, virtue, the guidance of reason, and “the free man.” Particular attention is given to questions about (1) the meaning of ethical language, (2) the nature o
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20

Armstrong, Heather, ed. Encyclopedia of Sex and Sexuality. Greenwood, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216985976.

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Providing a comprehensive framework for the broad subject of human sexuality, this two-volume set offers a context of historical development, scientific discovery, and sociopolitical and sociocultural movements. The broad topic of sex—encompassing subjects as varied as sexuality, sexual and gender identity, abortion, and such crimes as sexual assault—is one of the most controversial in American society today. This two-volume encyclopedic set provides readers with more than 450 entries on the subject, offering a comprehensive overview of major sexuality issues in American and global culture. Th
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21

Armstrong, Heather L., ed. Encyclopedia of Sex and Sexuality. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216985969.

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Providing a comprehensive framework for the broad subject of human sexuality, this two-volume set offers a context of historical development, scientific discovery, and sociopolitical and sociocultural movements. The broad topic of sex—encompassing subjects as varied as sexuality, sexual and gender identity, abortion, and such crimes as sexual assault—is one of the most controversial in American society today. This two-volume encyclopedic set provides readers with more than 450 entries on the subject, offering a comprehensive overview of major sexuality issues in American and global culture. Th
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22

Callison, Daniel. The Evolution of Inquiry. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400648588.

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Defining the progression toward inquiry learning, this book provides an extensive overview of the past five decades and the evolution of inquiry in science, history, language arts, and information literacy studies. Information inquiry is a basic skill for those who examine information as a science, and its principles can be applied across the K-12 curriculum. Built around reflective reviews of more than two dozen articles from School Library (Media Activities) Monthly, this helpful book shows the evolution, adoption, and application of the inquiry learning process to the school library teachin
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23

Castaneda, Christopher J., and Montse Feu, eds. Writing Revolution. University of Illinois Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252042744.001.0001.

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Writing Revolution examines the ways in which Spanish-language anarchist print culture established and maintained transnational networks from the late 19th through 20th centuries. Organized both chronologically and thematically, the chapters in this book explore how Spanish-speaking anarchists based in the United States, Latin America, and Spain promoted comprehensive social and economic reform, that is, the social revolution, while confronting an aggressively industrializing world that privileged authority vested in the state, capital, and church over the working class, specifically, and indi
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24

Felgar, Robert, ed. The Historian’s Narrative of Frederick Douglass. ABC-CLIO, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400663765.

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To celebrate the bicentenary of Frederick Douglass's birth in 2018, this new annotated edition of his classic autobiography shows how his insights on slavery, racism, and the pursuit of self-reliance are still highly relevant today in 21st-century America. Frederick Douglass was a slave, then a free man. He was an abolitionist, a writer, and an orator who became a great social reformer and statesman. Perhaps even more important, he served as a powerful counter-example to white Americans who believed black people could not be their equals. Douglass dedicated his life to the pursuit of freedom a
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25

Ince, Onur Ulas. Colonial Capitalism and the Dilemmas of Liberalism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190637293.001.0001.

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This book analyzes the relationship between liberalism and empire from the perspective of political economy. It investigates the formative impact of “colonial capitalism” on the historical development of British liberal thought between the late seventeenth and early nineteenth centuries. It argues that liberalism as a political language developed through early modern debates over the contested meanings of property, exchange, and labor, which it examines respectively in the context of colonial land appropriations in the Americas, militarized trading in South Asia, and state-led proletarianizati
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26

Zimmerman, Jonathan. Campus Politics. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wentk/9780190627393.001.0001.

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Universities are usually considered bastions of the free exchange of ideas, but a recent tide of demonstrations across college campuses has called this belief into question, and with serious consequences. Such a wave of protests hasn't been seen since the campus free speech demonstrations of the 1960s, yet this time it is the political Left, rather than the political Right, calling for restrictions on campus speech and freedom. And, as Jonathan Zimmerman suggests, recent campus controversies have pitted free speech against social justice ideals. The language of trauma--and, more generally, of
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27

Rosenkrantz, Timme, and Fradley Hamilton Garner. Harlem Jazz Adventures. The Scarecrow Press, Inc., 2012. https://doi.org/10.5040/9798881818944.

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Timme Rosenkrantz (1911–1969) was a Danish journalist, author, concert and record producer, radio show host, and entrepreneur with a consuming passion for jazz and little head for business. Known in Denmark and New York as the “Jazz Baron” because of his noble lineage, he was the first European journalist to cover the jazz scene in Harlem. Harlem Jazz Adventures: A European Baron’s Memoir, 1934–1969 recounts Rosenkrantz’s happy years in New York City, where he would produce jazz concerts, record top musicians and bands in his midtown apartment, organize a “dream band” for Timme Rosenkrantz and
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28

Fendel, Victoria Beatrix Maria. Coptic Interference in the Syntax of Greek Letters from Egypt. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192869173.001.0001.

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Abstract Egypt in the early Byzantine period was a bilingual country where Greek and Egyptian (Coptic) were used alongside each other. Historical studies along with linguistic studies of the phonology and lexicon of early Byzantine Greek in Egypt testify to this situation. In order to describe the linguistic traces the language-contact situation left behind in individuals’ linguistic output, this study analyses the syntax of early Byzantine Greek texts from Egypt. The primary object of interest is bilingual interference in the syntax of verbs, adverbial phrases, and clause linkage as well as i
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29

Lally, Róisín, ed. Sustainability in the Anthropocene. Lexington Books, 2019. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781978730205.

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We are facing an environmental crisis that some say is ushering a new geological epoch, the Anthropocene, one that threatens not only a great deal of life on the planet but also our understanding of who we are and our relation to the natural world. In the face of this crisis it has become clear that we need a more sustainable culture. In fact the language of sustainability has become pervasive in our culture and has deeply ingrained itself in our understanding of what living a good life would entail. “Sustainability,” however, is a contested word, and it carries with it, often implicitly and u
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30

Peddle, Francis K., and William S. Peirce. Annotated Works of Henry George. The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, 2021. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781683935087.

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Henry George (1839–1897) rose to fame as a social reformer and economist amid the industrial and intellectual turbulence of the late nineteenth century. His best-selling Progress and Poverty (1879) captures the ravages of privileged monopolies and the woes of industrialization in a language of eloquent indignation. His reform agenda resonates as powerfully today as it did in the Gilded Age, and his impassioned prose and compelling thought inspired such diverse figures as Leo Tolstoy, John Dewey, Sun Yat-Sen, Winston Churchill, and Albert Einstein. This six-volume edition of The Annotated Works
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