Journal articles on the topic 'Federal Cultural Policy Review Committee'

In its reply to the Report of the Special Joint Committee of the Senate and House of Representatives (The Hockin Committee) on Independence and Internationalism (1986), the Government of Canada reiterated its intention to treat the Asia-Pacific as ‘an area of concentration in the National Trade Strategy’ (Canada's International Relations, 1986, p. 60). Within the National Trade Strategy, significant attention is being given to the development of Canada's economic relationship with the countries of Southeast Asia, most notably the ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) grouping. The policy mechanisms deployed to promote closer economic and social ties with Southeast Asian countries include those pertaining to international trade and finance, development assistance, transport, immigration and cultural relations.

The global effort to protect indigenous heritage relies on national legislation. The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) of the United States provides one model for accomplishing a broad agenda of protective measures. NAGPRA confirms indigenous ownership of cultural items excavated or discovered on federal and tribal lands, criminalizes trafficking in indigenous human remains and cultural items, and establishes a process of repatriation of material to native groups. In implementing the law, questions related to cultural affiliation, culturally unidentifiable material, the status of native groups not recognized by the federal government, and the scope of a group's cultural patrimony have been particularly troublesome. A case study of the repatriation process highlights issues in implementing NAGPRA and benefits in fostering consultation and collaboration among native groups, museums, and federal agencies. Finally, the article considers the controversies that have come before a statutory review committee and the federal courts during NAGPRA's first decade. This experience demonstrates the limitations of formal dispute resolution as a means of developing and implementing the law.

AbstractIn this article, we conduct a review of introduced and enacted youth concussion legislation in Canada and present a conceptual framework and recommendations for future youth sport concussion laws. We conducted online searches of federal, provincial, and territorial legislatures to identify youth concussion bills that were introduced or successfully enacted into law. Internet searches were carried out from July 26 and 27, 2016. Online searches identified six youth concussion bills that were introduced in provincial legislatures, including two in Ontario and Nova Scotia and one each in British Columbia and Quebec. One of these bills (Ontario Bill 149, Rowan’s Law Advisory Committee Act, 2016) was enacted into provincial law; it is not actual concussion legislation, but rather a framework for possible enactment of legislation. Two bills have been introduced in federal parliament but neither bill has been enacted into law. At present, there is no provincial or federal concussion legislation that directly legislates concussion education, prevention, management, or policy in youth sports in Canada. The conceptual framework and recommendations presented here should be used to guide the design and implementation of future youth sport concussion laws in Canada.

Introduction: The number of institutions engaging in research with potentially biohazardous materials has increased, indicating a need for newly formed Institutional Biosafety Committees (IBCs) in the United States and for similar biorisk management committees located outside the United States. Our institution identified the need for an IBC due to the growth of pertinent activities on campus. Objectives: This article shares our experiences creating a new IBC at our institution from September 2017 to April 2019. Our lessons learned and approaches to the challenges faced may be helpful to others finding themselves with similar needs. Methods: In this case study, we outline IBC membership, documents, relationships with federal agencies and within the institution, creation of registration forms, and the review process. Along with our account, we have included links to helpful resources from federal agencies. Results: At the time of the submission of this article, we have established our IBC and reviewed two registrations. Conclusion: This case report demonstrates the successful creation of an IBC that works for our current institutional needs.

When conducting human subjects research, social and behavioral researchers seeking to study current issues involving immigrants, refugees, and undocumented students must submit their research to an institutional review board (IRB). Research applications proposing to enroll these populations lie outside the scope of vulnerable populations named in the U.S. Code for Federal Regulations (45 CFR 46). Through a consideration of privacy, confidentiality, flexibility in providing protections, and case study examples, this article examines how researchers and IRBs can negotiate protecting participants who may be undocumented while supporting the advancement of research in the midst of the current, and uncertain, political climate.

Annual review of Swiss forest policy 2018 Besides important personnel changes, Swiss forest policy in 2018 was marked by implementation tasks at the federal administrative level. In comparison to the previous year, the number of parliamentary initiatives slightly increased. These initiatives addressed not only the recurrent topics of Swiss wood and timber industry, but also forest protection. Beyond the classic forest cases, the Federal Court tackled a new topic this year: forest organization. The forest-relevant policies experienced important debates, without yet binding decisions. For instance, the revision of the Federal Law on Nature and Cultural Heritage and its weakening of the Federal Commission for the Protection of Nature and Cultural Heritage assessment remains controversial after the consultation period.

A comprehensive assessment of the Health Program Guidelines (HPG) in Canada was undertaken between January and September 1992. This review examined the strategic effectiveness and operational efficiency of the guidelines under the auspices of the Federal, Provincial and Territorial Committee on Institutional and Medical Services. To assess the perceived needs for the guidelines, over 185 structured mail questionnaires were sent to a sample of health care agencies, institutions and organizations across Canada; the response rate was over 80.5%. A key informant approach was also used to assess the perceived effectiveness and efficiency of the guidelines. Based on the results of the questionnaires, over 45 interviews and an extensive content analysis of key documents, recommendations were made that may be relevant to the Canadian health system community.

This article aims to verify the role of the main political institutions that directly deals with refugees in Brazil, from the action of the political centrality of the National Committee for Refugees and the Federal Police, through a literature review and interviews with border officers, under the Political Science. Decision-making processes, the bureaucratic procedures of migration control and security of the Brazilian government about the phenomenon of forced displacement of refugees seek to analyze the bureaucracy and procedural mechanisms geared to foreigners regarding refugees, by identifying the institutional difficulties, limits and challenges to the implementation of public policies geared to refugees. Highlighting the lack of coordination, fragmentation and pulverization of migration policy as a whole, and refugee policy in a particular way, connected with the authoritarian past of the country and the maintenance of restrictive mechanisms for local insertion of international migrants.

Samantha McMahon is a final year Social Work student who has completed her studies at Deakin University and had the unusual final fieldwork experience of being in the office of the Federal Member for Bendigo, Lisa Chesters MP, where she was able to observe political processes at work, visit Canberra and conduct a research study to inform the Australian Labor Party's interest in early childhood care and education. Lisa Chesters MP is the co-chair of the Parliamentary Friendship of Early Childhood and the secretary of the ALP Social Policy Caucus committee. The following is a review of the literature based on the research Samantha conducted. This demonstrates that we have quite a long way to go in Australia if we are to gain the benefits other countries have had from their early childhood service system.

Objectives: In April 1998, the Medical Services Advisory Committee (MSAC) was established by the Australian federal government. Since that time, all new medical procedures must be evaluated for safety, effectiveness, and cost-effectiveness as a condition of the surgeon receiving public funding by means of the Medicare Benefits Schedule (MBS). Over these first 8 years, a significant number of applications for the public funding of new procedures have been given negative recommendations by the MSAC based on insufficient clinical evidence or lack of cost-effectiveness. In August 2006, after almost 2 years of processing, the MSAC made the decision to fund the new procedure, laparoscopic remotely assisted radical prostatectomy (LRARP). However, they stated that there was still uncertainty about the comparative cost-effectiveness.Methods: An observational study using provisional cost-utility data for LRARP based on a combination of costs taken from consecutive patients at the Epworth Hospital, Melbourne, Australia, and utilities from the prospectively collected data on all patients undergoing surgery for prostate cancer over a 4-year period at the Vattikuti Urology Institute, Michigan, United States.Results: The incremental cost for LRARP compared with the open surgery alternative is A$2,264 or A$24,457 per quality-adjusted life-year, well below the range accepted by the Australian pharmaceutical equivalent of the MSAC (the PBAC) of A$42,000 and A$76,000. This figure does not take into account additional benefits such as reduced time away from employment, reduced blood loss, reduced possibility of infection, and reduced scarring.Conclusions: This case study of LRARP demonstrates that there is sufficient crude evidence to show that this new procedure is likely to be superior to the existing procedure in terms of safety, effectiveness, and cost-effectiveness. The decision to allow MBS funding was correct and will allow for the collection of additional evidence, on both economic and clinical outcomes.

The report of an international experts' committee, recently invited by the Ministry of Health to review Greece's health care system, recommended the creation of a network of family doctors, reimbursed on a capitation basis. The committee also proposed that family doctors should manage a budget for the purchase, on behalf of their patients, of specialist and hospital services and drugs. The author examines the exportability of the fundholding experience from Britain to a country in which health care organization is very different, social health insurance is fragmented, private health care is large and growing, ambulatory health care services are provided by specialists, and behavioral-cultural factors cast doubt on the consequences of the proposed change. An attempt to implement fundholding in Greece is likely to have effects opposite to those intended. The more humble task of tackling the inequities and inefficiencies of the present system should be the starting point of all future reform projects.

Purpose: In order to understand policy-making capacities, we conducted an in-depth examination of three stages of the policy cycle (agenda-setting, formulation, and decision-making) leading to mandatory nutrition labelling, nutrient content claims, and health claims regulations in Canada. Methods: Data were collected through document review and key informant interviews (n=24) conducted with government, industry, health organizations, professional associations, academia, and consumer advocacy groups. Results: The policy-making processes were complex, unpredictable, and often chaotic. In the early stages, progress was hampered by a shortage of resources and negatively affected by policy silos. In spite of formidable barriers, a high degree of stakeholder convergence was achieved, which facilitated ground-breaking policy formulation. Success factors included a common health promotion issue frame that participants adopted early in the consultative process, “champions” within the federal government's health sector, strong advocates within a broad stakeholder community, and an innovative policy-formulation process overseen by an intersectoral advisory committee. Conclusions: Authentic partnerships among government, industry, and key stakeholders strengthened policy-making processes while helping to overcome policy silos at the organizational level. Barriers were reduced through effective change management practices and collaborative advisory and communication processes. Future research should involve an examination of the population health outcomes associated with this policy initiative.

The article describes the role and place of the German Science and Research Association (DFG) as one of the leading science support organizations in the science policy of Germany. It gives a thorough analysis of its inner structure that includes such bodies as General Assembly, Executive Committee, Senate, Joint Committee and expert boards as well as the way of their formation and scope of their powers. The legal nature of DFG as a science support organization reveals through its goals and functions stated in the Charter. They are as follows: financial support of scientific and research projects, training of young scientists, international scientific cooperation and transfer of theoretical knowledge into practice. The German Science and Research Association also stands for equal possibilities for men and women in the academic community and consults the state bodies on the science policy. The author pays particular attention to the cooperation of the organization with the state and subjects (lands), including financial issues and participation of DFG in the federal state program «Exzellenzinitiative». Moreover, the author touches a debating point of correspondence of the status of the organization to its public activity as DFG is a private law association that includes universities and other science and research institutions as its members. Finally, the article gives a comparison of the German Science and Research Association to the similar organizations in other European countries, particularly to the Danish agency on science, technology and innovation and the French National research agency. The author comes to a number of conclusions respectively the procedure of peer review and need for effective remedies to appeal the rejected project.

Identity in American Indian communities has continually been a subject of contentious debate among legal scholars, federal policy-makers, anthropologists, historians, and even within Native American society itself. As American Indians have a unique relationship with the United States, their identity has continually been redefined and reconstructed over the last century and a half. This has placed a substantial burden on definitions for legal purposes and tribal affiliation and on American Indians trying to self-identify within multiple cultural contexts. Is there an appropriate means to recognize and define just who is an American Indian? One approach has been to define identity through the use of blood quantum, a metaphorical construction for tracing individual and group ancestry. This paper will review the utility of blood quantum by examining the cultural, social, biological, and legal implications inherent in using such group membership and, further, how American Indian identity is being affected.

The article analyses some problems of Soviet nation-building and the formation of the federal system in the 1920s, using a new source on the activities of the Nationalities Department of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK). The activity of the Department of Nationalities of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (1919-1937) was directly linked to the implementation of nationality policy in the RSFSR, although it occupied a subordinate position in the emerging Soviet system of national-state building. During the formation of the USSR and after the liquidation of the People’s Commissariat for Nationalities, it was the Department that accumulated in its practice the integrative organizational, administrative, socio-cultural, and other functions that were associated with the modernizing efforts of the authorities in the multi-ethnic space of the USSR and the RSFSR itself. As part of the executive body of the supreme power of the largest USSR republics, the Department dealt with many operational and planning issues related to the organization of local executive bodies on national issues, helping the representations of autonomies in the capital, preparing normative acts on nation-building issues, and providing direct administrative, financial, economic, social and cultural support to autonomies. The relationship between the center and the autonomies was a major focus, and the tasks of the Nationalities Division required them to act as intermediaries in their cooperation with various agencies in the center and in the regions. The author focuses on several fundamental issues of nation-state building through the prism of the AllRussian Central Executive Committee Department and its head S.D. Asfendiyarov in 1926-1927, when the important discussions and appeals of the leaders of several autonomies to the center were held to settle the relations between different subjects of the federation, all-Russian and all-union process of state building.

AbstractIn recent years, we have witnessed various efforts by the federal government to advance our justice system and improve public safety. Collaborations across justice and service agencies and research on what works in criminal justice policy have been central in criminal justice reform activities. Within the juvenile justice arena, reducing rates of victimization and delinquency, as well as implementing strategies to reduce racial and ethnic disparities remain priorities. In this essay, I discuss how research on neuroscience and brain development, and racial and ethnic disparities in justice system outcomes has informed juvenile justice policy and procedural protections for youth. I also review how school policies and practices can perpetuate racial and ethnic disparities in justice outcomes. Throughout the essay, I discuss the federal government’s role in supporting research to advance policies and practices designed to reduce these harms. I highlight the implications of these activities and ways in which data and research can continue to play a key role in realizing equal opportunity and justice for all youth, especially as they are the most vulnerable members of society.

This article examines how adolescent offenders with mental disorders are treated by socio-educative internment treatment. These adolescents come under the aegis of medicine and justice in a contradictory relationship between full protection, vulnerability of a developing person with a mental disorder and a juvenile delinquency offense. In this respect, the legal punishment prevails to the detriment of health care. After approval of the research project by an Ethics Research Committee, field research was conducted in the Youth Detention Unit of the Pilot Plan of the Brazilian Federal District. Data were collected through research of documents involving 35 medical records of adolescent users of psychotropic drugs in 2010, as well as participant observation and semi-structured interviews with professionals from the Youth Detention Unit and adolescent judiciary. In the review of the care provided to adolescent offenders with mental disorders under the childhood and youth policy and the mental health policy, it was revealed that the mental health care provided in the Youth Detention Unit or in the external mental health care services involved the prescription of medication.

Abstract The bulk of a resident's daily work is patient care related; however, other aspects of residency training are vital both to a resident's education and to the advancement of the field. Basic science and clinical research are the more common academic activities in which residents participate after completion of daily patient care objectives. Less frequently, residents participate in a process vital to the delivery of efficient, cost-effective, and safe patient care: hospital policy development. Two policies were identified as outdated or absent: (1) the process for the declaration of brain death and (2) a policy for the use of hypertonic saline in the Neurosciences Intensive Care Unit. The policies were rewritten after review of the existing policy (when applicable), other institutions’ examples, national guidelines, and state and federal laws. Once written, proposals were reviewed by department leadership, hospital ethics, legal counsel, ad hoc specialty committees, the Medical Directors Council, and the Medical Executive Committee. After multiple revisions, each proposal was endorsed by the above bodies and ratified as hospital policy. Residents may make a substantial impact on patient care through active participation in the authorship and implementation of hospital policy. The inclusion of residents in policy development has improved the process for declaring brain death and management of patients with devastating neurological pathology. Resident involvement in hospital policy initiatives can be successful, valuable to the institution, and beneficial to patient care. Resident involvement is predicated on faculty and institutional support of such endeavors.

Clinical gene transfer research (GTR) has both a unique history and a complex and layered system of research oversight, featuring a unique review body, the Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee (RAC). This paper briefly describes the process of decision-making about clinical GTR, considers whether the questions, problems, and issues raised in clinical GTR are unique, and concludes by examining whether the RAC's oversight is a useful model that should be reproduced for other similar areas of clinical research.Clinical GTR is governed by the same oversight system as most clinical trials, with a significant addition: the RAC. Like other research with human subjects, GTR, if it is affiliated with a federally funded institution, must be approved by an institutional review board (IRB) whose activities are governed by the common rule, that is, the federal regulations for protection of human subjects in research. Like other research intended to produce a drug, device, or biologic to be marketed in the United States, GTR is also overseen by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

Abstract Objectives The Healthy Eating Index (HEI) is a measure of diet quality, independent of quantity, that can be used to assess alignment with the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGAs), which are the basis of nutrition policy for the United States (US) government and the foundation of all federal nutrition guidance. The recently released 2020–2025 DGAs include recommendations for infants and toddlers for the first time, and necessitate a review, update, and development process of the HEI to reflect healthy eating across the lifespan. Methods Since 2005, researchers at the HHS National Cancer Institute (NCI) and the USDA Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion have collaborated to revise the HEI based on updates to the DGAs, and the HEI-2015 is the most recent iteration. The process includes: 1) gathering information from dietary guidelines, experts, and federal stakeholders; 2) considering substantive changes and needs for new development; and 3) completing validation analyses. Results Updates to the HEI have aimed to maintain stability, reflecting the consistency of recommendations over time. A guiding principle is to only make changes to the HEI that have a strong rationale. With no significant changes in the USDA Dietary Patterns, few changes are anticipated for the HEI for 2 years and older; instead, the emphasis for the update process is focusing on considerations for an index for infants and toddlers under 2 years. Additionally, the Scientific Report of the 2020 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee identified the development of a scoring system (such as the HEI) for infants and toddlers as a research recommendation, because comparisons of diet quality using the HEI have thus far only been possible for Americans 2 years and older. The HEI review, update, and development process aims to consider analyses with distributions of HEI scores across the lifespan with nationally representative data and diverse cohorts. Conclusions The HEI is a valuable tool for research that can be used in nutrition interventions, epidemiology, and consumer nutrition education programs. The timely release of a new HEI will enable application across the lifespan and support additional methodological research to examine needs specific to each life stage and how to model optimal trajectories of healthy dietary patterns. Funding Sources None.

Brazil has been the locus for the implementation of various participatory tools and spaces after the period of democratization and promulgation of the 1988 Constitution. Many studies have been carried out to discuss the importance of these spaces and, more recently, the quality of participation and the impact on strengthening democracy (Avritzer, 2009; Dagnino, 2011; Lavalle, 2011). In May 2014, Decree 8.243 of the Presidency of the Republic sought to establish the National Social Participation Policy (NSPP) and the National Social Participation System (NSPS), with the objective of consolidating participation as a method of government through the organization of forums and social participation and other existing mechanisms in the federal government. The decree generated controversy and discussion in the media and by the Chamber of Deputies. The creation of a national social participation policy in 2014 represented an innovation that must be studied in depth, raising its potential and limitations. Based on the literature review, this article aims to: (i) present the trajectory of NSPP (ii) and analyze the attempt to institutionalize NPSP through the lens of Scott's regulatory, normative and cognitive pillars (2001, 2008), in order to identify and characterize the variables that influenced the process. The regulatory, normative and cultural cognitive pillars emerge from a refinement of institutional theory and contribute in an important way to the systematization of institutional analysis. Analyzing from the pillars' point of view, it is possible to say that the decree was the regulating pillar of institutionalization. However, there were opposing normative and cultural cognitive variables that culminated in its non-approval in the Chamber of Deputies and in not institutionalizing this public policy. This study aimed to show how regulatory, normative and cultural-cognitive elements worked together and materialized through different variables that impacted the NSPP non-institutionalization, contributing to understand the challenges that exist in the creation of a social participation policy, the fragility of some participation mechanisms in Brazil and the tension between participatory democracy and representative democracy. In the future, more analysis must be carried out to better understand the institutionalization of a participatory policy and system at the national level, taking into account new existent bills that deal with the subject.

There is an increasing need for Malaysian Sign Language interpreters or known as Jurubahasa Isyarat Malaysia (JBIM) to meet the economic, social, and cultural needs of persons who are deaf. To resolve the continuing lack of JBIM, the present paper addresses the legal and policy basis for the establishment of a government-owned and operated service system. We review several legal and government strategic documents, namely the Persons with Disabilities Act 2008, the Local Government Act 1976, the Policy for Persons with Disabilities 2007, the Action Plan for Persons with Disabilities 2016-2022, and the National Community Policy 2018. Although Bahasa Isyarat Malaysia (BIM) is recognized by the law beyond its status as an official language of deaf Malaysians and as part of their cultural identity, our analysis of these legal and policy documents do not suggest a tangible and proper mechanism for BIM interpretation service system. We assert the BIM interpretation services to be established and provided by local governments through collaboration with other federal government agencies and deaf people’s organizations. We also discuss structural measures regarding recruitment and certification, job-related equipment, retirement fund as well as competitive wage. These four aspects are vital in ensuring the effectiveness and sustainability of the BIM interpretation services.

The Ministry of Tourism and Arts (2018) identified an overall goal of utilizing Zambia’s natural and cultural resources as a tourism driver to increase economic growth for the country. However, the industry has experienced problems with attrition, productivity, and high mortality rates of wildlife police officers (WPOs) which negatively affects the ability to protect the wildlife and natural resources that drive the tourism industry. A systematic review of the evidence was conducted in support of the Ministry of Tourism and Arts (MOTA) to identify the key components of a workplace wellness and HIV/AIDS program to reduce the attrition and mortality of the WPOs. The findings from the review indicate the essential components of a wellness workplace and HIV/AIDS policy can be bucketed into four categories: (a) program design; (b) program growth; (c) disease management and prevention; and (d) program evaluation. Findings also indicate that wellness programs have a positive correlation with absenteeism, job satisfaction, job performance/productivity, employee turnover, and return on investment (ROI). However, management involvement and support to resource a program and reduce the stigma associated with it are necessary for its success. This case study presents evidence-based recommendations to assist the MOTA with the development and implementation of an effective Wellness Workplace Policy focusing on HIV/AIDS, other communicable and noncommunicable diseases, addiction, and mental health support. Recommendations included the formation of a workplace wellness committee, development and communication of the wellness program, engagement through employee forums, increased training for leadership, and the involvement of stakeholders as program advisors.

A brief historical review of language policies in Australia up to the publication of the Senate Standing Committee's Report on a National Language Policy in 1984 is given. The recommendations of the Report are discussed in the light of the ethno-cultural or core value significance that community languages have for many minority ethnic groups in Australia. Recent research findings on such languages are presented and their implications for a national language policy considered. It is postulated that the linguistic pluralism generated by the presence of community languages needs to be viewed in the context of a framework of values that includes English as the shared language for all Australians. From this perspective, it is argued that the stress that the Senate Committee Report places upon the centrality of English in Australia should be balanced by greater recognition of the linguistic rights of minorities and their implications for bilingual education. It is pointed out that both these aspects of language policy have been given prominence in recent statements and guidelines released by the Ministers of Education in Victoria and South Australia. The paper concludes by pointing to the growing interest in the teaching of languages other than English to all children in Australian schools.

Purpose: To design a tool to assist clinician participation with cancer drug funding decisions. Public policy-makers and insurers are struggling with funding decisions regarding increasingly expensive new cancer drugs. Increasingly, oncologists are contributing to the process of review that leads to such decisions. We were asked to design a system for ranking new cancer drugs for priority-based funding decisions. Methods: The “Accountability for Reasonableness” framework informed the design of a six-module multistakeholder decision process blending evidence-based traditional technology assessment methods with individual and cultural values elicitation. The tool was piloted in three settings: (1) videotaped simulated multistakeholder deliberation sessions; (2) clinical oncology leaders; and (3) a regional (Canadian provincial) pharmacy and therapeutics committee making formulary decisions. The modules involve: decision clarification, drug eligibility screening (filtering), clinical performance scoring index, cost modeling, data integration and values clarification, and process evaluation. Results: The tool was feasible to use, acceptable to participants, and able to rank candidate drugs. The pharmacy and therapeutics committee with whom it was tested used the tool as a part of their deliberations, and the tumor group leaders requested its incorporation into organization-based decision making. Conclusion: The decision tool can facilitate priority-based cancer drug funding decisions that meet the conditions of fairness as perceived by participants, including oncologists.

AbstractObjectiveIn 2007 the Australian Division of World Action on Salt and Health (AWASH) launched a campaign to encourage the Australian government to take action to reduce population salt intake. The objective of the present research was to assess the impact of the Drop the Salt! campaign on government policy.DesignA review of government activities related to salt reduction was conducted and an advocacy strategy implemented to increase government action on salt. Advocacy actions were documented and the resulting outcomes identified. An analysis of stakeholder views on the effectiveness of the advocacy strategy was also undertaken.SettingsAdvocacy activities were coordinated through AWASH at the George Institute for Global Health in Sydney.SubjectsAll relevant State and Federal government statements and actions were reviewed and thirteen stakeholders with known interests or responsibilities regarding dietary salt, including food industry, government and health organisations, were interviewed.ResultsStakeholder analysis affirmed that AWASH influenced the government's agenda on salt reduction and four key outputs were attributed to the campaign: (i) the Food Regulation Standing Committee discussions on salt, (ii) the Food and Health Dialogue salt targets, (iii) National Health and Medical Research Council partnership funding and (iv) the New South Wales Premier's Forum on Fast Foods.ConclusionsWhile it is not possible to definitively attribute changes in government policy to one organisation, stakeholder research indicated that the AWASH campaign increased the priority of salt reduction on the government's agenda. However, a coordinated government strategy on salt reduction is still required to ensure that the potential health benefits are fully realised.

The objective of this study is to identify the teachers’ profile funded by the Productivity in Research scholarship (PQ), in order to analyze the promotion of research within the scope of CNPq for Education. Regarding the theoretical reference, Pierre Bourdieu, on social fields, and in particular on the scientific field, associated with the notion of habitus (trajectory, practical sense and strategy), considers that academic practices, university training and scientific research, on which they constitute a specific ethos through which certain values are required and developed. In methodological field, it is based on a qualitative and exploratory approach, based on a bibliographical study, database composition on funding and scholarship, obtained in the CNPq through the SIGEF (Management of Development System) and Directory of Research Groups ( DGP), tabulated using SPSS software and documentary analysis, focusing on official documents of the Ministry of Science, Technology, Innovation and Communications (MCTIC) and CNPq, regarding the PQ scholarship and APQ grants. Among the results, it is noted that the investment in Brazilian science and in scientific production area was based on international strategic and political interest. In the promotion of education, the data allowed to establish the trajectory of formation, institutional linkage and research, and demonstrate a certain conservatism that can be understood as difficulty or impossibility to develop new processes and practices more inclusive from the point of view of the equanimous development between the researchers in Brazil and your ‘homo academicus’.ResumoO trabalho objetiva identificar o perfil dos professores financiados com bolsa Produtividade em Pesquisa (PQ), com intuito de analisar o fomento à pesquisa no âmbito do CNPq para a área de Educação. No que concerne ao referencial teórico, perpassa-se por Pierre Bourdieu, sobre campos sociais, e em particular sobre o campo científico, associado à noção de habitus, considerando que as práticas acadêmicas, a formação universitária e a pesquisa científica, sobre as quais constituem-se em um ethos específico por meio do qual determinados valores são requeridos e desenvolvidos. No campo metodológico, apoia-se em abordagem qualitativa, exploratória, com base em estudo bibliográfico, composição de banco de dados sobre financiamento e bolsistas, obtidos no CNPq por meio do Sistema de Gerenciamento do Fomento (SIGEF) e Diretório de Grupos de Pesquisa (DGP), tabulados por meio do software SPSS; e análise documental, com foco em documentos oficiais do Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovações e Comunicações (MCTIC) e CNPq, no que tange aos editais de bolsa PQ e de auxílio à pesquisa (APQ). Entre os resultados, nota-se que o investimento na ciência brasileira partiu do interesse estratégico e político internacional. No fomento à Educação os dados permitiram estabelecer a trajetória de formação, de vinculação institucional e de pesquisa, e demonstram certo conservadorismo que pode ser entendido como dificuldade ou impossibilidade de desenvolver novos processos e práticas mais inclusivas do ponto de vista do desenvolvimento equânime entre os pesquisadores do Brasil e seu homo academicus.Keywords: Promotion of research, PQ scholarship, Educational policies, Researcher profile.Palavras-chave: Fomento à pesquisa, Bolsa PQ, Política educacional, Perfil do pesquisador.ReferencesALBAGULI, S. Ciência e Estado no Brasil Moderno: um Estudo sobre o CNPq. 1988. 1 v. (Tese (de Doutorado). Instituto Alberto Luiz Coimbra de Pos-Graduação e Pesquisa em Engenharia - COPPE, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, 1998.ANDRÉ, Marli. Pesquisa em educação: buscando rigor e qualidade. Cadernos de Pesquisa, São Paulo, n. 113, jul. 2001.BIANCHETTI, Lucídio e MEKSENAS, Paulo (Orgs.). A Trama do Conhecimento: Teoria, método e escrita em ciência e pesquisa. Campinas-SP: Papirus, 2008.BOURDIEU, P. O Campo Científico. In: ORTIZ, R. (Org.). Pierre Bourdieu. São Paulo: Editora Ática, 1983. (Coleção Grandes Cientistas Sociais).BOURDIEU, Pierre. Economia das Trocas Simbólicas. São Paulo-SP: Perspectiva, 1992.BOURDIEU, Pierre. Os usos sociais da ciência. Por uma sociologia clínica do campo científico. Tradução Denice B. Catani. São Paulo: UNESP, 2004.BOURDIEU, Pierre. Razões Práticas: Sobre a teoria da ação. Campinas-SP: Papirus Editora, 1997.BOZEMAN, Barry; SAREWITZ, Daniel. Public value mapping and science policy evaluation. Minerva, v. 49, n. 1, p. 1-23, 2011.BRASIL, Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação. Estratégia Nacional de Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação 2012 – 2015. Brasília: MCTI, 2012. Disponível em: < http://www.mct.gov.br/upd_blob/0218/218981.pdf>. Acesso em: 20 dez, 2018.BRASIL. Casa Civil. Lei nº 1.310, de 15 de janeiro de 1951. Cria o Conselho Nacional de Pesquisas (CNP), e dá outras providências. Brasília, DF: Diário Oficial da União. 1951. Disponível em: http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/1950-1969/L1310.htm. Acesso em: 02 dez, 2018.BRASIL. Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação. Livro Azul da 4ª Conferência Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia e Inovação para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável. Brasília: MCTI; Centro de Gestão e Estudos Estratégicos, 2010.COLE, S. et al. Peer review in the National Science Foundation: phase one of a study : prepared for the Committee on Science and Public Policy of the National Academy of Sciences. The Academy, 1978. Disponível em: < http://books.google.com/books?id=HpkrAAAAYAAJ > Acesso em: 10 jan, 2019.COLE, S.; COLE, J. R.; SIMON, G. A. Chance and consensus in peer review. Science, v. 214, n. 4523, p. 881-6, Nov 20 1981. ISSN 0036-8075 (Print). 0036-8075 (Linking). Disponível em: < http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7302566 >. Acesso em: 10 jan, 2019.CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO. Painel de investimentos CNPq. Brasília: CNPq, 2014c. Disponível em: <http://cnpq.br/painel-de-investimentos>. Acesso em: 2 dez. 2018.CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO. Séries históricas – Dados Estatísticos. Brasília: CNPq, 2014cf. Disponível em: <http://www.cnpq.br/web/guest/series-historicas>. Acesso em: 5 out. 2017.CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO. Sumula Estatística: diretório dos Grupos de Pesquisa no Brasil. Brasília: CNPq, 2014e. Disponível em: <http://dgp.cnpq.br/censos/sumula_estatistica/2010/grupos/index_grupo.htm>. Acesso em: 5 jan. 2013.CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO. Centro de Memória - CNPq. Brasília: CNPq, 2014a. Disponível em: <http://centrodememoria.cnpq.br/Missao2.html>. Acesso em: 02 dez. 2018.CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO. Cinquentenário do CNPQ: noticias sobre a pesquisa no Brasil. 1 ed.. Brasília, DF: CNPq, 2001.CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO. Plataforma Lattes. História do surgimento da Plataforma Lattes. Brasília: CNPq, 2014bd. Disponível em: <http://www.cnpq.br/web/portal-lattes/historico>. Acesso em: 10 jan, 2019Acesso em: 2 dez. 2014.CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO. Resolução Normativa, nº 16, 2006. Bolsas individuais no país - Produtividade em Pesquisa - PQ. Nova redação dada pela RN-009/2009. Diário Oficial da União, Brasília, 30 abr. 2009. Disponível em: <http://www.cnpq.br/web/guest/view/-/journal_content/56_INSTANCE_0oED/10157/100343#16061>. Acesso em: 10 jan, 2019Acesso em: 20 fev. 2014.CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO. Séries históricas – Dados Estatísticos. Brasília: CNPq, 2014c. Disponível em: <http://www.cnpq.br/web/guest/series-historicas>. Acesso em: 5 out. 2017.COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR. CAPES 50 anos: depoimentos ao CPDOC/ FGV / Organizadoras: Marieta de Moraes Ferreira & Regina da Luz Moreira. Rio de Janeiro: Fundação Getulio Vargas, CPDOC; Brasília, DF: CAPES, 2003. p. 294-309.CUNHA, Luís Antônio. Pós-graduação em Educação: no ponto de inflexão. Cadernos de Pesquisa, (77):63-67, maio 1991.CUNHA, Rodrigo. 60 anos do CNPQ. Ciência e Cultura, v.63, n. 2, p. 15-17, 2011.DAGNINO, Renato P. Ciência e Tecnologia no Brasil: O processo decisório e a comunidade de pesquisa. Campinas, SP: Editora da Unicamp, 2007.FERNANDES, Ana Maria. A construção da ciência no Brasil e a SBPC. 2.ed. Brasília: Editora Universidade de Brasília, 2000. 292p.FERREIRA, Luciana Rodrigues; CHAVES, Vera Lúcia Jacob. Expansão e Financiamento da Pós-Graduação no Novo Plano Nacional de Educação. Anais. Associação Nacional de Política e Administração da Educação – ANPAE, 2016.FERREIRA, Luciana Rodrigues. O trabalho do Professor jovem-doutor na pós-graduação: produção de conhecimento e discurso do professor. 2015. 204 f. Tese (Doutorado em Educação). Universidade Federal de São Carlos, SP, 2015.FREITAS, Cristiane; SOBRAL, Fernanda. A Influência das Agendas Governamentais na produção multidisciplinar do conhecimento. LIINC em Revista, p. 54-68, 2005, p. 54-68.GARCIA, Walter. Educação, pesquisa e crise. In Educação Brasileira. Brasília, VI(13): 56-62, 2º sem. 1984.KATO, Fabíola B. G. A nova Política de financiamento de pesquisas: reforma no Estado e no novo papel do CNPq. 2013. 172f. Tese (Doutorado em Educação)- Centro de Educação e Ciências Humanas, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, 2013.KUENZER, Acácia e MORAES, Maria Célia. Temas e Tramas na Pós-graduação em Educação. Educação e Sociedade, Campinas, vol. 26, n. 93, p. 1341-1362, Set./Dez. 2005.LESSA, Carlos. Quinze anos de política econômica. 3. ed. São Paulo: Brasiliense, 1982LIRA NETO, João de. Getúlio 1945-1954: da volta pela consagração popular ao suicídio. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2014.MINISTÉRIO DA EDUCAÇÃO E CULTURA. Conselho Nacional de Pós-Graduação. I Plano Nacional de Pós-Graduação – PNPG (1975-1979). In: BRASIL. Ministério da Educação. Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior. IV PNPG - Plano Nacional de pós-graduação (2005-2010). Anexos. Brasília: MEC/CAPES, dez. 2004a, p. 115-171.MINISTÉRIO DA EDUCAÇÃO. Secretaria de Educação Superior. Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior. III PNPG - Plano Nacional de pós-graduação (1986 - 1989). In: ______. Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior. IV PNPG - Plano Nacional de pós-graduação (2005-2010). Anexos. Brasília, DF: CAPES, dez. 2004b. p. 189-212.ORTIZ, Renato (Org.). A Sociologia de Pierre Bourdieu. São Paul,-SP: Olho d’Água, 2003.PORTO, Maria Stela G. Panorama Recente da Sociologia no País. In: MARTINS, C. B. (Org.). Para onde vai a Pós-graduação em Ciências Sociais no Brasil. Bauru, São Paulo: EDUSC, 2005.REIS, Elisa.; REIS, Fábio. W.; VELHO, Gilberto. As Ciências Sociais nos últimos anos 20 anos: Três perspectivas. Revista Brasileira de Ciências Sociais, v. 12, n. 35, fev. 1997.RIP, A. The republic of science in the 1990s. In Higher Education, v. 28, p. 3-23, 1994.SCHWARTZMAN, S. O Apoio à Pesquisa no Brasil. Interciência, v. 6, n. 17, 1992.SGUISSARDI, Valdemar; SILVA JÚNIOR, João dos Reis. Trabalho intensificado nas federais: pós-graduação e produtivismo econômico. São Paulo: Xamã, 2009.SILVA JÚNIOR, João dos Reis. The new Brazilian University - a busca de resultados comercializáveis: para quem?. 1. ed. UNESP/Marília, RET: Projeto Editorial Práxis, 2017. v. 1. 285p.SILVA JÚNIOR, João dos Reis. New Brazilian University? A busca de resultados comercializáveis. Para quem? Relatório Científico Final [Processo FAPESP n. 2009/08661- 0]. São Paulo: FAPESP, jun. 2015.TRAVIS, G.; COLLINS, H. New light on old boys: cognitive and institutional particularism in the peer review system. Science, Technology and Human Values, v. 16, n. 3, p. 322-341, 1991.VELHO, Léa. Conceitos de Ciência e a Política Científica, Tecnológica e de Inovação. Sociologias, Porto Alegre , v. 13, n. 26, p. 128-153, 2011 . Disponível em: <http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1517-45222011000100006&lng=en&nrm=iso>. Acesso em 10 jun, 2019WARDE, Mirian. O Papel da pesquisa na pós-graduação em Educação. Cadernos de Pesquisa, (73):67-75, maio 1990.

In Italy, the recently launched spending review process seems the only alternative to budgetary cutbacks centrally applied across the board. Fighting waste and corruption while making administrative agencies more effcient and accountable to citizens is a key priority for local and regional governments as well. Yet, current spending reviews are conducted on aggregated broad-based appropriations of public spending and are, then, unable to generate that "usable" knowledge, which regional and local policy makers and managers can rely on for policy design and implementation. Indeed, a centralistic and technocratic modus operandi, heavily relying on civil service downsizing, risks undermining spending review effectiveness as public oversight tool, and reinforcing coercive isomorphism at the expense of political legitimacy and cultural acceptance of administrative performance assessments. This paper addresses such questions as on how a democratic "would-be federal" state operates and to what extent consolidation of public finances can be reckoned as an overriding goal against efficiency and accountability considerations at the local level. Three issues emerge are key to reform: (i) what human resources public administration should invest on to adequately govern localities as well as regions; (ii) what measures are effective to fight waste and corruption; and (iii) what reliability and plausibility current performance measurement have with respect to actual public services offered to citizens.

Access to healthcare for adolescents is often overlooked in the United States due to federal and state-sponsored insurance programs such as Medicaid and the Children’s Health Insurance Program. While these types of programs provide some relief, the issue of healthcare access goes beyond insurance coverage and includes an array of ecological factors that hinder youths from receiving services. The purpose of this scoping review was to identify social-ecological barriers to adolescents’ healthcare access and utilization in the United States. We followed the PRISMA and scoping review methodological framework to conduct a comprehensive literature search in eight electronic databases for peer-reviewed articles published between 2010 and 2020. An inductive content analysis was performed to thematize the categories identified in the data extraction based on the Social-Ecological Model (SEM). Fifty studies were identified. Barriers across the five SEM levels emerged as primary themes within the literature, including intrapersonal-limited knowledge of and poor previous experiences with healthcare services, interpersonal-cultural and linguistic barriers, organizational-structural barriers in healthcare systems, community-social stigma, and policy-inadequate insurance coverage. Healthcare access for adolescents is a systems-level problem requiring a multifaceted approach that considers complex and adaptive behaviors.

The article examines certain problems associated with the adopted policy and the established practice of training national personnel for cultural institutions of the union and autonomous republics. The author presents data that make it possible to understand the specifics of the admission of applicants and the distribution of ready-made specialists, as well as the system of postgraduate training in the field of art. When studying the identified problems, the archival documents of the USSR Ministry of Culture, as well as the culture department of the CPSU Central Committee were used. From the analysis of the documents, we can conclude that during the period under review, the maximum possible was done to increase the number of specialists with higher education in the national republics. The personnel shortage of such specialists in some regions was associated to a greater extent with the problem of “fixing” graduates at the place of distribution, rather than with the system of training national personnel at the level of university and postgraduate education.

On 26 September 2002, as Singapore faced up to its worst economic year since attaining full political independence in 1965, the Creative Industries Working Group (CIWG) of the Economic Review Committee (ERC), a governmentappointed, high-level body tasked with identifying future economic growth sectors and opportunities for Singapore, unveiled its report entitled Creative Industries Development Strategy: Propelling Singapore's Creative Economy (CIWG, 2002). This was the first time the voguish concept of the 'creative industries' had been publicly acknowledged and embraced in Singapore. It is believed that the development of a 'creative cluster' – or a creative network comprising the arts and cultural sector, the design sector and the media industry – would propel Singapore's new innovation-driven economy by 'industrializing' the cultural (and culture-related) sectors in Singapore. Among other envisaged outcomes, this policy aims to encourage risk-taking and entrepreneurship and to attract creative 'talents' to locate in Singapore. Whilst the notion of the 'creative industries' has been objectively modelled after global trends and policies, its application in a society notorious for its censorious political and cultural climate is fraught with problems. This article offers a critical examination of this new creative industries policy direction spearheaded by the Singapore government, and considers the economics and politics of creativity in what is being presented as the 'new' Singapore of the twenty-first century.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the basis of the complaints against banks which sold private label securities to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac before the financial crisis. The examination shows that all but one of the cases was settled out of court. Nomura and RBS went to court, but the case against them was based on dubious evidence and on strict liability which only enabled the judge to set aside relevant evidence. The Securities and Exchange Commission’s evidence against senior executives of Fannie and Freddie shows that they deliberately purchased PLSs based on subprime loans to meet the government’s housing targets. Design/methodology/approach – The research was based on publicly available documents, including details of the Federal Housing Finance Agency’s (FHFA) complaints against the banks in question, the settlement agreements published by the DoJ, FHFA and SEC. Furthermore, it includes documentary evidence from the Financial Crisis Inquiry Committee and Senate Committees, the full transcript of the trial, opinions of the judge for the trial and the judgement. Findings – The findings are that many have concluded that settlements out of court fail to satisfy the demand for justice. They have been criticised as a trade-off between the prosecutor and the bank, with a view that the imposition of large fines is to pay back taxpayers’ money spent on rescuing the banks, rather than punishing those responsible. Such fines do little, if anything, to change the behaviour of banks. As a result, the Department of Justice issued a memorandum on 9 September to focus on individual accountability for corporate wrongdoing. It remains to be seen how many cases against senior executives will result from the change in direction. Research limitations/implications – The implications of the research are that it is important even in the aftermath of such a serious if not devastating financial crisis to ensure that the laws are properly applied and can stand up to any challenge that it has been stretched to obtain the results the administration of the day wants to see. In addition, care must be taken over both the imposition of large fines and the use to which the monies should be put. All the parties involved in bringing about the crisis should be held to account. The major cases against the banks have almost all been “resolved”. A change in direction has now taken place. Practical implications – The practical implications of holding individuals to account should now be tackled. It requires a careful examination of the laws and regulations already in place to ensure that it is clear within a bank as to who is responsible for what. It will only be possible to hold senior individuals to account if the laws are clear and if all the evidence is not hidden. It may also require a review of the contracts under which senior executives are employed, because to remove a person from his post and then find that he still has a large pension pot and bonuses due may not result in justice either. A delicate balancing act is required because banks require highly competent and motivated individuals to run them. Social implications – If a very large fine is imposed on a bank, the shareholders and customers pay. The shareholders will mostly own the shares through their pensions and their savings in mutual funds. Originality/value – There have been few studies of all the cases against the banks brought by the DoJ and FHFA and still fewer have recognized the fact that government housing policy was the source of the extent of the subprime mortgages.

In 1999 there were a number of significant legislative and judicial developments which affected the petroleum industry. Among these, the more significant included:the commencement of a national review of Australia’s off-shore petroleum legislation1 against competition policy principles;the disallowance by the Federal Senate of the Northern Territory’s alternative right to negotiate (RTN) regime;further shifts towards underground gas storage for commercial purposes;the release of draft legislation to replace the Cultural Record (Landscapes Queensland and Queensland Estate) Act; andthe High Court’s2 decision in Yanner v Eaton.Legislative reform continues to be one of the key issues facing the Australian petroleum industry. Recent events concerning the Northern Territory’s and Queensland’s alternative RTN regimes suggest that replacement of the Commonwealth’s RTN regime with alternative State-based regimes is increasingly unlikely, at least while the Senate remains so constituted. Apart from the uncertainties associated with native title, the industry must also contend with ongoing reform of both cultural heritage and petroleum legislation.The challenges for the petroleum industry in the year 2000 will therefore be to persevere whilst continuing to participate in and contribute to the various review processes.

130 Background: Palmetto Hematology Oncology (PHO) is the medical oncology practice of Spartanburg Regional Healthcare System (SRHS) and has participated in QOPI since 2009 and earned QOPI certification in September 2011. Our Fall 2010 QOPI Patient Consent for Chemotherapy score was 70.73%, lower than the QOPI aggregate score of 86.46%. Methods: A workgroup was convened to address chemotherapy consent documentation compliance. QOPI data revealed the need for a uniform, system-wide chemotherapy consent process. A chemotherapy consent form specifically for our cancer center was created following an extensive literature review and benchmarking with American Society of Clinical Oncology guidelines, NCI Designated Cancer Centers, NCI Community Cancer Centers Program (NCCCP funded with federal funds from the NCI, Contract # HHSN261200800001E) resources, and other healthcare institutions. Our chemotherapy administration policy was revised to include a “hard stop” if a signed chemotherapy consent was not available prior to administration of chemotherapy in all areas of our institution. Results: Patient Consent for Chemotherapy QOPI scores revealed an increase from Fall 2010 to Spring 2012 of 70.73% to 100%. As a result of the workgroup’s efforts, it was approved by our Cancer Care Committee to develop a Chemotherapy Safety Committee (CSC) to standardize chemotherapy practices throughout our system. The CSC integrated key staff responsible for chemotherapy administration. The CSC was instrumental in reviewing and updating policies and procedures during our QOPI certification efforts. Conclusions: Our participation in QOPI provided data to support efforts for a system-wide chemotherapy consent revision and process implementation. The availability of ASCO, Oncology Nursing Society, and other key resources provided turn key processes for this performance improvement project. Practice scores for the Patient Consent for Chemotherapy have reached 100% compliance signifying our performance at a “best practice” level. References: QOPI The Quality Oncology Practice Initiative, available at: http://qopi.asco.org/program .

Women are an underappreciated economic force who, when empowered by association with a female organization, can be a catalyst for development. To assess the status of Indigenous rural women, as well as the mechanisms and impacts of their empowerment, this paper presents a case study of a community development approach based on the Masehual Siuamej Mosenyolchicacauani organization in Cuetzalan del Progreso, Puebla. The methodology used is a mixed-methods approach involving a literature review of two regional instruments: The Federal Program “Pueblos Mágicos” and the Land and Environmental Management Program “POET” for Cuetzalan. It also includes geo-data collection from public sources, empirical data collection from open-ended interviews, and focus group discussions with key informants from the Indigenous organization. The research found that, despite an inclusive legal and institutional framework, weak policy implementation and certain federal programs tend to segregate Indigenous communities. Mechanisms such as cultural tourism and inclusive land management programs, capacity building initiatives, and female associations have proven useful for empowering women and have had positive socioeconomic impacts on the community. The research concluded that female Indigenous associations are a tool to empower rural women, grant them tenure security, strengthen their engagement in decision making, and consolidate them as key stakeholders in community development.

Public health and policy planning for adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) is imperiled by the lack of ongoing national surveillance data on prevalence and health status. In 2018, the Administration on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities appointed a workgroup of representatives from key federal agencies and national experts to recommend strategies to improve prevalence estimates and health surveillance for people with IDD. This article presents the workgroup findings on the availability of prevalence and health surveillance data for adults with IDD and suggested items that could identify respondents with IDD on national surveys with special attention to modifications in the National Health Interview Survey. We identify core constructs that must be measured to identify sample members with IDD in population surveys, and additional constructs which, if measured, would support more comprehensive identification of sample members and enhance ongoing surveillance of the health status, outcomes, and unmet needs of this population. We conclude with a brief review of methodological considerations to improve IDD national surveillance including cultural and linguistic sensitivity and the inclusion of U.S. territories in national surveillance protocols.

Equality, Equity and Inclusion: Transgender Athletes' Participation in Competitive Sports - a New EraThis review manifests an attempt towards the conceptual study of gender identity issues in competitive sports, foregrounding the genesis of policy matters in relation to transgender athletes. The study explores the motif of inter-relational dynamics between participation in sports of transgender athletes and medico-legal information related to transgender athletes, as the inclusion of transgender athletes is one of the latest and prominent equality challenges across the globe. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) has taken up the issue with regard to participation of sex-reassigned transsexuals and it has resulted in a heated debate for which a changing notion of gender verification came out. The issue under consideration has multi-faceted dimensions of interpretations centering on a desire to ‘deconstruct’ the present structuration of acceptance of sex and gender terminology. The resultant aim is to create a world-view of equality, respect for the ‘other’, and competitive fairness. The latent attempt of the paper is to deconstruct the binary of inequality in the field of sports with a view to give vibrational impetus for attaining the ideals of equality in sports which constitutes the basis of "authentic living", to quote Jean Paul Sartre.

Xenotransplantation is defined as “any procedure that involves the transplantation, implantation, or infusion into a human recipient of either (a) live cells, tissues, or organs from a nonhuman animal source, or (b) human body fluids, cells, tissues or organs that have had ex vivo contact with live nonhuman animal cells, tissues, or organs.” Xenotransplantation has been viewed by desperate patients and their surgeons as a solution to the problem of the paucity of human organs available for transplantation. Foes of xenotransplantation argue that the use of animal organs degrades the human race and should be avoided.In this paper, we briefly review the cultural context of xenotransplantation and explore the infectious disease risk of xenotransplantation. The United States Code of Federal Regulations requires life-long surveillance of a xenotransplantation recipient due to the largely unknown risk of novel infectious disease transmitted across species, known as xenogeneic infectious disease. We argue that despite being in the interest of protecting the public health, the imposition of lifelong surveillance requirements on xenotransplant recipients effectively abrogates the right to withdraw from a clinical trial after the transplantation has taken place. Moreover, we argue that a waiver of the right to withdraw should be made explicit in the interest of full disclosure, out of respect for the research subject’s right of self-determination.

The research covers the development of the legislation of the Ukrainian SSR cultural heritage protection problems. The rapid development of sectoral legislation in the second half of the twentieth century was driven by the need of preservation of cultural heritage sites, damaged during the Second World War, or affected by the improper use by various institutions and organizations.The purpose of the article is to analyze the specifics of legal regulation of cultural heritage protection in the Ukrainian SSR in the second half of the 1950 s – the end of the 1980 s.Scientific novelty. The analysis of the legislative acts of the Verkhovna Rada of the USSR and the Council of Ministers of the USSR, as well as by-laws of the Ministry of Culture of the USSR revealed the specifics of the legal regulation of cultural heritage protection in the Ukrainian SSR in the second half of the 1950 s – late 1980s, which consisted of application of separate national legal terminology. The main directions of legal regulation of cultural heritage protection during the period under review are singled out.Conclusions. Soviet legislation on the protection of cultural heritage, as any sectoral legislation, was unified, and the republican special-purpose laws duplicated Union norms. The legislation of the Ukrainian SSR of the 1950s – 1980s concerning the cultural heritage protection was developed in accordance with the Union legislation, as well as the decrees and orders of the USSR Government. At the same time, both federal and republican legislation had basic international rules, including the provisions of the 1972 Convention concerning the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage, signed by the Soviet Union. The special aspect of the the Ukrainian SSR legislation was the consideration of some national traditions, including terminological ones. This could be noticed in the name of the Law of the Ukrainian SSR from July 13, 1978 «On the Protection and Use of Monuments of History and Culture», in which instead of the term «памятник» (monument) in the Russian language and the law, the term «monument» was introduced more wide term «пямятка» (site). In general, due to the consistent policy on conservation and extensive legislation, we have been able to preserve the destruction of monuments that remind the thousand-year history and culture of Ukraine.

The Philippine Journal of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery (PJOHNS) is the official refereed journal of the Philippine Society of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery (PSOHNS). What does it mean for our journal to be refereed or peer reviewed? According to the World Association of Medical Editors (WAME),1 “A peer-reviewed biomedical journal is one that regularly obtains advice on individual manuscripts from reviewers who are not part of the journal’s editorial staff. Peer review is intended to improve the accuracy, clarity, and completeness of published manuscripts and to help editors decide which manuscripts to publish. Peer review does not guarantee manuscript quality and does not reliably detect scientific misconduct.” Who are peer reviewers? Integral to the whole system, they are experts in their chosen field who are expected to provide an unbiased opinion on the quality, timeliness, and relevance of a submitted manuscript.2 They are responsible to the editor and journal, their specialty and/or subspecialty, study participants and/or subjects, and authors, to “make sure rubbish does not get published.”2 As editors, we understand that peer review (also called refereeing) is not a perfect antidote to poor science, and we need to carefully evaluate manuscripts themselves for quality and validity.3 Prior to review, we carefully review submissions for suitability to our journal and ensure that all important elements of the manuscript are included, in accordance with our instructions to authors.4 Manuscripts are subjected to a double blinded external peer-review process, guided by the “Responsibilities and Rights of Peer Reviewers” contained in the Editorial Policy Statements approved by the Council of Science Editors Board of Directors.5 For participants in the PSOHNS research contests, this review process is facilitated by pre-judging of anonymized manuscripts by blinded judge-reviewers. Manuscripts are further reviewed by editors and other experts in the field and may be proofread, content- and form- edited and returned for revision. The revision process is often tedious, particularly when authors fail to adequately address the concerns, comments, and corrections of editors and reviewers (or referees). In this regard, authors have much to learn from research protocol and medical writing workshops. It is also in the best interests of editors and their journals to improve peer review, and ways to do so have been identified by systematic reviews.6,7 Double-blind review (blinding both author and reviewer to each other’s identity and anonymizing manuscripts before review) supposedly reduces the likelihood of bias for or against authors based on name, affiliation or country of origin, and is perceived as more fair.3,8 Unless they are able to guess the identity of authors, reviewers only discover such identities if the manuscript is finally accepted and published.7,9 On the other hand, lack of transparency may be considered a limitation of double-blind review, although the cultural-appropriateness of transparency may be argued in collective cultural contexts such as ours. To minimize bias, and manage and assure the quality of the peer review process, we try to select peer reviewers who possess the appropriate expertise needed to review a manuscript thoroughly and identify and exclude peer reviewers with potential conflicts of interest.10 In cooperation with the PSOHNS, we conduct 1-day introduction to basic medical writing workshops, and 2-day advanced workshops for peer reviewers every year, as well as mini-workshops during our annual convention. Unfortunately, it seems that those who would benefit most from our courses are not the ones who participate in them. Very few consultants have attended either workshop, evinced by the quality of co-authorship of their own papers, or their reviews of other papers. There are many instances where senior colleagues perpetuate inappropriate research and writing practices, contradicting what would have been the correct work of their junior co-authors (the latter merely applying what they learned from our workshops). Worse, some of these consultants insist on their way (as research supervisors, co-authors or reviewers), undoing our corrections and misguiding residents in the process. Things would be different if they opened themselves to acquiring the knowledge, skills, and attitudes of good referees, and contribute to the ongoing history of scholarship in our field. Meanwhile, regardless of the recommendations they make, the ultimate decision and responsibility is the editor’s. We aim to publish original work of value to the intellectual community in the best possible form and to the highest possible standards, and expect similar standards from our reviewers and authors. Our journal follows the “Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals” of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE), and is proudly listed as such.11 Honesty, originality and fair dealing on the part of authors, and fairness, objectivity and confidentiality on the part of editors and reviewers are among the critical values that enable us to achieve our aim. To this end, we also endorse and uphold the Ethical Guidelines for Peer Reviewers established by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE).12 We hope that our efforts are well worth the hardships and heartaches we endure with each manuscript we process. Guided by our principles, we painstakingly search for solutions to current problems as the promise of a better tomorrow beckons. We invite you to partner with us as peer reviewers and participate in our future. References World Association of Medical Editors. Definition of a Peer-Reviewed Journal. Oct 19, 2007. [Cited 26 May 2018]. Available from: http://www.wame.org/policy-statements#Definition%20PR Peh WC, Ng KH. Role of the Manuscript Reviewer. Singapore Med J 2009 Oct; 50(10): 931-933. PMID:19907880 Lapeña JF, Winker M. Peer Review, Manuscript Decisions, and Author Correspondence. WAME eLearning Program. World Association of Medical Editors 2018. (Forthcoming) Philippine Journal of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery. Instructions to Authors. [Cited 26 May 2018]. Available from: https://journal.pso-hns.org/instructions-to-authors/ Council of Science Editors. Responsibilities and Rights of Peer Reviewers. CSE Editorial Policy Statement. Science Editor 2002 Nov-Dec;25(6):187. [Cited 26 May 2018] Available from: https://www.councilscienceeditors.org/wp-content/uploads/v25n6p187.pdf Jefferson T, Rudin M, Brodney Folse S, Davidoff F. Editorial peer review for improving the quality of reports of biomedical studies. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007, Issue 2. Art. No.: MR000016. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.MR000016.pub3. Bruce R, Chauvin A, Trinquart L, Ravaud P, Boutron I. Impact of interventions to improve the quality of peer review of biomedical journals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med. 2016 Jun;14(1):85. DOI:1186/s12916-016-0631-5 PMID: 27287500 PMCID:PMC4902984 Okike K, Hug KT, Kocher MS, Leopold SS. Single-blind vs Double-blind Peer Review in the Setting of Author Prestige. 2016 Sep;316(12):1315–1316. DOI:10.1001/jama.2016.11014 PMID:27673310 Justice AC, Cho MK, Winker MA, Berlin JA, Rennie D, and the PEER Investigators. Does Masking Author Identity Improve Peer Review Quality? A Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA. 1998 Jul;280(3):240-242. DOI:10.1001/jama.280.3.240 PMID:9676668 Moher D, Galipeau J, Alam S, Barbour V, Bartolomeos K, Baskin P, et al. Core competencies for scientific editors of biomedical journals: consensus statement. BMC Med. 2017 Sep 11;15(1):167. DOI: 10.1186/s12916-017-0927-0. PMID:28893269 PMCID:PMC5592713 [Cited 26 May 2018] Available from: https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916- 017-0927-0 International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE). Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals. [Cited 26 May 2018] Available from: http://www.icmje.org/icmje-recommendations.pdf COPE Council. Ethical Guidelines for Peer Reviewers. September 2017. [Cited 26 May 2018] Available from: https://publicationethics.org/files/Ethical_Guidelines_For_Peer_Reviewers_2.pdf

IntroductionAmphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) including amphetamine, methylenedioxymethamphetamine/‘ecstasy’, methamphetamine, synthetic cathinones and ‘Ritalin’ are the second most commonly used illicit drugs globally. Yet, there is little evidence on which factors are associated with the development of different patterns of ATS use over the life course. This study aims to examine which individual, social and environmental factors shape different pathways and trajectories of ATS consumption. The study will be conducted in five European countries: Germany, the Netherlands, Poland, Czech Republic and the UK.Methods and analysisWe will use a sequential mixed-methods study design to investigate the multiple factors (familial, social and occupational situation, critical life events, general risk behaviour, mental and physical health, satisfaction with life) that shape individual ATS use pathways. A systematic literature review will be performed to provide an overview of the current academic literature on the topic. In module 1, qualitative semistructured interviews (n=ATS users and non-users) will be conducted to explore individual experiences of, and perspectives on, dynamics of change in stimulant consumption patterns. In module 2, structured questionnaires (n=2000 ATS users and non-users) will be administered via tablet computers to validate and enhance the generalisability of the interview findings. Data integration will take place at two key points. First, during the study, where the findings from the first qualitative interviews will inform the design of the structured questionnaire. Second, at the end of the study, where mixed methods data will be brought together to generate an in-depth, contextualised understanding of the research topic.Ethics and disseminationThe study has been approved by the respective responsible ethics committee in each participating country. Data will be treated confidentially to ensure participants’ anonymity. Findings will be disseminated in peer-reviewed scientific journals, national and international conferences, and in briefings for policy and practice.

IntroductionSri Lanka has one of the highest suicide and self-harm rates in the world and although alcohol has been found to be a risk factor for self-harm in Sri Lanka, we know little about the connection between the two. This paper comprises a protocol for a qualitative study investigating alcohol's role in self-harm in rural Sri Lanka at three levels: the individual, community and policy level. The analysis will bring new understanding of the link between alcohol and self-harm in Sri Lanka, drawing on structural, cultural and social concepts. It will equip researchers, health systems and policy makers with vital information for developing strategies to address alcohol-related problems as they relate to self-harm.Methods and analysisTo capture the complexity of the link between alcohol and self-harm in the Anuradhapura district in the North Central Province in Sri Lanka, qualitative methods will be utilised. Specifically, the data will consist of serial narrative life-story interviews with up to 20 individuals who have non-fatally self-harmed and where alcohol directly or indirectly was involved in the incidence as well as with their significant others; observations in communities and families; six focus group discussions with community members; and key-informant interviews with 15–25 stakeholders who have a stake in alcohol distribution, marketing, policies, prevention and treatment as they relate to self-harm.Ethics and disseminationThe study has received ethical approval from the Ethical Review Committee of the Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. A sensitive data collection technique will be used and ethical issues will be considered throughout the study.ResultsThe results will be disseminated in scientific peer-reviewed articles in collaboration with Sri Lankan and other international research partners.

Purpose – Professor Slawomir Magala is a full professor of Cross-Management at the Department of Organization and Personnel Management in Rotterdam School of Management (RSM), Erasmus University (RSM, 2015). His education stems from Poland, Germany and the USA, and has taught and conducted research in China, Egypt, Kazakhstan, Croatia, Estonia, the United Kingdom and Namibia. He is a former Chair for Cross-Cultural Management at RSM and has achieved many things, from being editor-in-chief of the Journal of Organizational Change Management (JOCM), to receiving the Erasmus Research Institute in Management (ERIM) Book Award (2010), for The Management of Meaning in Organizations (Routledge, 2009). It has received honors for being the best book in one of the domains of management research. It was selected by an academic committee, consisting of the Scientific Directors of CentER (Tilburg University), METEOR (University of Maastricht) and SOM (University of Groningen). All these research schools are accredited by the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW). The paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach – This is a review of Professor Slawomir Magala’s contributions as editor of Journal of Organizational Change Management. Findings – Slawomir (Slawek) Magala will be known for many contributions to social, organizational, managerial research, and it will be remembered that he has created a great legacy in the field of cross-cultural competence and communication on processes of sense making in professional bureaucracies. He has authored and co-authored many publications including articles, books, professional publications, book contributions and other outputs, and is an established professor of cross-cultural management at the Department of Organization and Personnel Management in RSM, Erasmus University. He will be known for his work as editor of Qualitative Sociology Review, and one of the founding members of the Association for Cross-Cultural Competence in Management, not to mention the Journal of Organizational Change Management. Many of his articles have appeared regularly in leading refereed journals, such as the European Journal of International Management, Public Policy, Critical Perspectives on International Business and Human Resources Development International. His greatest legacy is in the field of cross-cultural management, but branches out to many other management studies. Research limitations/implications – The research is limited to his work in capacity of editor of Journal of Organizational Change Management. Practical implications – This review provides a guide for positive role model of an excellent editorship of a journal. Social implications – Magala’s legacy acknowledges this research and its power to create numerous papers and attract a lot of attention (Flory and Magala, 2014). Because of these conferences, these empirical findings have led to disseminating the conference findings with JOCM (Flory and Magala, 2014). According to them, narrative research has become a respectable research method, but they also feel that it is still burdened with a lot of controversies on with difficulties linked to applying it across different disciplines (Flory and Magala, 2014). Originality/value – The review covers the creative accomplishment of Professor Magala as editor.

Purpose: The study is aimed to research the means and patterns of masculinity constructing in the working-class culture of modern Russia. Both the practices of producing its multiple forms in daily interaction and the stable structures of social inequality, which consolidate gender order at the institutional level, have been considered. The article also provides an analytical review of current studies of the working-class masculinity regimes in post-industrial societies. Methodology: The empirical base of the research is represented by the mass survey of 1534 respondents living in the Ural Federal District of Russia. The participants were working-class young people aged 16 to 29 years and occupied in the field of industry, technical maintenance, and customer service. The processing of research results was carried out using a statistical package IBM SPSS Statistics Version 20. Main Findings: It was found that the remaining structural disproportion between sectors of the economy in the level of remuneration and the gender composition of workers determines translation and reproduction of the male breadwinner pattern that has power in the family on the basis of control over economic resources. Applications of this study: The results of the study can be used in the teaching of sociology, gender studies, and cultural studies; it can also be applied by local policymakers while developing social policy programs targeted on the regarded social group. Novelty/Originality of this study: In the current research we have examined a specific group at the intersection of three stratification features: social class (the working class representatives), gender (men’s and women’s view of the masculine construct) and age (the youth of three age cohorts). The attention was paid both to the cultural production of multiple forms of masculinity and to the continued dominance of social inequality and suppression’ structures.

The seven articles in this special issue represent a wide range of international comparative and review studies by international research teams from China, Germany, India, Russia, Switzerland and Mexico. The presented projects are part of the national program "Research on the Internationalisation of Vocational Education and Training", funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF). An adapted version of Urie Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory forms the conceptual framework of the special issue. The four system levels (micro, meso, exo and macro) are addressed by one article each. The article on the microsystem level focuses on the intended and implemented curricula in a cross-country comparison of China and Russia. The article on the mesosystem level aims at the development of a quality management model for vocational education and training (VET) institutions in India. At the exolevel, the regional structures of the education and employment systems in Mexico, particularly the cooperation between schools and companies in the hotel industry, are investigated. At the macrosystem level, the social representation of non-academic labour in Mexico is examined in terms of cultural artefacts. Furthermore, three overarching review studies systematise relevant research developments and approaches. The topics of the three review studies are European VET policy, transfer of VET and VET research. The scope ranges from the development of a comparative research tool to a summary analysis of over 5,000 individual publications. Given the broad scope and heterogeneity of the findings, a summative conclusion would hardly be appropriate. Nevertheless, with regard to the model of the ‘triadic conception of purposes in comparative VET research’ that represents a heuristic for describing the purposes of international VET research, we conclude with an emphasis on a need of more criticality. In this context, one finding can be pointed out as an example: One review study found that most studies (here, with reference to VET transfer) refer to the recipient country without a comparative perspective. Thus, there is a clear demand for more comparative research following a critical-reflective approach.

The need to affirm and revitalize cultural knowledge of native plant communities is impera-tive for Indigenous people. This ethnobotanical study documents Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) structured from an Indigenous paradigm by exploring the connection be-tween plants collected in two high-elevation basins and tribal members on the Wind River Indian Reservation (WRIR). We sought to qualitatively understand the plant resources by looking through the lens of Indigenous language and perspectives. Existing names of the ba-sin plants in both the Eastern Shoshone and Northern Arapaho languages were compiled through an ethnobotanical literature review, seven in-person interviews with Eastern Sho-shone and Northern Arapaho tribal members, and attendance at language workshops. We documented 53 Eastern Shoshone and 44 Northern Arapaho plant names, respectively. His-torical impacts of past Federal Indian policy eras have shaped TEK as it currently exists within tribal communities. Both tribes used and had Indigenous names for Northern sweetgrass (Hierochloe hirta ssp. hirta), bitterroot (Lewisia rediviva), junipers (Juniperus ssp.), and bear-berry or Kinnikinnick (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi). The resiliency of TEK is attributed to the perse-verance of Indigenous people continuing to practice and teach traditions. The historical con-text specific to both the Eastern Shoshone and Northern Arapaho tribes and their languages are important for enhancing our current understanding of the ethnobotanical TEK of plants on the WRIR. Recognizing the value of ethnobotanical TEK and incorporating it into natural resource management plans and decisions can bridge diverse perspectives on land use for meaningful collaboration with tribal communities.

1. Introduction This Special Issue (Part 2) expands upon the theme “Building Local Capacity for Long-term Disaster Resilience” presented in Special Issue Part 1 (JDR Volume 5, Number 2, April 2010) by examining the evolving concept of disaster resilience and providing additional reflections upon various aspects of its meaning. Part 1 provided a mixed set of examples of resiliency efforts, ranging from administrative challenges of integrating resilience into recovery to the analysis of hazard mitigation plans directed toward guiding local capability for developing resiliency. Resilience was broadly defined in the opening editorial of Special Issue Part 1 as “the capacity of a community to: 1) survive a major disaster, 2) retain essential structure and functions, and 3) adapt to post-disaster opportunities for transforming community structure and functions to meet new challenges.” In this editorial essay we first explore in Section 2 the history of resilience and then locate it within current academic and policy debates. Section 3 presents summaries of the papers in this issue. 2. Why is Resilience a Contemporary Theme? There is growing scholarly and policy interest in disaster resilience. In recent years, engineers [1], sociologists [2], geographers [3], economists [4], public policy analysts [5, 6], urban planners [7], hazards researchers [8], governments [9], and international organizations [10] have all contributed to the literature about this concept. Some authors view resilience as a mechanism for mitigating disaster impacts, with framework objectives such as resistance, absorption, and restoration [5]. Others, who focus on resiliency indicators, see it as an early warning system to assess community resiliency status [3, 8]. Recently, it has emerged as a component of social risk management that seeks to minimize social welfare loss from catastrophic disasters [6]. Manyena [11] traces scholarly exploration of resilience as an operational concept back at least five decades. Interest in resilience began in the 1940s with studies of children and trauma in the family and in the 1970s in the ecology literature as a useful framework to examine and measure the impact of assault or trauma on a defined eco-system component [12]. This led to modeling resilience measures for a variety of components within a defined ecosystem, leading to the realization that the systems approach to resiliency is attractive as a cross-disciplinary construct. The ecosystem analogy however, has limits when applied to disaster studies in that, historically, all catastrophic events have changed the place in which they occurred and a “return to normalcy” does not occur. This is true for modern urban societies as well as traditional agrarian societies. The adoption of “The Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015” (also known as The Hyogo Declaration) provides a global linkage and follows the United Nations 1990s International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction effort. The 2005 Hyogo Declaration’s definition of resilience is: “The capacity of a system, community or society potentially exposed to hazards to adapt by resisting or changing in order to reach and maintain an acceptable level of functioning and structure.” The proposed measurement of resilience in the Hyogo Declaration is determined by “the degree to which the social system is capable of organizing itself to increase this capacity for learning from past disasters for better future protection and to improve risk reduction measures.” While very broad, this definition contains two key concepts: 1) adaptation, and 2) maintaining acceptable levels of functioning and structure. While adaptation requires certain capacities, maintaining acceptable levels of functioning and structure requires resources, forethought, and normative action. Some of these attributes are now reflected in the 2010 National Disaster Recovery Framework published by the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) [13]. With the emergence of this new thinking on resilience related to disasters, it is now a good time to reflect on the concept and assess what has recently been said in the literature. Bruneau et al. [1] offer an engineering sciences definition for community seismic resilience: “The ability of social units (e.g., organizations, communities) to mitigate hazards, contain the effects of disasters when they occur, and carry out recovery activities in ways that minimize social disruption and mitigate the effects of future earthquakes.” Rose [4] writes that resiliency is the ability of a system to recover from a severe shock. He distinguishes two types of resilience: (1) inherent – ability under normal circumstances and (2) adaptive – ability in crisis situations due to ingenuity or extra effort. By opening up resilience to categorization he provides a pathway to establish multi-disciplinary approaches, something that is presently lacking in practice. Rose is most concerned with business disruption which can take extensive periods of time to correct. In order to make resource decisions that lower overall societal costs (economic, social, governmental and physical), Rose calls for the establishment of measurements that function as resource decision allocation guides. This has been done in part through risk transfer tools such as private insurance. However, it has not been well-adopted by governments in deciding how to allocate mitigation resources. We need to ask why the interest in resilience has grown? Manyena [11] argues that the concept of resilience has gained currency without obtaining clarity of understanding, definition, substance, philosophical dimensions, or applicability to disaster management and sustainable development theory and practice. It is evident that the “emergency management model” does not itself provide sufficient guidance for policymakers since it is too command-and-control-oriented and does not adequately address mitigation and recovery. Also, large disasters are increasingly viewed as major disruptions of the economic and social conditions of a country, state/province, or city. Lowering post-disaster costs (human life, property loss, economic advancement and government disruption) is being taken more seriously by government and civil society. The lessening of costs is not something the traditional “preparedness” stage of emergency management has concerned itself with; this is an existing void in meeting the expanding interests of government and civil society. The concept of resilience helps further clarify the relationship between risk and vulnerability. If risk is defined as “the probability of an event or condition occurring [14]#8221; then it can be reduced through physical, social, governmental, or economic means, thereby reducing the likelihood of damage and loss. Nothing can be done to stop an earthquake, volcanic eruption, cyclone, hurricane, or other natural event, but the probability of damage and loss from natural and technological hazards can be addressed through structural and non-structural strategies. Vulnerability is the absence of capacity to resist or absorb a disaster impact. Changes in vulnerability can then be achieved by changes in these capacities. In this regard, Franco and Siembieda describe in this issue how coastal cities in Chile had low resilience and high vulnerability to the tsunami generated by the February 2010 earthquake, whereas modern buildings had high resilience and, therefore, were much less vulnerable to the powerful earthquake. We also see how the framework for policy development can change through differing perspectives. Eisner discusses in this issue how local non-governmental social service agencies are building their resilience capabilities to serve target populations after a disaster occurs, becoming self-renewing social organizations and demonstrating what Leonard and Howett [6] term “social resilience.” All of the contributions to this issue illustrate the lowering of disaster impacts and strengthening of capacity (at the household, community or governmental level) for what Alesch [15] terms “post-event viability” – a term reflecting how well a person, business, community, or government functions after a disaster in addition to what they might do prior to a disaster to lessen its impact. Viability might become the definition of recovery if it can be measured or agreed upon. 3. Contents of This Issue The insights provided by the papers in this issue contribute greater clarity to an understanding of resilience, together with its applicability to disaster management. In these papers we find tools and methods, process strategies, and planning approaches. There are five papers focused on local experiences, three on state (prefecture) experiences, and two on national experiences. The papers in this issue reinforce the concept of resilience as a process, not a product, because it is the sum of many actions. The resiliency outcome is the result of multiple inputs from the level of the individual and, at times, continuing up to the national or international organizational level. Through this exploration we see that the “resiliency” concept accepts that people will come into conflict with natural or anthropogenic hazards. The policy question then becomes how to lower the impact(s) of the conflict through “hard or soft” measures (see the Special Issue Part 1 editorial for a discussion of “hard” vs. “soft” resilience). Local level Go Urakawa and Haruo Hayashi illustrate how post-disaster operations for public utilities can be problematic because many practitioners have no direct experience in such operations, noting that the formats and methods normally used in recovery depend on personal skills and effort. They describe how these problems are addressed by creating manuals on measures for effectively implementing post-disaster operations. They develop a method to extract priority operations using business impact analysis (BIA) and project management based business flow diagrams (BFD). Their article effectively illustrates the practical aspects of strengthening the resiliency of public organizations. Richard Eisner presents the framework used to initiate the development and implementation of a process to create disaster resilience in faith-based and community-based organizations that provide services to vulnerable populations in San Francisco, California. A major project outcome is the Disaster Resilience Standard for Community- and Faith-Based Service Providers. This “standard” has general applicability for use by social service agencies in the public and non-profit sectors. Alejandro Linayo addresses the growing issue of technological risk in cities. He argues for the need to understand an inherent conflict between how we occupy urban space and the technological risks created by hazardous chemicals, radiation, oil and gas, and other hazardous materials storage and movement. The paper points out that information and procedural gaps exist in terms of citizen knowledge (the right to know) and local administrative knowledge (missing expertise). Advances and experience accumulated by the Venezuela Disaster Risk Management Research Center in identifying and integrating technological risk treatment for the city of Merida, Venezuela, are highlighted as a way to move forward. L. Teresa Guevara-Perez presents the case that certain urban zoning requirements in contemporary cities encourage and, in some cases, enforce the use of building configurations that have been long recognized by earthquake engineering as seismically vulnerable. Using Western Europe and the Modernist architectural movement, she develops the historical case for understanding discrepancies between urban zoning regulations and seismic codes that have led to vulnerable modern building configurations, and traces the international dissemination of architectural and urban planning concepts that have generated vulnerability in contemporary cities around the world. Jung Eun Kang, Walter Gillis Peacock, and Rahmawati Husein discuss an assessment protocol for Hazard Mitigation Plans applied to 12 coastal hazard zone plans in the state of Texas in the U.S. The components of these plans are systematically examined in order to highlight their respective strengths and weaknesses. The authors describe an assessment tool, the plan quality score (PQS), composed of seven primary components (vision statement, planning process, fact basis, goals and objectives, inter-organizational coordination, policies & actions, and implementation), as well as a component quality score (CQS). State (Prefecture) level Charles Real presents the Natural Hazard Zonation Policies for Land Use Planning and Development in California in the U.S. California has established state-level policies that utilize knowledge of where natural hazards are more likely to occur to enhance the effectiveness of land use planning as a tool for risk mitigation. Experience in California demonstrates that a combination of education, outreach, and mutually supporting policies that are linked to state-designated natural hazard zones can form an effective framework for enhancing the role of land use planning in reducing future losses from natural disasters. Norio Maki, Keiko Tamura, and Haruo Hayashi present a method for local government stakeholders involved in pre-disaster plan making to describe performance measures through the formulation of desired outcomes. Through a case study approach, Nara and Kyoto Prefectures’ separate experiences demonstrate how to conduct Strategic Earthquake Disaster Reduction Plans and Action Plans that have deep stakeholder buy-in and outcome measurability. Nara’s plan was prepared from 2,015 stakeholder ideas and Kyoto’s plan was prepared from 1,613 stakeholder ideas. Having a quantitative target for individual objectives ensures the measurability of plan progress. Both jurisdictions have undertaken evaluations of plan outcomes. Sandy Meyer, Eugene Henry, Roy E. Wright and Cynthia A. Palmer present the State of Florida in the U.S. and its experience with pre-disaster planning for post-disaster redevelopment. Drawing upon the lessons learned from the impacts of the 2004 and 2005 hurricane seasons, local governments and state leaders in Florida sought to find a way to encourage behavior that would create greater community resiliency in 2006. The paper presents initial efforts to develop a post-disaster redevelopment plan (PDRP), including the experience of a pilot county. National level Bo-Yao Lee provides a national perspective: New Zealand’s approach to emergency management, where all hazard risks are addressed through devolved accountability. This contemporary approach advocates collaboration and coordination, aiming to address all hazard risks through the “4Rs” – reduction, readiness, response, and recovery. Lee presents the impact of the Resource Management Act (1991), the Civil Defence Emergency Management Act (2002), and the Building Act (2004) that comprise the key legislation influencing and promoting integrated management for environment and hazard risk management. Guillermo Franco and William Siembieda provide a field assessment of the February 27, 2010, M8.8 earthquake and tsunami event in Chile. The papers present an initial damage and life-loss review and assessment of seismic building resiliency and the country’s rapid updating of building codes that have undergone continuous improvement over the past 60 years. The country’s land use planning system and its emergency management system are also described. The role of insurance coverage reveals problems in seismic coverage for homeowners. The unique role of the Catholic Church in providing temporary shelter and the central government’s five-point housing recovery plan are presented. A weakness in the government’s emergency management system’s early tsunami response system is noted. Acknowledgements The Editorial Committee extends its sincere appreciation to both the contributors and the JDR staff for their patience and determination in making Part 2 of this special issue possible. Thanks also to the reviewers for their insightful analytic comments and suggestions. Finally, the Committee wishes to again thank Bayete Henderson for his keen and thorough editorial assistance and copy editing support.

SUMMARYDecentralization of forest management has become a common policy globally which has allowed communities to regain rights removed through colonization and central state management of forests. However, socioeconomic and environmental outcomes of such community-based forest management schemes have been mixed. Studies have shown the importance of institutions in influencing the success of these new governance arrangements. Based on an extensive literature review supplemented by qualitative research, using focus groups and semi-structured interviews, conducted in nine villages in the humid forest zone comprising three community forests, this research investigated the successes and challenges from decentralization of forest management in Cameroon. A key constraint on success was the inappropriate institutional structure at the local level with responsibility to manage community forests. Community forest management committees with no internally recognized legitimacy and dominated by local elites had replaced roles once played by traditional authorities. Qualitative research showed that in the humid forest zone of Cameroon, the system of accountability for forest resources, prior to the enactment of community forest legislation, included those with historical traditional cultural authority, in the form of clan or lineage heads, as well as the village chief, a legacy of colonial power. Village chiefs or other members of the village council are also selected on the basis of their good moral character. Community forest management committees that are a hybrid of customary authorities and other representatives of the population chosen following the criteria for local legitimacy may capture the best of historical social regulation and build on it so that the local committee may be seen as being accountable to the local population. Since such hybrid institutions are not without their risks, it is important that these institutions be accountable to a local democratic government to further increase their transparency and accountability. Models of community-based natural resource management that incorporate culturally appropriate requirements of legitimacy and accountability in crafting local institutions may have more success in accomplishing both socioeconomic and environmental goals.

Background: Infection prevention and control (IPC) programs are important to control the Lassa Fever (LF) outbreak. We reported IPC's status at the Federal Medical Centre, Owo, southwest Nigeria, before and after implementing the IPC program during a surge in the LF outbreak. Methods: We conducted a longitudinal observational study among five health care professionals at the Federal Medical Centre, Owo, between February 2019 and May 2019 using the IPC Assessment Framework (IPCAF). The tool has eight core components with a score of 0-100 per component and provided a baseline assessment of the IPC program and evaluation after three months. We interviewed relevant unit heads and IPC committee members in the first phase. In the second phase, we designed and implemented the IPC program, and in the third phase, we conducted a repeat interview similar to the first phase. The program initiated included training healthcare workers and providing relevant IPC items according to identified gaps and available funding. Results: We interviewed five health care professionals, two female nurses, and three male doctors responsible for organizing and implementing IPC activities at the Federal Medical Centre, Owo, with an in-depth understanding of IPC activities. The overall IPC level score increased from 318.5 at baseline to 545 at three months later. IPC improvements were reported in all the components, with IPC education and training [baseline (20), final (70)], IPC guidelines [baseline (50), final (92.5)] and monitoring/audits of IPC practices and feedback [baseline (40), final (82.5)] recording the highest improvements. Healthcare-associated infection [baseline (10), final (25)], and built environment, materials, and equipment for IPC [baseline (43.5), final (55)] had the least improvement. Poor motivation to adopt recommended changes among hospital staff were major issues preventing improvements. Conclusion: Promotion of IPC program and activities should be implemented at the Federal Medical Centre, Owo. References World Health Organization, WHO. Lassa fever. Available from: https://www.who.int/health-topics/lassa-fever/#tab=tab_1. [Accessed on 11 October 2020] Nigeria Centre for Disease Control. Lassa fever. Available from: https://ncdc.gov.ng/diseases/factsheet/47. [Accessed on 11 October 2020]. World Health Organization, WHO. Lassa fever. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/lassa-fever. [Accessed on 11 October 2020]. Ijarotimi IT, Ilesanmi OS, Aderinwale A, Abiodun-Adewusi O, Okon IM. Knowledge of Lassa fever and use of infection prevention and control facilities among health care workers during Lassa fever outbreak in Ondo state, Nigeria. 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