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1
Guntoro, Suprio, Anak Agung Ngurah Badung Sarmuda Dinata, and I. Wayan Sudarma. "COMBINATION OF USING COW FECES POWDER AND PROBIOTIC IN FEED FOR LAYER NATIVE CHICKEN." Jurnal Biologi Udayana 20, no. 2 (2016): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jbiounud.2016.v20.i02.p01.
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The development of free-range chicken farm is constrained by expensive food prices. On the other hand,feses of cattle had potential use as a source of feed. This study was conducted to determine the response ofcow feses and probiotics administration in the diet of laying range chicken. The study was conducted over 6months using 240 free-range chickens aged 8 months. Research was arranged in a completely randomized designwith 8 treatments and 5 replications. The treatment given were ration in accordance with the farmers formulacomprising: concentrate: 25%, corn 40% and rice bran 35% (P0) and ration as P0, with the substitution of ricebran with fermented cow feses each treatment with level 10 % (P1), 15% (P2) and 20% (P3) and ration as atP0, P1, P2 and P3 that received additional probiotic (Bio L) 1 cc / L of drinking water (P4, P5, P6 and P7). Theparameters were observed are: egg production (hen day), egg weight, feed intake, FCR (Feed Conversion Ratio)mortality and physical composition of eggs. The results showed that the diet which containing fermented cowfeses 20% did not decreased egg production and feed efficiency. The combination of fermented cow feses at thelevel of 20% with a probiotic (Bio L) 1 cc / L of drinking water showed that egg production increased althoughit is not significant and reduce the number of FCR (Feed Conversion Ratio). In conclusion the use of fermentedcow feses up to the level of 20% in the diet both with and without the administration of probiotics, has no effecton physical composition of eggs.
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Wenderlein, Jasmin, Linda F. Böswald, Sebastian Ulrich, et al. "Processing Matters in Nutrient-Matched Laboratory Diets for Mice—Microbiome." Animals 11, no. 3 (2021): 862. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11030862.
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The composition of the microbiome is subject to the host’s diet. In commercial laboratory mouse diets, different physical forms of the same diets are available, containing—according to their labels—identical ingredients and nutrient compositions. However, variations in nutrient composition and starch gelatinization due to production processes and their impact on digestibility have been described. In this study, a total of 48 C57BL/J6 mice were assigned to two equal groups and were fed diets (produced with different processes—extruded vs. pelleted) for eight weeks in two biological replicates. At the end of the experiment, samples were collected from five different gastrointestinal regions, including the stomach, small intestine, cecum, large intestine, and an extracorporeal region (feces), and the microbiome was analyzed with 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. The replicates in both experiments differed significantly in their relative abundances of Muribaculaceae species. Furthermore, the gastrointestinal content of pellet-fed mice contained larger numbers of Lactobacillus species. These results indicate that starch gelatinization and ingredient composition significantly influence microbial makeup. In conclusion, different feed processing methods may affect fundamental digestive and metabolic processes, impacting animal experiments and biasing microbiome data.
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Dilawar, Muhammad Ammar, Hong Seok Mun, Dhanushka Rathnayake, et al. "Egg Quality Parameters, Production Performance and Immunity of Laying Hens Supplemented with Plant Extracts." Animals 11, no. 4 (2021): 975. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11040975.
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This study examined the effects of Mentha arvensis (MA) and Geranium thunbergii (GT) extracts in drinking water on the production performance, egg quality, cholesterol content of egg yolk, proximate composition, and sensory qualities of egg and immunity parameters in laying hens. Ninety-six 28-week-old Hy-Line Brown layers were randomly divided into four dietary treatments for 16 weeks. The dietary treatments were (1) control, (2) T1 (0.01% 1 MA:1 GT), (3) T2 (0.05% 1 MA:1 GT), and (4) T3 (0.1% 1 MA:1 GT). Egg production increased significantly with increasing levels of MA and GT. The egg weight was increased in T2, and the feed intake was highest in T2 and T3 (p < 0.05). The Haugh unit and egg shape index were significantly better in T3 and the control than with other treatments (p < 0.05). The content of yolk cholesterol was significantly lower (p < 0.05) in T2 and T3. On the other hand, there were no significant differences in the egg proximate composition. A significant increase in the serum interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor (TNFα) and immunoglobulins (IgG and IgA) concentration was observed in the birds fed plant extracts when compared to the control. On average, T2 and T3 showed significantly lower (p < 0.05) concentrations of NH3 gas from the feces as compared to the control. This study suggests that MA and GT supplementation could improve the laying performance, egg quality, and immunity, and decrease the egg yolk cholesterol content in a dose-dependent manner.
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Petkuviene, Jolita, Diana Vaiciute, Marija Katarzyte, et al. "Feces from Piscivorous and Herbivorous Birds Stimulate Differentially Phytoplankton Growth." Water 11, no. 12 (2019): 2567. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11122567.
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Aquatic birds may impact shallow ecosystems via organic and nutrient enrichment with feces. Such input may alleviate nutrient limitation, unbalance their ecological stoichiometry, and stimulate primary production. Herbivorous and piscivorous birds may produce different effects on aquatic ecosystems due to different physiology, diet and feces elemental composition. We analyze the effects of droppings from swans (herbivorous) and cormorants (piscivorous) on phytoplankton growth via a laboratory experiment. These birds are well represented in the Curonian Lagoon, where they form large colonies. As this lagoon displays summer algal hyper-blooms, we hypothesize an active, direct role of birds via defecation on algal growth. Short-term incubations of phytoplankton under low and high feces addition produces different stimulation of algal growth, significantly higher with high inputs of cormorant feces. The latter produces a major effect on reactive phosphorus concentration that augments significantly, as compared to treatments with swan feces, and determines an unbalanced, N-limited stoichiometry along with the duration of the experiment. During the incubation period, the dominant algal groups switch from blue-green to green algae, but such switch is independent of the level of feces input and from their origin. Heterotrophic bacteria also are stimulated by feces addition, but their increase is transient.
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Weinroth, Margaret D., Jennifer N. Martin, Enrique Doster, et al. "Investigation of tylosin in feed of feedlot cattle and effects on liver abscess prevalence, and fecal and soil microbiomes and resistomes1." Journal of Animal Science 97, no. 11 (2019): 4567–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz306.
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Abstract Liver abscesses in feedlot cattle are detrimental to animal performance and economic return. Tylosin, a macrolide antibiotic, is used to reduce prevalence of liver abscesses, though there is variable efficacy among different groups of cattle. There is an increased importance in better understanding the etiology and pathogenesis of this condition because of growing concern over antibiotic resistance and increased scrutiny regarding use of antibiotics in food animal production. The objective of this study was to compare the microbiomes and antimicrobial resistance genes (resistomes) of feces of feedlot cattle administered or not administered tylosin and in their pen soil in 3 geographical regions with differing liver abscess prevalences. Cattle (total of 2,256) from 3 geographical regions were selected for inclusion based on dietary supplementation with tylosin (yes/no). Feces and pen soil samples were collected before harvest, and liver abscesses were identified at harvest. Shotgun and 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing were used to evaluate the soil and feces. Microbiome and resistome composition of feces (as compared by UniFrac distances and Euclidian distances, respectively) did not differ (P > 0.05) among tylosin or no tylosin-administered cattle. However, feedlot location was associated with differences (P ≤ 0.05) of resistomes and microbiomes. Using LASSO, a statistical model identified both fecal and soil microbial communities as predictive of liver abscess prevalence in pens. This model explained 75% of the variation in liver abscess prevalence, though a larger sample size would be needed to increase robustness of the model. These data suggest that tylosin exposure does not have a large impact on cattle resistomes or microbiomes, but instead, location of cattle production may be a stronger driver of both the resistome and microbiome composition of feces.
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Suarez, Fabrizis L., Tianan Jiang, Michael D. Levitt, and Ekkard E. Ziegler. "Comparison of gas composition and production by feces of breast-fed infants vs. formula-fed infants." Gastroenterology 118, no. 4 (2000): A776. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-5085(00)85243-9.
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Rahmad, Rahmad, Abdul Karim, Nursiah La Nafie, and Muhammad Jayadi. "SYNTHESIS OF LIQUID ORGANIC FERTILIZER BASED ON CHICKEN MANURE USING BIOSCA AND FUNGUS BIOACTIVATOR Trichoderma harzianum." Jurnal Akta Kimia Indonesia (Indonesia Chimica Acta) 11, no. 2 (2019): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/ica.v11i2.6489.
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Production of liquid organic fertilizer from chicken feces with addition bioaktivator Biosca and Trichoderma harzianum fungus aims to determine the influence of time against pH and macro elements (N, P, and K), analyze the influence and determine the bioactivator composition against pH, macro element content, growth and production of tomato plants. The method of making this liquid organic fertilizer is chicken feces dissolved using water in a composter, then composted with addition of bioactivator which is consisting B1 (40 mL Biosca), B2 (40 mL T. harzianum), B3 (10 mL Biosca + 30 mL T. harzianum), B4 (20 mL Biosca + 20 mL T. harzianum) and B5 (30 mL Biosca + 10 mL T. harzianum). Composting is done by time variations of 7 days (M1), 14 days (M2) and 21 days (M3). The result of research shows that the process of making organic liquid fertilizer with time variation of composting and effective bioactivator composition in increasing macro element level and good pH is B5 with 21 days of composting time. The influence of bioactivator composition against pH and macro element indicator is showed by value of N: 5,33%, P: 2,41%, K: 1,34% at pH: 7,1. While the influence against tomato plants on the observation at the 10th week is for the growth of plant height: 197,7 cm, average of plant diameter: 16,27 mm, average of leaf production: 41 sheets, and for the average of fruit production: 32 pieces, average of fruit weight: 32,4 g.
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Li, Yang, Haoyu Liu, Lijia Zhang, et al. "Maternal Dietary Fiber Composition during Gestation Induces Changes in Offspring Antioxidative Capacity, Inflammatory Response, and Gut Microbiota in a Sow Model." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 1 (2019): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21010031.
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To study the effects of maternal dietary fiber composition during gestation on offspring antioxidant capacity, inflammation, and gut microbiota composition, we randomly assigned 64 gilts to four treatments and administered diets with an insoluble/soluble fiber ratio of 3.89 (R1), 5.59 (R2), 9.12 (R3), and 12.81 (R4). Sow samples (blood and feces at gestation 110) and neonatal samples (blood, liver, and colonic contents) were collected. The results showed that sows and piglets in R1 and R2 had higher antioxidant enzyme activity and lower pro-inflammatory factor levels than those in R3 and R4. Moreover, piglets in R1 and R2 had higher liver mRNA expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 and lower NF-κB than piglets in R4. Interestingly, maternal fiber composition not only affected the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in sow feces but also influenced the concentrations of SCFAs in the neonatal colon. Results of high-throughput sequencing showed that piglets as well as sows in R1 and R2 had microbial community structures distinct from those in R3 and R4. Therefore, the composition of dietary fiber in pregnancy diet had an important role in improving antioxidant capacity and decreasing inflammatory response of mothers and their offspring through modulating the composition of gut microbiota.
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Fraga, A. L., M. C. Thomaz, R. N. Kronka, et al. "Qualitative feed restriction for heavy swines: effect on digestibility and weight of organs of digestive tract, and environmental impact of feces." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 61, no. 6 (2009): 1353–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-09352009000600015.
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A total of 50 barrows were used to evaluate qualitative feed restriction on digestibility of dietary components, weight of organs of digestive tract, and composition and production of feces. Five experimental diets, with increasing levels of qualitative feed restriction of 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20% were used. There was linear reduction (P<0.001) of all digestibility coefficients on the levels of qualitative feed restriction, except for acid detergent fiber, which presented a quadratic response (P<0.05). Contents of total solids (P<0.01), volatile solids (P<0.05), and total minerals (P<0.001) in the feces augmented with increasing levels of qualitative feed restriction, whereas the levels of K (P<0.05), Cu (P<0.01), N, P, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, and Zn (P<0.001) presented a quadratic response. Daily feces excretion; and contents of total solids, volatile solids, total minerals, and levels of N, P, K, Mn, and Cu (P<0.001) and Ca, Na, Mg, and Fe (P<0.05) presented a clear increase in function of the qualitative feed restriction level. Qualitative feed restriction can be an alternative for the disposal of agribusiness waste, providing good crop-fertilizing by the use of swine feces.
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Yan, Honglin, Li Zhang, Zhendong Guo, Hongfu Zhang, and Jingbo Liu. "Production Phase Affects the Bioaerosol Microbial Composition and Functional Potential in Swine Confinement Buildings." Animals 9, no. 3 (2019): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9030090.
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Bioaerosols from swine confinement buildings (SCBs) pose a challenge to public health,and microorganisms within the SCBs bioaerosols originate from swine feces, of which the microbialcomposition is associated with the production phase. The present study adopted the wholemetagenome shotgun sequencing approach, to assess the effects of the production phase on thecomposition and functional potential of microbial populations in SCBs bioaerosols. Most annotatedproteins were assigned into domain bacteria, within which the predominant phylum was Firmicutes.The taxonomical profiles of bioaerosols from different types of piggeries showed that buildingshousing weaning piglets (WP) exhibited higher abundances of Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria thanbuildings housing finishing pigs (FP), gestating sows (GS), farrowing sows (FS), and breeding boars(BB). Regarding the functional potential, the WP bioaerosol had more genes involved in the proteinturnover and fewer genes involved in the carbohydrate metabolism than bioaerosols from othertypes of SCBs. Furthermore, production phase influenced the antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs)profile of the SCBs bioaerosols. Bioaerosol microbiome of BB, shared a high similarity with GS, andWP bioaerosol microbiome was more similar to FP than other types of SCBs. Our study suggeststhat the production phase plays a key role in the SCBs bioaerosol microbiome.
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Faria, Henrique Gonsales de, Maria Cristina Thomaz, Urbano Dos Santos Ruiz, et al. "Effects of phytase on pig diets digestibilities, bone mineral deposition, performance and manure production." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 36, no. 6Supl2 (2015): 4519. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2015v36n6sup2p4519.
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Two trials were conducted to evaluate phytase addition to diets with corn, rice and soybean meals for swine. In the first trial, the digestibilities of gross energy and crude protein and the availabilities of calcium (Ca) and phosphorous (P) of diets with or without phytase were evaluated in growing barrows (BW 20.42 ± 2.45 kg), using the total feces and feed collection methods. In the second trial, the parameters evaluated were pig performance, mineral contents in the 3rd and 4th metacarpals, feces production and composition of growing and finishing gilts fed one of the following diets: Positive control (PC), formulated to achieve nutrient and energy requirements of growing and finishing gilts; Negative control (NC), diet PC meeting 84% and 65% of Ca and P levels, respectively; Negative control + phytase (PHY), diet NC + 0.01% phytase (500 FTU/kg). Phytase addition improved P and Ca availabilities in 14.34% and 4.08%, respectively, compared with the diet with no phytase, in trial one. In trial two, the deposition of zinc in the metacarpals was improved by the enzyme and Ca, P and copper fecal excretions of the animals from the PC diet were greater than that observed for the PHY animals. Phytase addition improved the use of phytic phosphorous and calcium by the pigs and is recommended as a way to reduce the potential environmental impact of swine production.
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Kajaks, Janis, Karlis Kalnins, and Juris Matvejs. "Accelerated Aging of WPCs Based on Polypropylene and Plywood Production Residues." Open Engineering 9, no. 1 (2019): 115–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eng-2019-0014.
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AbstractA lot of researchers are closely connected with natural, lignocellulose fibre containing bio-composites producing and studies. Various of polymer matrices, mainly polyolefins, combinations with natural fibres as a reinforcement are used. Our studies are focused on polypropylene based bio-composites containing birch plywood production by-product sanding dust (PSD) accelerated weathering processes. The nine groups of the samples with different composition were exposed in an accelerated weathering chamber for a total duration of the 1032 h. The surface colour, gloss, whiteness degree, micro-hardness and the tensile properties of the samples during the weathering were tested. In addition, the weathered surfaces were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies and by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) investigations. The obtained results showed the following sight: after the weathering the surface of all samples is faded, also the changes of the gloss and of the whiteness degree occurs, but microhardness of the surface of specimens has decreased. The tensile strength of the samples changes a little, in the same time the tensile modulus increases significantly due to the decrease of the deformation ability of the polypropylene matrix and recrystallization processes in PP. The SEM images taken at the 100 and 500 times of the magnification revealed a lot of the different shape and sizes cracks on the surface of the weathered samples. DSC measurements showed the increase of the degree of crystallinity of the polypropylene after the weathering due to the recrystallization process in the polypropylene matrix.
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Faria, Henrique Gonsales de, Maria Cristina Thomaz, Urbano Dos Santos Ruiz, et al. "Effects of phytase on pig diets digestibilities, bone mineral deposition, performance and manure production." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 36, no. 6Supl2 (2015): 4519. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2015v36n6supl2p4519.
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<p>Two trials were conducted to evaluate phytase addition to diets with corn, rice and soybean meals for swine. In the first trial, the digestibilities of gross energy and crude protein and the availabilities of calcium (Ca) and phosphorous (P) of diets with or without phytase were evaluated in growing barrows (BW 20.42 ± 2.45 kg), using the total feces and feed collection methods. In the second trial, the parameters evaluated were pig performance, mineral contents in the 3rd and 4th metacarpals, feces production and composition of growing and finishing gilts fed one of the following diets: Positive control (PC), formulated to achieve nutrient and energy requirements of growing and finishing gilts; Negative control (NC), diet PC meeting 84% and 65% of Ca and P levels, respectively; Negative control + phytase (PHY), diet NC + 0.01% phytase (500 FTU/kg). Phytase addition improved P and Ca availabilities in 14.34% and 4.08%, respectively, compared with the diet with no phytase, in trial one. In trial two, the deposition of zinc in the metacarpals was improved by the enzyme and Ca, P and copper fecal excretions of the animals from the PC diet were greater than that observed for the PHY animals. Phytase addition improved the use of phytic phosphorous and calcium by the pigs and is recommended as a way to reduce the potential environmental impact of swine production.</p><p><strong> </strong></p>
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Metzler-Zebeli, Barbara U., Seema Hooda, Robert Pieper, et al. "Nonstarch Polysaccharides Modulate Bacterial Microbiota, Pathways for Butyrate Production, and Abundance of Pathogenic Escherichia coli in the Pig Gastrointestinal Tract." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76, no. 11 (2010): 3692–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00257-10.
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ABSTRACT The impact of nonstarch polysaccharides (NSP) differing in their functional properties on intestinal bacterial community composition, prevalence of butyrate production pathway genes, and occurrence of Escherichia coli virulence factors was studied for eight ileum-cannulated growing pigs by use of terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (TRFLP) and quantitative PCR. A cornstarch- and casein-based diet was supplemented with low-viscosity, low-fermentability cellulose (CEL), with high-viscosity, low-fermentability carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), with low-viscosity, high-fermentability oat β-glucan (LG), and with high-viscosity, high-fermentability oat β-glucan (HG). Only minor effects of NSP fractions on the ileal bacterial community were observed, but NSP clearly changed the digestion in the small intestine. Compared to what was observed for CMC, more fermentable substrate was transferred into the large intestine with CEL, LG, and HG, resulting in higher levels of postileal dry-matter disappearance. Linear discriminant analysis of NSP and TRFLP profiles and 16S rRNA gene copy numbers for major bacterial groups revealed that CMC resulted in a distinctive bacterial community in comparison to the other NSP, which was characterized by higher gene copy numbers for total bacteria, Bacteroides-Prevotella-Porphyromonas, Clostridium cluster XIVa, and Enterobacteriaceae and increased prevalences of E. coli virulence factors in feces. The numbers of butyryl-coenzyme A (CoA) CoA transferase gene copies were higher than those of butyrate kinase gene copies in feces, and these quantities were affected by NSP. The present results suggest that the NSP fractions clearly and distinctly affected the taxonomic composition and metabolic features of the fecal microbiota. However, the effects were more linked to the individual NSP and to their effect on nutrient flow into the large intestine than to their shared functional properties.
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Ferro, Paolo, Eleonora Battaglia, Stefano Capuzzi, and Filippo Berto. "Effects of different production technologies on mechanical and metallurgical properties of precious metal denture alloys." Open Engineering 7, no. 1 (2017): 394–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eng-2017-0043.
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AbstractBackgroundPrecious metal alloys can be supplied in traditional plate form or innovative drop form with high degree of purity.ObjectiveThe aim of the present work is to evaluate the influence of precious metal alloy form on metallurgical and mechanical properties of the final dental products with particular reference to metal-ceramic bond strength and casting defects.MethodA widely used alloy for denture was selected; its nominal composition was close to 55 wt% Pd – 34 wt% Ag – 6 wt% In – 3 wt% Sn. Specimens were produced starting from the alloy in both plate and drop forms. A specific test method was developed to obtain results that could be representative of the real conditions of use. In order to achieve further information about the adhesion behaviour and resistance, the fracture surfaces of the samples were observed using ‘Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)’. Moreover, material defects caused by the moulding process were studied.ResultsThe form of the alloy before casting does not significantly influence the shear bond strength between the metal and the ceramic material (p-value=0,976); however, according to SEM images, products from drop form alloy show less solidification defects compared to products obtained with plate form alloy. This was attributed to the absence of polluting additives used in the production of drop form alloy.ConclusionsThis study shows that the use of precious metal denture alloys supplied in drop form does not affect the metal-ceramic bond strength compared to alloys supplied in the traditional plate form. However, compared to the plate form, the drop form is found free of solidification defects, less expensive to produce and characterized by minor environmental impacts.
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Danielewski, Hubert, and Bogdan Antoszewski. "Properties of Laser Additive Deposited Metallic Powder of Inconel 625." Open Engineering 10, no. 1 (2020): 484–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eng-2020-0046.
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AbstractPaper presents results of laser additive manufacturing. Deposition of nickel based super alloy Inconel 625 was performed. Laser metal deposition is advanced manufacturing process dedicated for prototyping and low scale series production. Inconel 625 is nickel based super alloy, with high heat resistance properties. Therefore due material properties and chemical composition is characterized as a difficult to machining [1, 2]. Additive manufacturing process using focused photons beam for selective deposition of metallic powder in laser engineered net shaping (LENS) method can be used as alternative technology. High energy density of controllable laser beam combining with coaxial delivery system allow to precise deposited metallic powder. Manufacturing process are based on selective melting of additional material using laser radiation and crystallization process. An additional material in form of filler wire as well as metallic powder can be used. Advantages of using metallic powder are higher level of process control, nevertheless adequate selection of process parameters are required. High energy density of laser beam and rapid crystallization process affect on metallographic structure of deposited material. Thermal energy absorbed in material affect on phase transformation.Molten powder mixing with base material changing metallographic structure. Chemical composition of obtained overlay weld are combination of base and additive material. Therefore to achieve stable crystallization process chemical composition of additive material wassimilar to base material. Additional alloying elements could affect on mechanical properties. Deposition process using TruLaserCell 1005 laser machine was performed. To determine properties of manufactured material metallographic analysis and destructive tests were performed.
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Guillemard, Eric, Marion Poirel, Florent Schäfer, et al. "A Randomised, Controlled Trial: Effect of a Multi-Strain Fermented Milk on the Gut Microbiota Recovery after Helicobacter pylori Therapy." Nutrients 13, no. 9 (2021): 3171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13093171.
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Helicobacter pylori (Hp) eradication therapy alters gut microbiota, provoking gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms that could be improved by probiotics. The study aim was to assess the effect in Hp patients of a Test fermented milk containing yogurt and Lacticaseibacillus (L. paracasei CNCM I-1518 and I-3689, L. rhamnosus CNCM I-3690) strains on antibiotic associated diarrhea (AAD) (primary aim), GI-symptoms, gut microbiota, and metabolites. A randomised, double-blind, controlled trial was performed on 136 adults under 14-day Hp treatment, receiving the Test or Control product for 28 days. AAD and GI-symptoms were reported and feces analysed for relative and quantitative gut microbiome composition, short chain fatty acids (SCFA), and calprotectin concentrations, and viability of ingested strains. No effect of Test product was observed on AAD or GI-symptoms. Hp treatment induced a significant alteration in bacterial and fungal composition, a decrease of bacterial count and alpha-diversity, an increase of Candida and calprotectin, and a decrease of SCFA concentrations. Following Hp treatment, in the Test as compared to Control group, intra-subject beta-diversity distance from baseline was lower (padj = 0.02), some Enterobacteriaceae, including Escherichia-Shigella (padj = 0.0082) and Klebsiella (padj = 0.013), were less abundant, and concentrations of major SCFA (p = 0.035) and valerate (p = 0.045) were higher. Viable Lacticaseibacillus strains were detected during product consumption in feces. Results suggest that, in patients under Hp treatment, the consumption of a multi-strain fermented milk can induce a modest but significant faster recovery of the microbiota composition (beta-diversity) and of SCFA production and limit the increase of potentially pathogenic bacteria.
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Suarez, F., J. Furne, J. Springfield, and M. Levitt. "Insights into human colonic physiology obtained from the study of flatus composition." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 272, no. 5 (1997): G1028—G1033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1997.272.5.g1028.
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To better understand the physiology of colonic gas production, each flatus passage of 16 subjects over a 4-h period was analyzed by gas chromatography for N2, O2, H2, CO2, CH4, and for odoriferous sulfur-containing gases. Appreciable intraindividual and enormous interindividual variability was observed, indicating that each gas passage reflected the interaction of highly variable liberation and/or removal mechanisms. The predominant flatus gas was CO2, H2, and N2 in seven, six, and three subjects, respectively. Gases produced intraluminally (H2, CO2, and CH4) comprised approximately 74% of flatus, and rapid CO2 and H2 productions were responsible for high passage rates. A positive correlation between flatus H2 and CO2 suggested that CO2, like H2, mainly was a bacterial product. Whereas methanogens and H2S-producing bacteria usually are mutually exclusive in feces, CH4 and H2S did not negatively correlate, indicating coexistence of both organisms in the colon. We conclude that analysis of flatus composition provides a novel means of assessing colonic physiology, particularly ongoing bacterial metabolism throughout the unperturbed colon.
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Evangelista, Chiara, Loredana Basiricò, and Umberto Bernabucci. "An Overview on the Use of Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) on Farms for the Management of Dairy Cows." Agriculture 11, no. 4 (2021): 296. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11040296.
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Dairy farming is increasingly affected by the digital revolution. To respond to current challenges—such as environmental, economic, and social sustainability—new technologies must be adopted, entering the perspective of precision livestock farming. This is made possible by the development of countless sensors to be adopted in the barn. The technology that is affecting various aspects of dairy cattle breeding is certainly near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) which is versatile and can be used online/inline to evaluate and control the critical points of the production process by entering the PAT (process analytical technology). In the barn, NIRS currently can obtain information on the chemical-physical composition of raw materials, total mixed ration (TMR), feces and digestibility, chemical and technological analysis of milk. All this in a short time by eliminating the waiting times for analysis response and costs, allowing an improvement of livestock management. Many studies affirm the validity of NIRS as a reliable and predictive technology against multiple relevant parameters in matrices such as raw feed, TMR, feces, and milk. This review highlights the usefulness of NIRS technology in dairy farm with particular attention to portable instrumentation usable directly on the farm.
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Hagio, Masahito, Megumi Matsumoto, Takaji Yajima, Hiroshi Hara, and Satoshi Ishizuka. "Voluntary wheel running exercise and dietary lactose concomitantly reduce proportion of secondary bile acids in rat feces." Journal of Applied Physiology 109, no. 3 (2010): 663–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00777.2009.
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According to epidemiologic studies, a negative correlation exists between exercise amount and subsequent cancer development risk in the large intestine. The proportion of secondary bile acids (SBA) in the large intestine is related to subsequent risk for colorectal carcinogenesis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of voluntary wheel running exercise and dietary intervention on bile acid (BA) metabolism in the large intestine. Wistar/ST rats (6 wk old) were divided into two groups, exercise and sedentary, after acclimation. Four days after the animals were assigned to a group, rats in each group were fed diets supplemented with different carbohydrate sources including dextrin, sucrose, and lactose. The wheel running period was 4 wk in the exercise group, whereas rats in the sedentary group remained in individual cages during this period. BA composition in collected feces was analyzed with ultraperformance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. We found that wheel running exercise decreased plasma concentrations of cholesterol, triglyceride, and free fatty acids. These decreases were accompanied by a reduction in the proportion of SBA to primary BA (PBA) in feces; however, daily excretion of BA was comparable regardless of wheel running exercise. In addition, ingestion of lactose decreased the SBA-to-PBA ratio and suppressed production of hyodeoxycholic acid in feces. In conclusion, voluntary wheel running exercise, in combination with dietary intervention, could independently reduce the SBA-to-PBA ratio within the large intestine without changing BA excretion. These changes may contribute to the prevention of colorectal carcinogenesis.
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Spurgeon, D. W., and C. P. C. Suh. "Diel Patterns of Pheromone Production in the Boll Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)." Journal of Entomological Science 42, no. 2 (2007): 250–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-42.2.250.
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Detailed knowledge of boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, chemical ecology on cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., is needed to improve pheromone trapping methods. Recent studies using headspace collections have indicated that most pheromone is not in the feces as previously assumed. We used headspace collections to examine the diel patterns of boll weevil pheromone production and to determine whether the timing of food replacement influenced those patterns. Pheromone production of individual 9- and 11-d-old weevils was estimated during 4 daily periods (0730–1130, 1130–1530, 1530–1930, and 1930–0730 h) under temperatures of 27 ± 2°C and with a 13:11 (L:D) h photoperiod that began at 0700 h. Weevils fed daily at 0730 h produced more pheromone (2.83 ± 0.25 μg h−1) than weevils fed at 1530 h (1.95 ± 0.25 μg h−1), and 11-d-old weevils produced more pheromone (2.62 ± 0.22 μg h−1) than 9-d-old weevils (2.16 ± 0.23 μg h−1). Furthermore, weevils fed at 0730 h exhibited a clear diel pattern of pheromone production with maximal and minimal production occurring between 1130–1530 h and 1930–0730 h, respectively. Weevils fed at 1530 h exhibited a similar periodicity, but the pattern was less distinct. Pheromone composition of weevils fed at 0730 h was relatively consistent among daily periods and the ratio of the 4 components was approximately 45:42:3:10 (I:II:III:IV). However, pheromone composition varied significantly among daily periods for weevils fed at 1530 h. Our results demonstrate a diel periodicity in pheromone production by the boll weevil, and illustrate the need for careful control of weevil diets in such studies.
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Barba, Christophe, Christophe O. Soulage, Gianvito Caggiano, Griet Glorieux, Denis Fouque, and Laetitia Koppe. "Effects of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation on Composition in Mice with CKD." Toxins 12, no. 12 (2020): 741. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12120741.
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Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a renal disorder characterized by the accumulation of uremic toxins with limited strategies to reduce their concentrations. A large amount of data supports the pivotal role of intestinal microbiota in CKD complications and as a major source of uremic toxins production. Here, we explored whether fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) could be attenuated in metabolic complication and uremic toxin accumulation in mice with CKD. Methods: Kidney failure was chemically induced by a diet containing 0.25% (w/w) of adenine for four weeks. Mice were randomized into three groups: control, CKD and CKD + FMT groups. After four weeks, CKD mice underwent fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from healthy mice or phosphate buffered saline as control. The gut microbiota structure, uremic toxins plasmatic concentrations, and metabolic profiles were explored three weeks after transplantation. Results: Associated with the increase of alpha diversity, we observed a noticeable improvement of gut microbiota disturbance, after FMT treatment. FMT further decreased p-cresyl sulfate accumulation and improved glucose tolerance. There was no change in kidney function. Conclusions: These data indicate that FMT limited the accumulation of uremic toxins issued from intestinal cresol pathway by a beneficial effect on gut microbiota diversity. Further studies are needed to investigate the FMT efficiency, the timing and feces amount for the transplantation before, to become a therapeutic option in CKD patients.
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Astó, Erola, Iago Méndez, Maria Rodríguez-Prado, Jordi Cuñé, Jordi Espadaler, and Andreu Farran-Codina. "Effect of the Degree of Polymerization of Fructans on Ex Vivo Fermented Human Gut Microbiome." Nutrients 11, no. 6 (2019): 1293. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11061293.
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Prebiotic supplements are used to promote gastrointestinal health by stimulating beneficial bacteria. The aim of this study was to compare the potential prebiotic effects of fructans with increasing degrees of polymerization, namely fructooligosaccharides (FOS) and inulins with a low and high polymerization degree (LPDI and HPDI, respectively), using an ex vivo fermentation system to simulate the colonic environment. The system was inoculated with pooled feces from three healthy donors with the same baseline enterotype. Changes in microbiota composition were measured by 16S metagenomic sequencing after 2, 7, and 14 days of fermentation, and acid production was measured throughout the experiment. Alpha-diversity decreased upon inoculation of the ex vivo fermentation under all treatments. Composition changed significantly across both treatments and time (ANOSIM p < 0.005 for both factors). HPDI and LPDI seemed to be similar to each other regarding composition and acidification activity, but different from the control and FOS. FOS differed from the control in terms of composition but not acidification. HDPI restored alpha-diversity on day 14 as compared to the control (Bonferroni p < 0.05). In conclusion, the prebiotic activity of fructans appears to depend on the degree of polymerization, with LPDI and especially HPDI having a greater effect than FOS.
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Rivero-Perez, Nallely, Jerelly L. Hernández-Alvarado, Benjamín Valladares-Carranza, et al. "Salix babylonica L. as a Natural Anticoccidial Alternative in Growing Rabbits." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2019 (August 29, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2107231.
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Coccidiosis in rabbit production is responsible for high morbidity, mortality, and economic losses. The use of natural antimicrobial substances in rabbits represents a promising way to improve their health and production. The aim of the present study was to assess the activity of Salix babylonica hydroalcoholic extract (SBHE) on the elimination of Eimeria spp. in rabbits. The phytochemical compounds and chemical composition of SBHE were determined. The cytotoxicity of SBHE was determined by a microwell assay using Artemia salina. Twenty-five New Zealand rabbits, 28 days old and 872 ± 171 g body weight (BW), were used in a completely randomized design. The rabbits were assigned to five groups of five rabbits, control group (A) received only basal diet (BD), B group received BD + 25 mg/kg BW of SBHE, C group received BD + 50 mg/kg BW of SBHE, D group received BD + 100 mg/kg BW of SBHE, and E group received BD + coccidiostat Baycox® (75 mg/kg body weight) for 28 days. Feces samples were collected at days 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28; morphological and morphometric identifications of Eimeria were carried out by the flotation technique and counting of oocysts by the McMaster technique. The rabbits were found naturally infected with Eimeria spp. The SBHE present phytochemicals with anticoccidial activity, and the cytotoxicity test indicate that this extract is nontoxic. This study demonstrates that oral administration of SBHE at 25 and 50 mg/kg BW reduced the release of oocysts per gram of feces. This effect was observed at day 14 and had the most significant effect at day 28 for both concentrations. The results indicate that SBHE could be a natural alternative for the control of coccidiosis in rabbit production.
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Noel, Samantha J., Dana W. Olijhoek, Farran Mclean, Peter Løvendahl, Peter Lund, and Ole Højberg. "Rumen and Fecal Microbial Community Structure of Holstein and Jersey Dairy Cows as Affected by Breed, Diet, and Residual Feed Intake." Animals 9, no. 8 (2019): 498. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9080498.
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Identifying factors that influence the composition of the microbial population in the digestive system of dairy cattle will be key in regulating these populations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In this study, we analyzed rumen and fecal samples from five high residual feed intake (RFI) Holstein cows, five low RFI Holstein cows, five high RFI Jersey cows and five low RFI Jersey cows, fed either a high-concentrate diet (expected to reduce methane emission) or a high-forage diet. Bacterial communities from both the rumen and feces were profiled using Illumina sequencing on the 16S rRNA gene. Rumen archaeal communities were profiled using Terminal-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (T-RFLP) targeting the mcrA gene. The rumen methanogen community was influenced by breed but not by diet or RFI. The rumen bacterial community was influenced by breed and diet but not by RFI. The fecal bacterial community was influenced by individual animal variation and, to a lesser extent, by breed and diet but not by RFI. Only the bacterial community correlated with methane production. Community differences seen in the rumen were reduced or absent in feces, except in the case of animal-to-animal variation, where differences were more pronounced. The two cattle breeds had different levels of response to the dietary intervention; therefore, it may be appropriate to individually tailor methane reduction strategies to each cattle breed.
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Derkho, M. A., L. N. Sajfutdinova, V. K. Strizhikov, S. V. Strizhikova, and T. A. Ponomaryova. "The role of corticosterone in the regulation of the cellular composition of chicken blood during the stress reaction." E3S Web of Conferences 282 (2021): 03003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128203003.
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The influence of hen layer density on the variability of the number of red blood cells, heterophiles and lymphocytes in the blood, the secretory activity of adrenal glands, estimated by the level of corti-costerone and cortisol, as well as the presence of interrelations between hormones and blood cells by calculating complex indices, were studied. Chickens, as the research object, were kept in cages, under conditions of standard layer density and increased by 1.5 and 2.0 times. We found that chickens adapt to an increase in layer density by one and a half times, pro-vided that egg production decreases to 33.33%; two times exceed of the regulatory requirements for laying does not correspond to the adaptive abilities of birds. Depending on the level of layer density excess (stress factor) in chicken blood, the concentration of corticosterone and cortisol increases, determining a decrease in the number of lymphocytes and an in-crease in heterophiles against the background of the preservation of red blood cells, reflecting the “energy price” of adaptation. Corticosterone af-fects the relationship of red blood cells with lymphocytes and heterophiles, determining the variability of the values of the indices reflecting the ratio of red blood cells and lymphocytes (ISEL), red blood cells and hetero-philes (ISEG), red blood cells, lymphocytes and corticosterone (ISELC), red blood cells, heterophiles and corticosterone (ISEGC) and the integral index of red blood cells-heterophiles-lymphocytes and corticosterone (IIEGLC).
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Mousquer, Mariana Andrade, Tatiane Leite Almeida, Rafaela Pinto de Souza, et al. "Factors influencing the composition and balance of foals’ microbiota." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 9 (2021): e12810917778. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i9.17778.
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Horses are extremely dependent on the correct functioning of the digestive system for energy production and the performance of their physiological functions. The intestinal microbiota plays a key role in maintaining health, being related to the modulation of the immune system, protection against pathogenic microorganisms and also for obtaining nutrients. Due to the importance of the microbiota in maintaining health from the beginning of life, this review aims to address the early composition, development and factors that influence the intestinal microbiota in foals. A qualitative review was carried out in the main research databases. Data referring to the early microbial colonization suggest that it occurs since intrauterine life, despite the fact that at birth, the foals acquire a large part of the microorganisms that will form its microbiota. The main phyla involved in this process are Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes, which are aquired from a combination of bacteria present in the feces, vagina and other maternal environments. From birth until the first weeks of life, the microbiota gradually changes due to several factors, which include the composition of food, coprophagy, exposure to different environments and medications. The foal's microbiota becomes more stable in the first and second months of life. It is suggested that changes in the composition (dysbiosis) and diversity of the different phyla are a risk factor for the development of diseases, since the microbiota directly influences the immune system. From advances in sequencing technologies it was possible to investigate the components and factors associated with early colonization of microbiota in horses as well as factors related to the development of dysbiosis and disease. Nevertheless, many facts are still unclear and should be adressed in the future.
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Le Sciellour, Mathilde, Olivier Zemb, Isabelle Hochu, et al. "Effect of chronic and acute heat challenges on fecal microbiota composition, production, and thermoregulation traits in growing pigs1,2." Journal of Animal Science 97, no. 9 (2019): 3845–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz222.
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Abstract The present study aimed at investigating the impact of heat challenges on gut microbiota composition in growing pigs and its relationship with pigs’ performance and thermoregulation responses. From a total of 10 F1 sire families, 558 and 564 backcross Large White × Créole pigs were raised and phenotyped from 11 to 23 wk of age in temperate (TEMP) and in tropical (TROP) climates, respectively. In TEMP, all pigs were subjected to an acute heat challenge (3 wk at 29 °C) from 23 to 26 wk of age. Feces samples were collected at 23 wk of age both in TEMP and TROP climate (TEMP23 and TROP23 samples, respectively) and at 26 wk of age in TEMP climate (TEMP26 samples) for 16S rRNA analyses of fecal microbiota composition. The fecal microbiota composition significantly differed between the 3 environments. Using a generalized linear model on microbiota composition, 182 operational taxonomic units (OTU) and 2 pathways were differentially abundant between TEMP23 and TEMP26, and 1,296 OTU and 20 pathways between TEMP23 and TROP23. Using fecal samples collected at 23 wk of age, pigs raised under the 2 climates were discriminated with 36 OTU using a sparse partial least square discriminant analysis that had a mean classification error-rate of 1.7%. In contrast, pigs in TEMP before the acute heat challenge could be discriminated from the pigs in TEMP after the heat challenge with 32 OTU and 9.3% error rate. The microbiota can be used as biomarker of heat stress exposition. Microbiota composition revealed that pigs were separated into 2 enterotypes. The enterotypes were represented in both climates. Whatever the climate, animals belonging to the Turicibacter–Sarcina–Clostridium sensu stricto dominated enterotype were 3.3 kg heavier (P < 0.05) at 11 wk of age than those belonging to the Lactobacillus-dominated enterotype. This latter enterotype was related to a 0.3 °C lower skin temperature (P < 0.05) at 23 wk of age. Following the acute heat challenge in TEMP, this enterotype had a less-stable rectal temperature (0.34 vs. 0.25 °C variation between weeks 23 and 24, P < 0.05) without affecting growth performance (P > 0.05). Instability of the enterotypes was observed in 34% of the pigs, switching from an enterotype to another between 23 and 26 wk of age after heat stress. Despite a lower microbial diversity, the Turicibacter–Sarcina–Clostridium sensu stricto dominated enterotype was better adapted to heat stress conditions with lower thermoregulation variations.
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Igarashi, Miki, Miku Morimoto, Asuka Suto, et al. "Synthetic dietary inulin, Fuji FF, delays development of diet-induced obesity by improving gut microbiota profiles and increasing short-chain fatty acid production." PeerJ 8 (April 8, 2020): e8893. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8893.
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Background Dietary fiber, including inulin, promotes health via fermentation products, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), produced from the fiber by gut microbiota. SCFAs exert positive physiological effects on energy metabolism, gut immunity, and the nervous system. Most of the commercial inulin is extracted from plant sources such as chicory roots, but it can also be enzymatically synthesized from sucrose using inulin producing enzymes. Studies conducted on rodents fed with a cafeteria diet have suggested that while increasing plasma propionic acid, synthetic inulin modulates glucose and lipid metabolism in the same manner as natural inulin. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effects of a synthetic inulin, Fuji FF, on energy metabolism, fecal SCFA production, and microbiota profiles in mice fed with a high-fat/high-sucrose diet. Methods Three-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat/high-sucrose diet containing cellulose or Fuji FF for 12 weeks, and the effects on energy metabolism, SCFA production, and microbiota profiles were evaluated. Results Body weight gain was inhibited by Fuji FF supplementation in high-fat/high-sucrose diet-fed C57BL/6J mice by reducing white adipose tissue weight while increasing energy expenditure, compared with the mice supplemented with cellulose. Fuji FF also elevated levels of acetic, propionic and butyric acids in mouse feces and increased plasma propionic acid levels in mice. Moreover, 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing of fecal samples revealed an elevated abundance of Bacteroidetes and a reduced abundance of Firmicutes at the phylum level in mice supplemented with Fuji FF compared to those supplemented with cellulose. Fuji FF also resulted in abundance of the family Bacteroidales S24-7 and reduction of Desulfovibrionaceae in the feces. Conclusion Long term consumption of Fuji FF improved the gut environment in mice by altering the composition of the microbiota and increasing SCFA production, which might be associated with its anti-obesity effects.
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Grossi, Silvia, Riccardo Compiani, Luciana Rossi, Matteo Dell’Anno, Israel Castillo, and Carlo Angelo Sgoifo Rossi. "Effect of Slow-Release Urea Administration on Production Performance, Health Status, Diet Digestibility, and Environmental Sustainability in Lactating Dairy Cows." Animals 11, no. 8 (2021): 2405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11082405.
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The effects of partially replacing soybean meal (SBM) with a slow-release urea source (SRU) on production performance, feed efficiency, digestibility, and environmental sustainability of dairy cows were evaluated. A total of 140 lactating Holstein Frisian cows were allocated into two study groups: (i) control (diet entirely based on SBM), and (ii) treatment (diet of 0.22% on dry matter basis (d.m.)) of SRU. Milk yield, dry matter intake (DMI), feed conversion rate (FCR), body condition score (BCS), reproductive parameters, and milk quality were evaluated. The chemical composition of the feeds and feces were analyzed to calculate the in vivo digestibility of the two diets. The carbon footprint (CFP) and predicted methane (CH4) emissions were evaluated. The inclusion of SRU significantly increases milk yield, DMI, and FCR (p < 0.0001), whereas milk quality, BCS, and reproductive indicators were not affected (p > 0.05). In the treatment group, the digestibility of crude protein (CP) (p = 0.012), NDF (p = 0.039), and cellulose (p = 0.033) was significantly higher, while the other nutritional parameters weren’t affected. All the environmental parameters were significantly improved in the treatment group (p < 0.0001). Replacing SBM with SRU can be a strategy to enhance dairy cows’ sustainability due to improved production efficiency, reduced feed CFP, and predicted CH4 production.
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Altaib, Hend, Kohei Nakamura, Mayuko Abe, et al. "Differences in the Concentration of the Fecal Neurotransmitters GABA and Glutamate Are Associated with Microbial Composition among Healthy Human Subjects." Microorganisms 9, no. 2 (2021): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9020378.
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Recent studies have shown that the gut microbiota modulates the physical and psychological functions of the host through several modes of action. One of them is mediating the production of active neurotransmitters, such as serotonin and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). GABA is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Here, we analyzed the relationship between fecal GABA concentration and microbial composition in more than 70 human participants. The gut microbiome composition was analyzed using next-generation sequencing based on 16S ribosomal RNA. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to evaluate the neurotransmitters GABA and glutamate. The GABA level was detected in a broad range (0–330 µg/g feces). The participants’ samples were classified into high (>100 µg/g), medium (10–100 µg/g), and low (<10 µg/g) groups, based on fecal GABA concentration. The results reveal that the microbiome of the high-GABA samples had lower alpha diversity than the other samples. Beta diversity analysis showed significant (p < 0.05) separation between the high-GABA samples and others. Furthermore, we surveyed the abundance of specific GABA producer biomarkers among the microbiomes of tested samples. The family Bifidobacteriaceae exhibited high abundance in the microbiome of the high-GABA group. This study demonstrated that Bifidobacterium abundance was associated with high fecal GABA content in healthy human subjects. These results may aid the development of potential probiotics to improve microbial GABA production, which can support the maintenance of the physical and psychiatric health of the host.
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Lv, Renlong, Mabrouk Elsabagh, Taketo Obitsu, Toshihisa Sugino, and Yuzo Kurokawa. "Effect of phytol in forage on phytanic acid content in cow’s milk." Animal Bioscience 34, no. 10 (2021): 1616–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ab.21.0086.
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Objective: Bioactive compounds in ruminant products are related to functional compounds in their diets. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the effect of forage sources, Italian ryegrass (IR) silage vs corn silage (CS) in the total mixed ration (TMR), on milk production, milk composition, and phytanic acid content in milk, as well as on the extent of conversion of dietary phytol to milk phytanic acid.Methods: Phytanic acid content in milk was investigated for cows fed a TMR containing either IR silage or CS using 17 cows over three periods of 21 days each. In periods 1 and 3, cows were fed CS-based TMR (30% CS), while in period 2, cows were fed IR silage-based TMR (20% IR silage and10% CS).Results: The results showed that there were no differences in fat, protein, lactose, solidsnot-fat, somatic cell count, and fatty acid composition of milk among the three experimental periods. There were no differences in the plasma concentration of glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, and nonesterified fatty acids among the three experimental periods, while the blood urea nitrogen was higher (p<0.05) in period 2. The milk phytanic acid content was higher (p<0.05) in period 2 (13.9 mg/kg) compared with periods 1 (9.30 mg/kg) and 3 (8.80 mg/kg). Also, the phytanic acid content in the feces was higher (p<0.05) in period 2 (1.65 mg/kg dry matter [DM]) compared with period 1 (1.15 mg/kg DM), and 3 (1.17 mg/kg DM). Although the phytol contents in feces did not differ among the three feeding periods, the conversion ratio from dietary phytol to milk phytanic acid was estimated to be only 2.6%.Conclusion: Phytanic acid content in cow’s milk increases with increasing phytol content in diets. However, phytol might not be completely metabolized in the rumen and phytanic acid, in turn, might not be completely recovered into cow’s milk. The change of phytanic acid content in milk may be positively correlated with the change of phytol in the diet within a short time.
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Tolimir, N., L. Peric, N. Milosevic, M. Djukic-Stojcic, R. Jovanovic, and V. Bogdanovic. "The effect of phase nutrition during starter period on production performances and nitrogen content in feces of broilers of different genotypes." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 28, no. 3 (2012): 415–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah1203415t.
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Objective of the research was to investigate the effect of phase nutrition, i.e. different mixtures used in broiler nutrition with phase reduction of protein cotnent during starter period on production peformances of fattening chickens of different genotypes and on nitrogen content in faeces. Differences between groups (treatments) were in the type of mixtures use din starter period, and according to the following program: T1 (control group) - nutrition consisted of mixtures with 23% of proteins in duration from day 1 to 21; T2 - from day 1 to 14, mixture containing 23% of protein was used, and from day 14 to 21, mixture with 20% of proteins; T3 - from day 1 to 7, mixture was used containing 23% of protein and from day 7 to 21, mixture with 20% of proteins; T4 - nutrition with mixture containing 20% of proteins in duration from day 1 to 21. During the trial period (from day 1 to 21) production parameters were followed. Nitrogen content was determined in a collective faeces sample. Results showed that chickens of different genotypes expressed different sensitivity to protein restriction. Comparing the trial groups with the control in the third week, in chickens of Ross 308 provenience significantly lower body weight was registered only in chickens of T4 group with the highest protein reduction. In Cobb 500 chickens, significantly lower body weight was determined in T3 and T4 trial groups. In case of both hybrids, in T2 group, slightly lower body weight was established, but without statistically significant difference compared to the control. Feed conversion in both genotypes was the highest in T3 and T4 treatments. The program of phase nutrition resulted in decrease of the nitrogen content in faeces. Based on obtained data it can be concluded that applied nutrition treatments with drastic protein reduction during starter period in both genotypes had negative effect on production performances. Therefore, the composition and dynamics of mixture changes must be taken into consideration when formulating the program of phase nutrition, in order to achieve both goals - decrease of protein content in feed with simultaneous diminished nitrogen excretion and achieving good results.
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Massacci, Francesca Romana, Alessandra Morelli, Lucilla Cucco, et al. "Transport to the Slaughterhouse Affects the Salmonella Shedding and Modifies the Fecal Microbiota of Finishing Pigs." Animals 10, no. 4 (2020): 676. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10040676.
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Contaminated pork is a significant source of foodborne Salmonellosis. Pork is contaminated at the slaughterhouse and the intestinal content is the predominant source of Salmonella for carcass contamination. The prevalence of Salmonella-positive pigs increases significantly when the time of transport to the slaughterhouse is longer than two hours. The hypothesis behind this study is that transport to the slaughterhouse increases the load of Salmonella in feces and determines a shift of the fecal microbiota in finishing pigs. Fecal samples were collected in a pig herd positive for Salmonella spp., the day before the transport and at the slaughterhouse. Salmonella loads were estimated by the most probable number (MPN) technique, according to the ISO/TS 6579-2:2012/A1. Moreover, the fecal bacteria composition was assessed by sequencing the V3-V4 hypervariable regions of the 16S rRNA gene. Our study showed that the load of Salmonella increases after transport, confirming that this phase of the production chain is a critical point for the control of Salmonella contamination. A lower richness and an increased beta-diversity characterized the fecal microbiota composition of Salmonella-positive animals after transport. In this stage, a natural Salmonella infection causes a disruption of the fecal microbiota as observed in challenge studies.
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Guadamuro, Lucía, M. Andrea Azcárate-Peril, Rafael Tojo, Baltasar Mayo, and Susana Delgado. "Impact of Dietary Isoflavone Supplementation on the Fecal Microbiota and Its Metabolites in Postmenopausal Women." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 15 (2021): 7939. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18157939.
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Isoflavones are metabolized by components of the gut microbiota and can also modulate their composition and/or activity. This study aimed to analyze the modifications of the fecal microbial populations and their metabolites in menopausal women under dietary treatment with soy isoflavones for one month. Based on the level of urinary equol, the women had been stratified previously as equol-producers (n = 3) or as equol non-producers (n = 5). The composition of the fecal microbiota was assessed by high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons and the changes in fatty acid excretion in feces were analyzed by gas chromatography. A greater proportion of sequence reads of the genus Slackia was detected after isoflavone supplementation. Sequences of members of the family Lachnospiraceae and the genus Pseudoflavonifractor were significantly increased in samples from equol-producing women. Multivariable analysis showed that, after isoflavone treatment, the fecal microbial communities of equol producers were more like each other. Isoflavone supplementation increased the production of caproic acid, suggesting differential microbial activity, leading to a high fecal excretion of this compound. However, differences between equol producers and non-producers were not scored. These results may contribute to characterizing the modulating effect of isoflavones on the gut microbiota, which could lead to unravelling of their beneficial health effects.
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Paradiso, Rubina, Giorgia Borriello, Sergio Bolletti Censi, et al. "Different Non-Structural Carbohydrates/Crude Proteins (NCS/CP) Ratios in Diet Shape the Gastrointestinal Microbiota of Water Buffalo." Veterinary Sciences 8, no. 6 (2021): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8060096.
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The microbiota of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) are crucial for host health and production efficiency in ruminants. Its microbial composition can be influenced by several endogenous and exogenous factors. In the beef and dairy industry, the possibility to manipulate gut microbiota by diet and management can have important health and economic implications. The aims of this study were to characterize the different GIT site microbiota in water buffalo and evaluate the influence of diet on GIT microbiota in this animal species. We characterized and compared the microbiota of the rumen, large intestine and feces of water buffaloes fed two different diets with different non-structural carbohydrates/crude proteins (NSC/CP) ratios. Our results indicated that Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were the most abundant phyla in all the GIT sites, with significant differences in microbiota composition between body sites both within and between groups. This result was particularly evident in the large intestine, where beta diversity analysis displayed clear clustering of samples depending on the diet. Moreover, we found a difference in diet digestibility linked to microbiota modification at the GIT level conditioned by NSC/CP levels. Diet strongly influences GIT microbiota and can therefore modulate specific GIT microorganisms able to affect the health status and performance efficiency of adult animals.
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Capelli, Nicolas, Martine Dubois, Mélanie Pucelle, et al. "Optimized Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Culture and Its Application to Measurements of HEV Infectivity." Viruses 12, no. 2 (2020): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12020139.
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Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a major concern in public health worldwide. Infections with HEV genotypes 3, 4, or 7 can lead to chronic hepatitis while genotype 1 infections can trigger severe hepatitis in pregnant women. Infections with all genotypes can worsen chronic liver diseases. As virions are lipid-associated in blood and naked in feces, efficient methods of propagating HEV clinical strains in vitro and evaluating the infectivity of both HEV forms are needed. We evaluated the spread of clinical strains of HEV genotypes 1 (HEV1) and 3 (HEV3) by quantifying viral RNA in culture supernatants and cell lysates. Infectivity was determined by endpoint dilution and calculation of the tissue culture infectious dose 50 (TCID50). An enhanced HEV production could be obtained varying the composition of the medium, including fetal bovine serum (FBS) and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) content. This increased TCID50 from 10 to 100-fold and allowed us to quantify HEV1 infectivity. These optimized methods for propagating and measuring HEV infectivity could be applied to health safety processes and will be useful for testing new antiviral drugs.
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Zorraquín-Peña, Irene, Adelaida Esteban-Fernández, Dolores González de Llano, Begoña Bartolomé, and M. Moreno-Arribas. "Wine-Derived Phenolic Metabolites in the Digestive and Brain Function." Beverages 5, no. 1 (2019): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/beverages5010007.
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Wine, and specifically red wine, is a beverage with a great chemical complexity comprising a particular combination of phenolic compounds which are directly associated with its health-promoting properties. Wine polyphenols could induce changes in the composition of intestinal microbiota that would affect the production of physiologically active phenolic metabolites modifying the content and phenolic profile at the systemic level. In addition, in the human population, it seems that different “metabotypes”, or patterns of metabolizing wine polyphenols, exist, which would be reflected in the different biological fluids (i.e., plasma, urine and feces) and tissues of the human body. Moreover, wine polyphenols might change the composition of oral microbiota by an antimicrobial action and/or by inhibition of the adhesion of pathogens to oral cells, thus contributing to the maintenance of oral health. In turn, polyphenols and/or its metabolites could have a direct action on brain function, by positively affecting signaling routes involved in stress-induced neuronal response, as well as by preventing neuroticism-like disorders (i.e., anxiety and depression) through anti-inflammatory and epigenetic mechanisms. All of this would condition the positive effects on health derived from moderate wine consumption. This paper reviews all these topics, which are directly related with the effects of wine polyphenols at both digestive and brain level. Further progresses expected in the coming years in these fields are also discussed.
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Wang, Botao, Qingmin Kong, Shumao Cui, et al. "Bifidobacterium adolescentis Isolated from Different Hosts Modifies the Intestinal Microbiota and Displays Differential Metabolic and Immunomodulatory Properties in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet." Nutrients 13, no. 3 (2021): 1017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13031017.
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The incidence of obesity, which is closely associated with the gut microbiota and chronic inflammation, has rapidly increased in the past 40 years. Therefore, the probiotic-based modification of the intestinal microbiota composition has been developed as a strategy for the treatment of obesity. In this study, we selected four Bifidobacterium adolescentis strains isolated from the feces of newborn and elderly humans to investigate whether supplementation with B. adolescentis of various origins could alleviate obesity in mice. Male C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD, 60% energy as fat) received one of the following 14-week interventions: (i) B. adolescentis N4_N3, (ii) B. adolescentis Z25, (iii) B. adolescentis 17_3, (iv) B. adolescentis 2016_7_2, and (v) phosphate-buffered saline. The metabolic parameters, thermogenesis, and immunity of all treated mice were measured. Cecal and colonic microbial profiles were determined by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Intestinal concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The B. adolescentis strains isolated from the feces of elderly humans (B. adolescentis Z25, 17_3, and 2016_7_2) decreased the body weight or weight gain of mice, whilst the strain isolated from the newborn (B. adolescentis N4_N3) increased the body weight of mice. The B. adolescentis strains isolated from the elderly also increased serum leptin concentrations and induced the expression of thermogenesis- and lipid metabolism-related genes in brown adipose tissue. All the B. adolescentis strains alleviated inflammations in the spleen and brain and modified the cecal and colonic microbiota. Particularly, all strains reversed the HFD-induced depletion of Bifidobacterium and reduced the development of beta-lactam resistance. In addition, the B. adolescentis strains isolated from the elderly increased the relative abundances of potentially beneficial genera, such as Bacteroides, Parabacteroides, and Faecalibaculum. We speculate that such increased abundance of commensal bacteria may have mediated the alleviation of obesity, as B. adolescentis supplementation decreased the intestinal production of SCFAs, thereby reducing energy delivery to the host mice. Our results revealed that certain strains of B. adolescentis can alleviate obesity and modify the gut microbiota of mice. The tested strains of B. adolescentis showed different effects on lipid metabolism and immunity regulation, with these effects related to whether they had been isolated from the feces of newborn or elderly humans. This indicates that B. adolescentis from different sources may have disparate effects on host health possibly due to the transmission of origin-specific functions to the host.
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Pieper, Robert, J�r�me Bindelle, Brian Rossnagel, Andrew Van Kessel, and Pascal Leterme. "Effect of Carbohydrate Composition in Barley and Oat Cultivars on Microbial Ecophysiology and Proliferation of Salmonella enterica in an In Vitro Model of the Porcine Gastrointestinal Tract." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75, no. 22 (2009): 7006–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01343-09.
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ABSTRACT The influence of the carbohydrate (CHO) composition of cereal cultivars on microbial ecophysiology was studied using an in vitro model of the porcine gastrointestinal tract. Ten hull-less barley cultivars, six barley cultivars with hulls, six oat cultivars, and six oat groats that differed in β-glucan, nonstarch polysaccharide (NSP), and starch contents and starch type were hydrolyzed enzymatically and incubated for 72 h with pig feces. Fermentation kinetics were modeled, and microbial compositions and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) profiles were analyzed using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism and gas chromatography. Cluster analysis and canonical ordination revealed different effects on fermentation and microbial ecology depending on the type of CHO and cultivar. First, in cultivars of barley with hulls and oats, the cellulose and insoluble NSP contents (i) increased Ruminococcus flavefaciens-like and Clostridium xylanolyticum-like phylotypes, (ii) increased acetate production, and (iii) decreased fermentation activity. Second, in hull-less barley cultivars the β-glucan, amylose, amylopectin, crude protein, and soluble NSP contents determined the microbial community composition and activity as follows: (i) the amylose contents of the hull-less barley varieties increased the butyrate production and the abundance of Clostridium butyricum-like phylotypes, (ii) the β-glucan content determined the total amounts of SCFA, and (iii) the amylopectin and starch contents affected the abundance of Clostridium ramosum-like phylotypes, members of Clostridium cluster XIVa, and Bacteroides-like bacteria. Finally, the effect of CHO on proliferation of Salmonella enterica in the model was determined. Salmonella cell counts were not affected, but the relative proportion of Salmonella decreased with hull-less barley cultivars and increased with oat cultivars as revealed by quantitative PCR. Our results shed light on the complex interactions of cereal CHO with intestinal bacterial ecophysiology and the possible impact on host health.
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Lv, Liangkang, Hui Zhang, Zhengya Liu, et al. "Comparative study of yeast selenium vs. sodium selenite on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activity in weaned piglets challenged by Salmonella typhimurium." Innate Immunity 26, no. 4 (2019): 248–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753425919888566.
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The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of selenium from different sources on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and blood immune indices of piglets orally challenged with Salmonella typhimurium (ST). In a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, 32 piglets (6.43 ± 0.54 kg of body mass) were assigned into four groups with or without dietary inclusion of sodium selenite (SS) or yeast selenium (YS) and with or without ST challenge (5 ml 1 × 109 cfu/ml ST or 5 ml saline) on d 13. In each period, YS increased average daily feed intake and average daily gain but did not reach statistical significance. During the challenged stage, piglets fed YS had higher digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, and YS reduced the amount of Escherichia coli in feces. Additionally, YS regulated the composition of T-lymphocyte subset and influenced the production of inflammatory cytokines. In conclusion, in this study selenium-enriched yeast was more effective in enhancing nutrient digestibility, and inhibiting inflammation and oxidative stress by inducing the activity of the lymphocytes, expression of antioxidant enzymes and so on.
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Lightfoot, David C. "The effects of livestock grazing and climate variation on vegetation and grasshopper communities in the northern Chihuahuan Desert." Journal of Orthoptera Research 27, no. 1 (2018): 35–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jor.27.19945.
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Grasshoppers are important herbivores of North American semi-arid grasslands and shrublands, and vegetation and climate are key factors controlling their species compositions and population dynamics. Domestic livestock grazing is a historic and a current landscape-scale ecological perturbation that has caused reductions of perennial grasses and increases in woody shrubs and weedy annual herbs in desert grassland communities. Climate variation also affects vegetation and grasshopper production, and the combined effects of livestock grazing and climate variation on vegetation and grasshoppers have not been adequately studied in the American Southwest. I measured vegetation and grasshoppers for five years at a series of five semi-arid sites in the northern Chihuahuan Desert to evaluate the interactive effects of short-term livestock grazing and climate variation on plant and grasshopper community structure and species abundances. The study sites ranged from shrub dominated to grass dominated landscapes, with livestock fence lines separating land that was grazed at 30% annual forage utilization, and lands on the other sides of the fences excluded from grazing for at least 20 years. I assigned grasshopper species to life-form guilds based on their ecomorphologies and their microhabitat substrate uses that I observed. A wet spring/dry summer El Niño event occurred at the beginning of the study, and a dry spring/wet summer La Niña event occurred at the end of the study. Livestock grazing changed plant and grasshopper species compositions and abundances significantly during those wet years, further favoring annual forbs, annual grasses and non-graminicole grasshoppers on grazed lands during wet years, while favoring perennial grasses and graminicoles on non-grazed lands also during wet years. The biotic communities at all sites probably supported more perennial grasses and more graminicoles prior to European settlement and livestock grazing that began over a century before this study.
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Sári, Zs, T. Kovács, T. Csonka, et al. "Fecal expression of Escherichia coli lysine decarboxylase (LdcC) is downregulated in E-cadherin negative lobular breast carcinoma." Physiology International 107, no. 2 (2020): 349–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/2060.2020.00016.
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AbstractBreast cancer is characterized by oncobiosis, the abnormal composition of the microbiome in neoplastic diseases. The biosynthetic capacity of the oncobiotic flora in breast cancer is suppressed, as suggested by metagenomic studies. The microbiome synthesizes a set of cytostatic and antimetastatic metabolites that are downregulated in breast cancer, including cadaverine, a microbiome metabolite with cytostatic properties. We set out to assess how the protein expression of constitutive lysine decarboxylase (LdcC), a key enzyme for cadaverine production, changes in the feces of human breast cancer patients (n = 35). We found that the fecal expression of Escherichia coli LdcC is downregulated in lobular cases as compared to invasive carcinoma of no special type (NST) cases. Lobular breast carcinoma is characterized by low or absent expression of E-cadherin. Fecal E. coli LdcC protein expression is downregulated in E-cadherin negative breast cancer cases as compared to positive ones. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis of LdcC expression in lobular and NST cases revealed that fecal E. coli LdcC protein expression might have predictive values. These data suggest that the oncobiotic transformation of the microbiome indeed leads to the downregulation of the production of cytostatic and antimetastatic metabolites. In E-cadherin negative lobular carcinoma that has a higher potential for metastasis formation, the protein levels of enzymes producing antimetastatic metabolites are downregulated. This finding represents a new route that renders lobular cases permissive for metastasis formation. Furthermore, our findings underline the role of oncobiosis in regulating metastasis formation in breast cancer.
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Chawla, S., S. Chameettachal, and S. Ghosh. "Corrigendum to “Probing the role of scaffold dimensionality and media composition on matrix production and phenotype of fibroblasts” [Mater. Sci. Eng. C Mater. Biol. Appl. 49 (2015) 588–596]." Materials Science and Engineering: C 105 (December 2019): 110147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2019.110147.
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Böttger, Christian, Paolo Silacci, Frigga Dohme-Meier, Karl-Heinz Südekum, and Ueli Wyss. "The Effect of Herbage Conservation Method on Protein Value and Nitrogen Utilization in Dairy Cows." Agriculture 9, no. 6 (2019): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture9060118.
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Ruminant production systems frequently rely on grassland utilization and conservation of herbage as hay or silage. Conservation affects the crude protein (CP) composition and protein value, which is particularly recognized during ensiling. The aim of the current study was to describe the effect of the conservation method on forage protein value and N utilization in dairy cows. Herbage from the same sward was cut and conserved as silage (SI), barn-dried hay (BH), or field-dried hay (FH). Laboratory evaluation indicated differences in CP fractions and ruminal degradability of CP. Conserved forages were fed to six lactating Holstein cows in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design, and N balance was assessed. Partitioning of N into milk, feces, and urine was affected only moderately. Lower concentrations of serum, milk, and also urinary urea indicated lower N turnover for FH compared to SI and BH, likely due to lower N intake for FH. However, the use efficiency of feed N for milk N did not differ between the types of forage. Further, high CP concentrations and the unbalanced concentrations of CP and energy in the forages led to excess excretion of N in all treatments and presumably superimposed effects of the conservation method on N utilization.
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Liu, Riliang, Jianwen He, Xu Ji, Weijiang Zheng, and Wen Yao. "A Moderate Reduction of Dietary Crude Protein Provide Comparable Growth Performance and Improve Metabolism via Changing Intestinal Microbiota in Sushan Nursery Pigs." Animals 11, no. 4 (2021): 1166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11041166.
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In this paper, we investigated the effects of a diet with a moderate reduction of dietary crude protein (CP) level, supplemented with five crystalline amino acids (Lys, Met, Thr, Try, and Val), on the growth, metabolism, and fecal microbiota of Sushan nursery pigs. Seventy Sushan nursery pigs with an average body weight of 19.56 ± 0.24 kg were randomly allocated to two experimental dietary treatments: 18% CP (high protein; group HP), and 15% CP (low protein; group LP). We found that the differences in the two diets had no significant effect on the growth performance of Sushan nursery pigs. Nursery pigs on the 15% CP diet showed significantly improved protein, amino acid, and energy utilization. Furthermore, the LP diet cloud optimized the gut microflora composition to some extent. The functional structure of bacterial communities implied improved metabolic capabilities in group LP. Additionally, correlation analysis between fecal microbiota and metabolic profiles confirmed that the increase of beneficial bacterial in the feces was beneficial to the health and metabolism of the nursery pigs. In conclusion, a moderate reduction in the dietary protein level can improve growth and metabolism due to the improvement of intestinal microbiota in Sushan nursery pigs. This finding could provide useful reference data for the application of a different nutrition strategy in indigenous pig production.
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Jang, Hyo-Min, Kyung-Eon Lee, and Dong-Hyun Kim. "The Preventive and Curative Effects of Lactobacillus reuteri NK33 and Bifidobacterium adolescentis NK98 on Immobilization Stress-Induced Anxiety/Depression and Colitis in Mice." Nutrients 11, no. 4 (2019): 819. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11040819.
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The gut dysbiosis by stressors such as immobilization deteriorates psychiatric disorders through microbiota-gut-brain axis activation. To understand whether probiotics could simultaneously alleviate anxiety/depression and colitis, we examined their effects on immobilization stress (IS)-induced anxiety/depression and colitis in mice. The probiotics Lactobacillus reuteri NK33 and Bifidobacterium adolescentis NK98 were isolated from healthy human feces. Mice with anxiety/depression and colitis were prepared by IS treatment. NK33 and NK98 potently suppressed NF-κB activation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced BV-2 cells. Treatment with NK33 and/or NK98, which were orally gavaged in mice before or after IS treatment, significantly suppressed the occurrence and development of anxiety/depression, infiltration of Iba1+ and LPS+/CD11b+ cells (activated microglia) into the hippocampus, and corticosterone, IL-6, and LPS levels in the blood. Furthermore, they induced hippocampal BDNF expression while NF-κB activation was suppressed. NK33 and/or NK98 treatments suppressed IS-induced colon shortening, myeloperoxidase activity, infiltration of CD11b+/CD11c+ cells, and IL-6 expression in the colon. Their treatments also suppressed the IS-induced fecal Proteobacteria population and excessive LPS production. They also induced BDNF expression in LPS-induced SH-SY5Y cells in vitro. In conclusion, NK33 and NK98 synergistically alleviated the occurrence and development of anxiety/depression and colitis through the regulation of gut immune responses and microbiota composition.
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Tian, Meiling, Daotong Li, Chen Ma, Yu Feng, Xiaosong Hu, and Fang Chen. "Barley Leaf Insoluble Dietary Fiber Alleviated Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Mice Colitis by Modulating Gut Microbiota." Nutrients 13, no. 3 (2021): 846. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13030846.
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Supplementation of dietary fiber has been proved to be an effective strategy to prevent and relieve inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) through gut microbiota modulation. However, more attention has been paid to the efficacy of soluble dietary fiber than that of insoluble dietary fiber (IDF). In the present study, we investigated whether IDF from barley leaf (BLIDF) can inhibit gut inflammation via modulating the intestinal microbiota in DSS-induced colitis mice. The mice were fed 1.52% BLIDF-supplemented diet for 28 days. Results demonstrated that feeding BLIDF markedly mitigated DSS-induced acute colitis symptoms and down-regulated IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β levels in the colon and serum of colitis mice. BLIDF supplementation effectively reduced the abundance of Akkermansia and increased the abundance of Parasutterella, Erysipelatoclostridium, and Alistipes. Importantly, the anti-colitis effects of BLIDF were abolished when the intestinal microbiota was depleted by antibiotics. Furthermore, the targeted microbiota-derived metabolites analysis suggested that BLIDF feeding can reverse the DSS-induced decline of short-chain fatty acids and secondary bile acids in mice feces. Finally, BLIDF supplementation elevated the expression of occludin and mucin2, and decreased the expression of claudin-1 in colons of DSS-treated mice. Overall, our observations suggest that BLIDF exerts anti-inflammatory effects via modulating the intestinal microbiota composition and increasing the production of microbiota-derived metabolites.
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Hino, Shingo, Takayasu Mizushima, Katsunori Kaneko, et al. "Mucin-Derived O-Glycans Act as Endogenous Fiber and Sustain Mucosal Immune Homeostasis via Short-Chain Fatty Acid Production in Rat Cecum." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (2020): 1563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa062_020.
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Abstract Objectives Intestinal mucins escape digestion and enter the large bowel where they are degraded by microbiome. To what extent and how mucins impact large-bowel physiology remain unclear. This study examined the large-bowel fermentation characteristics of mucins and mucin-derived O-glycan sugars and whether mucins and N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) affect gut immunity. Methods Mucin secretion from the terminal ileum was determined from feces of ileorectostomized male Wistar rats (age 6 weeks) fed AIN76-based control diet (CD) for 15 d (Expt. 1). Normal male Wistar rats (age 6 weeks; 4 weeks for Expt. 4) were fed CD ± porcine stomach mucin (PM) at 6 or 12g/kg diet, equivalent to 1.5 and 3 times daily mucin secretion, for 14 d (Expt. 2); CD ± GlcNAc, fucose, or N-acetylneuraminic acid at 10g/kg diet for 14 d (Expt. 3); or CD ± PM (15 g/kg diet) or GlcNAc (10 g/kg diet) for 29 d (Expt. 4). Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), microbial composition, and cecal O-glycan content were assessed. IgA+ plasma and regulatory T cells and inflammatory cytokine expression in the cecum were evaluated (Expt. 4). Results Daily mucin secretion corresponded to 43.2 mmol of O-glycans. PM was efficiently fermented in the cecum, as evidenced by comparable amounts of cecal O-glycans between groups. PM-fed rats harbored more mucin-degrading bacteria. Cecal SCFA concentrations, particularly n-butyrate, were higher in 12g/kg PM diet-fed rats versus CD (P &lt; 0.05). Among O-glycan sugars, only GlcNAc produced higher n-butyrate concentrations versus CD (P &lt; 0.05), with increased numbers of several butyrate-producing bacteria. GlcNAc increased the abundance of IgA + plasma and regulatory T cells versus CD (P &lt; 0.05). PM produced a similar but less-significant trend. GlcNAc and PM feeding decreased expression of Tnfa and Ifng versus CD (P &lt; 0.05). Conclusions Mucin-derived O-glycans act as endogenous fiber and maintain mucosal immune homeostasis via large-bowel SCFA production in rats. Funding Sources JSPS KAKENHI.
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Hino, Shingo, Takayasu Mizushima, Katsunori Kaneko, et al. "Mucin-Derived O-Glycans Act as Endogenous Fiber and Sustain Mucosal Immune Homeostasis via Short-Chain Fatty Acid Production in Rat Cecum." Journal of Nutrition 150, no. 10 (2020): 2656–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxaa097.
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ABSTRACT Background Intestinal mucins escape digestion and enter the large bowel where they are degraded by the microbiota. To what extent and how mucins impact large-bowel physiology remain unclear. Objective This study examined the large-bowel fermentation characteristics of mucins and mucin-derived O-glycan sugars and whether they affect gut immunity. Methods Mucin secretion from the terminal ileum was determined from feces of ileorectostomized male Wistar rats (age 6 wk) fed an AIN76-based control diet (CD) for 15 d (experiment 1). Normal male Wistar rats (age 6 wk; 4 wk for experiment 4) were fed CD ± porcine stomach mucin (PM) at 6 or 12 g/kg diet, equivalent to 1.5 and 3 times the daily mucin secretion, for 14 d (experiment 2); CD ± N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), fucose, or N-acetylneuraminic acid at 10 g/kg diet for 14 d (experiment 3); or CD ± PM (15 g/kg diet) or GlcNAc (10 g/kg diet) for 29 d (experiment 4). SCFAs, microbial composition, and cecal O-glycan content were assessed. IgA+ plasma cells and regulatory T cells and inflammatory cytokine expression in the cecum were evaluated (experiment 4). Results Daily mucin secretion corresponded to 43.2 μmol of O-glycans. Cecal O-glycan contents were comparable between CD- and PM-fed rats. PM-fed rats harbored more mucin-degrading bacteria. Cecal concentrations of acetate (+37%) and n-butyrate (+73%) were higher in 12-g/kg PM diet–fed rats versus CD (P &lt; 0.05). Among O-glycan sugars, only GlcNAc produced higher n-butyrate concentrations (+68%) versus CD (P &lt; 0.05), with increased numbers of butyrate-producing bacteria. GlcNAc increased the abundance of IgA+ plasma cells (+29%) and regulatory T cells (+33%) versus CD, whereas PM increased IgA+ plasma cells (+25%) (all P &lt; 0.05). GlcNAc and PM decreased expression of Tnfa (−30%, −40%) and Ifng (−30%, −70%) versus CD (all P &lt; 0.05). Conclusions Mucin-derived O-glycans act as endogenous fiber and maintain mucosal immune homeostasis via large-bowel SCFA production in rats.